Environmental Security

expense of institutions and governance. Engaging the substantial literature on political ecology, and its efforts to understand causal mechanisms beyond scarcity and abundance, would have strengthened this argument. This said, through its diverse disciplinary perspectives, its focus on societies rather than states, and its empirical examples, Environment, Development and Human Security is a worthy contribution to what Barnett (2003) calls the "third wave" of environment-security scholarship. The book's empirical focus on one of the world's most vulnerable regions reminds academics to stay grounded instead of drifting away from practitioners' concerns.

The artificial territorial demarcation of countries induced an important evolution in the study of transnational migration and security studies, both in theory and in practice. In Africa, every country has been affected by transnational migration, in all its forms. Some people choose to migrate; others are forced to do so by natural disasters, coups, insurgencies, dictatorships, war, and conflict. Internal conflict in Africa is often the result of migration pressures and resource scarcities. According to official statistics, about 30 million Africans-about 3 percent of the population-have migrated internationally (including within Africa). This figure which includes both voluntary migrants and international refugees-almost certainly underestimates the size and importance of migration from and particularly within Africa. About two-thirds of migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly poorer migrants, go to other countries in the region; the bulk of migrants remain within their sub regions. In West Africa, for example, more than 70 percent of intra-African emigration was within the sub region. In contrast, more than 90 percent of migrants from North Africa travel to countries outside the region . Migration in different typology moves along with it the social, economic and environmental conflicts/challenges. Empirical evidence demonstrates Africa's peripheral role in the world economy. For example, West African countries have in common the lowest standards of living in the world. Eleven out of the fifteen members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) are among the bottom thirty countries in the 2011 Human Development Index (HDI) compiled by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (UNDP, 2011). With regard to forged migration in Africa, nearly 2.2 million Africans living in countries other than the ones in which they were born are

A obra Mudança Ambiental Global e Segurança Humana baseia-se no programa de pesquisa de mesmo nome (GECHS em inglês), fundado em 1996, que cresceu como uma rede global de investigação com o apoio do International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change (IHDP). O livro em questão, composto por 15 capítulos e mais de 300 páginas, reúne diversas abordagens, marcos teóricometodológicos e resultados de investigação de pesquisadores associados ao GEGHS, representando alguns dos principais resultados da rede em mais de uma década de atuação. A definição de segurança humana adotada pela rede é baseada em uma abordagem centrada no bem-estar de pessoas e comunidades, indo além de visões costumeiras focadas em governos ou no próprio Estado. Tal definição busca, assim, uma integração analítica das várias facetas da segurança humana, como a garantia das necessidades básicas, dos direitos e das responsabilidades, priorizando a justiça social. A idéia de segurança humana também é importante em termos da mudança ambiental, uma

Fundamental democratic principles and values that guide our social relationships have been important concerns in the evolution of this nation's system of formal public schooling. With its increased use and reliance on advanced technologies, education faces some fundamental challenges that have potentially far-reaching implications for educational institutions, professional teaching strategies and practices, and student learning. This chapter explores the topic of technoethics as an applied field of ethics and research, viewed from a historical perspective of education in the United States and its embrace of technology. The underlying intent is to inform the readers' understanding of the basic concepts of common good, citizenship, and democratic values that are the underlying precepts associated with the history of public schooling in the United States. Additionally, the author discusses the increasingly critical need for educators to address the social and ethical dilemmas associated with new technological developments and their application to educational settings.

El presente trabajo examina en la primera sección los aportes de Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson y James Robinson, recientemente laureados con el premio Nobel en Economía 2024. En la segunda sección se exponen las discrepancias teóricas y empíricas que desde hace algunos años escribió el economista mexicano Jaime Ros a lo que nombró el contraataque institucionalista y el avance de la nueva economía institucional en el marco del debate reciente de la separación entre crecimiento y desarrollo económico y del “olvido” de la teoría económica dominante. Al final, como es usual, se presentan algunas ideas de cierre y algunas aportaciones para estudios y discusiones posteriores sobre estos ítems.

Global climate change has a potentially large impact on economic growth but measuring their economic impact is subject to a great deal of uncertainty. The central objective of our paper is to set forth a modelthe macroeconomics evaluation of climate change (MECC) modelto evaluate the impact of climate change on GNP growth. The model is based on five basic indicators -(i) the climate change growth rates (α i ); (ii) the national climate change vulnerability rate (Ω T ); (iii) the climate change magnitude rate (Π); (iv) the economic desgrowth rate (δ); (v) and the CC-Surface. In addition, we apply the MECC Model to the case of China to evaluate its impact on the Chinese economy.

Situação da seca severa na bacia do Zambeze e seus impactos na produção hidroelectricas nas principais barragens 1. Introdução 2. Analise da seca 2023/24 2.1 Precipitação na bacia a montante de Cahora 2.2 Escoamentos afluentes a Cahora Bassa 2.3 Níveis de armazenamento 3. Medidas de Mitigação tomadas 4. Lições Apreendidas

By addressing the sea, IR could stress the political dimension of maritime orders often taken for granted. We stress this political dimension in particular as an antidote to the long- standing depoliticising tradition of seeing the sea as a global commons. While this approach has provided interesting insights and important ways of thinking about policy, it has served to elide how the notion of the sea as commons has rested on naval hegemony, and an active forgetting of the endemic oceanic violence of the centuries before the nineteenth century.

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In the face of the present harsh realities of global climate change, many state-mediated initiatives to protect the environment have supposedly aimed at safeguarding the livelihoods of communities living in critical ecosystems. Paradoxically, however, such ventures have often exacerbated environmental degradation by causing conflict with the communities that claim indigeneity on lands targeted for conservation. In many places in Africa, protracted land alienation since colonialism, a lack of clear land ownership structures, corrupt land deals, and claims of autochthony have bred bloody ethnic battles and contributed to further environmental destruction. This article explores the intersection between autochthony claims, ideas of (un)belonging, ethnopolitical violence, and environmental degradation from the vantage point of memory. I argue that the land-related conflicts in Mt. Elgon, Kenya, are not just a problem of flawed environmental conservation programs but also a failure to address people's memories of "home.

This article examines the conceptualization and application of climate change as a "threat multiplier" in global security discourse. Originating within the U.S. national security community, the term describes how the physical impacts of climate change interact with and exacerbate pre-existing social, economic, and political vulnerabilities, thereby multiplying threats to peace and stability. While the framework has been instrumental in placing climate change on the security agenda, it is also critiqued for potentially constraining policy responses to a reactive, management-oriented posture rather than promoting transformative change. This study employs a qualitative, comparative case study methodology to deconstruct the threat multiplier effect through its cascading impacts. It first analyzes the first-order impact of climate change on critical resources, with a focus on water stress in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and food insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. It then investigates the secondorder human consequence of climate-induced migration, examining patterns in the Sahel, Bangladesh, and Central America, and highlighting the profound legal and geopolitical challenges posed by the lack of international protection for "climate refugees." Finally, through in-depth case studies of Syria and Sudan, the article analyzes how these combined pressures can culminate in the third-order outcome of political instability and violent conflict. The analysis reveals that governance is the critical mediating variable determining whether climate stress leads to instability. The article concludes by assessing the policy responses of the United Nations, European Union, and the United States, identifying key gaps, and advocating for an integrated policy framework that merges climate adaptation, development, and peacebuilding to address the multifaceted nature of climate-related security risks.

This is a preliminary study about the theoretical implications of the concepts of climate security and human security. This paper argues that the concepts of climate security and human security can well capture the various aspects of the threats faced by humankind and contribute to raising awareness of root causes of social disturbances and armed conflicts. They can also help elevate the priority order of developmental issues. Policy recommendations for dealing with climate security and human security may overlap and lead to inefficient use of scarce resources. However, if they are implemented in an efficient and integrated manner, they might further promote the policies to adapt to climate change and to ensure human security. In addition, the concept of human security may help to generate various military and non-military security as well as non-state security studies, although these concepts themselves may hardly generate systematic and empirical study.

This is a preliminary study about the theoretical implications of the concepts of climate security and human security. This paper argues that the concepts of climate security and human security can well capture the various aspects of the threats faced by humankind and contribute to raising awareness of root causes of social disturbances and armed conflicts. They can also help elevate the priority order of developmental issues. Policy recommendations for dealing with climate security and human security may overlap and lead to inefficient use of scarce resources. However, if they are implemented in an efficient and integrated manner, they might further promote the policies to adapt to climate change and to ensure human security. In addition, the concept of human security may help to generate various military and non-military security as well as non-state security studies, although these concepts themselves may hardly generate systematic and empirical study.

Air quality plays a vital role in shaping environmental and public health outcomes. With rising concerns about pollution and its detrimental effects, accurate forecasting has become critical for informed planning and effective intervention. This study focuses on leveraging machine learning (ML) models for air quality prediction, aiming to deliver precise and timely assessments. A variety of ML algorithmsincluding support vector machines, random forests, neural networks, and gradient boosting-are applied to model the relationships between air pollutants and meteorological variables. The dataset combines historical air quality indicators with corresponding weather data from multiple monitoring sites. Data preprocessing techniques, including feature selection and outlier handling, are used to improve model robustness. Additionally, cross-validation-based hyper parameter tuning is employed to optimize prediction accuracy. Model performance is evaluated using standard metrics such as Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE).

This paper aims to formulate and examine the best intervention model in countering pangolin trafficking. This involves the political economy analysis (PEA) and the market analysis, prioritising through harm identification, and the response by intervention formulation. The preferred intervention is then examined by the theory of change to determine its process in pursuing the impact. It utilises qualitative approach by using document reviews as data collection method. This paper finds that pangolin market is led by the “push” factors in Indonesia influenced by the geographical condition, which has a wide range of tropical forests as pangolin habitat. Moreover, the low level of GDP and education rates is the main factor behind pangolin trading. While, the “pull” factors in China are influenced by the high demand rates that cannot be covered by its local pangolins population. Finally, the author suggests that the general deterrence approach is regarded as the best model to intervene in...

Considerar la superioridad numérica como la única ley y pensar que todo el secreto de la guerra radicaba en la fórmula: lograr superioridad numérica en cierto lugar, en determinado momento-, constituía una restricción totalmente insostenible frente al poder de la realidad.

Climate Change is the defining issue of our time that threaten all the areas of life and it paved path to rise sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding and other natural disasters. Kerala, a Southern state of India which had undergone terribly flooding in previous years is an example for this drastic climate change. The latest scientific report by the IPCC in 2022 finds earth's climate and climate system is changing in all region and many changes are unprecedented in thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of years. The report clearly states that the role of human influence on the climate system is undisputed. The purpose of this study is to look at climate changes and its harmful effects faced by all people with special reference to disabled people. The study systematically oversees this climate change and its impact on disabled people with a focus on Kerala's climate disasters in recent years. This paper primarily presented with a well-ordered literature review and also the researcher had made an attempt to collect certain qualitative data with Focussed Group discussion and interview among people with disability. So, this study had used a mixed methodology and with a descriptive research design. This paper enlightens to think for the people who are already vulnerable due to their disability and more vulnerable due to climate change. The major findings of this study are: the whole universe is under climate change and human action is a major reason for this shift of climate. Climate change affects and altered globally, nationally and individually. The impact of climate change is heterogeneous and people with disability suffer a lot because of climate change than people without disability. The researcher proposes some intervention models to deal with climate change and disability.

The world is facing new security challenges in 21st century that has forced global and national security actors to think differently. Unconventional security issues such as resource scarcity, climate change effects, livelihood insecurity, environmental insecurity, food and water insecurity, health insecurity, natural calamities and disasters, pandemic diseases, etc. are now integral part of security going beyond conventional security issue of protecting sovereignty and territory of the state. Further, Nepal has also specific geopolitical and geo-strategic issues and challenges emerged from the Sino-Indian dynamics. Global economic and strategic power is shifting from US to China and therefore China will be most influential in the world order in coming few decades. Similarly, India is also rapidly expanding its influence in global and regional sphere. Hence, small countries like Nepal will have both negative and potentially positive efforts (economically, politically, strategically) ...

O presente artigo tem como tem: Privatização da Segurança Marítima em Moçambique. O artigo visa apresentar um panorama de segurança marítima moçambicano especialmente no contexto da exploração do gás na bacia do Rovuma. O trabalho inicia com a apresentação da introdução, onde se encontram os objectivos e a metodologia usada para a realização do artigo. De seguida, segue-se com a apresentação das premissas da privatização da segurança marítima de Moçambique, apontando-se o SIMP como o primeiro passo para o efeito. Mais em diante, apresenta-se o paradigma pluralista para conduzir as análises das informações colhidas. O trabalho aborda sobre terrorismo em cabo delgado como vector para a contratação de força militar privada para a protecção de moçambique e a resposta do estado moçambicano face às exigências das multinacionais do sector de gás em Cabo Delgado, onde se destacam a contratação das empresas como Grupo Wganer, Dyck Avisory Group (DAG), Paramount e ISCO Security. Por fim, encontram as considerações finais e referências bibliográficas.

This paper presents modifications of the Diffie-Hellman (DH) key exchange method. The presented modifications provide better security than other key exchange methods. We are going to present a dynamic security that simultaneously realizes all the three functions with a high efficiency and then give a security analysis. It also presents secure and dynamic key exchange method. Signature, encryption and key exchange are some of the most important and foundational Crypto-graphical tools. In most cases, they are all needed to provide different secure functions. On the other hand, there are also some proposals on the efficient combination of key exchange. In this paper, we present a dynamic, reliable and secure method for the exchange of session key. Moreover, the proposed modification method could achieve better performance efficiency.

This book proposes a new vision for security management in modern residential cities by applying Toyota's proven methodologies-Gemba, Kaizen, Hoshin Kanri, Standardized Work, and Visual Management-within urban security systems. By aligning strategic goals, standardizing operations, and involving real-time field assessments, we advocate for a holistic transformation that addresses organizational, technical, and human dimensions of safety.

Organised crime (OC) infiltration into legitimate economic organisations remains a critical and evolving threat, with profound socio-economic consequences including market distortion, loss of public trust, and impaired development. Despite substantial scholarly attention to the phenomenon’s impact, there remains a paucity of research on effective institutional countermeasures, particularly the role of advanced digital technologies in enhancing law enforcement capabilities. This research proposal seeks to address this gap by investigating the factors that influence the implementation of AI-powered predictive software for detecting OC infiltration within the activities of law enforcement agencies. The study is theoretically anchored in the Technology–Organisation–Environment (TOE) framework (Tornatzky & Fleischer, 1990), which provides a robust lens for analysing the technological, organisational, and environmental determinants that may facilitate or hinder the adoption and effective deployment of such tools. By integrating insights from recent developments in artificial intelligence and empirical evidence from the Italian context, the proposed research aims to elucidate how public institutions can leverage predictive analytics to proactively identify and mitigate OC infiltration risks. The ultimate objective is to advance both theoretical and practical understanding of the prerequisites, barriers, and enabling factors shaping the adoption of innovative digital solutions for crime prevention. This study aspires to inform policy-makers and practitioners on strategic pathways for optimising technological integration in public governance, thereby contributing to the broader fight against organised crime in the digital age.

In this study, the authors carried out a detailed analysis of the technologies required for successful implementation of a sustainable renewable energy household power supply in Papua New Guinea or PNG (PNG is a Pacific Island nation, North of Australia) to free the country from fossil fuel dependency. The role of renewable energy sources in the recent PNG National Energy Policy covering 2018 to 2050 (unveiled at the 2018 March Energy Summit in Port Moresby by the PNG Minister of Energy) was also analysed. From the outcome of our recently concluded SERI 2018 Renewable Energy conference, we assembled into a single hypothetical ‘energy basket’ all the varied renewable ‘green’ energy sources within PNG (as estimated by our energy research groups). This paper estimates that there is sufficient renewable energy in PNG and advocates that these available green energy sources should be tapped, for they can go a long way in the quest for climate change mitigation. This research paper will ar...

Energy security is a multi-dimensional concept that is gaining a growing interest worldwide for studying the sustainability of a given energy sector. The level of energy security has been always quantified and evaluated by focusing on economic and technical dimensions, and modest importance was attributed to social and environmental aspects. Moreover, countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region were always underreported in the literature pertaining to energy security issues. This study strives to evaluate energy security in this region through the establishment of an original Environmental Energy Security Index (EESI) in order to cover different dimensions of security of energy supply within these counties. A total of nine sub-indicators were selected based on the current policies and orientations in the region. These indicators were normalized, weighted, and aggregated for each country of the MENA region between 2008 and 2017. According to the assessment objectives, results showed that on average Yemen holds the highest EESI score of 5.319 followed by Morocco 4.304 and Algeria 4.087. On the other hands, Bahrain is ranked last 1.610 preceded by UAE 2.249 and Qatar 2.461. Some key proposals were suggested including investment in local resources, diversification of the energy mix, reduction of energy imports, and use of energy-efficient technologies.

Pacific island countries, whose greenhouse gas emissions are de minimis, are nonetheless especially vulnerable to climate change by virtue of their geography, demography, and limited financial resources. For atoll nations, the
vulnerability is existential as rising sea levels and extreme weather events can eventually make
them uninhabitable. The course of the emergent climate crisis will depend on reducing
atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Pacific island countries have no direct way to
contribute to such reduction, only the possibility of influencing major emitters to address the
issue. To the extent that mitigation fails to reduce global warming, Pacific island countries must
adapt to rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and changes in ocean temperature and
chemistry that impact marine life and coral reefs. Where adaptation fails, they must prepare to
respond to the impacts of climate change. Here too, Pacific island countries will be dependent on accessing the resources of developed countries.
.
Pacific island countries are experienced at seeking and receiving support under the United Nations framework. Collaborative approaches to promoting their interests through regional organizations have had some success in the past and also some disappointments. Beyond the United Nations framework, Pacific island countries must navigate the dynamic context of great power competition for influence in Oceania. Working together, Pacific island countries have an opportunity to influence nations to compete for pride of place in resourcing climate adaptation and response.
By working together through a Pacific island-managed organization such as SPREP, Pacific island
nations can increase their joint control over the course of external support.

are novels which portray the identity of the people of Bangladesh who live by the side of the rivers Titash, Padma, and Bakal. The biodiversity of these rivers was once resourceful, but they los t their flow because of the imbalance in the river ecosys tems for siltation, drought, and defores tation. The lifes tyles and identities of fishermen and people are greatly influenced by the change of river ecosys tems. Different writers in Bengali literature have written about the changes of human life in connection with the flow of different big and small rivers. Mallabarman writes about fisherman (Malo) community who catch fish in the Titash; Bandyopadhyay portrays the identity of fishermen who catch fish in the Padma; and Waliullah writes about the farmers and the people who depend on the movement of s teamers and live by the side of a tributary called Bakal. These three novelis ts show beautiful landscapes of Bengal in different seasons and also show how people become victims with the change of biodiversity and ecosys tems. This paper explores the change of the ecosys tem of the rivers Titash, Padma, and Bakal which change the lifes tyle of the people who are dependent on them.

Les Archives Nationales de Sécurité des USA ont publié récemment les rapports secrets des services de renseignement classifiés. Ces rapports divulgués sont ici traduits et analysés. Ils révèlent l’énorme travail d’espionnage mondial avec le traitement et l’analyse systématique de toutes les données relatives à la crise climatique depuis des décennies. L’ironie de cette histoire d’espionnage vient du fait que la nouvelle administration Trump 2 est systématiquement climato-sceptique à l’excès et a entrepris de nier la crise climatique en fermant tous les centres de recherches fédéraux et va jusqu’à proscrire tout soutien à des thèses universitaires mentionnant les mots, termes et concepts relatifs à cette crise climatique !

Energy poverty remains an enduring challenge in Bangladesh, with 41 million people lacking electricity. Foreign states, corporations, and financial institutions have historically shaped the form and terms of the country's energy system, which is predominantly fossil fuel based. Shifting geographies of energy extraction and processing continue to reflect this past and influence current national energy debates in Bangladesh. The Rampal coal-fired energy project, a joint initiative with India, exemplifies these tensions. Opposition to the Rampal plant, proposed in the ecologically sensitive Sundarbans region, and other controversial energy extraction and processing projects led some activists and impacted stakeholders to promote the idea of "our energy, our rights." The articulation of an energy rights discourse asserts that Bangladesh should extract and control national energy resources in a manner that respects rights and provides the basis for analyzing the energy justice landscape in the nation and beyond. The rights discourse rejects the nation's legacy of poor energy decisions, and the associated realities of energy poverty. Contributing to emerging ideas around the geographies of energy justice, this research paper explores the practical application by activists and stakeholders of rights discourses to contested energy projects in Bangladesh. It shows how distributional energy justice activism critiques the historical political economy of economic liberalization and energy exploitation in the country and centers the rights concerns of energy poverty while also considering climate change vulnerabilities.

Energy poverty remains an enduring challenge in Bangladesh, with 41 million people lacking electricity. Foreign states, corporations, and financial institutions have historically shaped the form and terms of the country's energy system, which is predominantly fossil fuel based. Shifting geographies of energy extraction and processing continue to reflect this past and influence current national energy debates in Bangladesh. The Rampal coal-fired energy project, a joint initiative with India, exemplifies these tensions. Opposition to the Rampal plant, proposed in the ecologically sensitive Sundarbans region, and other controversial energy extraction and processing projects led some activists and impacted stakeholders to promote the idea of "our energy, our rights." The articulation of an energy rights discourse asserts that Bangladesh should extract and control national energy resources in a manner that respects rights and provides the basis for analyzing the energy justice landscape in the nation and beyond. The rights discourse rejects the nation's legacy of poor energy decisions, and the associated realities of energy poverty. Contributing to emerging ideas around the geographies of energy justice, this research paper explores the practical application by activists and stakeholders of rights discourses to contested energy projects in Bangladesh. It shows how distributional energy justice activism critiques the historical political economy of economic liberalization and energy exploitation in the country and centers the rights concerns of energy poverty while also considering climate change vulnerabilities.

Throughout history, states have primarily designated lands as their areas of sovereignty. However, with the development of technology, they have entered a race to establish dominance and domination in the seas and the air. In this context, international seas (high seas) and international airspace have been determined as the common property of all humanity. Recently, space has also been defined as a common property of all humankind beyond nation-state sovereignty's borders. In all these areas, various states and companies carry out activities such as fishing, deep sea mining, laying pipelines and fiber optic cables to the seabed, airflow flights, and communication by placing satellites in space. The race for the use of resources in these areas, which are indeed the common property of humanity, brings about various discussions. It is essential to discuss whether a state or company's use of these areas as it wishes harms the rights of people who do not have this technology or capability in these areas. In this context, this article will focus on sovereignty struggles in sea, air, and space areas that are outside the national sovereignty of states, and it will mainly analyze the race for the use of resources in these areas. Moreover, it will also attempt to develop a theory of transnational security that delineates the limits of collective sharing by states on the use of these zones.

Sovereignty, International Seas, Airspace, Space, Race for the Use of Resources, Common Property of Humanity, Transnational Security

Agricultural water management (AWM) interventions play an important role in ensuring sustainable food production and mitigating climate risks. This study was carried out in a watershed located in a low rainfall (400–600 mm) region of western India. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool model was calibrated using surface runoff, soil loss, and reservoir storage levels, between the year 2000 and 2006. The investigation indicated that the various AWM interventions increased groundwater recharge from 30 mm/year to 80 mm/year and reduced surface runoff from 250 mm/year to 100 mm/year. The intervention structures were refilled two to three times during the monsoon season depending on rainfall intensity and duration. The interventions have the advantage of building a resilient system by enhancing groundwater availability even in dry years, stimulating crop intensification and protecting the landscape from severe erosion. The results indicate that soil erosion has been reduced by more than 75%...

Maritime security still focuses on the territorial sovereignty of a country. Environmental disasters and transboundary humanitarian crimes that occur at sea are a challenge for International Relations academics to reformulate maritime security. British Petroleum (BP) is negligent in implementing safety standards in oil exploration and exploitation in the Gulf of Mexico, United States resulting in oil leakage on the Deepwater Horizon platform. This research uses the Deepwater Horizon case study in exploring the relevance of maritime security in the prevention and management of marine pollution disasters. Primary data sources were taken from observations of researchers in seminars related to the Deepwater Horizon and secondary data were obtained from journals, electronic news and official reports from the US Government. There are two findings obtained. First, contemporary maritime security is much more complex than traditional maritime security and second, contemporary maritime securi...

The Indo-Pacific region has rapidly emerged as the center of intense global strategic rivalry, primarily shaped by the competition between major powers like the United States and China. Bangladesh, located at the crossroads of South and Southeast Asia, is increasingly recognized as a key player in this complex and shifting landscape. This study explores Bangladesh’s strategic importance in the Indo-Pacific by focusing on its geographic position, diplomatic efforts to balance relations among great powers, economic development projects, maritime security strategies, and a proactive role in climate resilience. By offering an in-depth analysis, the paper demonstrates how Bangladesh manages the challenges of a changing multipolar world to protect its sovereignty, promote sustainable growth, and support peace and stability across the region.

Climate change poses significant challenges to global security by exacerbating existing threats and creating new ones. Competition over scarce resources such as food, water, and land will likely increase as extreme weather events and temperature rise will become more frequent. Climate-related migration is expected to increase political tensions, and in some regions, could contribute to instability and conflict. The changing climate will also impact infrastructure, the economy, and public health, which will have far-reaching security implications. The current issue of climate change highlights the spectre of a new source of instability and conflict that can affect national/international peace and security. Although comparative research and projects on the security implications of climate change are expanding, there are still major knowledge gaps. The paper presents the specialized literature on short-term climate change and its possible influence on the Black Sea regional security. It is increasing the potential insecurities that can arise from extreme environmental phenomena. Based on the assessment, the authors outline priorities for future research in the area of interest and cover the necessary adjustments to facilities, materials, and equipment due to progressive weather changes. It also highlights that natural disasters may increase in number or virulence, necessitating the contribution of armed forces to national security.

Україна належить до країн із високим рівнем урбанізації, де внаслідок зростання споживання надзвичайно актуальною є проблема поводження з побутовими відходами. Існуючі полігони твердих побутових відходів і сміттєзвалищ є значною екологічною небезпекою, яка буде діяти ще десятки років. Окрім того, що такі полігони займають величезні земельні ділянки, вони виділяють парникові гази й забруднювальні речовини, які потрапляють в атмосферу, поверхневі шари ґрунту, ґрунтові води. Пожежі, які виникають на сміттєзвалищах, є тривалими, займають значну площу та потребують для гасіння велику кількість пожежно-рятувальних автомобілів та особового складу підрозділів ДСНС. У статті наведено результати досліджень, згідно з якими у зоні впливу сміттєзвалища в селі Брониця Дрогобицького району Львівської області спостерігається перевищення вмісту небезпечних речовин у поверхневих і підземних водах, а також ґрунтах порівняно з фоном і ГДК щодо нітратів, сульфатів, хлоридів. Проби із найнижчими показниками для фільтрату і ґрунту зосереджені на схід від звалища, тобто з сторони села Брониця, що негативно впливає на регіональну екологічну безпеку. Сміттєзвалище є джерелом фізичного, хімічного та біологічного забруднення довкілля. Наявність у складі відходів небезпечних речовин несе в собі екологічну загрозу для населення та туристів, а також погіршення якості довкілля. Для виведення Броницького сміттєзвалища із експлуатації пропонується природна фітомеліорація, яка передбачає використання рудеральних фітоценозів-меліорантів при ренатурації девастованих ландшафтів. Багатьма вченими вже доведена ефективність використання рудероценозів для фітомеліорації сміттєзвалищ. Такий підхід є справедливим при недостатньому фінансуванні рекультиваційних робіт на сміттєзвалищах та малій увазі владних структур екологічним проблемам регіонів. Ключові слова: сміттєзвалище, побутові відходи, екологічна безпека, екологічна небезпека.

This article examines the concept of 'green sacrifice', a term coined to describe the processes through which specific territories are disproportionately affected by the extractive and deployment practices associated with green energy production, analyzed through a scalar lens. It engages in a theoretical discussion on how to conceptualize both territorial and non-territorial scales-where the latter are understood as political, nonhierarchical configurations that transcend fixed spatial boundaries-in order to navigate the tensions between localized socio-ecological sacrifices and global sustainability ambitions. Drawing on diverse theories of scale and integrating insights from political ecology, spatial theory, and energy justice, the article argues for the urgent need to re-scale socio-ecological dynamics within renewable energy transitions. It further challenges the logic of sacrifice by proposing a conceptual shift: rather than placing local territories as expendable in pursuit of global goals, it reimagines them as essential components of Earth's shared ecosystem-where global governance may need to exercise restraint to protect specific ecological and cultural systems. In response, the article offers a more nuanced and flexible understanding of scale-one capable of capturing the spatial, systemic, and political complexities of energy production transformation. By doing so, it aims to advance our understanding of how green transitions are reshaping not only territorial governance, but also the broader and uneven geographies of sacrifice.

The Baduy community upholds an ecological philosophy that emphasizes harmony with nature, re?lected in their prohibitions against excessive exploitation and their respect for ecosystem balance. This principle aligns with the concept of environmental stewardship in Genesis 1:26-28, which underscores humanity's responsibility to wisely manage the earth. Integrating these two perspectives can serve as a model for sustainable environmental ethics in Christian education. This study employs a theological and ethnographic approach to explore the alignment between Baduy ecological wisdom and biblical principles. The ?indings reveal that this model can enrich Christian education by fostering an eco-theological awareness that balances dominion with responsibility for creation. By adopting Baduy sustainability principles, Christian education can cultivate a more inclusive and contextual ecological mindset among learners. This integration offers an ethical solution to the environmental crisis, emphasizing that Christian faith must be manifested in sustainable ecological practices.

Climate-fragility risks are on the rise globally and developmental paths taken by countries can shape these risks. To understand the link between development and climate-fragility risks in Asia, this brief presents the findings of a survey conducted with development practitioners and experts from a range of developing and developed countries. To explain the differences in survey findings, this brief also outlines a Climate-Fragility Risk Index (CFRI) that provides a systematic presentation and analysis of various climate-fragility indicators. This brief provides an evidence for the nexus between development and climate-fragility risks and, as a way forward, advises countries to formulate and implement well-coordinated and evidence-based policies in the increasingly integrating world. Climate change is one of the key global security challenges of the 21st century. Its impacts are 'threat multipliers' that will increase state fragility, fuel social unrest and potentially result in violent conflict. Existing state fragility is simultaneously hampering efforts at adaptation, particularly among vulnerable populations. This threatens to lock many societies into 'fragility traps'. Japan as part of the Group of 7 (G7) has recognized the resulting challenges for sustainable economic development, peace and stability. In April 2016, under the Japanese G7 presidency and following up to the independent report "A New Climate for Peace: Taking Action on Climate and Fragility Risks" commissioned by G7 members, the foreign ministers of the G7 reiterated their commitment to prioritize prevention of climate and fragility risks including taking steps to integrate climate-fragility considerations across their national governments. Against this background, adelphi has partnered with the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) to facilitate a broader discussion on climate-fragility risks in Japan and reflect and discuss the findings of the G7 report and its implications and relevance for Japan. As a first step, adelphi and IGES jointly organized two expert workshops in June 2016. The first workshop took place on 14.6.2016 and brought together 31 Japanese and international experts as well as government representatives.

A much-debated question is about the EU’s international role. However, this question can lead to misconceived answers since it ignores the conditions that shape the EU’s appearance in the international environment. Assuming that strategic culture is one of the essential elements of an actor’s stance vis-a-vis international evolutions and security concerns, this article attempts to examine whether the existing institutional arrangements at the EU level compose a fertile ground for facilitating the emergence of a comprehensive EU strategic culture. As the argument goes, such a strategic culture can reveal the future role of the EU in the international environment. Thereby, the article suggests that the relevant question shall be transposed from the outcome, meaning the EU’s international presence, to its roots, meaning the strategic culture. For this purpose, the article adopts a neofunctional approach to track the EU Global Strategy (EUGS), the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) and the European Defence Fund (EDF). In particular, these institutional arrangements are examined through conceptual analysis, supported by quantitative methods where appropriate, to identify critical elements for a spillover effect that could pave the way for a comprehensive strategic culture. In doing so, the article tests the central hypothesis that if supranational aspects prevail in the arrangements under consideration, then an emerging strategic culture has already been on the rails. Ultimately, it is argued that significant prerequisites exist and make the emergence of a comprehensive strategic culture, bolstered with supranational aspects, likely, although not certain.

Climate change is a major catalyst for socio-political instability, especially in Africa, where reliance on natural resources for sustenance and economic endeavours is substantial. This study investigates the intricate relationship between climate change and civil strife, emphasising how environmental stress intensifies socio-economic inequalities and incites hostilities. The research seeks to elucidate the mechanisms connecting climate change to conflict and to provide ways for mitigating these effects while enhancing resilience in impacted communities. The study employs a qualitative methodology, utilising secondary sources including peer-reviewed articles, policy reports, and empirical case studies. The Environmental Scarcity Theory and Relative Deprivation Theory offer an analytical framework that demonstrates how resource scarcity and socio-political grievances lead to conflict. The data concentrates on areas such as the Sahel and Lake Chad Basin, where the effects of climate change are most pronounced. Thematic and comparative analyses are utilised to merge theoretical viewpoints with practical examples. The research indicates that climate change aggravates resource shortage, especially regarding water and arable land, heightening confrontations between competing factions such as farmers and herders. Environmental displacement burdens host communities, exacerbating tensions frequently manipulated by rebel factions. Inadequate governance and institutional inefficiencies exacerbate vulnerabilities, while climate-induced economic disruptions disproportionately impact agriculture- dependent populations. The results substantiate that climate change considerably affects civil violence in Africa. Addressing this nexus necessitates a multifaceted strategy, encompassing the enhancement of governance, the promotion of sustainable livelihoods, and the encouragement of community-based resource management. Recommendations encompass the augmentation of climate adaptation strategies, the implementation of early warning systems, and the procurement of international assistance for at-risk areas. A coordinated, region-specific strategy is crucial for risk mitigation and the promotion of enduring socio-political stability.

The G8 (G7) Summit was held in Okinawa from July 21-23, but perhaps no one knows exactly what was at stake at this meeting and what contributions it made. It is really historical irony that such a conference criticized by the British media as the squandered Summit was held in Okinawa. Japan, as chair, could not play a leading role in the conference, and was only concerned with showing Japanese hospitality and following the schedule, not addressing the accumulated problems. In addition the Japanese government spent an enormous amount of money, 81 billions JPY (810 million USD), on this summer party during which the inadequacy of Prime Minister Mori was revealed. That is 100 times as large as the Birmingham or Koeln (Cologne) summit. The Japanese government summoned approximately 22,000 policemen, 100 guard boats, 40 special boats, and military airplanes (P3C) in the sky and instituted surveillance nets for this Summit. This could have been reaction to the outbreak of protest at the World Trade Organization conference in Seattle. This summit bore no fruit despite the absence of storong protest (except the human chain demonstration by 27,000 people which circled Kadena air base). Apart from the inadequacy of the Japanese Prime Minister, what was most regrettable was that Mr. Clinton, the first U.S. President to come to Okinawa since its hand over in 1972, re-corroborated the military importance of Okinawa to the U.S. armed forces. He went to the Cornerstone of Peace Park and made such a statement at the cliff, the very place where the inhabitants of Okinawa who were cornered by both the U.S. military and the Japanese military in the last World War committed suicide. I was dismayed and felt that the significance of regionalism in Okinawa against the presence of the U.S. military was seen as an outrage by all watching this scene on TV. Still, 75% of the U.S. bases in Japan are concentrated in Okinawa which occupies only 1% of the Japanese land mass. Now, it is well known that the Japanese government intended to host this summit to uphold the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty. The Japanese government certainly aimed to quiet the movement of regionalism in Okinawa which had soared during the protest against a rape incident by Marines that occurred in 1995 and which developed into the revision of the Japan-U.S. Status of Forces Agreement. To do this, they decided to host the summit in Okinawa and to invest 100 billion JPY (1 billion USD) for * This paper was presented originally at the 2 nd International Conference of Critical Geography held in Taegu, South Korea (Aug.5, 2000).

REGEN∞ERGY is a pioneering masterwork in regenerative energy system design — an unprecedented blueprint that integrates biomass, hydrothermal cycles, and thermodynamic surplus into a fully circular energy ecosystem. The project introduces a radically new paradigm: a system that not only achieves carbon neutrality but transcends it by catalyzing ecological regeneration. Unlike traditional green technologies that aim to reduce harm, REGEN∞ERGY seeks to heal — restoring degraded ecosystems, enhancing biodiversity, and generating surplus clean energy to power both human and natural systems in synchrony.

At its core, REGEN∞ERGY proposes a modular, adaptable, and locally manufacturable infrastructure capable of being deployed in diverse biogeographical contexts. The system combines biomass loop engineering, microhydro intelligence, and passive thermal harvesting into a real-time AI-optimized architecture, enabling self-sustaining communities while revitalizing the surrounding biosphere.

La geopolítica se ha reposicionado como una disciplina que estudia las relaciones de poder y la influencia de la geografía en el desarrollo y seguridad de los Estados. Diversos sucesos evidencian esta realidad. La confrontación entre los EE. UU., China, Rusia y la Unión Europea (OTAN) es parte del pragmatismo y confirmación de que las relaciones entre los Estados han colocado en primer lugar los intereses nacionales por sobre los acuerdos de las organizaciones multilaterales. Este artículo muestra cómo se utiliza la geopolítica a través de discursos y acciones para comprender las relaciones internacionales actuales, donde se privilegian las alianzas estratégicas, las relaciones bilaterales y el control de áreas de importancia estratégica mundial.

How well are industrialized nations doing in terms of their energy security? Without a standardized set of metrics, it is difficult to determine the extent to which countries are properly responding to the emerging energy security challenges related to climate change: a growing dependency on fossil fuels, population growth, and economic development. In response, this article first surveys the academic literature on energy security and concludes that it is composed of availability, affordability, efficiency, and environmental stewardship. It then analyzes the relative energy security performance, based on these four dimensions, of the United States and 21 other member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from 1970 to 2007. Four countries are examined in greater detail: one of the strongest (Denmark), one of the most improved in terms of energy security (Japan), one with weak and stagnant energy security (United States), and one with deteriora...

The global population has surpassed 8 billion, raising urgent concerns about the implications of rapid population growth on resources, the environment, and social stability. This article examines the multifaceted challenges posed by population explosion, including food security, water scarcity, healthcare access, and climate change. We analyse the demographic trends driving this growth, with particular focus on regions experiencing the highest rates of increase. Furthermore, we explore the vital role of education, particularly women's empowerment and reproductive health, in mitigating the effects of population growth. The article advocates for comprehensive, sustainable strategies that integrate family planning, education, and economic development to promote a balanced approach to population management. By fostering global cooperation and harnessing innovative technologies, we highlight pathways to achieve a sustainable future that respects both human dignity and planetary boundaries. Through a critical examination of current policies and practices, this article aims to stimulate dialogue and action among policymakers, researchers, and the global community to address the pressing challenges of the population explosion.