Emissions Embodied In Trade

As our economies become more open and interlinked the regulatory regimes and the implementation of environmental regulations is required to adapt. Going form national economies to linked international economies the regulation of domestic emissions and natural recourses no longer reflects a control over the environmental impact of domestic consumption. This study explores the domestic fraction of environmental impacts generated in a case where two identical economies trade with each other. First a brief introduction to basic input output algebra is given. Then a reformulation of the model for a mirrored economy is derived. Through this the domestic fraction of economic activity generated and the domestic fraction of environmental impacts generated by a unit purchase of a commodity can be found. The suggested framework is then applied to the Norwegian IO tables. The results are presented and discussed in the context of regulatory policy.

As our economies become more open and interlinked the regulatory regimes and the implementation of environmental regulations is required to adapt. Going form national economies to linked international economies the regulation of domestic emissions and natural recourses no longer re∞ects a control over the environmental impact of domestic consumption. This study explores the domestic fraction of environmental impacts generated in a case where two identical economies trade with each other. First a brief introduction to basic input output algebra is given. Then a reformulation of the model for a mirrored economy is derived. Through this the domestic fraction of economic activity generated and the domestic fraction of environmental impacts generated by a unit purchase of a commodity can be found. The suggested framework is then applied to the Norwegian IO tables. The results are presented and discussed in the context of regulatory policy.

Küresel ölçekte artan sera gazı emisyonları, iklim değişikliğiyle mücadeleyi uluslararası politika ve ekonomi gündeminin merkezine taşımıştır. Bu doğrultuda karbon piyasaları ve emisyon ticaret sistemleri, çevresel sürdürülebilirliği piyasa temelli mekanizmalarla destekleyen yapılar olarak önem kazanmıştır. Türkiye'de ise 7552 sayılı İklim Kanunu'nun yürürlüğe girmesiyle birlikte Emisyon Ticaret Sistemi (ETS) ilk kez yasal zemine kavuşmuş ve sanayi kaynaklı emisyonların izlenmesi, raporlanması ve fiyatlandırılması süreci kurumsallaştırılmıştır. Bu yeni düzenlemeler, işletmelere yalnızca çevresel yükümlülükler değil, aynı zamanda finansal raporlama ve vergisel sorumluluklar da getirmektedir. Karbon muhasebesi, bu dönüşümün önemli bir ayağını oluşturarak işletmelere emisyon verilerini ölçme, raporlama ve stratejik yönetme imkânı tanımaktadır. Ancak Tekdüzen Hesap Planı ve Vergi Usul Kanunu çerçevesinde karbon tahsisatlarının nasıl muhasebeleştirileceği ve vergisel olarak nasıl değerlendirileceği henüz netleşmemiştir. Bu çalışmada, karbon muhasebesinin gelişim süreci, uluslararası uygulama farklılıkları ve Türkiye'deki yasal düzenlemeler ışığında ETS'nin işletmelere olan etkileri değerlendirilmiş, 7552 sayılı Kanun'un mevcut muhasebe ve vergi altyapısındaki muğlaklıklara nasıl yanıt verdiği incelenmiştir.

The OECD has established a small working group on better quality and more timely indicators of CO2 embodied in international trade in early 2015 following the call of the OECD Secretary General to make "the organisation more useful and relevant to its Members and Partner countries, by providing them with timely and targeted policy advice, supporting them during the implementation of reforms and quantifying their impact, delivering a whole-of-government narrative and explaining to the public the benefits of difficult decisions." (Letter Mandate 20 January 2015). The objective of this working group is to determine best practices for producing better quality and more timely indicators of CO 2 (and other GHG) emissions embodied in international trade. Particular attention will be given to: a) nowcasting techniques and b) methods for producing improved estimates of emissions by industryparticularly for developing countries and for emissions associated with the energy sector. The methods used here will be compared with ongoing research on nowcasting the EXIOBASE/CREEA data.

Since the beginning of industrialization it is possible to observe an increase in the levels of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by human activities . Given this issues, the problem of greenhouse gas (GHG) and related climate change are relevant points today. Discussions began to gain the attention of the world with the Kyoto Protocol and they are in vogue due to the fact that the growth of GHG remained, even with emergence and advancement of climate policies. Moreover, they are in vogue due the sudden globalization of world economies and the expansion of international trade. Thus, this paper seeks to make an empirical investigation of the responsibility for CO2 emissions and international trade for the 27 countries of the European Union and 13 other selected countries for the period of 1995-2009. This paper also permeates issues and discussions about the environmental theories and hypotheses involving international trade. The inputoutput matrices were used for 40 countries plus the "rest of world" for the period of 1995-2009, through the database of the WIOD project. The following results can be highlighted: i) the increase of CO2 emissions in developing countries (e.g. Brazil , Russia, India and China) ; ii) the opposing behavior of the USA and BRIC ( Brazil , Russia, India and China), with the exception of India, in terms of net balances of emissions embodied in international trade; iii) evidence that the decrease of CO2 emissions in some countries comes from greater interaction in terms of trade with other countries; iv) the developed countries have an internal production process increasingly less polluting, and contrary to, developing countries have an internal production process more polluting, given the pairing between them. Furthermore, this study, through the different results, makes a discussion on the theory of environmental Kuznets curve, the pollution haven effect, the pollution haven hypothesis, trade's patterns between North and South, and others.

Taxing imports from regions which are not subject to climate policy and subsidizing exports into these regions have recently been proposed to address presumed negative effects of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) on industry competitiveness and carbon leakage. This paper analyzes the economic and environmental effects of alternative border tax adjustment (BTA) mechanisms using an extended version of the GTAP-E model that explicitly includes domestic trade and transport margins. The BTAs are imposed on regions which have not committed to emission targets under the Kyoto Protocol or which failed to ratify the Kyoto Protocol. The analyses distinguish between effects of the BTAs on the EU15 countries and on the rest of the EU (REU). Likewise, the analyses single out the effects of climate policy with and without BTAs on domestic output changes which are due to changes in import competition and export competitiveness. Implementing a BTA whose power is equal to the percentage change in production costs in the energy-intensive sectors in the EU has different impacts for those sectors in the EU15 countries compared with the REU countries. In the EU15, the BTA effectively neutralizes import competition in the energy-intensive sectors while enhancing the export competitiveness of these sectors. Conversely, in the REU, the BTA is not effective in neutralizing increased import competition or decreased export competitiveness because the majority of trade by the REU is with countries/regions that are not included in the BTA. Overall, implementing a BTA has little effect on the marginal abatement costs of achieving the emission reductions in the Kyoto Protocol and does little in reducing carbon leakage.

As global efforts to address environmental challenges intensify, the intersection of trade and climate change has become increasingly significant. On the one hand, trade can facilitate access to clean energy technologies, foster the global diffusion of sustainable practices, and make production more material- and energy-efficient. On the other hand, trade brings related risks by encouraging the growth of carbon-intensive industries in countries with less stringent environmental regulations, potentially exacerbating global emissions through increased production and transportation (WTO 2022). Trade is a channel through which competitiveness is established. However, uncoordinated environmental standards, fragmented trade policies, trade barriers, and the race for green subsidies have created a complex landscape that undermines both competitiveness and the potential of trade to support climate goals. Specifically, the trade and policy fragmentation resulting from uncoordinated environmental standards, national carbon markets, and green industrial subsidies may jeopardize the climate benefits derived from trade by reducing efficiency, increasing costs, and reinforcing existing international economic inequities. Thus, the trade system needs a paradigm shift to ensure climate progress and to transform it into a catalyst for sustainable development by promoting low-carbon industries, supporting green innovation, and reducing the environmental impact of global supply chains. The purpose of this Discussion Paper is to highlight how the interaction between climate-related policies and global trade might affect efforts to meet net-zero goals and safeguard competitiveness. This Discussion Paper also explores how trade policies and international trade institutions, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), interact with climate governance frameworks like the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). By examining policy developments, case studies, and ongoing international debates, this paper aims to provide insights into how trade can be aligned with climate action to achieve sustainable and equitable outcomes. After providing an overview of both trade and climate change interactions and policies at the trade-climate nexus, this paper presents discussions on trade and climate at the WTO, followed by policy recommendations and implications for Saudi Arabia and future research in the final section.

This paper asks two questions concerning Border Tax Adjustments for climate purposes, when viewed from a trade perspective: First, under what conditions are BTAs possible in the WTO-world? To address this issue, the paper provides a detailed discussion of the relevant law and case law. We also apply our main conclusions on what we consider to be paradigmatic cases of measures to address climate change where trade concerns are raised. We conclude that the WTO regime is no major obstacle to those aspiring to use BTAs, although the allocation of the burden of proof could be an issue. The second issue addressed is whether the economic literature on the desirability of BTAs adequately reflects concerns that have been raised in the trade policy community. Here we conclude that it has hardly addressed these concerns at all. We also point to some aspects of BTAs that would be important to take into account in a more complete analysis.

• Different frameworks of energy consumption are proposed and discussed. • National energy consumptions at different production stages are identified. • Sectoral contributions to energy consumption are identified • China accounts for the majority of global energy consumption. • Energy consumptions of emerging countries increased faster than the developed.

Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği'nin iklim değişikliği ile mücadele kapsamında kullandığı karbon ile ilgili terimler, Paris İklim Anlaşması ve Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı'ndan gelmektedir. Bu terimler, karbon emisyonlarının azaltılması, karbon nötr hedeflerine ulaşılması ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyümenin sağlanması gibi kritik konuları kapsamaktadır.

İklim değişikliği politikasında öncelik kazanan emisyon ticareti ile bilgi ifşaatının etkileşimi ilgili yazında tartışılmamıştır.  Bu çalışma çevre politikası araçlarını hükümet veya toplum-merkezli ve piyasa-dışı veya piyasa-bazlı olarak yeni bir sınıflandırmaya tabi tutarak bilgi ifşaatının emisyon ticaretinin ikamesi mi yoksa tamamlayıcısı mı olduğu sorusuna yanıt aramaktadır.  Söz konusu olgular kısaca incelendikten sonra bilgi ifşaatının toplum-merkezli olması nedeniyle ikame olarak değerlendirilemeyeceği, ancak özellikle piyasa-dışı kanaldan emisyon ticareti programlarının tasarımı ve uygulamasını geliştirerek tamamlayıcı bir rol oynayabileceği ortaya koyulmaktadır.

This study seeks to estimate the carbon implications of recent changes in China's economic development patterns and role in global trade in the post-financial-crisis era. We utilised the latest socioeconomic datasets to compile China's 2012 multiregional input-output (MRIO) table. Environmentally extended input-output analysis and structural decomposition analysis (SDA) were applied to investigate the driving forces behind changes in CO2 emissions embodied in China's domestic and foreign trade from 2007 to 2012. Here we show that emission flow patterns have changed greatly in both domestic and foreign trade since the financial crisis. Some economically less developed regions, such as Southwest China, have shifted from being a net emission exporter to being a net emission importer. In terms of foreign trade, emissions embodied in China's exports declined from 2007 to 2012 mainly due to changes in production structure and efficiency gains, while developing countries be...

h i g h l i g h t s Firms in the same IO sector for China may have very different carbon intensity. Firm heterogeneity information significantly improves carbon footprint estimation. Embodied CO 2 emissions in Chinese exports may be overestimated by 20% for 2007. The competitiveness of China's exports relates to upstream firms' externalities.

A growth-decomposition (scale, technique and composition effect) covering 62 countries and 7 manufacturing sectors over the 1990-2000 period shows that trade, through reallocations of activities across countries, has contributed to a 2-3 percent decrease in world SO 2 emissions. However, when compared to a constructed counterfactual notrade benchmark, depending on the base year, trade would have contributed to a 3-10 percent increase in emissions. Finally adding emissions coming from trade-related transport activities, global emissions are increased through trade by 16 percent in 1990 and 13 percent in 2000, the decline being largely attributable to a shift of dirty activities towards cleaner countries.

Energy input-output tables expressed in natural and thermal units were estimated to extend original Indian I-O tables for the years of 1993/94 and 1998/99. Advantages of these tables are the ability to represent structural relationships of industrial energy use and to analyze sectoral and national green house gas emissions, such as CO 2 . Biomass and limestone are parts of fuels and sources of CO 2 emissions, respectively, to reflect actual pattern of energy use in India.

Energy input-output tables expressed in natural and thermal units were estimated to extend original Indian I-O tables for the years of 1993/94 and 1998/99. Advantages of these tables are the ability to represent structural relationships of industrial energy use and to analyze sectoral and national green house gas emissions, such as CO 2. Biomass and limestone are parts of fuels and sources of CO 2 emissions, respectively, to reflect actual pattern of energy use in India.

Following the debate on the implications of international trade for global climate policy, this paper introduces the topic of the economic benefits to exporting countries of products for exports in relation to the emissions generated in this production. In 2008, 24% of global GHG emissions and 20% of the employment around the world were linked to international trade. China exported 30% of emissions and hosted 37.5% of the jobs generated by trade worldwide. The European Union and the United States of America were the destination of 25% and 18.4% of the GHG emissions embedded in trade. The imports of these two regions contributed to the creation of 45% of the employment generated by international trade. This paper proposes the idea of including trade issues in international negotiations, taking into account not only the environmental burden generated by developed countries when displacing emissions to developing countries through their imports, but also the economic benefits of developing countries when releasing the emissions to produce goods delivered to developed countries. By analysing these opposing aspects, we aim to show how global emissions could be reduced effectively and with lower costs.

This paper analyzes the trends in GHG emissions intensity over the period 1995-2009, in a mix of developing and developed economies that account for constitute almost 2/3rd of global emissions. In doing so it distinguishes between the demand-based emissions (DBEs) and production-based emissions (PBEs). Several studies find that while PBEs in the developed economies during the period have been stabilized, the DBEs are on the rise. Understanding the relative influence of various factors that has shaped the differential patterns of emissions growth will provide us with important policy insights for controlling GHG emissions. It undertakes a decomposition exercise to understand the changes in both PBEs and DBEs intensities due to changes in technological change and structural shifts in production and final consumption. Main findings of the paper are that technology change has been the key driver of emissions intensity improvements in production and consumption. Intensity improvements in...

Agricultural and food systems are contributing over 25% of global GHG emissions. Demographic changes and increasing income are expected to further push the global diet towards more meat-oriented and emission-intensive food items, as a result, agricultural GHG emissions could significantly increase in the long-run, which would make it almost impossible to keep the global temperature increase well below 2 o C, as desired by the Paris Climate Agreement. Therefore, reducing food-related GHGs is a crucial step in meeting the stringent climate change targets. The focus of this paper is to provide a global assessment of food-related GHG emissions taxation. For this purpose, we use a multi-sector multi-region CGE framework, based on the GTAP model. We further improve and complement the GTAP framework in several ways. First, we develop the GTAP database (2011 reference year) with updated agricultural production targeting for 133 regions. Second, we develop a GTAP-consistent food balance sheets with dietary and nutritional information covering all 141 regions in the database. Finally, we complement the modelling framework by including the non-CO2 GHG emissions and air pollution accounts. We explore scenario with the carbon tax rate of $35/ton CO2-eq. ($2010 PPP) and use the sensitivity analysis, varying tax between $15/ton CO2-eq. and $55/ton CO2-eq. In the central case, global non-CO2 GHG emissions decrease by 0.85% (0.4%-1.3% under varying tax rates), while global GHG emissions fall by around 0.3%. Reductions highly vary by regions, with the highest cuts observed in African and South American countries (reaching up to 4%-5%). There are no significant co-benefits for air pollution changes. NH3 emissions show the largest change (-0.7%), while emissions of other air pollutants decline by less than 0.1%. With increasing food prices, households adjust by reducing volumes of food consumption and shifting from more to less carbon intensive commodities. Countries with initially lower per capital calorific consumption experience higher relative reductions in food supply, facing the risk of trespassing the lower bound of WHO-recommended minimum per capita food requirements. There is no significant impact on global welfare, as it declines by around 0.002% (-$1.4 billion). At the regional level, Sub-Saharan Africa countries experience the largest reductions, exceeding 0.4% in the cases of Uganda and Tanzania. In terms of welfare cost of GHG emission reductions, a global average equals 13.4 $/ton CO2-eq. North African, Middle Eastern and EU countries show negative welfare cost of GHG emission cuts, while in the number of countries these costs could exceed $100/ton CO2-eq.

We estimate the volume of emissions that could be potentially taxed by BCAs. We study the effects of trade provisions and country and sectoral coverage on BCAs. Trade provisions can significantly reduce the scope and effectiveness of BCAs. Best available technology and exclusion of electricity reduce tariffs considerably. BCAs are not optimal policy tools to address carbon leakage concerns.

Il Centro Ricerche Economiche e Sociali Manlio Rossi-Doria è un Centro di Eccellenza istituito presso l'Università degli Studi Roma Tre e dedicato alla figura di Manlio Rossi-Doria (1905-1988), uno dei massimi interpreti del pensiero meridionalista.

As national efforts to decouple carbon emissions from economic growth intensify, policymakers need more specific, sub-national information about the sources and reduction potentials of carbon intensity. This study presents a demand-side decomposition of China's carbon intensity to its regions, final demand types, and economic sectors, based on a predefined "aggregate embodied intensity (AEI)" indicator, i.e. the ratio of embodied emissions to embodied value added. We find that China's carbon intensity has been largely shaped by developed provinces, capital investment demand, and the construction sector. However, less-developed provinces, consumption demand, and the services sector have played increasingly important roles. Wealthy provinces generally experienced much lower AEIs and higher AEI reductions compared to poor provinces from 2007 to 2012, mainly owing to provincial differences in final demand structure and sectoral structure. Coastal region's emission reduction efforts at both production and demand sides were the main contributor to China's decrease in carbon intensity during the period, while interior region's structural degradation in demand partially offset the decrease. Our results suggest that allocating national carbon intensity targets based on AEI, and adjusting the final demand structure of central-western provinces, would greatly benefit for China to achieve its ambitious carbon intensity target by 2030.

A growth-decomposition (scale, technique and composition effect) covering 62 countries and 7 manufacturing sectors over the 1990-2000 period shows that trade, through reallocations of activities across countries, has contributed to a 2-3 percent decrease in world SO 2 emissions. However, when compared to a constructed counterfactual notrade benchmark, depending on the base year, trade would have contributed to a 3-10 percent increase in emissions. Finally adding emissions coming from trade-related transport activities, global emissions are increased through trade by 16 percent in 1990 and 13 percent in 2000, the decline being largely attributable to a shift of dirty activities towards cleaner countries.

Combining unique data bases on emissions with sectoral output and employment data, we study the sources of the fall in worldwide SO₂ emissions and estimate the impact of trade on emissions. Contrarily to concerns raised by environmentalists, an emissiondecomposition exercise shows that scale effects are dominated by technique effects working towards a reduction in emissions. A second exercise comparing the actual trade situation with an autarky benchmark estimates that trade, by allowing clean countries to become net importers of emissions, leads to a 10% increase in world emissions with respect to autarky in 1990, a figure that shrinks to 3.5% in 2000. Additionally, back-ofthe-envelope calculations suggest that emissions related to transport are of smaller magnitude, roughly 3% in both periods. In a third exercise, we use linear programming to simulate extreme situations where world emissions are either maximal or minimal. It turns out that effective emissions correspond to a 90% reduction with respect to the worst case, but that another 80% reduction could be reached if emissions were minimal.

In assuming its commitments to the reduction of CO2 emissions, China is contributing great efforts to mitigate CO2 emissions across its all economic sectors including construction industry. The Chinese construction industry, which refers to the aggregation of construction activities, is one of the main contributors to CO2 emissions in China. This paper presents an empirical study on the CO2 emissions in the Chinese construction industry across the period of 1995-2011. The input-output analysis method is employed for conducting the study. The data used for analysis are mainly collected from the World input-output database. The analysis results demonstrate that the CO2 emissions in the Chinese construction industry increased by 388.7% from 1995 to 2011, reached to 3035.9 Mt in 2011. However, the carbon intensity in the construction industry decreased by 46.9% from 1995 to 2011, recorded as 0.00198 Mt/million dollars in 2011. The indirect CO2 emissions were the majority of the construction CO2

In this paper, we use a computable general equilibrium model (WIATEC) to study the potential impact of implementing Europe's 20-20-20 climate policy. The results show that the economic costs of implementing the policy are only moderate and within the range of recent empirical evidence. Furthermore, they also indicate that there is a possibility that the existing allocations to the Europena sectors participating in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) are on the low side, and therefore, there are still rooms for movement in the future.

The structural change of the economy towards an increasing share of services is seen in environmental economics as a fundamental driver of ‘decoupling’ between economic growth and environmental pressures. The environmental and socio-economic consequence of structural change, however, can be less straightforward when economic interdependencies are considered. In this paper we evaluate the implications of structural change towards services in the EU in terms of environmental pressures (aggregate and by sector, direct and indirect). The changing patterns in environmental pressures are analyses vis a vis the corresponding changes in the distribution of employment and value added. For carrying out this integrated assessment we use Environmentally Extended Multi Regional Input Output modelling applied to data from the World Input Output Database (WIOD). The results suggest that the service sectors is characterized by a lower emission intensity than the industrial sectors, when looking at ...

Son dönemlerde küresel ısınma ve iklim değişikliği gibi global ölçekte karşımıza çıkan çevre sorunları tüm dünya için önlem alınması kaçınılmaz problemler olarak görülmektedir. Söz konusu bu problemlerle mücadele etmek amacıyla uluslararası alanda Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi ve Kyoto Protokolü gibi önemli adımlar atılmaya başlanmıştır. Atılan bu adımlar aracılığıyla sera gazı emisyonlarının azaltılmasına çalışılmış ve bu amaçla küresel bir karbon piyasası ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu piyasalar sayesinde ülkeler ve firmalar sera gazı azaltımına yönelik projeler geliştirebilmekte ve bu projeler sonucunda elde ettikleri kredileri karbon piyasalarında satabilmektedirler. Bu çalışmada; iklim değişikliği ile küresel ısınma olgusuna yol açan sera gazları, sera etkisi, bu olgulara karşı uluslararası alanda atılan adımlar ve söz konusu problemle mücadele amacıyla geliştirilen esneklik mekanizmaları ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca çalışmada, Türkiye'nin karbon piyasalarındaki mevcut durumu analiz edilerek, bu piyasalardaki geleceğiyle ilgili değerlendirmelerde bulunulmuştur.

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In this paper we use a multi-regional, multi-sectoral CGE model of the world economy to assess the leakage effects and the changes of the carbon content of trade under different climate policy scenarios, including unilateral policies plus/minus border tariff adjustment (BTA) as well as stylized international policy scenarios. The paper combines input output techniques to assess the carbon content of trade over the whole production with CGE analysis to explore the impact of the different climate policies scenarios. The main results include that BTA does reduce the negative competitiveness effects of unilateral climate policy, but has only a modest effect on carbon leakage and hardly affects global carbon emissions. At the same time it is not a sufficient thread for many countries to rather join an international climate regime based on the contraction and convergence allocation of permits.

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The successor to the Kyoto Protocol should impose national ceilings on rich countries' greenhouse gas emissions and promote voluntary abatement by developing countries. Our proposal gives signatories the option of exercising an escape clause that relaxes their requirement to abate. This feature helps to solve the participation and compliance problems that have weakened the Protocol. We support the use of carefully circumscribed trade restrictions in order to reduce the real or perceived problem of carbon leakage.

China and the United States are the top two carbon emitters worldwide, and bilateral trade between the two countries plays a vital role in driving their emissions. Defining the key drivers and sectors for the emissions embodied in China-US trade will provide opportunities for identifying avenues for reducing overall carbon emissions. In this study, we employed structural decomposition analysis to investigate the driving factors and their mechanisms for carbon emission growth embodied in China-US trade from 1992 to 2012. The results are as follows. First, emissions embodied in bilateral trade increased by 444.8% (229.69 Mt CO 2) from 1992 to 2012, although emissions decreased slightly between 2007 and 2012. Carbon intensity and trade volume were the largest negative and positive driving factors, accounting for 216.3% and-150.1% of the total emissions change, respectively. Second, carbon-intensive products dominated China-US trade during this time period. Products were derived from sectors such as electronic and communication equipment manufacturing, chemical industry, electric machinery and equipment manufacturing, and metal products. This study shows that improving energy efficiency and controlling the trade volume of carbon-intensive products are two effective measures for mitigating emissions embodied in China-US trade.

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It is generally acknowledged that the petroleum industry plays an important role in China's national economic and social development. The direct, indirect, and induced impacts of China's petroleum industry are analyzed in this study by using the InputeOutput approach. The study also considers the main challenges that China's economy might face in the future. The research results suggest the following: (1) The total economic impacts coefficients on output, given each unit of final demands change in extraction of petroleum and processing of petroleum, are 1.9180 and 3.2747 respectively, and the corresponding economic impacts coefficients on GDP are 1.0872 and 0.9001 respectively; (2) Extraction of petroleum has a more direct impact on GDP, while processing of petroleum has a greater effect on the total output; (3) Extraction of petroleum's total economic impacts coefficients on both output and GDP have remained stable in recent years after a period of long decline; processing of petroleum's total economic impacts coefficient on output is steadily increasing; (4) Import uncertainty, the likelihood of rising oil prices, and net oil exports caused by items manufactured with petroleum products (i.e. "Made in China" goods) are the main challenges the petroleum industry will cause for China's overall economy.

Recent studies have shown that the high standard of living enjoyed by people in the richest countries often comes at the expense of CO 2 emissions produced with technologies of low efficiency in less affluent, developing countries. Less apparent is that this relationship between developed and developing can exist within a single country’s borders, with rich regions consuming and exporting high-value goods and services that depend upon production of low-cost and emission-intensive goods and services from poorer regions in the same country. As the world’s largest emitter of CO 2 , China is a prominent and important example, struggling to balance rapid economic growth and environmental sustainability across provinces that are in very different stages of development. In this study, we track CO 2 emissions embodied in products traded among Chinese provinces and internationally. We find that 57% of China’s emissions are related to goods that are consumed outside of the province where they...

Food trade restrictions pose a serious risk for countries that are heavily reliant on food imports, potentially leading to food crises, inequality, and geopolitical conflicts on a global scale. However, such restrictions may also have transformative effects in promoting food supply chain resilience, security, and self-sufficiency. In this study, a novel econometric analysis is presented, utilizing a data-driven analytical model to investigate the impact of a food embargo on the industry, using Qatar as a case study. A structured and automated food trade database is created using Microsoft Management Server Studio and data visualization software is integrated for automated data discovery. By using a global, trade-based sustainability assessment model, which combines the multi-region input-output (MRIO) analysis with transportation mode-based (sea, road, and air) emissions, the carbon footprint of the dairy food production sector could be estimated. The study shows that the trade emba...

This paper compares two concepts to evaluate the international responsibility of a country with respect to its emissions. Using a multi-regional input-output model, we show that the trade emission balance and the responsibility emission balance yield the same result. In practical work, however, a lack of data availability implies that the same technology assumption has been commonly adopted. In that case, also a third alternative exists, which simply evaluates the emissions embodied in the trade balance of the country. This third alternative yields the same results as the other two approaches at the aggregate level. At the level of individual products, however, the results are clearly different and it turns out that the third alternative answers a different question. That is, it is appropriate for measuring the emission content of the products that cross the border. In our empirical application, we consider Spain in 1995 and 2000, distinguishing nine different gases: CO2,