Emission Inventories

Assessment of bottom-up greenhouse gas emissions estimates through independent methods is needed to demonstrate whether reported values are accurate or if bottom-up methodologies need to be refined. We report atmospheric methane (CH4) mole fractions and δ 13 CH4 measurements from Imperial College London since early 2018 using a Picarro G2201-i analyser. Measurements from March 2018 to October 2020 were compared to simulations of CH4 mole fractions and δ 13 CH4 produced using the NAME dispersion model coupled with the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, UK NAEI, and the global inventory, EDGAR, with model spatial resolutions of ~2 km, ~10 km, and ~25 km. Observed mole fractions were underestimated by 30-35 % in the NAEI simulations. In contrast, a good correspondence between observations and EDGAR simulations was seen. There was no correlation between the measured and simulated δ 13 CH4 values for either NAEI or EDGAR, however, suggesting the inventories' sectoral attributions are incorrect. On average, natural gas sources accounted for 20-28 % of the above background CH4 in the NAEI simulations, and only 6-9 % in the EDGAR simulations. In contrast, nearly 84 % of isotopic source values calculated by Keeling plot analysis (using measurement data from the afternoon) of individual pollution events were higher than -45 ‰, suggesting the primary CH4 sources in London are actually natural gas leaks. The simulation-observation comparison of CH4 mole fractions suggests that total emissions in London are much higher than the NAEI estimate (0.04 Tg CH4 yr -1 ) but close to, or slightly lower than the EDGAR estimate (0.10 Tg CH4 yr -1 ). However, the simulation-observation comparison of δ 13 CH4 and the Keeling plot results indicate that emissions due to natural gas leaks in London are being underestimated in both the UK NAEI and EDGAR. Urban areas are hotspots of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accounting for 70 % of anthropogenic GHG emissions (IPCC, 2014), making them important targets for GHG emissions mitigation . Urban areas account for 21 % of global anthropogenic CH4 emissions , and over 40 % of global CH4 emissions from the waste, energy and transport sectors come from cities .

Black carbon is the second largest contributor to climate change and also poses risks to human health. Despite the need for black carbon (BC) emissions estimates from residential biomass burning for cooking, quantitative data are still scarce. This scarcity is mainly due to the scattered location of the stoves, as well as relatively costly and complex analytical methods available. Two low cost and easy-to-use optical methods, a cell-phone based system and smoke stain reflectometry, where compared to elemental carbon (EC) concentrations by the Sunset OCEC Analyzer (TOT). The three techniques were challenged with different aerosol types (urban and biomass cookstoves), and different filter substrates (quartz and glass fibre). A good agreement was observed between the two low cost techniques and the reference system for the aerosol types and concentrations assessed, although the relationship was statistically different for each type of aerosol. The quantification of correction factors w...

Albert Einstein's quotes about time relativity come to mind and make sense, probably in another manner but they do. Sun goes up and down, again and again, time marches on, while your research has yet not advanced... It seems that during a long lasting trip, such as the Ph.D. research time, motivation and perseverance are probably the main qualities a Ph.D. student must develop. I want to thank my supervisors Dr. Arnaud Elger and Dr. Mehdi Saqalli for their motivation and the scientific and academic knowledge they have passed on to me. Their support was essential for the completion of this work. I also want to thank Sylvia Becerra and Laurence Maurice for providing me the opportunity to participate in MONOIL project. It was a good and interesting learning experience that I will remember for the rest of my life. I also thank for the personal, as well as, the scientific exchanges with MONOIL PhD students, Guilhem, Fausto and Fiorella, post-doc Nicolas and co-supervised interns Barbara, Edna, Marine, Pierre, for without their advices and support this work would have taken longer to progress. I would also like to thank the team at Ecolab, the motivational support and advices of Franck and Eric, the assistance with GIS and computer systems by Hughes and Julien, and Annick always there to give a hand for any problem presented. In addition, to my colleagues for their invaluable moral support and some suggestions during the thesis, Deoni and Steve, Amine, Sylvain, Theo, Adrien, Vivian, and the list could extend vastly. More than anything the daily canteen lunch time that we seldom skipped. I also thank to the people in Ecuador who support the field trips, the Ecuadorian official from PRAS and the Amazon Defense Front, this work is dedicated to all those who try to improve the living quality and life standards of the Amazonian people. At last but not least I want to thank my parents for believing and supporting every week for four years my discussions about this topic. Sometimes just listening to what I am doing without even knowing what I was talking about. I thank also the patience and caring Dana have had, I sincerely do not want to be in her shoes but I appreciate the love withstanding some long nights of hard work. Thanks to Yadira the "spider" and Julio the "escargot" that were always gracefully providing their company as well. This last line probably nobody will understand, but anyways, I hope this journey is not finishing but just beginning… Good read to you! Mots-clés : inventaire des émissions, activités pétrolières, Amazonie, analyse spatialisée, hotspots de pollution, analyse du risque, divulgation et qualité des données.

Albert Einstein's quotes about time relativity come to mind and make sense, probably in another manner but they do. Sun goes up and down, again and again, time marches on, while your research has yet not advanced... It seems that during a long lasting trip, such as the Ph.D. research time, motivation and perseverance are probably the main qualities a Ph.D. student must develop. I want to thank my supervisors Dr. Arnaud Elger and Dr. Mehdi Saqalli for their motivation and the scientific and academic knowledge they have passed on to me. Their support was essential for the completion of this work. I also want to thank Sylvia Becerra and Laurence Maurice for providing me the opportunity to participate in MONOIL project. It was a good and interesting learning experience that I will remember for the rest of my life. I also thank for the personal, as well as, the scientific exchanges with MONOIL PhD students, Guilhem, Fausto and Fiorella, post-doc Nicolas and co-supervised interns Barbara, Edna, Marine, Pierre, for without their advices and support this work would have taken longer to progress. I would also like to thank the team at Ecolab, the motivational support and advices of Franck and Eric, the assistance with GIS and computer systems by Hughes and Julien, and Annick always there to give a hand for any problem presented. In addition, to my colleagues for their invaluable moral support and some suggestions during the thesis, Deoni and Steve, Amine, Sylvain, Theo, Adrien, Vivian, and the list could extend vastly. More than anything the daily canteen lunch time that we seldom skipped. I also thank to the people in Ecuador who support the field trips, the Ecuadorian official from PRAS and the Amazon Defense Front, this work is dedicated to all those who try to improve the living quality and life standards of the Amazonian people. At last but not least I want to thank my parents for believing and supporting every week for four years my discussions about this topic. Sometimes just listening to what I am doing without even knowing what I was talking about. I thank also the patience and caring Dana have had, I sincerely do not want to be in her shoes but I appreciate the love withstanding some long nights of hard work. Thanks to Yadira the "spider" and Julio the "escargot" that were always gracefully providing their company as well. This last line probably nobody will understand, but anyways, I hope this journey is not finishing but just beginning… Good read to you! Mots-clés : inventaire des émissions, activités pétrolières, Amazonie, analyse spatialisée, hotspots de pollution, analyse du risque, divulgation et qualité des données.

L'Equateur est le 5eme producteur de petrole d'Amerique latine. La plupart des reserves se trouvent sous le nord-est de l'Amazonie equatorienne (NEA), representant 15% de l'ensemble du pays, mais englobant une grande diversite biologique et culturelle. La production de petrole et de gaz genere des dechets toxiques susceptibles de polluer l'environnement. La methodologie a ete definie pour evaluer les aleas et la vulnerabilite environnementale en tant que composantes independantes du risque, en utilisant des methodes indicielles et des outils de hierarchisation. Ensuite, ils ont ete combines a l'aide de methodes de superposition spatiale. La qualite des donnees publiques utilisees dans cette etude a constitue une difficulte. Dans ce contexte, le premier objectif etait de determiner les volumes d'hydrocarbures deverses accidentellement dans des blocs petroliers bien documentes. Ensuite, des volumes de deversements estimes ont ete attribues aux blocs mal doc...

Traffic source emission inventories for the rapidly growing West African urban cities are necessary for better characterization of local vehicle emissions released into the atmosphere of these cities. This study is based on local field measurements in Yopougon (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire) in 2016; a site representative of anthropogenic activities in West African cities. The measurements provided data on vehicle type and age, traveling time, fuel type, and estimated amount of fuel consumption. The data revealed high traffic flow of personal cars on highways, boulevards, and backstreets, whereas high flows of intra-communal sedan taxis were observed on main and secondary roads. In addition, the highest daily fuel consumption value of 56 L·day−1 was recorded for heavy vehicles, while the lowest value of 15 L·day−1 was recorded for personal cars using gasoline. This study is important for the improvement of uncertainties related to the different databases used to estimate emissions either i...

On-road traffic is a significant source of air pollutants. The spatial and temporal configuration of onroad emissions should be described with the best available information, to underpin the air quality management, or to undertake studies about the behavior of pollutants in the atmosphere. The emission maps are typically built using intensity maps and hourly traffic profiles. We present an updated map for the year 2013, of the daily intensity of traffic of the Distrito Metropolitano de Quito (DMQ) and its hourly variation by type of day, based on counting 335 points developed by the Secretary of Mobility from the Municipality of Quito. The roads with most traffic are located mainly in the north of the urban area of Quito and those that connect to the valleys of Los Chillos Cumbayá and Tumbaco. In the north, the traffic flow of working days is over Saturday flows (10 %) and Sundays (60 %). In the south, traffic flow on Saturdays is similar to the values of working days. On Sundays, the traffic intensity is reduced by 26 %. In roads of the urban area of Quito the traffic is reduced during holidays. However, in the ways of the periphery there is an increase (between 11 and 47 %) compared to the flow of the weekdays. In the future this information will be used to generate maps of high spatial and temporal resolution of the emissions of primary air pollutant. These maps will allow the performance of updated studies of air pollutants dispersion in the DMQ.

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In Greece, to date, a detailed emission inventory database from transport is not available. The Greek Ministry for the Environmental Physical Planning and Public Works has financed an "Emission Inventory System from Transport" (EIST). The EIST aims to be the first detailed and well-structured national emission database from transport (road, rail, air and sea transport and also offroad activities), focusing on the best-input datasets available, the most advanced pollutant emission algorithms and the highest spatial and temporal resolutions. The EIST can also be used as a decision support system (DSS) for environmental planning and development, as it is possible to examine the environmental effects of various "emission scenarios" which result from the application of different environmental measures and policies. The EIST was developed in distributed software fashion technology for "Windows 2000". Its architecture involves an integrated framework of GIS and RDBMS technology systems equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. In the present paper, the structure of the system is presented with emphasis on the emission calculation methodology applied. In order to illustrate the functionalities of the system, emission results, primarily derived from the geographical information system, are presented and some initial conclusions regarding the emissions from the transport sector in Greece are drawn.

The present study aims to investigate the applicability of DRASTIC, GOD and SI models in evaluating the groundwater vulnerability and risk of contamination in the Canton of Portoviejo, Ecuador. The groundwater vulnerability to contamination has been evaluated using DRASTIC and GOD models. Both models were able to classify the study area into different sectors of variable vulnerability. The coincidence of the two models is high, especially in the sectors with high vulnerability. Evaluation of the groundwater risk of contamination has been carried out by combining the contaminant load index with the elaborated groundwater vulnerability classes using DRASTIC and GOD methodologies. The resultant maps of both models reveal that in the areas with high vulnerability the land usages tend to introduce high contaminant load and therefore, the groundwater beneath these areas is subject to higher risk of contamination. The risk maps elaborated using DRASTIC and GOD models have more coincidence than vulnerability maps elaborated using the same models. This is partially because of the contaminant load index which is identical in the both cases. The groundwater risk of contamination has been also evaluated using Susceptibility Index (SI) model. The resultant SI risk map was compared with the risk maps elaborated using DRASTIC and GOD. The results indicate a comparable products; however, they have more similarity with DRASTIC outputs. The maps of groundwater risk of contamination in the canton using different models show a comparable results, especially when accepting one risk category shift as acceptable error. The coincidence in this case is 98, 94 and 88% between DRASTIC and GOD, DRASTIC and SI, GOD and SI respectively. The results of the study recommend SI and GOD models to study the risk of groundwater contamination especially in data limitation conditions.

The present study aims to investigate the applicability of DRASTIC, GOD and SI models in evaluating the groundwater vulnerability and risk of contamination in the Canton of Portoviejo, Ecuador. The groundwater vulnerability to contamination has been evaluated using DRASTIC and GOD models. Both models were able to classify the study area into different sectors of variable vulnerability. The coincidence of the two models is high, especially in the sectors with high vulnerability. Evaluation of the groundwater risk of contamination has been carried out by combining the contaminant load index with the elaborated groundwater vulnerability classes using DRASTIC and GOD methodologies. The resultant maps of both models reveal that in the areas with high vulnerability the land usages tend to introduce high contaminant load and therefore, the groundwater beneath these areas is subject to higher risk of contamination. The risk maps elaborated using DRASTIC and GOD models have more coincidence than vulnerability maps elaborated using the same models. This is partially because of the contaminant load index which is identical in the both cases. The groundwater risk of contamination has been also evaluated using Susceptibility Index (SI) model. The resultant SI risk map was compared with the risk maps elaborated using DRASTIC and GOD. The results indicate a comparable products; however, they have more similarity with DRASTIC outputs. The maps of groundwater risk of contamination in the canton using different models show a comparable results, especially when accepting one risk category shift as acceptable error. The coincidence in this case is 98, 94 and 88% between DRASTIC and GOD, DRASTIC and SI, GOD and SI respectively. The results of the study recommend SI and GOD models to study the risk of groundwater contamination especially in data limitation conditions.

Advances in methodology and computing power enable the application of a quantitative approach to characterizing both variability and uncertainty in emission factors. Variability refers to actual differences in emissions from one source to another due to differences in feedstock composition, design, maintenance, and operation. Uncertainty refers to lack of knowledge regarding the true emissions because of measurement errors (both random and systematic), limited sample sizes (statistical random sampling error), and non-representativeness (which can introduce additional errors, including systematic errors). The set of numerical methods generically known as bootstrap simulation are a powerful tool for characterization of both variability and random sampling error. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of bootstrap simulation and related techniques for the quantification of variability and uncertainty for a selected example of NO x emissions from coal-fired power plants. We have developed a prototype software tool that enables a user to display data sets for emission factors and activity factors for selected power plant technology groups. The user can select a parametric distribution to fit to the data. The user enters information regarding the number of power plant units in the inventory, and can display a variety of results regarding both variability and uncertainty in the inputs to the inventory, as well as uncertainty in various outputs of the inventory. While our example is focused upon emission factors for a selected criteria pollutant, the same methodology can be applied to other pollutants (e.g., hazardous air pollutants, greenhouse gases). The policy relevance of probabilistic inventories will be discussed.

This paper is based on a study to provide the European Commission recommendations on the priorities for research and development in transport technologies and other related areas in technologies. The paper provides a synthesis of the findings of five studies and elucates the interactions between technology, transport, and environment. The first part describes the different types of environmental impact of transport, e.g., global and local pollution, quality of life aspects, and resource utilisation. We argue that the environmental problem remains hitherto unresolved because very few of the technological possibilities are without some accompanying disadvantages. Four so called trade-offs are distinguished. The potential technological advances are described for five clusters of technologies and the picture that emerges from the assessment of these technologies is complex: some impacts can be reduced substantially by rapid diffusion of best practice technology, further technological developments can be envisaged that will reduce the adverse impacts of transport on the environment, other improvements need a longer timescale and are more speculative so that a policy concentrating solely on research and development support is not enough. It is improbable that a technological break through will take place on the short term. A sophisticated appreciation is proposed of those time scales and balances and a strategy. This involves a whole range of instruments capable not only of getting the best technology and getting the best out of the technology, but also of controlling the use of technology to ensure that environmental standards are not irrevocably damaged while we wait for a "technological fix" that is unlikely to arrive in time.

Despite the importance of methane for climate change mitigation, uncertainties regarding the temporal and spatial variability of the emissions remain. Measurements of CH 4 isotopic composition are used to partition the relative contributions of different emission sources. We report continuous isotopic measurements during 5 months at the Lutjewad tower (north of the Netherlands). Time-series of v(CH 4), d 13 C-CH 4 , and dD-CH 4 in ambient air were analysed using the Keeling plot method. Resulting source signatures ranged from À67.4 to À52.4& vs V-PDB and from À372 to À211& vs V-SMOW, for d 13 C and dD respectively, indicating a prevalence of biogenic sources. Analysis of isotope and wind data indicated that (i) emissions from offshore oil and gas platforms in the North Sea were not detected during this period, (ii) CH 4 from fossil fuel related sources was usually advected from the east, pointing towards the Groningen gas field or regions further east in Germany. The results from two atmospheric transport models, CHIMERE and FLEXPART-COSMO, using the EDGAR v4.3.2 and TNO-MACC III emission inventories, reproduce v(CH 4) variations relatively well, but the isotope signatures were overestimated by the model compared to the observations. Accounting for geographical variations of the d 13 C signatures from fossil fuel emissions improved the model results significantly. The difference between model and measured isotopic signatures was larger when using TNO-MACC III compared to EDGAR v4.3.2 inventory. Uncertainties in the isotope signatures of the sources could explain a significant fraction of the discrepancy, thus a better source characterisation could further strengthen the use of isotopes in constraining emissions.

Non-Road Mobile Machinery (NRMM) incorporate a wide range of machinery, with or without bodywork and wheels, and are installed with a combustion engine and not intended for carrying passengers or goods on the road. These are used in many different sectors including construction, agriculture, forestry, mining, local authorities, airport and port ground operations, railways, inland waterways and within the household and gardening sector. This article presents a review of the state of knowledge with regard to non-road mobile machinery, particularly focusing on their regulation and the atmospheric emissions associated with them. This was undertaken as there is currently a lack of this information available in the literature, which is an oversight due to the potential for Non-Road Mobile Machinery to form a greater part of atmospheric emissions in the future, as other areas of emissions are tackled by regulations, as is outlined in the article. Emissions such as particulate matter (PM), ...

Measurements and model developments with the objective to improve the quality and resolution of estimations of anthropogenic emissions are described. Measurement results on a chassis dynamometer were used to determine VOC profiles for exhaust gas emissions of passenger cars for different vehicle and fuel types and different driving modes. Further measurements resulted in emission factors and VOC profiles for lignite burning in residential stoves. Using remote sensing techniques benzene emission factors of gas stations and the efficiency of gasoline vapour recovery systems were measured. To improve the quality and the spatial and temporal resolution of emission data, emission models were improved or modified. This was done by elaborating and applying new methods for important emission source categories (e.g., solvent use, road traffic, small combustion) as well as including new data sources in the calculation routines (e.g. emission statements, land use data, import/export indices of solvents). Simultaneously considerable progress was made improving temporal and spatial allocation functions and VOC profiles. With these improvements a large number of anthropogenic emission data sets for 14 different grid projections in Germany and Europe have been generated. An emission scenario for Germany for 2010 suggests that considering air quality directives from the EU and Germany which are in force or in pipeline, German emissions of VOC and NO x will decrease, but still exceed the national emission ceilings of the EU-NEC directive.

L'Equateur est le 5eme producteur de petrole d'Amerique latine. La plupart des reserves se trouvent sous le nord-est de l'Amazonie equatorienne (NEA), representant 15% de l'ensemble du pays, mais englobant une grande diversite biologique et culturelle. La production de petrole et de gaz genere des dechets toxiques susceptibles de polluer l'environnement. La methodologie a ete definie pour evaluer les aleas et la vulnerabilite environnementale en tant que composantes independantes du risque, en utilisant des methodes indicielles et des outils de hierarchisation. Ensuite, ils ont ete combines a l'aide de methodes de superposition spatiale. La qualite des donnees publiques utilisees dans cette etude a constitue une difficulte. Dans ce contexte, le premier objectif etait de determiner les volumes d'hydrocarbures deverses accidentellement dans des blocs petroliers bien documentes. Ensuite, des volumes de deversements estimes ont ete attribues aux blocs mal doc...

Black carbon is the second largest contributor to climate change and also poses risks to human health. Despite the need for black carbon (BC) emissions estimates from residential biomass burning for cooking, quantitative data are still scarce. This scarcity is mainly due to the scattered location of the stoves, as well as relatively costly and complex analytical methods available. Two low cost and easy-to-use optical methods, a cell-phone based system and smoke stain reflectometry, where compared to elemental carbon (EC) concentrations by the Sunset OCEC Analyzer (TOT). The three techniques were challenged with different aerosol types (urban and biomass cookstoves), and different filter substrates (quartz and glass fibre). A good agreement was observed between the two low cost techniques and the reference system for the aerosol types and concentrations assessed, although the relationship was statistically different for each type of aerosol. The quantification of correction factors w...

Albert Einstein's quotes about time relativity come to mind and make sense, probably in another manner but they do. Sun goes up and down, again and again, time marches on, while your research has yet not advanced... It seems that during a long lasting trip, such as the Ph.D. research time, motivation and perseverance are probably the main qualities a Ph.D. student must develop. I want to thank my supervisors Dr. Arnaud Elger and Dr. Mehdi Saqalli for their motivation and the scientific and academic knowledge they have passed on to me. Their support was essential for the completion of this work. I also want to thank Sylvia Becerra and Laurence Maurice for providing me the opportunity to participate in MONOIL project. It was a good and interesting learning experience that I will remember for the rest of my life. I also thank for the personal, as well as, the scientific exchanges with MONOIL PhD students, Guilhem, Fausto and Fiorella, post-doc Nicolas and co-supervised interns Barbara, Edna, Marine, Pierre, for without their advices and support this work would have taken longer to progress. I would also like to thank the team at Ecolab, the motivational support and advices of Franck and Eric, the assistance with GIS and computer systems by Hughes and Julien, and Annick always there to give a hand for any problem presented. In addition, to my colleagues for their invaluable moral support and some suggestions during the thesis, Deoni and Steve, Amine, Sylvain, Theo, Adrien, Vivian, and the list could extend vastly. More than anything the daily canteen lunch time that we seldom skipped. I also thank to the people in Ecuador who support the field trips, the Ecuadorian official from PRAS and the Amazon Defense Front, this work is dedicated to all those who try to improve the living quality and life standards of the Amazonian people. At last but not least I want to thank my parents for believing and supporting every week for four years my discussions about this topic. Sometimes just listening to what I am doing without even knowing what I was talking about. I thank also the patience and caring Dana have had, I sincerely do not want to be in her shoes but I appreciate the love withstanding some long nights of hard work. Thanks to Yadira the "spider" and Julio the "escargot" that were always gracefully providing their company as well. This last line probably nobody will understand, but anyways, I hope this journey is not finishing but just beginning… Good read to you! Mots-clés : inventaire des émissions, activités pétrolières, Amazonie, analyse spatialisée, hotspots de pollution, analyse du risque, divulgation et qualité des données.

Biogenic emission of isoprene and monoterpenes are modeled in order to study their impact on regional atmospheric chemistry and pol l ution in France. First, an emission potential inventory is devel oped using a fine scal e landuse database, forest composition statistics, biometric data and species emission factors. Considering the main emission patterns, the results show consistency with previously published European and global inventories. When downscaling to sub-region of France, this database is l ikel y to provide refined sources distribution, an important issue for regional atmospheric chemistry studies. The temporal evolution of biogenic fluxes with meteorological conditions is calculated on l ine in the MesoNH-C meso-scal e atmospheric chemistry model. Leaf-l evel al gorithms are integrated at the ecosystem scal e using sub-grid prognostic surface temperature and canopy shading effects. Final l y, ecosystem to landscape integration is performed by aggregating biogenic fluxes at the model grid cell scale. Uncertainties associated with these estimations are discussed with respect to different spatial scal es. In the second part of the paper, these devel opments are used to study biogenic emission impacts on regional ozone formation. We focus on a summer pol l ution event over Paris and northern France, documented during the ESQUIF experiment. The introduction of biogenic fluxes led to an increase in simulated surface ozone concentrations, reaching 18-30% in the Paris plume and about 20-30% in some rural areas. This impact was mainl y due to l arge biogenic fluxes as wel l as to the chemical conditions prevailing in the anthropogenic plumes reaching biogenic sources. In this situation, some comparisons with air quality measurements pointed out an improvement of simulated ozone concentrations when accounting for biogenic fluxes, both in urban pl umes and over rural areas.

Very few studies related with the assessment and research of air pollutants have been initiated in Algiers, which is the political and economic capital of Algeria. This lack of studies is mainly due to the non-access and insufficiency of data, and also the failure of the air quality monitoring stations during the last years. For those reasons, the use of modeling tools can be useful to assess the air pollution levels and compare different control options. The main aim of this paper is to identify anthropogenic emission sources (road traffic, industrial, residential, and waste) which are considered key sources of air pollution in the greater Algiers, and to estimate the concentration levels of suspended particles with diameter ˂ 10 μm (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) over the studied area during 2012. For this purpose, The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) was used. The results indicate that meteorology statistical measures present a perfect agreement between measured and predicted values. The index of agreement (IOA) for wind speed and its components is above 0.65, for temperature is 0.99, while for the air pollution, the comparison of predicted concentrations with measured ones shows similar results. The maximum concentration levels for PM10 (122 μg/m 3) and for NO 2 (91 μg/m 3) are higher than the values established by national and international legislation, and the industrial districts are more affected by air pollution than the urban areas.

In the EU-FP7 project APPRAISAL the current practice for integrated assessment modelling (IAM) of air quality in the EU was reviewed, limitations were identified and guidance for improvements was provided. In this article we present the guidance proposed by APPRAISAL. This guidance takes into account that a single IAM solution does not exist but that the different elements of the IAM methodology can be addressed in more or less detail taking into account the available data, the regional/local specificities, the financial resources and the actual purpose of the assessment.

Atmospheric ammonia was sampled using active denuders co-located with wind instruments on a mast from near the soil surface to a height of 10m. NH3 flux profiles were calculated from the data for a variety of soil/vegetation communities in central California. Profiles ...

In Greece, to date, a detailed emission inventory database from transport is not available. The Greek Ministry for the Environmental Physical Planning and Public Works has financed an "Emission Inventory System from Transport" (EIST). The EIST aims to be the first detailed and well-structured national emission database from transport (road, rail, air and sea transport and also offroad activities), focusing on the best-input datasets available, the most advanced pollutant emission algorithms and the highest spatial and temporal resolutions. The EIST can also be used as a decision support system (DSS) for environmental planning and development, as it is possible to examine the environmental effects of various "emission scenarios" which result from the application of different environmental measures and policies. The EIST was developed in distributed software fashion technology for "Windows 2000". Its architecture involves an integrated framework of GIS and RDBMS technology systems equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. In the present paper, the structure of the system is presented with emphasis on the emission calculation methodology applied. In order to illustrate the functionalities of the system, emission results, primarily derived from the geographical information system, are presented and some initial conclusions regarding the emissions from the transport sector in Greece are drawn.

Black carbon is the second largest contributor to climate change and also poses risks to human health. Despite the need for black carbon (BC) emissions estimates from residential biomass burning for cooking, quantitative data are still scarce. This scarcity is mainly due to the scattered location of the stoves, as well as relatively costly and complex analytical methods available. Two low cost and easy-to-use optical methods, a cell-phone based system and smoke stain reflectometry, where compared to elemental carbon (EC) concentrations by the Sunset OCEC Analyzer (TOT). The three techniques were challenged with different aerosol types (urban and biomass cookstoves), and different filter substrates (quartz and glass fibre). A good agreement was observed between the two low cost techniques and the reference system for the aerosol types and concentrations assessed, although the relationship was statistically different for each type of aerosol. The quantification of correction factors w...

In Greece, to date, a detailed emission inventory database from transport is not available. The Greek Ministry for the Environmental Physical Planning and Public Works has financed an "Emission Inventory System from Transport" (EIST). The EIST aims to be the first detailed and well-structured national emission database from transport (road, rail, air and sea transport and also offroad activities), focusing on the best-input datasets available, the most advanced pollutant emission algorithms and the highest spatial and temporal resolutions. The EIST can also be used as a decision support system (DSS) for environmental planning and development, as it is possible to examine the environmental effects of various "emission scenarios" which result from the application of different environmental measures and policies. The EIST was developed in distributed software fashion technology for "Windows 2000". Its architecture involves an integrated framework of GIS and RDBMS technology systems equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. In the present paper, the structure of the system is presented with emphasis on the emission calculation methodology applied. In order to illustrate the functionalities of the system, emission results, primarily derived from the geographical information system, are presented and some initial conclusions regarding the emissions from the transport sector in Greece are drawn.

Probabilistic emission inventories were developed for 1, 3-butadiene, mercury, arsenic, benzene, formaldehyde and lead for Jacksonville, Florida. Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) or Method of Matching Moments (MOMM) is used to fit parametric distributions to empirical emission factor data to represent inter-unit variability. For data sets that contain non-detected measurements, a method based upon MLE is used for parameter estimation. Parametric bootstrap simulation and empirical bootstrap simulation are applied to uncensored and censored data, respectively, to quantify the uncertainty in urban air toxics emission factors. The probabilistic emission inventories were developed based on the product of the uncertainties in the emission factors and in the activity factors. The uncertainties in the urban air toxics emission inventories range from as small as-25 to +30 percent for mercury to as large as-83 to +243 percent for arsenic. The key sources of uncertainty in the emission inventory for each toxic are identified based upon sensitivity analysis. Typically, uncertainty in the inventory of a given pollutant can be attributed primarily to a small number of source categories. Priorities for improving the inventories and for refining the probabilistic analysis are discussed.

In Greece, to date, a detailed emission inventory database from transport is not available. The Greek Ministry for the Environmental Physical Planning and Public Works has financed an "Emission Inventory System from Transport" (EIST). The EIST aims to be the first detailed and well-structured national emission database from transport (road, rail, air and sea transport and also offroad activities), focusing on the best-input datasets available, the most advanced pollutant emission algorithms and the highest spatial and temporal resolutions. The EIST can also be used as a decision support system (DSS) for environmental planning and development, as it is possible to examine the environmental effects of various "emission scenarios" which result from the application of different environmental measures and policies. The EIST was developed in distributed software fashion technology for "Windows 2000". Its architecture involves an integrated framework of GIS and RDBMS technology systems equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. In the present paper, the structure of the system is presented with emphasis on the emission calculation methodology applied. In order to illustrate the functionalities of the system, emission results, primarily derived from the geographical information system, are presented and some initial conclusions regarding the emissions from the transport sector in Greece are drawn.

This paper describes a computational system developed for the compilation of an anthropogenic emission inventory of gaseous pollutants for Greece. The inventory was developed using a geographical information system integrated with SQL programming language to provide high temporal gridded emission fields for CO, NO 2 , NO, SO 2 , NH 3 and 23 nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) species for the reference year 2003. Activity and statistical data from national sources were used for the quantification of emissions from the road transport, the other mobile sources and machinery sectors and from range activities using top-down or bottom-up methodologies. Annual emission data from existing national and European emission databases were also used. The emission data were spatially and temporally disaggregated using source-specific spatiotemporal indicators. On national scale, the road transport sector produces about 60% of the annual CO and NMVOC total emissions, with gasoline vehicles being the main CO and NMVOC emissions source. The road transport is responsible for approximately half of the higher alkanes and for more than half of the ethene and toluene emissions. The maritime sector accounts for about 40% of the annual total NO x emissions, most of which are emitted by the international shipping subsector, whilst SO 2 is emitted mainly by the energy sector. The evaluation of the emissions inventory suggests that it provides a good representation of the amounts of gaseous pollutants emitted on national scale and a good characterisation of the relative composition of CO and NO x emission in the large urban centres.

In Greece, to date, a detailed emission inventory database from transport is not available. The Greek Ministry for the Environmental Physical Planning and Public Works has financed an "Emission Inventory System from Transport" (EIST). The EIST aims to be the first detailed and well-structured national emission database from transport (road, rail, air and sea transport and also offroad activities), focusing on the best-input datasets available, the most advanced pollutant emission algorithms and the highest spatial and temporal resolutions. The EIST can also be used as a decision support system (DSS) for environmental planning and development, as it is possible to examine the environmental effects of various "emission scenarios" which result from the application of different environmental measures and policies. The EIST was developed in distributed software fashion technology for "Windows 2000". Its architecture involves an integrated framework of GIS and RDBMS technology systems equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. In the present paper, the structure of the system is presented with emphasis on the emission calculation methodology applied. In order to illustrate the functionalities of the system, emission results, primarily derived from the geographical information system, are presented and some initial conclusions regarding the emissions from the transport sector in Greece are drawn. 

... In order to have the best emission estimations, the ship fleet was split into four major categories: 1. Passenger/ferries 2. Cargo ships 3. Fish catching ships 4. Recreation activities' vessels. For passenger ships and ferries the ship movement methodology was applied. ...

In Greece, to date, a detailed emission inventory database from transport is not available. The Greek Ministry for the Environmental Physical Planning and Public Works has financed an "Emission Inventory System from Transport" (EIST). The EIST aims to be the first detailed and well-structured national emission database from transport (road, rail, air and sea transport and also offroad activities), focusing on the best-input datasets available, the most advanced pollutant emission algorithms and the highest spatial and temporal resolutions. The EIST can also be used as a decision support system (DSS) for environmental planning and development, as it is possible to examine the environmental effects of various "emission scenarios" which result from the application of different environmental measures and policies. The EIST was developed in distributed software fashion technology for "Windows 2000". Its architecture involves an integrated framework of GIS and RDBMS technology systems equipped with interactive communication capabilities between peripheral software tools. In the present paper, the structure of the system is presented with emphasis on the emission calculation methodology applied. In order to illustrate the functionalities of the system, emission results, primarily derived from the geographical information system, are presented and some initial conclusions regarding the emissions from the transport sector in Greece are drawn. 