English Literature and Linguistics

一个人如何回忆和书写一段创伤的经历，并进而把它转化为一件文学作品？对创伤的记忆如何决定了它在文学中的再现？它的文学再现又会如何重塑一个人的记忆？导致创伤的缘由———不论是战争、死亡、暴力，还是离散———一直都存在于人类社会中，而在一位中国六世纪贵族诗人庾信身上，我们将看到这些关于创伤记忆和文学再现等问题复杂地纠缠在一起，
并对中国文学史产生了深远的影响。对于庾信来说，正因为固有的诗歌写作传统和资源皆不足以表达创伤体验和复杂的个人情感，诗人开始尝试创建新的诗歌语言和自我书写方式，对南方宫廷诗歌的既有类型和写作常规进行变形，创造一种新的诗歌语言。而在这一过程中，庾信以南方宫廷诗歌的材料、资源和技术作为基础，建构了一个错综复杂的文本“记忆宫殿”。就这样，庾信重新营造了宫体诗，使它成为可以再现个人经历特别是痛苦经历的媒介。

This research paper deals with the use of proverbs in the Novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. As a descriptive work, its aim is to describe the proverbs in the Novel, classify them, interpret and explain the meaning of the proverbs in the context. Due to the purpose established, qualitative research method was the chosen, specifically the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). This research method gives the needed approaches that lead to the thematic and subjective conclusion, that result from the interpretation and explanation of the proverbs and their meaning on the context they appear in the Novel. The study has shown that Things Fall Apart has a sum of thirty four proverbs, where thirty two are said by men and two exclusively by women. The proverbs found were classified based on their theme. In the Novel we can find religious proverbs, psychological proverbs, social proverbs and ethical proverbs. Because of the peculiar traces of four specific proverbs and the limits imposed on the number of papers this work should have, only four proverbs were analyzed, interpreted and explained. Among the proverbs, one is used as an appeal to the moral sense, the second, as a mean of persuasion, the third, for encouragement and the last, as an incentive to hard work for success.

The article claims that linguistic dexterity is essential for complex communication and intellectual freedom is persuasive, particularly in professional and diplomatic contexts. However, simplification is not inherently negative; it serves a purpose in specific settings. The challenge lies in striking a balance—using simplified language for accessibility while preserving richer forms for nuanced expression. In India, where English is both a global tool and a colonial legacy, this balance is especially critical.

The author would like to express his gratitude to Allah SWT. that the author has completed the assignment of the English course which discusses the Meaning and Benefits in the Life of Muslims in the form of a paper. In the formation of this assignment, the author understands that there are quite a few difficulties. However, the author realizes that the smoothness in compiling this material is none other than thanks to the encouragement and guidance of lecturers and parents, so that the obstacles faced by the author can be overcome.

The purpose of this thesis is to find out the relationship between"Intent" and "Affective" of Early Tang and High Tang's poetry by using eight books of Poetic Selection by Tang Authors which were completed in Early Tang and High Tang. There are total of six chapters of this thesis, Chapter 1 is the introduction of the research motives and objectives, literature review, determination of the scope of the study, research methods and the thesis structure. The Chapter 2 is to define the meaning of "Intent" and "Affective". The Chapter 3 discusses the changes and the relationship between "Intent" and "Affective" from the pre-Qin dynasty to Tang dynasty in the various ways. The Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 are the core discussion, with two books in the Early Tang dynasty and six books in the High Tang dynasty, a total of eight books of Poetic Selection by Tang Authors as the objects of research to study the relationship of "Intent" and "Affective" of Early Tang dynasty and High Tang dynasty. The Chapter 6 is a conclusion of the study and the future prospect of this research. This research used the ancient lexicons, dictionaries and literatures as sources, to study the definition of "Intent" and "Affective", concluded that when the theory of "poem with Intent" appears, the "poem" specifically refers to <<The Book of Songs>>, or the incomplete poems recorded in the pre-Qin dynasty literatures. But when comes to the theory of "poem with Affective", the "poem" has pointed to the style of poetry, these two meaning of "poem"are essentially different. Therefore, the "poem with Intent" which referring to <<The Book of Songs>>, or the incomplete poems recorded in the pre-Qin dynasty literatures, the language of poem is to express the "Intent", which contain the value-oriented thoughts, wills, memorization and etcetera; however the "poem with Affective" which referring to the style of poetry, the language of poem is to express the feelings of poet or the origin of the events. In the pre-Qin dynasty, the poetic ideology first went through "poem to describe intent", and then Mencius's "interpret by knowing poet's thought". In this process, the status of XI 目录 摘要 .

This study focuses on the problems and complexities of life as depicted in the novel Thinner than Skin (2012) by Uzma Aslam Khan. The study uses Gothicism as a lens for analysis of the selected excerpts from the novel. It is a qualitative study that uses Close Reading as the methodology. The story is about Nadir and his friends, who come from America and visit the northern areas of Pakistan. They stay for some time in Karachi, depicting the horror on the streets. Then they move to the hilly areas of Pakistan. They observe some scenes of natural beauty over there. During this entire joyful voyage, the characters experience extremely bitter realities as well. They come to know about the hardships that the local people are going through. Deaths and killings seem to be common practices. Every individual is terrified. The oppressors doubt the local people. They are in between the terrorists and the state army, and they cannot side with anyone because the other party then treats them like their enemies. Even Gothic practices are present in everyday life. The findings of this study are that life is too hard for people in the northern areas of Pakistan, and they are facing acute problems that can be termed Gothicism.

Rhetoric is considered a high-level linguistic art used to enhance and embellish speech and clarify meanings in an impactful and engaging manner. Among the important rhetorical devices distinguished in various languages is "parallelism," known as 排比 (páibǐ) in Chinese, which corresponds to the term "parallelism" in Arabic. This research provides a study on the use of parallelism in both Chinese and Arabic, highlighting the similarities and differences between them in terms of structure, style, and rhetorical function.
The Chinese language, with its long history and rich culture, has used parallelism in various ways to enhance literary expression and present ideas with clarity and appeal. Similarly, the Arabic language is noted for its extensive use of parallelism in religious, literary, and rhetorical texts, reflecting the phonetic beauty and verbal harmony that characterize it.
The research begins with defining parallelism in both languages, then explains the types of parallelism in each language, the forms of parallelism, and their rhetorical uses. The research progresses to analyze examples from literary, religious, and rhetorical texts in both languages, aiming to understand how this rhetorical device is used to enhance expression and increase impact on the audience. It also discusses the cultural and religious dimensions affecting the use of parallelism in each language, helping to explore the rhetorical depth and linguistic diversity distinguishing Chinese and Arabic. The aim of the research is to provide a deeper understanding of parallelism in both languages, enhance awareness of rhetoric as an effective expressive tool contributing to language enrichment and human communication, and understand the cultural contexts influencing the use of this technique in both languages. Additionally, the study seeks to expand rhetorical understanding in comparative languages and analyze how grammatical rules interact with rhetorical methods, contributing to the enrichment of comparative studies between languages.

Aim: Socio-education drives the growth and development of contemporary societies. Quality teacher education greatly influenced learning outcomes. The study aimed at exploring how language was employed to call for strategic partnership in the production of quality teachers in a speech by Doctor Dickson Tsey. The study employed qualitative method specifically the critical discourse analysis to analyze Doctor Dickson Tsey's speech. The study found out that frequent use of simple present tense articulated the real issues of quality teacher education during the speech delivery. It was obvious that the speaker identified himself as a stakeholder of quality teacher education due to his frequent use of we/us; pronouns in the speech. Doctor Dickson Tsey's chose and used possessive adjectives such as my, our, your, his and her as modifiers in his speech to describe the ownership of AMECO. Figures of speech such as hyperbole, idiom, repetition and personification were used by Doctor Dickson Tsey to create mental images and sensory impressions for emotional effect and intensity. It was also found out that the speech called for stakeholders' support for quality teachers' education. The roles of strategic partners in providing quality teacher education cannot be underestimated. Stakeholders such as government, the church, traditional leaders, principals of colleges of education, alumni, staff and students were addressed by the speech suggesting that partnership is very crucial for quality teacher education in the 21st Century. The study recommend that Doctor Tsey's speech should be considered by policy planners of education to enable them factor quality teacher education programmes into the country's educational policies. Colleges of educations should incorporate quality teacher education activities into their carriculum to enhace their training. Stakeholders of teacher education should initiate programs to create awareness in the public on the need to support quality teacher education. There should also be unity among the stakehoders and the colleges since a strategic partnership cannot be built in the absence of strong collaboration and togetherness. This study shall serve as a basis for further research in areas that influence learning outcomes such as communityteacher relationship.

The present work attempts an interpretation of Shakespeare's works under the main aspect of speech acts, language pragmatics and the thematisation of language action and its consequences in general. The aim is to develop a coherent overall interpretation of the plays from this partial aspect, also taking into account the subplots, which are often only seen as a reflection of the main plot, or other seemingly incidental comic scenes (comic relief). These speech acts are of course  conceivable in  the real  world, but  the  analysis  shows how they  are dramaturgically integrated into the respective plot or serve as material for Shakespeare's overarching themes, which run like a common thread through his work, i.e. in particular the presentation of the possibilities  and  dangers  of  language  itself.  Occasionally,  of  course,  such  speech  acts  also follow plotlines from the story of the drama, or speech acts are creatively taken up, for example, according to the pattern of the morality plays. However, they are always integrated into the overall structure of the play as meaningful for the language awareness of the audience and us
as readers. 
German version 2024.

The study aims to understand the influence of religio-cultural right-wing persuasion in intercultural communication, as exhibited in a novel representing Pakistani national culture and Parsee minority culture. The methodology involves directed qualitative content analysis of Bapsi Sidhwa's novel "An American Brat," using a conceptual model/framework adapting/extracting coding protocol from Morin and Renvoisé's model to analyze communication within a social neuroscience context. The research delves into the curated message of cultural diversity. Furthermore, it explains the insight of the situation into cultural and religio-cultural persuasion by the writer, which she represented in the context of three cultures, American, Pakistani, and Parsee. The characters' communication seemed dominant, reflecting the communication regarding Pakistani Islamic cultural values due to its impact and dominance, specifically on personal and contrastive stimuli of the characters' intuitive knowledge. Likewise, the other persuasive elements from the conceptual model/framework of Morin and Renvoisé are also reflected in the characters' communication, which interprets any communication in a social neuroscience context. The innovative understudy of intercultural communication shows how social neuro-persuasion succeeds in reconnecting characters to their subconscious fundamental brain-rooted cognitive, cultural, and social identity. Hence, the cognitive changes in stimuli often would not change or get easily influenced at teenage on conceptual, theoretical, or biological levels. According to the researchers' conceptual arguments, future studies may utilize the present model within the textual quotations from the novel's original text, as the present research was only delimited to a qualitative content analysis. However, the theoretical/conceptual framework of the neuroscience of persuasion needs to be verified.

This study tests whether prediction error underlies structural priming in a later-learnt L2 across two visual world eye-tracking priming experiments. Experiment 1 investigates priming when learners encounter verbs biased to double-object-datives (DO, "pay") or prepositional-objectdatives (PO, "send") in the other structure in prime sentences. L1-German-L2-English learners read prime sentences crossing verb bias and structure (DO/PO). Subsequently, they heard target sentenceswith unbiased verbs ("show")while viewing visual scenes. In line with implicit learning models, gaze data revealed priming and prediction-error effects, namely, more predictive looks consistent with PO following PO primes with DO-bias verbs. Priming in comprehension persisted into (unprimed) production, indicating that priming by prediction error leads to longer-term learning. Experiment 2 investigates the effects of target verb bias on error-based priming. Priming and prediction-error effects were reduced for targets with non-alternating verbs ("donate") that only allow PO structures, suggesting learners' knowledge of the L2 grammar modulates prediction-error-based priming. Highlights • Adult L2 learners show abstract structural priming in real-time comprehension. • Prediction error drives structural priming in L2 comprehension. • Grammatical knowledge constrains prediction-error-driven L2 structural priming. • Prediction-error-based priming in L2 comprehension persists into later production. • Prediction (error) constitutes a learning mechanism in late L2 acquisition.

The Neocolonial era is the post post-colonial period where there is cultural, political, and economic control of colonial power over the former colonized countries even though the colonial reign has deceased. In this period, globalization had turned into an exercise of the latest stage of imperialism that enabled the previous colonial powers to impose a particular lifestyle on the former colonized, which is as per Kwame Nkrumah, the neocolonial practice. Imposition of neocolonial power is imparted by the imperials through English education, western norms, cultural reformation, religion, idea of development, etc. The present study is an in-depth comparative exploration of the two post-colonial texts Devil on the Cross by Ngugi Wa Thiong'o and The God of Small Things by Arundhati Roy from neocolonial lens. The research followed qualitative method with close textual analysis to present the discussion with the key notions of the dire straits of neocolonial rule of the African countries in contrast of the Indian sub-continent. The study brings out the aspects of colour complex, language, corruption, foreign vs. local culture, capitalistic patriarchy and Marxist struggle into the comparative discussion from the two texts resulting the contrast presentation of neocolonial aggression in the two different continents. The neocolonial era redefines marginalization, discrimination, subalternity and political violence through the socioeconomic realities of the new rulers of African and Indian countries and states who disregard the benefits of the own countrymen due to imperial brainwash. The findings portray that the unity of the communists in Kenya is a strength of the nation which exhibit stronger resistance against neocolonialism in Africa than in the Indian subcontinent as per the projections of Thiong'o and Roy.

The Time Being is a concept that is rooted in the here and now, cognizant of the importance of every action in a moment that can prevent harm and promote goodness. Such moments have the power to leave enduring impressions that transcend time and location. This idea of a time being is one that Ozeki uses to emphasize the historical ties and influence of her characters. It also assists readers in recognizing the similarities between historical oppressive systems and the ways in which they can endure. Kandice Chuh also addresses the notion of applying anti-Western philosophies to better understand oneself in order to disassociate and dismantle contemporary structures that have the potential to damage and skew the perception of our shared humanity. Through Buddhist philosophy, Dogen Zenji's concept of a time being, and disidentification with demanding neoliberal structures, the novel's characters are able to discover new perspectives on life and develop a new sense of self that enables them to want to live. Ozeki finds ways to give her characters a stronger sense of self by drawing on Buddhist teachings. Through Zenji's teachings, Nao, her father, and great-uncle, find peace and consolation in worlds that are too focused on future comforts that can be destructive to the present self.

African American literature developed as a result of the dedication of writers who seek out the most effective means of raising global consciousness about the plight of black people. African American writers reexamined the problem of continued systematic racial discrimination in America, claiming that race continues to be a serious cause of disparity in American society. Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun have found its place in African American literature, with its black characters intending to end social injustices. A Raisin in the Sun, is an illustration of how racism can negatively impact people's lives. The work focuses on racial inequality in America and African Americans' struggle for equal rights. Since racism is one of the most basic problems of the social organization, the issues that affect black families should be seen in the light of racial relations. From the early nineteenth century to the present, almost all literary works written by African American authors have discussed complicated and interwoven relations of racism and black families. This play focuses on a segregated African American family living on South Side of Chicago. This play also examines the ongoing impact of slavery on African-American communities, as well as the lower/underclass reality that has been hidden and overlooked in the closet of American history.

It begins with a fall. A man stumbles at the threshold of a dark alley, deep in the native quarter of a colonial Indian city. This is Trejago, on his late-night and secret wanderings in search of knowledge, romance and adventure, in Kipling's story 'Beyond the Pale', published in 1888 in Plain Tales from the Hills. 1 He presses on into the alley, Amir Nath's Gully, where he will meet and begin a dangerous affair with Bisesa, a fifteen-year-old widow immured in the house of her uncle, whose eventual discovery of the affair precipitates violence and tragedy: Bisesa's hands are cut off, Trejago is wounded in the groin but escapes with his life (though he loses his reason, at least for a while, and probably his manhood), and in the end he returns to the law-abiding and colourless world of colonial respectability, from which he will never venture again. The embarrassing lapse passes, for him, without scandal, and his career and reputation are intact. He has gone wrong; but before it was absolutely too late, he has-in the evangelical phrase-got right, and taken refuge within the pale of the law.

Fables are concise stories with satirical and educational implications. They often use metaphors or the past to illustrate the present, objects to illustrate people, the small to illustrate the big, and this to illustrate that. Through simple yet complex stories, they convey profound meanings and principles in life. Some people say that a fable can sometimes touch people’s hearts more than ten difficult literary masterpieces. It thus comes the expression that “a short fable may contain great wisdom." Folktales are stories and words quoted from classical poems or historical works, which have entertaining and educational effects. Fifty-two (52) of the fables and folktales are engraved on Harbin Cultural Garden Walls (文园 Wen Yuan, b. 2003‒2007), of which 36 are from the Sutra of a Hundred Parables《百喻经》originated in ancient India and translated into Chinese. The 16 Chinese fables and folktales are from various historical and classical sources. Together, they aim to admonish and enlighten younger generations while reading these stories, as they can reflect on the true meaning of life and increase their wisdom.

English is the official language of Namibia. The majority of Namibians have to learn English as a second language because their mother tongue is either one of the Namibian indigenous languages or a different foreign language. Learning English has been a challenge to many learners and several studies attribute the high failure rate in Namibia to poor proficiency in English. In particular, contrastive analysis studies attribute some of the second language learners’ learning difficulties to their first language influence on the target language, English. This study, also a contrastive analysis, focuses on the difficulties which the native speakers of Oshiwambo encounter in learning to speak English, with particular reference to the Ovakwanyama. The study attempts to identify common errors which Oshikwanyama speakers would make in English and establishes the grounds for such errors. Finally, the study makes suggestion for the intervention strategies to remedy the situation.

The poem is a myth-breaker, a creator of positive attitude towards pre-assumed negativity about Nature, its objects and creatures, and treasury of literary and technical devices of irony, conflict, surprise, synecdoche, symbols, and metaphors. The qualitative methodology has been employed in which CDA method is adopted for the study.

De Engelse auteurs Ian Fleming en P.G. Wodehouse verbleven allebei in de Franse kustplaats Le Touquet. Fleming schreef er zijn eerste James Bond boek 'Casino Royale' in 1952 en Wodehouse schreef er o.a. zijn beroemdste boek 'The Code of the Woosters'. Beide auteurs schreven in villa's die honderd meter van elkaar verwijderd lagen: Wodehouse woonde in zijn villa Low Wood tussen 1934-1940 en Fleming logeerde in villa Les Lambins-Lalanne van Robin Mirrlees.

The following project illustrates how one storytelling medium can be altered to tell a story using a different medium. The project consists of three parts. The first part is a fictional short story. The second part is a screenplay that was further developed from the short story. The final part is a reflection on storytelling as well as my creative process while crafting these two fictional pieces. While exercising both narrative and screen writing, this project demonstrates what techniques a short story and a screenplay share and how those techniques may be used to transform the short story into the screenplay. After developing the short story, I examined how the story and writing style changed as I moved to the next medium. Within my own world of multimedia and storytelling, I have learned that some tools are often expected while others need to be re-imagined. Therefore, during my creative process, each of these tools, methods and mediums have taught me that there is no one way to tell a story and many components of crafting the story can be shared as well as transformed. While working on diverse range of projects, I have learned how language is used differently, discovered things about characters and continue to notice how the creative process adjusts along the way.

The following project illustrates how one storytelling medium can be altered to tell a story using a different medium. The project consists of three parts. The first part is a fictional short story. The second part is a screenplay that was further developed from the short story. The final part is a reflection on storytelling as well as my creative process while crafting these two fictional pieces. While exercising both narrative and screen writing, this project demonstrates what techniques a short story and a screenplay share and how those techniques may be used to transform the short story into the screenplay. After developing the short story, I examined how the story and writing style changed as I moved to the next medium. Within my own world of multimedia and storytelling, I have learned that some tools are often expected while others need to be re-imagined. Therefore, during my creative process, each of these tools, methods and mediums have taught me that there is no one way to tell a story and many components of crafting the story can be shared as well as transformed. While working on diverse range of projects, I have learned how language is used differently, discovered things about characters and continue to notice how the creative process adjusts along the way.

Philip Larkin's poem 'Church Going' is an exploration into the future of religiosity in modern life. The poem was written in 1954 after the World War II, which marks a time when the general audience at churches declined significantly. The rampant violence and destruction of the Second World War created such generations who abhored faith and religious discourse. The poem is an exposition of the erosion of the old beliefs of the religious institution delimited by the church.

Lorraine Hansberry became the first black woman to present a Broadway drama during the Civil Rights Movement 1959 with her A Raisin in the Sun. For the first time in American theatre history it was Lorraine Hansberry, a black female playwright grabbed a great attention. Hansberry was able to genuinely cover a wide range of topics in the play, including the resilience and survival of the black family, their dreams-racism, abortion, manhood and women. By using genuine imagery, she resisted the stereotyped portrayal of blacks that is usual on the American stage. The play deals with socioeconomic conditions of Afro-Americans and their struggle for identity and place in an alienated country. The present paper proposes to analyse the protagonist of the play, Beneatha's dreams of being a doctor and her struggle to determine her identity as a cultured and well educated African woman.

诗歌的美感有赖于在时间、空间两个轴线上展开的想象。谈到唐代绝句的审美特色，古今学者都用“以小见大”一言以蔽之，而对于诗人们如何达致这种审美效果却不予深究，可说是知其然不知其所以然。学界很少注意到，五、七言四句体之外其实还有另一种“小”，即不同题材自身所预设的时空制约，故很少从时空写作的角度来探究各类绝句以“小”呈现“大”的独特方式。在清楚认识各种题材内在时空预设的基础上，从山水、闺怨、宫怨、边塞、怀远、怀古、咏史七种题材选择36篇名作，进行深入的细读分析，展示唐代绝句名家如何为实现“以小见大”而各显神通，用奇特的时空想象来打破形式和题材固有的制约，创造出崭新的“大”时空世界和抒情空间，唤起丰富深远的审美感受。这种时空写作的比较分析还揭示，五言和七言绝句各有最能发挥其优势、最能凸显其局限的题材。这点在绝句艺术研究中也是不多被注意到的。

Kajian berbentuk eksplorasi tentang Frikatif Lelangit-Gusi yang tidak bersuara IS! dan yang bersuara 131 ini dilakukan terhadap tiga puluh (30) pelajar Bahasa Inggeris daripada latarbelakang Mandarin di sebuah kolej swasta. Objektif kajian ini tennasuklah: mengenalpasti varian serta pola varian yang dihasilkan oleh subjek kajian, pola fonologi serta keupayaan subjek mengenalpasti kedua-dua fonim sasaran yang dikaji yakni lSI dan 131. This study is an exploratory investigation of the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative IJI and the voiced palato-alveolar fricative 131 sounds concerning thirty (30) subjects who are English learners with Mandarin background and are studying in a selected local private college. The objectives of this study are to establish the possible variants produced by the subjects, the patterns of occurrences of the variants, the phonological patterns of the variants and the ability of the subjects in distinguishing the· two target phonemes of !JI and /3f

English is taught as a second language in India. Due to its ever growing needs in everywhere in the world, it is given due importance in Indian universities also. The recent anti-English campaign in some parts of India has hardly affected its status, and the importance has not lessened in any way. However, the learning and teaching of English in the Indian classrooms need improvement. Teachers of English in India need further training and tools to improve their sincere efforts. Hence this paper highlights the challenges encountered by the teachers and learners in the teaching/learning of spoken English and also suggests some remedial measures to overcome those problems. &lt;531-542&gt;

For over a thousand years, the poem "The Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup" has been attributed to the work of the renowned poet Du Fu (712-770) of the Tang Dynasty, yet no records showing when the poem was composed. Nonetheless, the author has a different opinion after the discovery of an old scroll painting of the same subject. Unfortunately, the scroll appears to have been torn apart, only the front half remained with the painting of four immortals and servants. The painting was uniquely inscribed with relevant verses of the poem in different calligraphic scripts. Could this be the original painting executed by the Tang poet? Could the poem be written by someone else other than Du fu? In this essay, the author has boldly introduced a completely new concept trying to prove the true identity of the poet and also the time period when the poetic song was composed.

INDONESIA: Studi kali ini menganilisis tentang perbedaan penggunaan bentuk linguisik khususnya fitur wicara menurut gender. Studi ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana laki-laki dan wanita menggunakan fitur wicara yang berbeda dalam menyampaikan sebuah pidato. Fitur wicara berfungsi agar sebuah percakapan ataupun pidato yang disampaikan oleh pembicara dapat disampaikan dengan baik dan karenanya addressee (pendengar atau penonton) bisa memahami topik yang sedang dibicarakan dengan baik. Namun, perbedaan gender yang ada menyebabkan perbedaan preferensi dalam menggunakan fitur wicara. Dalam perbedaan gender inilah, laki-laki dan wanita telah dikonstruk untuk menjadi berbeda dilihat dari cara mereka menggunakan bahasa, yang mana wanita cenderung menggunakan fitur wicara lebih sering dari pada laki-laki. Untuk membuktikan perbedaan dalam penggunakan bentuk linguistik ini, peneliti kali ini menggunakan transkrip pidato kemenangan Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton pada momen Super T...

This dissertation delves into the nuanced media portrayal by two predominant American (Fox News and CNN) and two influential British media sources (BBC and The Guardian) during the escalation of violence in Gaza from 10-26 May 2021. Focusing on the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict (IPC), the main objective was to understand how ideologies can shape Twitter narratives regarding this conflict. By juxtaposing the linguistic choices of American media against their British counterparts, the study investigated how ideology influenced media discourse. Utilizing qualitative research methodology, this research was enriched by applying critical discourse analysis (CDA). The Discourse Historical Approach and argumentation strategies were the pivotal CDA tools leveraged to unveil the subtle power dynamics and the perpetuation of ideologies within the language used in the analyzed tweets. The dataset comprised 176 press tweets, split between American news giants Fox News and CNN and their British peers, BBC and The Guardian. The analysis revealed how the media strategically framed the social actors, distinctly highlighting an effort to reinforce the conflict between the conflict's opposing parties. The American outlets Fox News and CNN manifested a discernible divergence in their negative portrayal of the Palestinian side when juxtaposed against British media outlets BBC and The Guardian, highlighting the inclination of American media to adopt the Israeli narrative. An intriguing revelation was the marked disparities in the coverage nuances between the American and British media. This research provides insights into the media's modus operandi in delineating in-groups and out-groups amidst conflict. While the study contributes substantially to the academic discourse on media and ideology, it also paves the way for deeper subsequent explorations.

In recent times, development of languages has endorsed complexities and has advanced the communicative strategies. This present research has studied the role of 'war' and 'fire' metaphors for COVID-19 pandemic in influencing thinking pattern of people to analyze the differences in the meaning attached to the concepts of metaphors. Methodology: Open ended questionnaires were designed in qualitative research method and responses were encoded to generate the emerging patterns of meanings. Findings: The results have shown the contrasting features of the meaning making sense of people in accordance with the metaphors and it further gave way to analyze the conscious impact of usage of metaphors by higher authorities in molding public's thought according to their own interest. Fire metaphor has enraged the feeling of suffocation and fast rate of transmission of this pandemic while 'war' metaphor has raised the meaning of killing of people and people has assumed this pandemic as an enemy which has turned this world into a battlefield. Conclusion: Figurative and non-figurative languages elicited different responses. Non-figurative language did not instigated any kind of fear among the participants. Recommendation: Future studies can be conducted to scrutinize the ideological use of metaphors by the politicians which insinuate audience in one way or another.

Language changes in unprecedented times leads to the invention of new vocabulary. Written and oral discourse is influenced by worldly events which cause changes in language. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of context in perpetuating particular functions of language. The focus was laid on the perlocutionary force of coronavirus related terms to determine how context effect the language and word choices of the narrator. Methodology: This research adopted phenomenological approach and applied mixed method research design. Six blogs form Dawn news web were taken as sample where coronavirus survivors, healthcare workers and Pakistani students in China University had narrated their experiences regarding COVID-19 pandemic. Language phenomenon was analyzed by qualitative research design through close detailed document analysis of the blogs. Austin's Speech acts theory was applied for differentiating the mostly used acts in the language of the narrators. Data was coded initially for arranging the sentences into explosives, behabitive and exercitive acts. COVID related terms were detected for analysis of the nature of the words and to find out similarities across different blogs. Quantitative analysis was carried out for quantifying the amount of the speech act usage and coronavirus related terms. Findings: The findings showed that coronavirus survivors have performed behabitive acts more than other participants because they expressed their mental state. Healthcare workers performed explosive speech acts for 81 times and survivors performed it for 35 time because they focused more on the factual information, strategies and ongoing processes. Conclusion: Perlocutionary force of COVID-19 related terms showed that these terms were used for creating awareness in the audience regarding the precautionary measures during pandemic. Recommendation: Future researches can be conducted to investigate the speech acts of two different blogs to highlight the ideological stances of narrators.

This study is designed to analyze the impact of socioeconomic condition, variant teaching methods, learners' attitude, and environment of school in the overall learning of English as a second language in different school types. In countries where English is a second language, the access to English in school has been limited to the upper strata of society while lower strata can only bear the fee of government schools which obstruct the acquisition of second language. Bilingualism is highly associated with the ability to use two language and this research is conducted to investigate the basic differences between teaching strategies, school environment and learners' attitude towards English as second language in different school types. All these factors are considered to address the contrasting ideologies of private schools and government schools which foster or restrict the process of bilingualism. Methodology: This study was designed quantitatively to gather data from 36 participants (12 from each school type i.e., government school, private school and semi government school). Questionnaire contained three sections and were distributed to participants between 20-30 years of age. Two particular teaching methods i.e. Grammar translation method and Communicative language teaching approaches are focused to investigate the impediment in advancement of bilingualism. Findings: Socioeconomic condition of family affects the choice of school where people with strong financial background prefer to admit their children in highly famous English language school. Bilingualism is prioritized in private school where appropriate environment is provided to the learners while other school types do not implement effective strategies which can help students in learning highly prestigious language. Conclusion: English grammar translation method and communicative learning teaching approaches are used differently in public and private schools which formulate different communicative competency of students. Recommendations: Future studies can be conducted to scrutinize the role of other teaching methods such as direct method, audio-lingual method, total physical response, and structural approach in different types of classrooms to assess the learning of English as second language.

The purpose of this study was to focus on different role of adjuncts and complement phrases by examining the fixed position of some adverbial words in a clause. It also highlighted the importance of adverbial and prepositional phrases in determining the Character's perception, attributes, and worldly aspects. Methodology: The present research is a mixed-method approach in nature where close reading and document analysis of Mohsin Hamid's short stories 'Of windows and doors' and 'A beheading' is done along with the coding of the PP phrases and adverbial words. The results are drawn by separately analyzing the obligatory and optional adjuncts in the clause by examining the sentence structure in the presence or absence of the PP. Findings: Adverbial placement rules are applied to the clauses of the stories which proved that changes in few adverbial words can render the sentence ungrammatical. The findings showed that 63% PP Adjuncts and 36% PP Complements in 'Of windows and doors' states that optional information is added more frequently to describe the world affairs and character's perception. While 47% PP adjuncts and 52% PP-complements in 'A beheading' demonstrate that writer has focused more on the obligatory information. Conclusion: Adverbial words of different categories are used for proving the stance that few adverbs have a fixed position in universal grammar. Recommendation: Future researches can be conducted to identify the rules which govern adverb placement and categorize the functions and differences of prepositional phrases as an adjunct and complementizer in two different languages.

Illocutionary speech act is one of the studies in sociolinguistics. This research discusses the illocutionary speech act in perspective gender. This research aims to find illocutionary speech acts used by both women and men in Hidden Figures movie and to find women's language features both women and men utterances in Hidden Figures film. The theories are by Searle and Lakkof. This research uses qualitative and descriptive methods. The data source is from the Hidden Figures movie was released in 2017. The data was analyzed in the movie transcript. The finding of this research states that there are two classifications of the illocutionary speech act used un the Hiden Figures movie. They are directive and expressive. Furthermore, there are women's speech features in women and men's utterances in the Hidden Figure film.

The present study aims at exploring the elements of hybridity and assimilation in the fictional expedition of Bapsi Sidhwa. The work in question adheres to the theoretical construct of Postcolonial theory by utilizing Bhabha’s concept of Hybridity which suggests that the colonizers and the colonized, through their interaction, mutually construct their subjectivities and this interaction destabilizes the hierarchy of superior and inferior cultures. The research is primarily qualitative in nature and the selected texts namely, An American Brat (1993) and The Crow Eaters (1980) are subjected to close reading for explicating the instances where the characters’ social practices and personal experiences display hybrid cultural forms, patterns and parameters. The novels actually depict a clash and an unbalanced conflict between different cultures. Though the characters yearn for saving their own cultures yet at the same time they are forced to sacrifice their traditions. . The current rese...

In this research paper two novels "Inheritance of loss" by Kiran Desai and "An American Brat " by BapsiSidhwais analyzed and discussed. Both these novels show the group of middle-class society who has been overlooked when it comes to race and ethnicity. This study is an examination of the ethnic-racial identity formation process from the psychoanalytical perspective under the perception of Sigmund Freud. The text has been analyzed through extensive reading that uses the qualitative method. The study explores that how conflicts of inner being shape an individual"s behavior specifically discussing the complexities of the characters of described novels.

东西方早期哲学将日光或烛光作为喻体，日月星辰光辉普照、运行有常的特点，进入文学批评中指代经典作品的道德与文采。宋人以李、杜诗歌“高”与“幽”的特点解释韩愈“光焰万丈长”的比喻。与之对比，严羽提出“透彻玲珑”的观照、书写模式更倾向于王、孟诗直接呈现外界景物与内心感发过程的风格。“光焰”之喻在明清感兴诗学拓展、深化，明人如许学夷将“光焰”分为内外两种，对应李、杜诗歌的天才与人力之别，也指情感外扬与潜气内转两种写法。清人如王夫之通过杜甫诗中偶然兴会式抒情，提出“现量发光”,承续“直寻”的诗学传统。此外，“烛光”也作为读者与作者“神会”的媒介，出现在诗集序跋书写中。

Discussion of women and their language, or language and women's issues usually leads to the exposure of language differences between women and men. Many things underlie the emergence of differences between women and men from language use perspective. Previous studies described that the male language is more assertive, mature, and men like to speak openly with the right vocabulary. On the other hand, the language spoken by women is not firm, not overtly, and careful when expressing something, and often uses a more polite words or gestures. One way to learn women language is by examining their utterances while communicating, including interviews. This study aims to describe the features of the speeches of Najwa Shihab and President Joko Widodo from gender perspective. The data source in this study is an interview between Najwa Shihab as presenter, and Joko Widodo as a political figure as well as seventh Indonesian President, in a television program called "Mata Najwa". The results showed that in the interview, Najwa Shihab's emotions were very influential when interviewing President Joko Widodo and gave impact on the features of the speech she used when giving questions to the President.

Every language has its characteristics in the production of sound. When learning a new language, one probably encountered unfamiliar sounds. For EFL students in Indonesia, they will find it hard to pronounce interdental fricative sound like [θ] and [ð] because, in Indonesian pronunciation, there are no interdental fricative sounds. Therefore, the limited consonant sounds in Indonesian that is not similar become one of the barriers for the students to pronounce the words in English properly. For instance, the words that contain interdental fricative sounds in word-initial position as in &#39;this&#39; and &#39;thin&#39;, medial as in ‘father’ and ‘authority’, and final part as in ‘booth’ and ‘truth’. Based on this problem, this research attempts to find out and analyze the production of voiceless and voiced interdental fricatives by EFL students in Bandung using the help of software Praat (Boersma, 2001). The data were collected from four students with their voice recordings in prono...

It is a general belief in Japan that the English /s/ and /ʃ/ before high front vowels (as in see and she) are problematic for Japanese ESL (English-as-a-second-language) learners. Some research has also reported the /s/ and /ʃ/ confusion by Japanese ESL learners. Their pronunciation errors are often explained based on phonetics, but there are reasons to believe that the learners" knowledge of the phonemes of the target words is at fault. This study examines 1) whether monolingual Japanese speakers distinguish the [si] and [ʃi] syllables in both perception and production in the Japanese contexts and 2) what would be the sources of Japanese speakers" challenges in mastering the distinction between [si] and [ʃi] in their English production if Japanese speakers can produce and perceive the difference between these syllables. This study conducted two experiments. In the first experiment, 93 monolingual Japanese speakers between the ages of 17 and 89 in and around Tôkyô read aloud the written stimuli that had [si] and [ʃi] in the Japanese contexts, repeated the sound stimuli that had [si] and [ʃi] in the Japanese contexts, and listened to the [si:] and [ʃi:] syllables in isolation recorded by a native speaker of Canadian English. The results showed that the participants all distinguished [si] and [ʃi] in both perception and production regardless of their ages. Based on these results, I hypothesized that the [s] and [ʃ] confusion by Japanese ESL learners is caused by misunderstanding, rather than an inability to articulate these sounds. In the second experiment, 27 Japanese ESL students iv were recorded reading an English passage. The passage contains /s/ (7 times) and /ʃ/ (11 times) before high front vowels. After the reading, the participants were taught the basic English phonological system and the symbol-sound correspondence rules such as "s"-/s/ and "sh"-/ʃ/. The lesson lasted 40 minutes during which the participants were also interviewed to find out their awareness of the symbol-sound correspondence. No articulation explanations were given during the lesson. After the lesson, the participants read the same passage. The results showed that /s/ and /ʃ/ were mispronounced 39 and 67 times respectively in total by the 27 participants before the lesson, but only 7 and 19 times after the lesson. These changes are statistically significant. Moreover, the interview during the lesson revealed that the participants lacked phonological awareness in English as well as the knowledge of the symbol-sound correspondence rules. This study concluded that many of the mispronunciations by Japanese ESL learners, including /s/ and /ʃ/, can be solved by teaching the English phonics rules and some basic phonological rules without teaching the articulation of these sounds. v

It is a general belief in Japan that the English /s/ and /ʃ/ before high front vowels (as in see and she) are problematic for Japanese ESL (English-as-a-second-language) learners. Some research has also reported the /s/ and /ʃ/ confusion by Japanese ESL learners. Their pronunciation errors are often explained based on phonetics, but there are reasons to believe that the learners" knowledge of the phonemes of the target words is at fault. This study examines 1) whether monolingual Japanese speakers distinguish the [si] and [ʃi] syllables in both perception and production in the Japanese contexts and 2) what would be the sources of Japanese speakers" challenges in mastering the distinction between [si] and [ʃi] in their English production if Japanese speakers can produce and perceive the difference between these syllables. This study conducted two experiments. In the first experiment, 93 monolingual Japanese speakers between the ages of 17 and 89 in and around Tôkyô read aloud the written stimuli that had [si] and [ʃi] in the Japanese contexts, repeated the sound stimuli that had [si] and [ʃi] in the Japanese contexts, and listened to the [si:] and [ʃi:] syllables in isolation recorded by a native speaker of Canadian English. The results showed that the participants all distinguished [si] and [ʃi] in both perception and production regardless of their ages. Based on these results, I hypothesized that the [s] and [ʃ] confusion by Japanese ESL learners is caused by misunderstanding, rather than an inability to articulate these sounds. In the second experiment, 27 Japanese ESL students iv were recorded reading an English passage. The passage contains /s/ (7 times) and /ʃ/ (11 times) before high front vowels. After the reading, the participants were taught the basic English phonological system and the symbol-sound correspondence rules such as "s"-/s/ and "sh"-/ʃ/. The lesson lasted 40 minutes during which the participants were also interviewed to find out their awareness of the symbol-sound correspondence. No articulation explanations were given during the lesson. After the lesson, the participants read the same passage. The results showed that /s/ and /ʃ/ were mispronounced 39 and 67 times respectively in total by the 27 participants before the lesson, but only 7 and 19 times after the lesson. These changes are statistically significant. Moreover, the interview during the lesson revealed that the participants lacked phonological awareness in English as well as the knowledge of the symbol-sound correspondence rules. This study concluded that many of the mispronunciations by Japanese ESL learners, including /s/ and /ʃ/, can be solved by teaching the English phonics rules and some basic phonological rules without teaching the articulation of these sounds. v