European Human rights law

Over the past two decades, several European states have undergone a notable shift away from liberal democracy and human rights. These trends have disrupted the foundational discourses of the Council of Europe (CoE), which historically has positioned Europe as a bastion of human rights and democracy. Various terms – including illiberalism, populism, authoritarianism, and democratic backsliding – have been used to describe these developments. In the CoE context, ‘populism’ and ‘democratic backsliding’ have become dominant frames for defining internal trends against the image that the CoE constructs for Europe, while ‘totalitarianism’ and ‘authoritarianism’ have been used to frame its past and present external Others. This article examines how these four concepts – totalitarianism, authoritarianism, populism, and democratic backsliding – are deployed within the CoE to analyse their discursive functions across different phases
of the CoE’s history. Drawing on frame analysis, it traces how and to which effect these concepts have been mobilised in the CoE context. The article concludes that these concepts are employed less to denote clearly differentiated political forms or categories with distinct political and legal implications; rather, they are used as discursive tools to frame Europe as associated with human rights and democracy, in opposition to its external Others.

Sveučilišta u Zagrebu * * Andrea Šurina Marton, zamjenica Glavnog državnog odvjetnika Republike Hrvatske Pravo na slobodu izražavanja jedno je od temeljnih ljudskih prava, važno ne samo za razvoj i napredak svakog čovjeka nego i za postojanje demokratskog i pluralističkog društva. 1 Stoga ne začuđuje što je to pravo apostrofi rano u svim važnim modernim međunarodnim i regionalnim dokumentima o ljudskim pravima, počevši od Opće deklaracije o ljudskim pravima iz 1948. (čl. 19.), preko Međunarodnog pakta o građanskim i političkim pravima iz 1966. (čl. 19. st. 2.), do Povelje o temeljnim pravima Europske unije iz 2000., odnosno 2009. godine (čl. 11. st. 1). 2 Jamči ga i čl. 38. hrvatskog Ustava, kao i Europska konvencija za zaštitu ljudskih prava (u daljnjem tekstu: EKLJP). Prema čl. 10. EKLJP-a svatko ima pravo na slobodu izražavanja, pravo koje uključuje slobodu mišljenja i slobodu primanja i širenja informacija i ideja bez miješanja javne vlasti i bez obzira na granice. Pri tome valja podsjetiti na ustaljenu praksu Europskog suda za ljudska prava (u daljnjem tekstu: ESLJP) prema kojoj se pravo na slobodu izražavanja odnosi ne samo na informacije i izjave koje se primaju blagonaklono ili se smatraju neškodljivima ili nevažnima nego i na one koje "vrijeđaju, šokiraju ili uznemiruju". 3 Upravo kod potonjeg, govora koji vrijeđa, šokira ili preispituje uspostavljeni poredak, zaštita slobode izražavanja krucijalna je jer ta sloboda ne postoji ako ne uključuje i onaj govor koji izaziva zgražanje i moralnu osudu drugih, pa možda čak i većin e. 4 Takav šokantni i drugima često uvredljiv govor testira pluralizam, toleranciju i slobodoumnost, značajke "bez kojih nema demokratskog društva". 5 Pa ipak, to pravo nije apsolutno. Već sam čl. 10. st. 2. EKLJP-a navodi kako je ostvarivanje slobode izražavanja vezano uz "dužnosti i odgovornosti" te podložno zakonski propisanim i nužnim ograničenjima iz niza legitimnih ciljeva navedenih u čl. 10. st. 2. EKLJP-a. 6 Jedno od načelno dopuštenih ogra-

The draft Agreement on the Accession of the European Union to the European Convention on Human Rights -a major step towards a coherent protection of fundamental rights in Europe 1 See, for instance, G. Ress, L'adhésion de l'Union européenne à la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme, in: Dalloz (editor), La conscience des droits, Mélanges en l'honneur de Jean-Paul Costa, 2011, pp. 519 s. 2 See for a description of that development and further references, among many others, D. von Arnim, Der Standort der EU-Grundrechtecharta in der Grundrechtsarchitektur Europas, 2006, pp. 36-43. 3 In a memorandum of 4 April 1979 the Commission proposed that what was then still called the European Communities should accede to the Convention (see EuGRZ 1979, p. 330). 4 See, for example, L. Wildhaber / J. Callewaert, Espace constitutionnel européen et droits fondamentaux -Une vision globale pour une pluralité de droits et de juges, in : N. Colneric / D. Edward and others (editors), Une communauté de droit, Essays in honour of Gil Carlos Rodríguez Iglesias, 2003, p. 82; and von Arnim, Standort der EU-Grundrechtecharta, ibid., p. 516 with further references.

Анотація
Актуальність дослідження зумовлена відсутністю єдиних методологічних засад використання Європейської конвенції з прав людини 1950 р., протоколів до неї (ЄКПЛ) і відповідної практики (правових позицій) Європейського суду з прав людини (ЄСПЛ) у основних галузях національного права України, які б чітко враховували особливу міжнародно-правову природу Конвенції і правових позицій Суду, як єдиного джерела права. Метою даної статті є визначення впливу Конвенції і правових позицій Суду на регулювання внутрішніх господарських відносин в Україні і з’ясування їх місця серед інших джерел українського господарського права. Методологічну основу дослідження становить сукупність загальнофілософських, спеціально-наукових і правових методів, що дає змогу забезпечити комплексний аналіз визначення ЄКПЛ і правових позицій ЄСПЛ як джерела господарського права України. Зокрема, в статті були використані такі методи дослідження: діалектичний, формально-логічний, аналізу та синтезу, системно-структурний, порівняльно-правовий і логіко-юридичний. У статті досліджені питання автономності ЄКПЛ і практики (правових позицій) ЄСПЛ в правовій системі України; загальні юридичні засади застосування ЄКПЛ і практики (правових позицій) ЄСПЛ у внутрішньому праві України і досвід фахівців з різних галузей національного права України у застосуванні ЄКПЛ і правових позицій ЄСПЛ; значення врахування міжнародно-правової природи ЄКПЛ і правових позицій ЄСПЛ для їх правильного застосування у внутрішньому праві України; визначення місця ЄКПЛ і правових позицій ЄСПЛ у системі джерел господарського права України. Проведений аналіз господарського законодавства України і інструкцій, наданих господарським судам України з боку Вищого господарського суду України у Інформаційному листі «Про Конвенцію про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод 1950 року, юрисдикцію та практику Європейського суду з прав людини» № 01-06/1444/16 від 22.04.2016 р. Зроблені висновки і надані загальні рекомендації щодо правильного застосування ЄКПЛ і правових позицій ЄСПЛ у господарському праві України.

Ключові слова: Європейська конвенція про захист прав людини і основоположних свобод, практика Європейського суду з прав людини, правові позиції Європейського суду з прав людини, джерело права, господарське право.

Abstract
The relevance of the study is due to the lack of unified methodological principles for the use of the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights, the protocols thereto (Convention) and the relevant practice (legal positions) of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in the main branches of national law of Ukraine, which would clearly take into account the special international legal nature of the Convention and the legal positions of the Court as the only source of law. The purpose of this article is to determine the impact of the Convention and the legal positions of the Court on the regulation of internal economic relations in Ukraine and to clarify their place among other sources of Ukrainian economic law. The methodological basis of the study is a combination of general philosophical, special scientific and legal methods, which allows for a comprehensive analysis of the definition of the Convention and the legal positions of the ECHR as a source of economic law in Ukraine. In particular, the following research methods were used in the article: dialectical, formal-logical, analysis and synthesis, systemic-structural, comparative-legal and logical-legal. The article explores the issues of the autonomy of the Convention and the practice (legal positions) of the ECHR in the legal system of Ukraine; the general legal principles of the application of the Convention and the practice (legal positions) of the ECHR in the domestic law of Ukraine and the experience of specialists from various branches of national law of Ukraine in the application of the Convention and the legal positions of the ECHR; the importance of taking into account the international legal nature of the Convention and the legal positions of the ECHR for their correct application in the domestic law of Ukraine; determining the place of the Convention and the legal positions of the ECHR in the system of sources of economic law of Ukraine. An analysis of the economic legislation of Ukraine and the instructions provided to the economic courts of Ukraine by the Supreme Economic Court of Ukraine in the Information Letter “On the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950, the Jurisdiction and Practice of the European Court of Human Rights” No. 01-06/1444/16 dated 04/22/2016 was conducted. Conclusions are drawn and general recommendations are provided regarding the correct application of the Convention and the legal positions of the ECHR in the commercial law of Ukraine.

Keywords: European Convention on the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, practice of the European Court of Human Rights, legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights, source of law, economic law.

Probably because there have been no landmark cases decided by the European Court of Human Rights (and the Commission) in favour of indigenous peoples, there has correspondingly been scant interest in studying the problems and possibilities of using the Court as an avenue to promote and protect the rights of indigenous peoples. is is clearly unjustifi ed, given that the Court has jurisdiction over so many indigenous peoples and is in a strong position to protect their rights. e article will examine the relevant legal disputes that have come before the Court (and the Commission), which have arisen primarily when northern indigenous peoples have confronted the intrusion of dominant societies and modern economic activities into their traditional territories and hamper the practice of indigenous traditional livelihoods – livelihoods that stand at the core of their culture. e article examines how the European Commission's and the Court's jurisprudence have evolved over the years i...

the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has delivered its Opinion pursuant to Article 218 (11) TFEU on the EU's accession to European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) at the request of the European Commission. Sitting in full court, the CJEU found that the draft revised agreement on the accession of the European Union to the ECHR is incompatible with EU law. This paper gives a concise overview of the judgment, and provides some critical remarks.

The June 2025 S.S. and Others v. Italy judgment marked a missed opportunity—and a cautionary tale. Although the applicants advanced a legally coherent theory grounded in SAR, SOLAS, UNCLOS, and Strasbourg precedent, their case depended on a weak factual matrix. As a result, the ECtHR declined jurisdiction. However, shortly before, an analogous incident occurred where Rome MRCC expressly instructed Libya to intercept—while sidelining Sea‑Watch. This scenario presented stronger grounds for Strasbourg jurisdiction as Rome’s decision directly determined which vessel rescued (or rejected) migrants, causing their return. Such instructions, with knowledge of their likely outcome, implicate in a more clear-cut case Italy in Libya-run refoulement. Strategically, the lesson is clear, doctrine requires vehicles. The wrong case risks irrelevance. In border externalisation litigation, doctrinal ambition must be rooted in unambiguous control and causation.

In this paper, the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights on protection of migrants by the European Convention on Human Rights will be analyzed and discussed, in order to outline the main principles of decisions on cases concerning family reunion, expulsion, exclusion, detention and extradition of foreigners. In this realm, account shall be taken that there are very few provisions specially aimed at protecting human rights of migrants in the Rome Convention. The recognition of migrants’ human rights has been mainly granted by an indirect or par ricochet way, through the protection other human rights. When assessing the control of migration flows by Member States, the European Court has been placing, in a praetorian or evolutive way, migrants under the conventional protection through the guarantee of expressly protected conventional rights, such as the right to family or private life or the prohibition of torture

Рекомендовано до друку Вченою Радою Науково-дослідного інституту приватного права і підприємництва імені академіка Ф. Г. Бурчака НАПрН України (протокол № 6 від 25.06.2025 року). Редакційна колегія: О. Д. Крупчан доктор юридичних наук, професор, дійсний член (академік) НАПрН України, НДІ приватного права і підприємництва імені академіка Ф. Г. Бурчака НАПрН України; Б. М. Поляков доктор юридичних наук, професор, НДІ приватного права і підприємництва імені академіка Ф. Г. Бурчака НАПрН України; Т. Г. Попович кандидат юридичних наук, старший дослідник, НДІ приватного права і підприємництва імені академіка Ф. Г. Бурчака НАПрН України. З 38 ЗАХИСТ ПРАВА ВЛАСНОСТІ: Збірник наукових праць за результатами науково-практичного круглого столу (23 травня 2025 року) / НДІ приватного права і підприємництва імені академіка Ф. Г. Бурчака НАПрН України; за ред. канд. юрид. наук, ст. досл. Т. Г. Попович. К., 2025. 110 с. ISBN 978-617-8084-45-5 У збірник включені тези наукових доповідей учасників Науково-практичного круглого столу «Захист права власності», організованого Науково-дослідним інститутом приватного права і підприємництва імені академіка Ф. Г. Бурчака НАПрН України. На тлі масштабних цілей розбудови конкурентної економіки, сприятливої для розвитку ініціативи й підприємництва, а також в контексті євроінтеграційних процесів учасники приділяти ретельну увагу до окремих питань для підвищення довіри бізнесу шляхом зниження ризиків, що має спричинити зростання надходжень прямих іноземних інвестицій в Україну як в період війни, так і в умовах післявоєнної відбудови. У роботі круглого столу брали участь експерти в галузі судового захисту прав бізнесу, які мають практику у справах про захист права власності та/або здійснювали ґрунтовні теоретичні наукові пошуки у цій сфері. Науковий захід забезпечив можливість для обміну досвідом та ідеями стосовно подальших кроків для належного судового захисту майнових прав. Для науковців, працівників державних органів, суддів, юристів-практиків, викладачів, студентів вищих навчальних закладів та всіх зацікавлених осіб.

This article presents the relationship between the protection of property and cultural heritage protection under the ECHR system. Most often, state measures aimed at the protection of cultural heritage appear to interfere with private parties' right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions. Those dissatisfied with the outcome of domestic court proceedings regarding such interferences often want to reverse unfavorable domestic court decisions by bringing their case before the ECtHR. This article outlines the relevant case law of the ECtHR, distinguishing deprivation of property cases from controls on the use of property, in accordance with the structure of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. At the same time, it demonstrates the limits of property protection and, thereby, the success of claims by applicants before the ECtHR in cases involving cultural heritage. First, the limited temporal scope of the application of the ECHR and Protocol No. 1 excludes many cultural heritage disputes from the jurisdiction of the ECtHR. Second, the applicant has to prove that (s)he has possessions as interpreted by the ECtHR; the lack of possessions bars in particular restitution claims regarding property expropriated before the ratification of the Convention. Third, cultural heritage protection is considered a legitimate aim by the ECtHR, which can justify a deprivation or restriction of the use of property. States have a wide margin of appreciation in determining whether and how they will ensure the protection of cultural heritage in public interest. In particular, the ECtHR seems to endorse policies underlying both cultural nationalism and internationalism without giving a priori preference to any of them. Finally, the application of the flexible proportionality test by the ECtHR often makes the outcome of the procedure difficult to predict.

Фокус уваги вкотре спрямований на легалізацію евтаназії, адже це питання нерідко перебуває на порядку денному держав, зокрема України. У Концепції оновлення Цивільного кодексу України (2020) (далі — Концепція) у розділі 2 «Особисті немайнові права» закріплено можливість легалізації евтаназії та асистованого самогубства. Пропонується переглянути питання щодо можливості легалізації пасивної евтаназії та асистованого самогубства з урахуванням практики ЄСПЛ з паралельним внесенням відповідних змін до Кримінального кодексу України (§ 2.9.)

For the second half of the twentieth century and the early years of the twenty-first century, the belief in pancontinental constitutional frameworks boosted the political and legal integration of Europe. In less than twenty years, the scenario has dramatically changed. The belief that the peoples of Europe would proceed through a potentially endless process of harmonization and unification has been replaced by political tensions between those who support integration and those who support state sovereignty. Such tensions have materialized both within the European Union and in the Council of Europe, as the recent clash between the Polish Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice of the EU on one hand and the Russian abandonment of the Council of Europe on the other exemplify. Beneath the surface, the two factions have profoundly different agendas. The supporters of integration often advocate for a progressive and liberal agenda and state power constraints, while conservatives couch their arguments in terms of state sovereignty and domestic political discretion. The net result is a form of vertical polarizationa tension between factions alternatively supporting state or supranational and international frameworks. Such factions often see state claims and supranational and international frameworks claims as irreconcilable, because each level of government would be inextricably associated with a specific political agenda. The article distills the vertical characters of polarization in Europe, explains how political polarization has morphed into strained relations between national, supranational, and international institutions, and considers and criticizes some recent proposals to reinvigorate pan-European integration. It concludes that the survival of pancontinental institutions in Europe can only be achieved by distinguishing between political agendas and constitutional frameworks in largely unprecedented ways: a task that only European legal culture can carry out.

Theilen 25.04.2025 Dear Esra, dear Jens, thank you for accepting the invitation to share insights into your research on the framing and critique of European Human Rights Law with us. You are part of the research group "Framing Reality and Normativity in European Human Rights Law: Climate Change, Migration, and Authoritarianism" (FRAMES). Could you explain the motivation behind this project and why frame theory is particularly suitable for analyzing European human rights law? Esra Demir-Gürsel: We draw on the notion of frames to take the language used and the concepts selected in legal texts seriously. We seek to understand why something is presented in a certain way, how else it could be presented, and with what effect. There are different ways to frame an issue and to select and assemble the facts surrounding it. The frames contained in texts and other means of communication selectively produce and enforce "what will count as reality", in Judith Butler's words (p. xiii). The choices we make are therefore inevitably shaped by our perspectives and ideologies. This means that frames also allow us to examine the framer's own ideology.

Na početku ovog završnog rada te na samom kraju mog preddiplomskog fakultetskog obrazovanja, htjela bih iskoristiti ovu priliku da zahvalim svim profesorima na pruženom znanju. Hvala svim predavačima Sveučilišta Sjever jer sam od svakog naučila nešto novo. Hvala mojoj mentorici izv.prof.dr.sc Ivi Rosandi Žigo koja mi je svojim savjetima, znanjem i iskustvom pomagala tijekom realizacije ovog završnog rada. Također, izrazito sam zahvalna svojoj obitelji koja mi je tijekom trogodišnjeg studiranja bila velika podrška. Hvala mojim prijateljima, dečku, kolegicama i kolegama koji su uvijek bili spremni pomoći te su na bilo koji način nesebično podržavali i uljepšavali moje studentsko razdoblje. Potaknuta primjerima neetičkog izvještavanja o pripadnicima manjinskih skupina u hrvatskim medijima odlučila sam istražiti kakav odnos mediji u izvještavanju imaju prema LGBT zajednici. Smatram da previše mržnje, neprihvaćanja i netrpeljivosti proizlazi upravo iz članaka u kojima i sam novinar ne poštuje određenu skupinu ljudi, iako je to njegova profesionalna i etična dužnost. Novinar u svom poslu mora u baš svakoj situaciji, uz zakonske propise i etička načela, poštivati i standarde profesionalnog novinarstva. Dužan je u svom radu istinito, točno, pošteno, uravnoteženo i nepristrano izvještavati neovisno o rasi, boji kože, vjerskoj ili nacionalnoj pripadnosti, životnoj dobi, spolu, seksualnoj orijentaciji, rodnom izražavanju i bilo kojoj drugoj karakteristici. S obzirom na višestruku ulogu koju imaju u društvu, mediji bi trebali zaštititi ljudska prava, a kršenje istih strogo osuđivati. Umjesto širenja negativnih stereotipa o LGBT osobama, upotrebe uvredljivog jezika protiv njih, pridonošenja održavanju njihove društvene isključenosti i "legaliziranjem" diskriminacije, mediji moraju na pozitivan način izvještavati o LGBT zajednici kako bi podigli svijest o njihovim potrebama i pravima te promijenili javno mnijenje. Mediji su u svom izvještavanju dužni štititi temeljna ljudska prava svakog čovjeka. Osobito se to odnosi na pripadnike manjinskih društvenih skupina. Njihova prava donekle su zaštićena Ustavom Republike Hrvatske te ostalim zakonima. Iako je Hrvatsko novinarsko društvo izdalo Kodeks časti hrvatskih novinara u kojem su u trideset i jednoj točki navedena prava i obveze novinara kao smjernice kojima se trebaju voditi u svom profesionalnom djelovanju, svakodnevno smo svjedoci kršenja ljudskih prava u medijima. Kodeks nalaže novinarima da u svom djelovanju poštuju, štite i promiču temeljna ljudska prava i slobode, a osobito načelo jednakosti svih građana. Posebna se odgovornost očekuje u slučajevima u kojima se izvještava ili komentiraju prava, potrebe, problemi i zahtjevi manjinskih društvenih skupina. Nedopustivo je koristiti stereotipe, pejorativne izraze, ponižavajuće prikazivanje, kao i svaki drugi oblik izravnog ili neizravnog poticanja ili podržavanja diskriminacije. Ovaj završni rad analizira način na koji hrvatski online mediji izvještavaju o događajima u kojima glavnu ulogu imaju pripadnici seksualnih manjina, tzv. LGBT osobe. Analiza se vrši na primjeru izvještavanja o Zagreb Prideu i to na temelju 13 objavljenih članaka u Vecernjem.hr od 12. veljače 2017. do 9. lipnja 2018. godine. Radom se nastoji odgovoriti na pitanje poštuju li se standardi profesionalnog novinarstva i u kojoj se mjeri u izvještavanju krše prava LGBT osoba te koriste li se u izvještavanju obilježja online medija. Istraživanje je pokazalo da Vecernji.hr u većini slučajeva u izvještavanju o Zagreb Prideu poštuje standarde profesionalnog novinarstva, ne kršeći zakonske odredbe ni odredbe Kodeksa časti. U svom izvještavanju promiču jednakost i ravnopravnost LGBT osoba te potiču na solidarnost i prihvaćanje. Što se tiče obilježja online medija, istraživanje je pokazalo da Vecernji.hr maksimalno koristi prednosti interneta, što je vidljivo iz ažurnosti izvještavanja, mnogobrojnih fotogalerija i videozapisa te dvosmjerne komunikacije. Ovakvim pristupom obradi teme mediji promiču prava manjinskih skupina i podižu svijest građana.

მიგრაციული მოძრაობის ზრდასთან ერთად, აქტუალური გახდა, ერთი
მხრივ, მიგრანტების უფლებათა დაცვა და სახელმწიფოთა მხრიდან მიგრაციის პროცესების რეგულირება, ხოლო, მეორე მხრივ, სახელმწიფოს სუვერენიტეტის, მისი უსაფრთხოების საკითხები და, ამასთანავე, შიდა საზოგადოებრივ-პოლიტიკური კონფლიქტებიც. თუ გავითვალისწინებთ, რომ დღეს მსოფლიოში დაახლოებით 102 მილიონამდე  მიგრანტია, მათ შორის ლტოლვილი, დევნილი, თავშესაფრის მაძიებელი და იძულებით გადაადგილებული პირი, საკითხის აქტუალობის მიზეზი გასაგები გახდება. ბოლო ათწლეულში გაზრდილი გლობალური მიგრაციის შედეგად უცხოელები მასპინძელ ქვეყანაში, ხშირ შემთხვევაში, სამართლებრივი, სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური, პოლიტიკური, კულტურული და სხვა თვალსაზრისით განსაკუთრებით დაუცველები ხდებიან.

This Article examines the European Court of Human Rights’ intervention in the detention of involuntary migrants. It analyzes the use of “carceral migration control” in response to a migration “crisis,” and argues that the actual crisis in the region is one of politics and policies rather than the magnitude of migration. It explores the consequences of a crisis moniker for migration, including shortsighted migration policies, entrenched caricatures of migrants as threatening, and excessive emphasis on punitive rather than humanitarian responses. Responding to migration as a crisis has led states in Europe and elsewhere to shift the movement of people across national borders from a human security issue—protecting people and providing assistance—to a national security issue. This Article applies the migration crisis framework to analyze the European states’ responses to the most recent rise in involuntary migration to the region. It examines the foundational principles of the * Assista...

This study explores the validity of criminalizing prison escape through the perspectives of law and philosophy. Using a comparative legal method, the article reviews various approaches to this topic, then analyzes the regulation of prison escape under Georgian legislation and assesses the justification for its criminalization. Broadly, there are two primary approaches to prison escape: decriminalization, as seen in Germany, and criminalization. When opting for criminalization, it is crucial to consider the harm caused by the act, the interests protected by criminalizing it, and the necessity of imposing punishment. The debate around criminalizing prison escape involves balancing the human desire for freedom with society's need for protection. The rationale includes safeguarding the efficiency of law enforcement and judicial bodies, as escape necessitates the mobilization of resources, poses a risk of recidivism, and undermines public confidence in law enforcement capabilities. However, this study argues that the existing legal norm fails to adequately protect these interests. The potential harms associated with prison escape are already covered under other criminal provisions, and punishing the act infringes on the fundamental human desire for freedom. Thus, in a liberal democracy, the decriminalization approach prevalent in Germany appears more balanced and philosophically defensible compared to the traditional criminalization model.

Анотація
Метою статті є аналіз існуючих варіантів конфіскації російських активів Центрального банку Російської Федерації [ЦБР] з метою підтримки відновлення України в світлі міжнародного права. Безперечно, Росія порушила міжнародне право, провівши спеціальну військову операцію проти України, і тому зобов’язана виплатити Україні репарації за завдані збитки, але питання про спосіб дії залишається відкритим.
Обґрунтовується теза про те, що активи центрального банку суверенної держави користуються міжнародним імунітетом sui generis від конфіскації державою, на території якої це майно тимчасово знаходиться. Аналіз базувався не лише на opinio iuris, але й на досягненнях експертів у галузі міжнародного права та прецедентного права, які надають активам центрального банку держави високий рівень захисту відповідно до чинного міжнародного права, особливо країнами, які є важливими для потенційного арешту активів/власності. Правові питання, пов’язані з цим, різноманітні й варіюються від застосування суверенних імунітетів щодо державної власності до прав людини та порушень jus cogens. Ми також маємо справу з міжнародними принципами щодо захисту приватних інвесторів (де центральні банки включені до цієї категорії); а також принципи невтручання в ситуації, коли вживаються примусові дії, які впливають на іншу державу

Kresin O. Legal Regime of Illegal Control of Territory in International
Law
The study is devoted to the regime of illegal control of the territory of one state by another state in general international law, international humanitarian law, and the law of the Council of Europe. The author demonstrates that the prohibition of war after 1945 and the unwillingness to face special coercive measures encourage aggressor states to occupy territories through covert illegal control, and formally – through proxy regimes that proclaim themselves to be states. It is proved that the regime
of illegal control makes it possible to distinguish masked controlled occupation administrations from real states that have not yet received international recognition. It is shown how the new ECHR judgments on Ukraine develop this regime in international law.
Keywords: illegal control of territory, effective control, occupation, pseudostate, proxy regime.

Il presente studio si propone di investigare l'influenza multiforme e pervasiva del diritto romano in tre delle principali codificazioni civilistiche europee: il Code Napoléon, il Codice Civile Italiano e l'ABGB austriaco. Mediante un'analisi comparatistica, si intendono evidenziare le persistenze e le innovazioni rispetto al diritto romano, con particolare riguardo alle differenti modalità di recezione e adattamento di quest'ultimo nei distinti contesti nazionali. L'indagine mira a dimostrare come il diritto romano, con la sua intrinseca vocazione alla sistematicità, alla chiarezza e alla coerenza, nonché con i suoi principi fondamentali, quali l'equità e la buona fede, costituisca ancora oggi un paradigma di riferimento imprescindibile per il diritto contemporaneo, offrendo spunti di riflessione e soluzioni per le sfide di un mondo in continua evoluzione. "Ius est ars boni et aequi" Celso, Digesto, 1.1.1.pr. Il diritto romano, con la sua millenaria storia e la sua raffinata elaborazione giurisprudenziale, ha permeato in modo indelebile lo sviluppo del diritto civile europeo. Tale influenza, lungi dall'estinguersi con la caduta dell'Impero Romano d'Occidente, si manifesta con palmare evidenza nelle grandi codificazioni moderne, quali il Code Napoléon (1804), il Codice Civile Italiano (1942) e l'ABGB austriaco (1811), che costituiscono tuttora i pilastri del diritto privato in gran parte del continente. Questo contributo, pur nella sua modestia, si prefigge di scandagliare l'eredità romanistica in questi tre codici, mettendo in luce le persistenze e le innovazioni rispetto al diritto romano, e sottolineando le diverse modalità di recezione e adattamento del diritto romano nei diversi contesti nazionali. Attraverso un'analisi comparata tra i tre codici e il Corpus Iuris Civilis, si tenterà di delineare il processo di recezione, reinterpretazione e adattamento dei principi e degli istituti del diritto romano alle esigenze della società moderna, in un contesto contrassegnato da molteplici influenze culturali e filosofiche. Ma, soprattutto, questa indagine intende dimostrare come il diritto romano, ben lungi dall'essere relegato al ruolo di reperto archeologico del passato, offra ancora oggi un prezioso modello di sistematicità, chiarezza e coerenza, e come i suoi principi cardine, quali l'equità e la buona fede, siano ancora fondamentali per l'edificazione di un sistema giuridico equo e giusto.

Шишка О.Р. Принцип правової визначеності як складова приватно-правової безпеки: проблеми та перспективи вдосконалення. Безпека в інтелектуальному вимірі: матеріали VI Всеукраїнської науково-практичної конференції (11 жовтня 2024 р., м. Київ) / упорядник В.С. Кучеренко, відповідальні редактори Р.Б. Шишка, Н.П. Христинченко. Київ: «Видавництво Людмила», 2024. с. 99-102.

The chapter critically examines the European Court of Human Rights' (ECtHR) treatment of religious diversity, with a focus on its interpretations of Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which protects freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. The text argues that the ECtHR's decisions have often prioritized secularism and public order over pluralism and individual religious expression, particularly in cases involving Islam. This approach is seen as undermining the values of diversity and inclusion that are fundamental to a democratic society. This contribution is part of the book that focuses on the experiences of expert commissions in the UK, France, Quebec and Belgium. Furthering the debate on commissions’ potential and limitations it draws on the first-hand experiences and introspection of former commission members and close observers, along with outside perspectives and critique from independent scholars. In several Western countries, expert commissions composed of academics, public figures, politicians and community organisers have been established by governments or civil society to reflect on the changes and challenges of an increasingly plural society. Commission recommendations on how to ‘manage’ diversities successfully have shaped national narratives and affected law and public policies, yet research on the workings of such commissions remains rare.

Building on its companion volume (Public Commissions on Cultural and Religious Diversity: Analysis, Reception and Challenges), this book engages with core concepts of identity, nationality, citizenship, freedom, equality and accommodation. It will appeal to researchers and students of public policy, sociology, anthropology, law, religion, politics, history and migration studies, as well as policymakers and anyone with a general interest in current debates on ethnic, cultural and religious diversity.

Очевидним видається той факт, що правова система сучасної України нині переживає період входження до європейського правового простору. З огляду на необхідність приведення вітчизняного права у відповідність до норм і принципів міжнародного права важливим є вивчення європейського правового досвіду та європейської правової доктрини. Особливо цей процес стосується сфери забезпечення прав людини

The article deals with some problems of court translation, the right to which is provided by the European Convention of Human Rights and other legislations. The translation challenges appear at all stages of the court proceeding, ranging from submitting documents to judgment delivering. Translators and interpreters' competences are outlined. Translation performs important functions in communication of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights to the European Council member States and in conducting comparative studies of national and European legislations. Translation has been proved an important means in enhancing the role of the Court in protecting human rights.

À la frontière de Melilla, le massacre du 24 juin 2022, perpétré par des forces marocaines et espagnoles, a provoqué la mort d’au moins 27 personnes et la disparition de plus de 70 autres, a fait plusieurs centaines de blessés et au moins 100 prisonniers. Pour tenter de comprendre ces évènements qui s’ancrent dans un continuum de violences antimigratoires qui perdure en toute impunité depuis deux décennies, il faut replacer cette frontière dans sa matrice raciale et décrypter les rapports de genre en jeu. Se basant sur un long travail ethnographique mené entre 2015 et 2017, et sur une contre-enquête collective réalisée en 2023, le présent article dissèque la violence sous le prisme des rapports de race et de genre. Cette approche permet de comprendre que la reproduction constante de masculinités guerrières autour de la frontière, pour la défendre ou protester contre elle, a fait augmenter, année après année, l’intensité de la violence envers les migrants Noirs jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Cet affrontement perpétuel de masculinités militarisées à la frontière, engendré par les politiques migratoires européennes, espagnoles, et leur externalisation au Maroc, a renforcé un ordre raciste qui, inéluctablement, continue de semer la mort sans parvenir à étouffer complètement les résistances.

What might the Enlightenment have meant had Vico been its most influential figure? Would we still call it the Enlightenment? Would democracy look different had Spinoza achieved the attention and renown that his genius deserved? These are fascinating, but fanciful questions. The main line of Enlightenment thought that is our legacy runs not through these figures, but through Descartes, Newton, Berkeley, Hume, Montesquieu, Locke, Rousseau, and Kant. 1 Perhaps, as James Schmidt suggests, we should eschew discussion of an hypostasized 'Enlightenment project' and speak of instrumental reason and individualism as exemplified by Bacon, Hobbes, and Descartes. 2 I leave the question of proper name calling to others. My concern is not with the 'correct' definition of the Enlightenment project, but with the acute crises of our day and the light that might be shed by a better understanding of our histories and ourselves. These questions, moreover, presuppose an untenable idealism. 'No one,' Charles Taylor wryly observes, 'really thinks that disengagement entered the culture from the pen of Descartes, or individualism from that of Locke.' 3 Few would maintain that abstract ideas dictate or determine social practices in some logical, causal, or mechanical fashion. The primary relationship between ideas and practices runs the other way: ideas articulate practices. 4 An idea becomes compelling when it makes sense of the emergent practices and forms of life of any particular historical period. The conventional account of the Enlightenment neglects the social and historical developments that provided the ground for its more familiar intellectual transformations: it was a period of scientific discovery, explosive agricultural growth, economic expansion, increasing urbanization, rising population, improving communications, and striking political change including the emergence of what Jürgen Habermas famously identifies as a genuine public sphere. 5 This period also saw the dramatic birth in the 1760s of a recognizably modern con-1

Il presente elaborato si propone di discutere la relazione tra proprietà privata e interesse pubblico con un focus sulla derelizione dei beni immobili, ricercando il punto d'equilibrio, da tempo oggetto di dibattito, tra diritto individuale e interesse collettivo. L'analisi viene condotta movendo da prospettive di natura giuridica, storica e sociale.

The authors investigated the place of court precedent in the system of law of the European Union and in the system of law of Ukraine. In particular, the essence of court precedent is reveal by analyzing the positions of scientists to determine this concept and its features. Restored the law basis for the activities of the European Court of Human Rights and the International Court of Justice. Seen features of the use of court precedent in the use of law in countries of general and continental law, namely in England, Germany, France. The problems of the place of court precedent in the Ukrainian national system of law in the framework of modern euro-integration processes are investigated. The features of the implementation of the case-law if the European Court of Human Rights in the national Ukrainian legislation in the context of its adaptation to European Union law in the context of European integration are clarified.

Ευρωπαϊκή εντολή έρευνας (ΕΕΕ), που αποσκοπεί στη διαβίβαση αποδεικτικών μέσων που βρίσκονται ήδη στην κατοχή των αρμοδίων αρχών του κράτους εκτέλεσης, δεν είναι υποχρεωτικό να εκδίδεται από δικαστήριο στην περίπτωση που, σύμφωνα με το δίκαιο του κράτους έκδοσης, στο πλαίσιο αμιγώς εσωτερικής διαδικασίας του κράτους αυτού, η αρχική συλλογή των εν λόγω αποδεικτικών μέσων θα έπρεπε μεν να είχε διαταχθεί από δικαστήριο, αλλά η διαβίβασή τους μπορεί να διαταχθεί από εισαγγελέα. Δεν απαγορεύεται σε εισαγγε-λέα να εκδώσει ΕΕΕ για τη διαβίβαση αποδεικτικών μέσων που βρίσκονται ήδη στην κατοχή των αρμόδιων αρχών του κράτους εκτέλεσης, στην περίπτωση που αυτά αποκτήθηκαν κατόπιν παρακολούθησης, από τις εν λόγω αρχές στο έδαφος του κράτους έκδοσης, τηλεπικοινωνιών όλων των χρηστών κινητών τηλεφώνων που επιτρέπουν κρυπτογραφημένες επικοινωνίες, υπό τον όρο ότι η εντολή πληροί όλες τις προϋποθέσεις που προβλέπει το δίκαιο του κράτους έκδοσης σε αμιγώς εσωτερική υπόθεση για τη διαβίβαση τέτοιων αποδεικτικών μέσων. Συνιστά «παρακολούθηση τηλεπικοινωνιών», κατά την έννοια της Οδηγίας 2014/41/ΕΕ για την ΕΕΕ, η διείσδυση σε τερματικές συσκευές με σκοπό την εξαγωγή δεδομένων επικοινωνίας/κίνησης/θέσης από διαδικτυακή υπηρεσία επικοινωνίας. Στο πλαίσιο ποινικής διαδικασίας το εθνικό ποινικό δικαστήριο υποχρεούται να απορρίπτει αποδεικτικά μέσα εάν ο ύποπτος δεν είναι σε θέση να υποβάλει με αποτελεσματικό τρόπο παρατηρήσεις επ’ αυτών και εφόσον τούτα είναι ικανά να ασκήσουν σημαντική επιρροή στην εκτίμηση των πραγματικών περιστατικών.

Although the European system for the protection of human rights still does not explicitly recognize the right to a healthy environment as a human right, in recent decades, there has been an increasing trend of using the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms to solve environmental protection issues. In this regard, analyzing and applying the standards created by the European Court of Human Rights in environmental cases is necessary to strengthen national legislation, to practice, and face growing environmental challenges. The authors analyze the relationship between environmental and human rights, arguing the need to establish a normative link between both to systematically implement the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for future generations. The central part of the paper is dedicated to research, analysis and assessment of the condition and status of environmental rights that have developed based on the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The relationship between environmental protection and human rights as a synergistic conception in general international law has also found a place in this study, since the European regional legal system in this regard cannot be adequately explored without proper perception and understanding of the universal system of the protection of human rights and the environment, which is conceptually well reflected in multiple Sustainable Development Goals. In order to continue finding the most efficient international institutional protection mechanisms, it is essential to consistently detect and present the international normative framework that recognizes the right to a healthy, clean, and sustainable environment as a human right. Relying on the latter, the authors present and problematize the issue of recognizing the right to a healthy environment as a human right in adopting the 2021 United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution that prescribed the right to a healthy environment as a human right.

markdownabstractIn early research on land grabbing, the initial focus was on foreign companies investing abroad, with a particular focus on those based in countries such as China, Gulf States, South Korea, and India. In recent years, it has become evident that the range of countries land investors originate in is far broader, and includes both North Atlantic - and EU-based actors. In this study, we offer both quantitative and qualitative data illustrating the involvement of EU-based corporate and financial entities in land deals occurring outside of the EU. This study also analyses the global land rush within a human rights framework, examining the implications of particular land deals involving EU-based investors and their impact on communities living in areas where the investments are taking place. The research presented here builds partly on Cotula’s 2014 study on the drivers and human rights implications of land grabbing, but differs in that it focuses explicitly on particular c...

CRIMINAL LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE AND PRACTICE OF
ITS APPLICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN
STANDARDS ON HUMAN RIGHTS

The article highlights the level of approaches conformity, fixed in the Criminal code of
Ukraine, that are effective both in theory and practice of Ukraine’s Criminal law, to the
judgments of the European Court of Human Rights.
Key terms: European Court of Human Rights practice.

Abstract: Article 2 (1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights sets out State parties' key obligations with regard to the implementation of the rights in the Covenant. According to that provision, States are under a duty to take steps to the ...

Globally, over one in five employed people has experienced violence and harassment at work at least once during their working life, per a recent ILO study. Workplace sexual harassment is not a novel phenomenon in this regard, but awareness about the serious impact it has on the world of work has mostly been raised in recent years, also due to the increase in reported instances. Sexual harassment and discrimination are also present in Albanian workplaces, creating a hostile work environment, and through qualitative methods, this research paper examines the legal implications associated with this harmful conduct. The paper concludes that workplace sexual harassment can also be transactional in nature as a condition for employment and job benefits, manifesting in different forms ranging from gestures to physical touch. It further concludes on the discriminatory nature and purpose of this conduct, highlighting also the disproportional impact it has on women workers. Lastly, it concludes that the Albanian legal framework offers some legal protection from workplace sexual harassment, as well as foresees reporting mechanisms and preventive measures. Based on the analysis conducted, this research paper also presents some recommendations seeking more effective addressal and prevention, including legal, social, and institutional measures.

Durante las últimas décadas, la limitación de la libertad de manifestar su religión ha sido un tema controversial. Algunos estados europeos han impuesto limitaciones al uso de algunos símbolos y vestimentas religiosas, y el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (el “Tribunal”) ha emitido varias decisiones respecto a estos asuntos. Para que una restricción sea legítima, ésta debe constituir una medida necesaria, y una de esas posibles medidas necesarias es la protección de los derechos o las libertades de los demás. Con el objetivo de clarificar qué implica esta medida necesaria se estudiaron varias decisiones del Tribunal sobre este tema. Se concluyó que, en general, el Tribunal no suele analizar este concepto con mucha profundidad. Sin embargo, se destacaron importantes inferencias, en base a las cuales también se recalcaron algunos problemas en el análisis del Tribunal. Esos problemas implican una menor protección de la libertad de manifestar su religión mediante el uso de símbolos...

аспірант кафедри цивільно-правових дисциплін Одеського національного університету імені І.І. Мечникова У статті визначено особливості правового регулювання договору найму (оренди) нежитлових приміщень в Україні, Російській Федерації та Федеративній Республіці Німеччина, з'ясовано, що правове регулювання оренди комерційної нерухомості у Федеративній Республіці Німеччина має окремі істотні відмінності від відповідних положень цивільного права України та Російської Федерації. Ключові слова: договір найму (оренди), нежитлове приміщення, оренда нерухомості, оренда комерційної нерухомості. В статье определены особенности правового регулирования договора найма (аренды) нежилых помещений в Украине, Российской Федерации и Федеративной Республике Германия, выявлено, что правовое регулирование аренды коммерческой недвижимости в Федеративной Республике Германия имеет отдельные существенные отличия от соответствующих положений гражданского права Украины и Российской Федерации. Ключевые слова: договор найма (аренды), нежилое помещение, аренда недвижимости, аренда коммерческой недвижимости. In the article features of legal regulation of lease agreement of non-residential premises in Ukraine, Russian Federation and German Federal Republic are defined; it is found out that the legal regulation of the lease commercial real estate in German Federal Republic has some significant differences from the relevant provisions of the civil law in Ukraine and Russian Federation.

This article analyzes the multi-causal phenomenon of violence in the workplace in Brazilian society, to be based on the spectrum of a conceptual study and the mapping of the elements of existing and emerging criminal types, in light of Convention No. 190/2019 of the International Labor Organization-ILO, referencing and exposing the consequences associated with the risks of physical and mental illness, absenteeism, increased turnover in jobs, decreased productivity and the damage caused to the organizational climate. Manifestations of violence in the workplace have always been part of the daily professional life of each category of working people. There is great difficulty in identifying, conceptualizing and individualizing harassers and victims. Anonymity is a common practice for the aforementioned assaulted people, in order to avoid personal exposure to other co-workers and their own family. It is necessary to outline a set of effective measures to produce positive effects in terms of prevention. In this conceptual study, the dialectical method was used to discuss and re-read the parameters contained in Convention No. 190/2019-ILO. This is a complex public health problem in which there is an exponential increase in various situations of violence in the workplace of companies and in the public service. These hidden criminal practices, transformed into routine facts, cause a deleterious impact on the dignity of the human person, directly influencing the quality of life of working people.

ევროპული ინტეგრაცია სუვერენულ სახელმწიფოთა  თავისუფალი კონსენსუსის შედეგად  განვითარებული პროგრესული თანამშრომლობის ზენაციონალური ფორმაა. ევროპული ინტერპრეტაციით  სამართლის ევროპეიზაცია ევროინტეგრაციის სივრცეში ეროვნული და სუპერნაციონალური სამართლებრივი სისტემების ერთმანეთთან  დაახლოების დემონსტრაციული პროცესია, რომელიც არის არა მხოლოდ  ნებელობითი პოლიტიკური აქტი, არამედ უფრო სავალდებულო და სამართლებრივი  ხასიათის  დეფინიციაა.
2014 წლის 27 ივნისს, ევროკავშირსა  და საქართველოს შორის გაფორმებული  ასოცირების შეთანხმება  (AA),    გამოხატავს  აბსოლიტურ პატივისცემას საქართველოს სახელმწიფოს სუვერენიტეტის, ტერიტორიული მთლიანობისა და საერთაშორისოდ აღიარებული საზღვრების მთლიანობის  მიმართ. ევროპული ასოცირება ქართველი ხალხის მხრიდან გაცხადებული საგარეო და საშინაო პოლიტიკის პრიორიტეტია. ამ პოლიტიკის აღსრულების ინსტრუმენტი  ასოცირების შეთანხმება და სამართლებრივი დაახლოებაა (აპროქსიმაცია).   
ასოცირების შეთანხმების ფარგლებში კომპლექსური ტრანსფორმაციის შესაძლებლობა უდიდესი სიკეთეა დღევანდელი და მომავალი თაობებისთვის. ისტორიული პერსპექტივის თვალსაზრისით, ასოცირების დღის წესრიგით განსაზღვრული სამართლებრივი რეფორმების სრულად და წარმატებით განხორციელება ევროპული კავშირის ნორმატიული წინაპირობაა და  ქვეყნის ევროპეიზაციის უნიკალურ შესაძლებლობას იძლევა.
ასოცირების შეთანხმება ითვალისწინებს საქართველოს ეროვნული კანონმდებლობის ეტაპობრივ დაახლოებას  ევროკავშირის საკანონმდებლო აქტებთან და საერთაშორისო სამართლებრივ რეგულაციებთან. სამართლებრივი დაახლოების (legal approximation) ერთ-ერთი სფეროა სახელმწიფო შესყიდვები რომელიც  ექცევა ევროკავშირის ექსკლუზიური იურისდიქციის ფარგლებში. სახელმწიფო შესყიდვების ევროპეიზაცია, როგორც საქართველოს სახელმწიფოს გაცხადებული პოლიტიკური ნება  მოითხოვს ევროპული სამართლებრივი გამოცდილების  ნაციონალურ სამართალში  გაწერას (transposition).
ასოცირების შეთანხმების შესაბამისად  საქართველოს საჯარო შესყიდვების  სამართალი მისადაგებული უნდა იყოს  ევროკავშირის საჯარო შესყიდვების  სამართალთან (gradual approximation). შეთანხმებით განსაზღვრულ ვალდებულებათა შესრულებისა და  სახელმწიფო შესყიდვების კანონმდებლობის ევროკავშირის დირექტივებთან  დაახლოების  უზრუნველსაყოფად, საქართველოს სახელმწიფომ მიიღო  ევროპული საჯარო შესყიდვების სამართლთან ადაპტირებული    ,,საჯარო შესყიდვების შესახებ“ საქართველოს  კანონი. ,,საჯარო შესყიდვების შესახებ“ საქართველოს კანონის ამოქმედებით,  ძალადაკარგულად ცხადდება „სახელმწიფო შესყიდვების შესახებ“ საქართველოს კანონის  ამჟამად მოქმედი რეგულაცია და ეროვნულ სამართალში ევროპული საჯარო სამართლის  რეცეფცია ხდება.     

საკვანძო სიტყვები: ასოცირების შეთანხმება, საჯარო შესყიდვები, დავების საბჭო, კონტრაჰენტის სანქცირება.

Статтю присвячено аналізу теоретичних і прикладних аспектів використання договору дарування у корупційних цілях, а також виробленні дієвих шляхів ідентифікації, профілактики та перешкоджання такого способу уникнення покарання за злочини, пов’язані з корупцією.
У ході аналізу встановлено, що в Україні практикується два способи уникнути покарання за корупційні злочини з використанням договору дарування: одержання неправомірної вигоди шляхом укладання договору дарування, коли хабар приймає форму юридично оформленого подарунка; передача майна третім особам, не залежно від його походження, щоб у разі визнання судом обвинувачуваного винним у корупційному злочині, уникнути покарання у вигляді конфіскації майна.
Розглянуто деталі справи про корупцію в «Укрзалізничпостач» та прецеденту визнання Верховним судом України недійсним (фіктивним) договору дарування десяти елітних земельних ділянок і восьми столичних квартир унаслідок доведення мотиву сторін щодо ухилення від арешту майна та запобігання його конфіскації. Встановлено, що процес доведення факту фіктивності договору дарування як інструменту уникнення покарання за корупційні злочини у судовому порядку є складним і тривалим (близько 4 років).
Доведено, що характерною рисою фіктивних договорів дарування як способу уникнути покарання за корупцію є невідповідність мотиву сторін і мети правочину, що полягає у намаганні уникнути покарання за корупцію, а не виключно відчуження майнових прав на користь обдаровуваного. Рекомендовано норми законодавства про запобігання корупції у частині дарування та одержання подарунків розширити на всі категорії державних службовців.
Запропоновано законодавчо закріпити чіткий та прозорий контроль за договорами дарування шляхом перевірки дарувальника та обдаровуваного на наявність відкритих кримінальних проваджень за корупційним злочином у Єдиному реєстрі досудових розслідувань на дату вчинення правочину.

The article presents the result of comparative legal studies of the distribution of the exercise of corporate rights certified by corporateshares (stocks) encumbered with the usufruct between a company’s shareholder and a fructuary in the legislations of a numberof civil law legal system countries (namely Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey). It is concludedthat the legislative approach varies significantly in this issue in different countries. The author elaborates an optimal legislativemodel to be introduced into the domestic legislation of Ukraine for the distribution of the corporate rights (for dividends, for corporateproperty quotas, for acquisition of corporate shares issued by the company or alienated by other shareholders, for voting and other rightsconstituting jointly the right to participate in management of the company as well as a right to access the information about the activitiesof the company’s activity) between the fructuary an...