Evaluation of Health Education Programs

In preparation for the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, we investigated awareness and knowledge of HPV/HPV vaccine and potential acceptability to HPV vaccine among mothers with a teenage daughter in Weihai, Shandong, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2013 with a sample of 1850 mothers who had a daughter (aged 9-17 years) attending primary, junior and senior high schools. In the final sample (N = 1578, response rate 85.30%), awareness of HPV was reported by 305 (19.32%) mothers. Awareness varied significantly by daughter's age (P<0.01), mother's education level (P<0.01), mother's occupation (P<0.01), household income (P<0.01) and residence type (P<0.01). Knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccine was poor with a mean total score of 3.56 (SD = 2.40) out of a possible score of 13. Mothers with a higher education level reported higher levels of knowledge (P = 0.02). Slightly more than one-fourth (26.49%) of mothers expressed their potent...

The study aimed to evaluate the 8th grade mathematics curriculum in Turkey, which was revised in 2016-2017 school year, and implemented from 2017-2018 school year on. In the study the Eisner’s educational connoisseurship and criticism model was utilized. The participants of the study comprised 15 secondary school mathematics teachers selected by the purposeful sampling method. The study adopted the case study pattern, one of the qualitative research methods. The data were collected via a semi-structured interview form, and analyzed using direct quotations as one of the descriptive data analysis methods. The results revealed that the majority of the participant teachers reflected positive criticisms about the new curriculum in general whereas there were those who made negative comments about some particular features such as, inconsistency between the level and the special aims, the use of the constructivist approach for crowded classes, insufficient content, inconsistency with the readiness of students, inadequate activities to develop students' skills such as correlating, reasoning, and problem-solving.

In preparation for the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, we investigated awareness and knowledge of HPV/HPV vaccine and potential acceptability to HPV vaccine among mothers with a teenage daughter in Weihai, Shandong, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2013 with a sample of 1850 mothers who had a daughter (aged 9-17 years) attending primary, junior and senior high schools. In the final sample (N = 1578, response rate 85.30%), awareness of HPV was reported by 305 (19.32%) mothers. Awareness varied significantly by daughter's age (P<0.01), mother's education level (P<0.01), mother's occupation (P<0.01), household income (P<0.01) and residence type (P<0.01). Knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccine was poor with a mean total score of 3.56 (SD = 2.40) out of a possible score of 13. Mothers with a higher education level reported higher levels of knowledge (P = 0.02). Slightly more than one-fourth (26.49%) of mothers expressed their potent...

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of physical education after primary and secondary education. An assessment of sports-technical education in the basic elements of gymnastics, volleyball and basketball was conducted on the sample of 104 students of the Faculty of Education in Uzice. The results indicate that about 80% of evaluated motor skills were performed error-free or with only minor errors in technique and posture, 15% of those covered by the survey performed the required elements with significant errors in technique and posture, and only a few percent do not have these skills. This means that the quality of teaching in primary and secondary schools, as far as men are concerned ,was such as to meet one of the main goals of education - the acquisition of basic sports and technical education. The results are significant because in this case it is about the students who will teach physical education to children of junior school age, and survey results indicate that ...

Participant perceptions of the effectiveness of the Middle School Project Partnership (pseudonym) professional development course strategies were evaluated using Q Methodology. Factor analysis of participant sorts of a Q set developed from interviews and observations yielded three teacher types, with one group preferring social activities, the second preferring activities promoting deeper understanding, and the third preferring autonomy in their learning. These teacher types are consistent with the basic needs identified in Self-Determination Theory which is commonly employed as a theory to explain motivation associated with positive outcomes in the field of education.  Participant types did not differ by gender, course location, teaching experience, or scores on measures of teacher conceptual understanding of mathematics. Findings indicate that professional development activities should be varied to meet the learning needs of teachers, which tend to differ based on the range of tea...

Portuguese version, was used at the beginning (7th year) and at the end of the intervention (8th year). Results 460 students were interviewed, with 279 sessions of health education in the classroom context. All the sessions were evaluated, using a questionnaire that integrates questions related to the contents and a grid of opinion about the session, constituted by 5 items, with scores between [5; 25]. In the last edition of the project, 13% of 7th graders said they had already smoked and, in the previous one, 10% of the students said they smoked, the lowest value found. Conclusions In order to foster complementarity and convergence solutions to generate positive synergies, the intervention occurred in the classroom in the different disciplines. Obtaining health outcomes implies a consistent and continuous intervention that accompanies the students throughout their formative course. With the GYTS it has been possible to evaluate the impact of the developed intervention.

musculoskeletal pain. During the last three years, the physiotherapists of the health centres of ''Baixo Vouga'' promote an intervention program ''+CooLuna'' in schools to empowerment the children to issues about postural education and the challenging of the carriage of schoolbags. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess musculoskeletal pain due to schoolbag use in terms of predisposing factors in students of 5th grade. Methods: A cross-sectional study was design. The risk factors were assessed by means of an ad hoc questionnaire. The pain was assessed by numeric scale and Wong-Baker face scale. Results: This study include 2308 student of the 5th grade during the years of 2015 to 2018. More than 34% (804 children's) reported musculoskeletal pain. The schoolbag weight was higher (5.1 AE 1.5 kg) in student's who report musculoskeletal pain and statistically significant (p= .001). The majority had backpacks (95.8%) and 67.6% (n = 1531) carried the backpack over 2 shoulders. The students who carried the backpack on both shoulders reported lower musculoskeletal pain than who carried in one shoulder (X2= 36.3; p= .000). The students who presented a correct use of schoolbags (backpack in to shoulders, weight lesser than 15% body weight and an adequate adjustment to shoulders) report lesser pain (X2= 11.4; p= .001). Conclusions: Although some studies have shown that schoolbag weight is not clearly established as a cause of pain in children, the results of this cross-sectional study confirm that schoolbag load has some influence on student's pain perception.

Methods This is a qualitative descriptive study developed from 22 narratives of students of the 3rd year of an undergraduate nursing course. Content analysis was used to treat the data in a deductive motion. Ethical principles were guaranteed. Results The analysis matrix reveals four categories. The first is related to the experience as a student, namely the feelings and attitudes, the reactions and the questioning of their actions. The second refers to how you see the person you care for, in particular, their age, beliefs, the embarrassment they demonstrate, the influence of the disease process and the needs it expresses. The care context is the third category where routines and lack of privacy emerge as relevant. Finally, the values in both caregiver and care-receiver dimensions are highlighted. Conclusions Students identify aspects of their care experiences in the context of sexuality that are in line with previously developed studies. This study highlights a comprehensive view of the different variables that condition the approach in clinical context, which can be considered a good indicator in the construction of competences for clinical practice and require the commitment of an effective curricular approach.

Background Parents play critical roles in adolescents' sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and discussions between parents and adolescents on this topic are fundamental in reducing adolescents' risky sexual behaviors. However, SRH communication is a challenging issue in Myanmar due to socio-cultural taboos. This study assessed the communication barriers towards SRH issues among mothers and their adolescent girls. Methods A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2017 in Taunggyi Township, Southern Shan State, Myanmar. In total, 112 pairs of mothers and adolescent daughters were recruited using a face-to-face interview method with semi-structured questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine communication barriers on SRH issues between mothers and their adolescent girls. Results More than half of both mother and adolescent girls had negative perceptions of communication on SRH issues. Only 2.7% of girls discussed SRH issues with their mothers more than four times in the last six months. The factors found to create SRH communication barriers were higher family incomes (adjusted odd ration [AOR] 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0, 6.2), good knowledge of puberty (AOR 4.5, 95% CI 1.6, 12.5), good knowledge of sexual and reproductive health issues (AOR 4.5, 95% CI 1.8, 11.5), and positive perception of

Methods This is a qualitative descriptive study developed from 22 narratives of students of the 3rd year of an undergraduate nursing course. Content analysis was used to treat the data in a deductive motion. Ethical principles were guaranteed. Results The analysis matrix reveals four categories. The first is related to the experience as a student, namely the feelings and attitudes, the reactions and the questioning of their actions. The second refers to how you see the person you care for, in particular, their age, beliefs, the embarrassment they demonstrate, the influence of the disease process and the needs it expresses. The care context is the third category where routines and lack of privacy emerge as relevant. Finally, the values in both caregiver and care-receiver dimensions are highlighted. Conclusions Students identify aspects of their care experiences in the context of sexuality that are in line with previously developed studies. This study highlights a comprehensive view of the different variables that condition the approach in clinical context, which can be considered a good indicator in the construction of competences for clinical practice and require the commitment of an effective curricular approach.

In preparation for the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, we investigated awareness and knowledge of HPV/HPV vaccine and potential acceptability to HPV vaccine among mothers with a teenage daughter in Weihai, Shandong, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2013 with a sample of 1850 mothers who had a daughter (aged 9-17 years) attending primary, junior and senior high schools. In the final sample (N = 1578, response rate 85.30%), awareness of HPV was reported by 305 (19.32%) mothers. Awareness varied significantly by daughter's age (P<0.01), mother's education level (P<0.01), mother's occupation (P<0.01), household income (P<0.01) and residence type (P<0.01). Knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccine was poor with a mean total score of 3.56 (SD = 2.40) out of a possible score of 13. Mothers with a higher education level reported higher levels of knowledge (P = 0.02). Slightly more than one-fourth (26.49%) of mothers expressed their potent...

In preparation for the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, we investigated awareness and knowledge of HPV/HPV vaccine and potential acceptability to HPV vaccine among mothers with a teenage daughter in Weihai, Shandong, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2013 with a sample of 1850 mothers who had a daughter (aged 9-17 years) attending primary, junior and senior high schools. In the final sample (N = 1578, response rate 85.30%), awareness of HPV was reported by 305 (19.32%) mothers. Awareness varied significantly by daughter's age (P<0.01), mother's education level (P<0.01), mother's occupation (P<0.01), household income (P<0.01) and residence type (P<0.01). Knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccine was poor with a mean total score of 3.56 (SD = 2.40) out of a possible score of 13. Mothers with a higher education level reported higher levels of knowledge (P = 0.02). Slightly more than one-fourth (26.49%) of mothers expressed their potent...

In preparation for the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, we investigated awareness and knowledge of HPV/HPV vaccine and potential acceptability to HPV vaccine among mothers with a teenage daughter in Weihai, Shandong, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2013 with a sample of 1850 mothers who had a daughter (aged 9-17 years) attending primary, junior and senior high schools. In the final sample (N = 1578, response rate 85.30%), awareness of HPV was reported by 305 (19.32%) mothers. Awareness varied significantly by daughter's age (P<0.01), mother's education level (P<0.01), mother's occupation (P<0.01), household income (P<0.01) and residence type (P<0.01). Knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccine was poor with a mean total score of 3.56 (SD = 2.40) out of a possible score of 13. Mothers with a higher education level reported higher levels of knowledge (P = 0.02). Slightly more than one-fourth (26.49%) of mothers expressed their potent...

musculoskeletal pain. During the last three years, the physiotherapists of the health centres of ''Baixo Vouga'' promote an intervention program ''+CooLuna'' in schools to empowerment the children to issues about postural education and the challenging of the carriage of schoolbags. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess musculoskeletal pain due to schoolbag use in terms of predisposing factors in students of 5th grade. Methods: A cross-sectional study was design. The risk factors were assessed by means of an ad hoc questionnaire. The pain was assessed by numeric scale and Wong-Baker face scale. Results: This study include 2308 student of the 5th grade during the years of 2015 to 2018. More than 34% (804 children's) reported musculoskeletal pain. The schoolbag weight was higher (5.1 AE 1.5 kg) in student's who report musculoskeletal pain and statistically significant (p= .001). The majority had backpacks (95.8%) and 67.6% (n = 1531) carried the backpack over 2 shoulders. The students who carried the backpack on both shoulders reported lower musculoskeletal pain than who carried in one shoulder (X2= 36.3; p= .000). The students who presented a correct use of schoolbags (backpack in to shoulders, weight lesser than 15% body weight and an adequate adjustment to shoulders) report lesser pain (X2= 11.4; p= .001). Conclusions: Although some studies have shown that schoolbag weight is not clearly established as a cause of pain in children, the results of this cross-sectional study confirm that schoolbag load has some influence on student's pain perception.

musculoskeletal pain. During the last three years, the physiotherapists of the health centres of ''Baixo Vouga'' promote an intervention program ''+CooLuna'' in schools to empowerment the children to issues about postural education and the challenging of the carriage of schoolbags. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess musculoskeletal pain due to schoolbag use in terms of predisposing factors in students of 5th grade. Methods: A cross-sectional study was design. The risk factors were assessed by means of an ad hoc questionnaire. The pain was assessed by numeric scale and Wong-Baker face scale. Results: This study include 2308 student of the 5th grade during the years of 2015 to 2018. More than 34% (804 children's) reported musculoskeletal pain. The schoolbag weight was higher (5.1 AE 1.5 kg) in student's who report musculoskeletal pain and statistically significant (p= .001). The majority had backpacks (95.8%) and 67.6% (n = 1531) carried the backpack over 2 shoulders. The students who carried the backpack on both shoulders reported lower musculoskeletal pain than who carried in one shoulder (X2= 36.3; p= .000). The students who presented a correct use of schoolbags (backpack in to shoulders, weight lesser than 15% body weight and an adequate adjustment to shoulders) report lesser pain (X2= 11.4; p= .001). Conclusions: Although some studies have shown that schoolbag weight is not clearly established as a cause of pain in children, the results of this cross-sectional study confirm that schoolbag load has some influence on student's pain perception.

Community-based health promotion programmes (CBHPPs) deal with cross cutting issues (social, economic, environmental) and utilise issue-based, population-based and setting-based approaches in programme planning, implementation and evaluation with the aim of empowering individuals and communities to gain control over the determinants of health. This multifaceted nature of CBHPPs has resulted in a number of questions particularly regarding the level of stakeholder involvement in evaluating such programmes. Evaluation is seen as one of the ways to provide evidence to inform health promotion decision-making and practice. Community programme implementers and lay people have lamented that evaluations are often imposed on them without recognition for the uniqueness of their community, its programmes, resources and skills. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the utility of stakeholder involvement in the evaluation of CBHPPs. We first explore the nature of CBHPPs and the methods of gathering evidence via evaluation. This is followed by a critical examination of the value of stakeholder involvement in evaluating CBHPPs. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is used to conceptualise the paper with specific examples of stakeholder involvement in evaluation of CBHPPs used to support our arguments. The paper concludes that stakeholder involvement in evaluation of CBHPPs is of importance considering the empowerment and participation values of health promotion. As evaluation is done with people and not on people, stakeholder involvement should be central to the evaluation of CBHPPs rather than adopting an approach whereby the researcher is completely detached from the programme stakeholders particularly the community.

In preparation for the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, we investigated awareness and knowledge of HPV/HPV vaccine and potential acceptability to HPV vaccine among mothers with a teenage daughter in Weihai, Shandong, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2013 with a sample of 1850 mothers who had a daughter (aged 9-17 years) attending primary, junior and senior high schools. In the final sample (N = 1578, response rate 85.30%), awareness of HPV was reported by 305 (19.32%) mothers. Awareness varied significantly by daughter's age (P<0.01), mother's education level (P<0.01), mother's occupation (P<0.01), household income (P<0.01) and residence type (P<0.01). Knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccine was poor with a mean total score of 3.56 (SD = 2.40) out of a possible score of 13. Mothers with a higher education level reported higher levels of knowledge (P = 0.02). Slightly more than one-fourth (26.49%) of mothers expressed their potent...

Background Under-aged migrants (UAMs) may see their legal minority unrecognised by the French state. If they confront this decision at court, they stand in a legal void. They can benefit from a direct access to State Medical Aid and are not submitted to a minimum period of 3 months of staying in France unlike adults. Moreover, when accessing care, unrecognised UAMs are in an unclear situation as they are minors without legal representation. This research is based on a newly created program ran by Doctors of the World (MDM) in Nantes, aiming to enhance UAMs access to health care and rights through peer-support. Peer-support is intended to develop the empowerment the UAM and help them to be able to be the authors of their life thus develop their own abilities (Le Grand, 2018). The role of empowerment in health access is established (Wallerstein, 2006). The research aims at identifying the obstacles and levers in the implementation of the program, the modifications it can cause in the ...

In preparation for the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, we investigated awareness and knowledge of HPV/HPV vaccine and potential acceptability to HPV vaccine among mothers with a teenage daughter in Weihai, Shandong, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2013 with a sample of 1850 mothers who had a daughter (aged 9-17 years) attending primary, junior and senior high schools. In the final sample (N = 1578, response rate 85.30%), awareness of HPV was reported by 305 (19.32%) mothers. Awareness varied significantly by daughter's age (P<0.01), mother's education level (P<0.01), mother's occupation (P<0.01), household income (P<0.01) and residence type (P<0.01). Knowledge about HPV/HPV vaccine was poor with a mean total score of 3.56 (SD = 2.40) out of a possible score of 13. Mothers with a higher education level reported higher levels of knowledge (P = 0.02). Slightly more than one-fourth (26.49%) of mothers expressed their potent...

musculoskeletal pain. During the last three years, the physiotherapists of the health centres of ''Baixo Vouga'' promote an intervention program ''+CooLuna'' in schools to empowerment the children to issues about postural education and the challenging of the carriage of schoolbags. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess musculoskeletal pain due to schoolbag use in terms of predisposing factors in students of 5th grade. Methods: A cross-sectional study was design. The risk factors were assessed by means of an ad hoc questionnaire. The pain was assessed by numeric scale and Wong-Baker face scale. Results: This study include 2308 student of the 5th grade during the years of 2015 to 2018. More than 34% (804 children's) reported musculoskeletal pain. The schoolbag weight was higher (5.1 AE 1.5 kg) in student's who report musculoskeletal pain and statistically significant (p= .001). The majority had backpacks (95.8%) and 67.6% (n = 1531) carried the backpack over 2 shoulders. The students who carried the backpack on both shoulders reported lower musculoskeletal pain than who carried in one shoulder (X2= 36.3; p= .000). The students who presented a correct use of schoolbags (backpack in to shoulders, weight lesser than 15% body weight and an adequate adjustment to shoulders) report lesser pain (X2= 11.4; p= .001). Conclusions: Although some studies have shown that schoolbag weight is not clearly established as a cause of pain in children, the results of this cross-sectional study confirm that schoolbag load has some influence on student's pain perception.

In 1986, the Ottawa Charter identified community empowerment as being a central theme of health promotion discourse. Community empowerment became a topical issue in the health promotion literature soon afterwards, though its roots also come from earlier literature in community psychology, community organizing and liberation education. Subsequent international conferences to address health promotion in Sundsvall, Adelaide and Jakarta have acted to reinforce this concept. It is as relevant today as it was more than a decade ago. The literature surrounding health promotion has since moved onto other overlapping theoretical perspectives, such as community capacity and social capital. And yet the critical issue of making community empowerment operational in a programme context remains thorny and elusive. Community empowerment is still difficult to measure and implement as a part of health promotion. This article offers a fresh look at key theoretical and practical questions in regard to the measurement of community empowerment. The theoretical questions help to unpack community empowerment in an attempt to clarify how the application of this concept can be best approached. The practical questions address the basic design characteristics for methodologies to measure community empowerment within the context of international health promotion programming. The purpose of this article is to allow researchers and practitioners to address again the important issue of making community empowerment operational.

Community-based health promotion programmes (CBHPPs) deal with cross cutting issues (social, economic, environmental) and utilise issue-based, population-based and setting-based approaches in programme planning, implementation and evaluation with the aim of empowering individuals and communities to gain control over the determinants of health. This multifaceted nature of CBHPPs has resulted in a number of questions particularly regarding the level of stakeholder involvement in evaluating such programmes. Evaluation is seen as one of the ways to provide evidence to inform health promotion decision-making and practice. Community programme implementers and lay people have lamented that evaluations are often imposed on them without recognition for the uniqueness of their community, its programmes, resources and skills. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the utility of stakeholder involvement in the evaluation of CBHPPs. We first explore the nature of CBHPPs and the methods of gathering evidence via evaluation. This is followed by a critical examination of the value of stakeholder involvement in evaluating CBHPPs. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is used to conceptualise the paper with specific examples of stakeholder involvement in evaluation of CBHPPs used to support our arguments. The paper concludes that stakeholder involvement in evaluation of CBHPPs is of importance considering the empowerment and participation values of health promotion. As evaluation is done with people and not on people, stakeholder involvement should be central to the evaluation of CBHPPs rather than adopting an approach whereby the researcher is completely detached from the programme stakeholders particularly the community.

The creation of healthy cities and settings is at the basis of many health models, is considered a fundamental element for sustainable development, and is one of the best known and successful health promotion strategies. Taking as a starting point the broader concept of health that shifts from the dichotomy of health-disease and considers that the production of health can take place in any space where there is life, this chapter aims to reflect upon the production of healthy and sustainable cities and settings that consider at its core, the subjects that circulate within these spaces. The chapter discusses some of the existing agendas for the development of healthy cities and settings, as proposed by WHO and considers the salutogenic model as an option to promote a paradigm shift in the direction of models that produce life and health at the territorial level. The chapter then reflects upon the role that education can play in the development of healthy and sustainable settings and how education can contribute as an emancipatory, health-promoting practice to sustainable development, pointing to some of the connections that need to be constructed within a context of multiple fragmentations of concepts, agendas, sectors, values and power.

Resources revisited: salutogenesis from a lay perspective Health visitors are being pressured to move away from their traditional role in health promotion and public health to focus more closely on people with established clinical disorders. This is partly because of a paucity of theoretical explanations against which to assess interventions directed explicitly at promoting health rather than only preventing disease. However, there are growing public health concerns about increasing inequalities and rising numbers of disadvantaged groups in the UK as well. This paper revisits a grounded theory study that revealed how, in the absence of a need for clinical intervention, health visitors appear to assess needs by treating health as a process fuelled by the accumulation and use of`resources for health'. Wider theories about salutogenesis (`health creation') and research showing the importance of health and social capital demonstrate the potential of this idea, and were combined with the health visiting study to create a theoretical framework for analytical purposes. Semi-structured interviews with the main carer in 50 families with resident children were analysed using this framework, to provide a lay perspective on how people consider they maintain their health. The analysis demonstrated the usefulness of treating health as a process and of focusing on the development of health-related resources rather than only on presenting problems. The processes of developing capacity were shown to be more important than the presence or absence of speci®c resources. Links with personal empowerment were apparent; cultural patterns that evolved across generations and neighbourhoods revealed possible pathways to social cohesion. Practice approaches that enhance or inhibit the development of these health-creating resources were identi®ed, and considered in the light of emerging public health needs.

Çelikel Foundation has started an education project in two high schools, one since 2007 the other in 2011. As the BU Peace Education Application and Research Center, we have been a part of this project in providing education in some areas such as career development, academic success, motivation, non-violent communication, conflict resolution skills, ethical thinking, standardized test techniques, personal growth, and innovative teaching and learning strategies for the students, teachers, and parents with the aim of bringing about positive and sustainable growth. We had also evaluated the last year education program and process by giving pre and post tests, including for the control groups in order to analyze the effects of education program on conflict resolution (as assessed by Conflict Resolution Inventory, Akbalık, 2001), emotional intelligence, and leadership skills (as assessed by Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory, Bar-On, 1997), and personal development as assessed by Person...

This experimental study has been done to ascertain the effect of health education program on the level of blood lipids in hyperlipidemia patients referred to Isfahan clinics in 1999. In this study 102 patients (Mean±SD age: 44±11.8 years, range: 28-77 years) were selected using random sampling method, and then divided into 2 groups at random; case group (59 subjects) and control group (43 subjects). The results indicated the effect of health education program in reduction of blood levels of TG (P=0.001), T.Chol (P=0.001) and LDL (P=0.005) in case group compared to control group. Also the range of knowledge (P=0.001), attitude (0.001) and practice (P=0.001) indicated meaningful increasing in case group compared to control group. But education had no significant effect on the blood level of HDL (P=0. 22). It seems that health education programs may be one of the most effective methods for controlling and preventing hyperlipidemia and finally, preventing coronary heart disease.
Key words: Health education program, Blood lipids, Hyperlipidemia, Knowledge, Attitude

International Conference on Heart Health in Developing Countries, 10-14 October 1999, New Delhi, India, by: All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Poster presentation, P:51
Objective: This is an experimental study carried out in 1998 to evaluate the correlation between health education and the level of human serum lipids in hyperlipidic patients. Method: This study enroll 102 hyperlipidic individual (age group 28-77 years old, mean of cholesterol level= 263.3 mg/dl, Mean of the TG=376.05 mg/dl and mean of LDL=191.4 mg/dl) referred by Esfahan (Iran) GPs were selected as sample populations using random sampling method. The sample population was randomly divided into two groups of treatment (59 case and 43 control). Data was selected using a questionnaire and measuring the level of TG. Chol, LDL, HDL and weight indexes and BMI of the subjects.Attitude and practice were measured after collecting the questionnaire and measuring above parameters of both the treatment and control group, next the health education program was carried out for treatment group. Three months later the same procedures of data collection was carried out for both groups. Result: Our result indicated a positive effect of health education on the decreased of the following factors in the treatment group. After three months the levels of Chol, LDL, Weight Index and MBI were decreased significantly (p=0.000) using student t test. But there was no significant changes on the level of HDL (P=0.22). There was no significant changes on the levels of TG (P=0.58). Conclusion: Our study shows a strong correlation between the health education and treatment and control of hyperlipidemic patients and other risk factors of coronary heart disease.

Community-based health promotion programmes (CBHPPs) deal with cross cutting issues (social, economic, environmental) and utilise issue-based, population-based and setting-based approaches in programme planning, implementation and evaluation with the aim of empowering individuals and communities to gain control over the determinants of health. This multifaceted nature of CBHPPs has resulted in a number of questions particularly regarding the level of stakeholder involvement in evaluating such programmes. Evaluation is seen as one of the ways to provide evidence to inform health promotion decision-making and practice. Community programme implementers and lay people have lamented that evaluations are often imposed on themwithout recognition for the uniqueness of their community, its programmes, resources and skills. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the utility of stakeholder involvement in the evaluation of CBHPPs.We first explore the nature of CBHPPs and the methods of gathering evidence via evaluation. This is followed by a critical examination of the value of stakeholder involvement in evaluating CBHPPs. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is used to conceptualise the paper with specific examples of stakeholder involvement in evaluation of CBHPPs used to support our arguments. The paper concludes that stakeholder involvement in evaluation of CBHPPs is of importance considering the empowerment and participation values of health promotion. As evaluation is done with people and not on people, stakeholder involvement should be central to the evaluation of CBHPPs rather than adopting an approach whereby the researcher is completely detached from the programme stakeholders particularly the community.

As governments attempt to focus more intently on how to deal with alarming measures of health disadvantage and inequities, a reformist gaze seems to have settled on the primary care sector. Simultaneously, in literature about this area, whether intended or not, primary health care and primary care are terms that are increasingly interchanged. This article argues that the slippage in language is counter-productive, first because it disguises the transformative potential of strategies and approaches that can make the fundamental changes necessary to improve health status, and second because the structures and practices of the primary care sector are not necessarily compatible with notions of comprehensive primary health care. There is much to be lost ifprimary health care and health promotion are disguised as primary care, and not understood for their capacity to make a difference to health inequities although ofcourse in some circumstances, comprehensive primary health care is interdependent with services provided by primary care. In this article, characteristics of primary care and primary health care are juxtaposed to show that if the strengths and limitations of each model are understood, they can be mobilised in collaborative partnerships to deal more effectively with health inequities, than our system has so far been able to do.

Resources revisited: salutogenesis from a lay perspective Health visitors are being pressured to move away from their traditional role in health promotion and public health to focus more closely on people with established clinical disorders. This is partly because of a paucity of theoretical explanations against which to assess interventions directed explicitly at promoting health rather than only preventing disease. However, there are growing public health concerns about increasing inequalities and rising numbers of disadvantaged groups in the UK as well. This paper revisits a grounded theory study that revealed how, in the absence of a need for clinical intervention, health visitors appear to assess needs by treating health as a process fuelled by the accumulation and use of`resources for health'. Wider theories about salutogenesis (`health creation') and research showing the importance of health and social capital demonstrate the potential of this idea, and were combined with the health visiting study to create a theoretical framework for analytical purposes. Semi-structured interviews with the main carer in 50 families with resident children were analysed using this framework, to provide a lay perspective on how people consider they maintain their health. The analysis demonstrated the usefulness of treating health as a process and of focusing on the development of health-related resources rather than only on presenting problems. The processes of developing capacity were shown to be more important than the presence or absence of speci®c resources. Links with personal empowerment were apparent; cultural patterns that evolved across generations and neighbourhoods revealed possible pathways to social cohesion. Practice approaches that enhance or inhibit the development of these health-creating resources were identi®ed, and considered in the light of emerging public health needs.

articulated the need for development of an integrated health care system with increased emphasis on primary health care, and incorporation of principles and practices of health promotion. Our article elucidates the requisite dimensions of a health promotion philosophy and approach in primary health care settings. We provide a strategy and framework to support practical and attainable action. Our aim is to provide clarity and an operational definition to health promotion so that it can be practically addressed.

Çelikel Foundation has started an education project in two high schools, one since 2007 the other in 2011. As the BU Peace Education Application and Research Center, we have been a part of this project in providing education in some areas such as career development, academic success, motivation, non-violent communication, conflict resolution skills, ethical thinking, standardized test techniques, personal growth, and innovative teaching and learning strategies for the students, teachers, and parents with the aim of bringing about positive and sustainable growth. We had also evaluated the last year education program and process by giving pre and post tests, including for the control groups in order to analyze the effects of education program on conflict resolution (as assessed by Conflict Resolution Inventory, Akbalık, 2001), emotional intelligence, and leadership skills (as assessed by Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory, Bar-On, 1997), and personal development as assessed by Personalıty Assessment Ouestionnaire (PAQ), (Rohner 1998,Varan 2002). The significant differences were seen after the intervention especially in understanding /compromising among the conflict resolution skills, in their interpersonal, intrapersonal, and leadership subscales of the EQ. More importantly, while their leadership skills improving, their aggression and negative self-confidence subscales in personality dimensions were decreasing. Most (87%) students experienced that their conflict resolution skills were improved by having interactive educational program in a year. The evaluation results articulated significant differences in EQ subscales, mainly in the interpersonal intelligence (18%), the intrapersonal intelligence (24%), and leadership skills (%17). Finally, the subscales of the PAQ had statistically changed (14%) after the intensive programs where the most significant one was in the changes of the independence.

“Stakeholder evaluation” is essential to the effectiveness and longevity of every successful project in every successful organization. As the cornerstone of project management, it is an important strategic planning process that expresses the quality of any program or project through the viewpoints, values, and needs of the stakeholders. Successful managers use stakeholder evaluation to identify the stakeholders in their projects, to win the support of all those who are affected by their projects, and to help ensure that their projects succeed where others fail. The purpose of this paper is to examine stakeholder evaluation for the “Performance Enhancement Program (P.E.P.) Health and Wellness Triage,” a board-requested, high school-level health and wellness project in a low-income school district in Montbello, Colorado, an area of high urban community violence with predominantly African American and Mexican American students. Three of the project’s major stakeholders (Faculty and Staff, Students, and Project Instructors) are examined and paired with appropriate needs assessments, progress evaluations, and key indicators. This paper  discusses stakeholder evaluation for this project by exploring four of its major components: Identification, Needs Assessments, Progress Evaluation, and Key Outcome Indicators.

As an integral part of the Obama Administration’s National Prevention Strategy, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has allotted $450 million for the creation of Communities Putting Prevention to Work (CPPW), a community-based program led by the Centers for the Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) designed to help communities implement health-promoting environmental changes. This paper takes an organizational-based perspective in examining the efficacy of Colorado’s Tri-County Health Department (TCHD), one of 50 CPPW grantees receiving $10.5 million in CPPW funding to help its residents decrease the prevalence of obesity, one of the two leading preventable causes of death and disability in the world.  Recommendations for improving and strengthening TCHD are also discussed.

articulated the need for development of an integrated health care system with increased emphasis on primary health care, and incorporation of principles and practices of health promotion. Our article elucidates the requisite dimensions of a health promotion philosophy and approach in primary health care settings. We provide a strategy and framework to support practical and attainable action. Our aim is to provide clarity and an operational definition to health promotion so that it can be practically addressed.

Health promotion underpins a distancing from narrow, simplifying health approaches associated with the biomedical model. However, it has not yet succeeded in formally establishing its theoretical, epistemological and methodological foundations on a single paradigm. The complexity paradigm, which it has yet to broach head-on, might provide it with a disciplinary matrix in line with its implicit stances and basic values. This article seeks to establish complexity's relevance as a paradigm that can contribute to the development of a health promotion discipline. The relevance of complexity is justified primarily by its matching with several implicit epistemological and methodological/theoretical stances found in the cardinal concepts and principles of health promotion. The transcendence of ontological realism and determinism as well as receptiveness in respect of the reflexivity that complexity encompasses are congruent with the values of social justice, participation, empowerment and the concept of positive health that the field promotes. Moreover, from a methodological and theoretical standpoint, complexity assumes a holistic, contextual and transdisciplinary approach, toward which health promotion is tending through its emphasis on ecology and interdisciplinary action. In a quest to illustrate our position, developmental evaluation is presented as an example of practice stemming from a complexity paradigm that can be useful in the evaluation of health promotion initiatives. In short, we argue that it would be advantageous for health promotion to integrate this paradigm, which would provide it with a formal framework appropriate to its purposes and concerns.

In 1986, the Ottawa Charter identified community empowerment as being a central theme of health promotion discourse. Community empowerment became a topical issue in the health promotion literature soon afterwards, though its roots also come from earlier literature in community psychology, community organizing and liberation education. Subsequent international conferences to address health promotion in Sundsvall, Adelaide and Jakarta have acted to reinforce this concept. It is as relevant today as it was more than a decade ago. The literature surrounding health promotion has since moved onto other overlapping theoretical perspectives, such as community capacity and social capital. And yet the critical issue of making community empowerment operational in a programme context remains thorny and elusive. Community empowerment is still difficult to measure and implement as a part of health promotion. This article offers a fresh look at key theoretical and practical questions in regard to the measurement of community empowerment. The theoretical questions help to unpack community empowerment in an attempt to clarify how the application of this concept can be best approached. The practical questions address the basic design characteristics for methodologies to measure community empowerment within the context of international health promotion programming. The purpose of this article is to allow researchers and practitioners to address again the important issue of making community empowerment operational.