Emission Characteristics

Fuel injection pressure is one of the important parameters which affect the performance and emissions in an internal combustion engine. Fuel injection pressure directly effects the atomization of injected fuel which allows for a more complete burn and helps to reduce pollution. The main objective of this work is production of biodiesel from milk scum waste and to investigate the effect of fuel injection pressure on performance and emission characteristics of milk scum biodiesel and its blends. In the present work single cylinder direct injection diesel engine is used to study the performance and emission characteristics at different injection opening pressures of 190 bar, 200 bar and 210 bar. The produced biofuel is blended with diesel (B10, B20, B30, B40, B50 and B100) were tested for fuel properties to use as substitute fuel for diesel engine. The tests were conducted at constant speed and varying loads for different injection opening pressures. The performance parameters evaluated are break thermal efficiency (BTE), brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and emissions measured are carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx). The results of experimental investigation with biodiesel blends with diesel are compared with that of diesel. From the test results it was found that biodiesel blend B30 at injection opening pressure of 210 bar gives better performance and emission characteristics compared to diesel.

With the rising concern over greenhouse gases, there is escalating emphasis on reducing HC, CO, NOx and SOx emissions. The emission in internal combustion engines is a serious threat to the environment and due to depletion of fossil fuels, researchers are looking for the substitute or alternative fuel. In this investigation, Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel was prepared by two step transesterification process. The effect of antioxidant additive on the performance and emission characteristics of direct injection diesel engine were analysed and compared with the results of base fuel. The diesel engine was powered with Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel-diesel blend. Along with it, tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidant additive was added as per ASTM standards. The performance and emission characteristics were determined for the above biodiesel blend and additive added biodiesel blend. The exhaust gas components such as HC, CO and NOx were measured. The addition of antioxidant increased BTE and reduced BSFC. The addition of antioxidant reduced NOX emission, but increased CO and HC compared to CIB20. However, the level was below the emission standards.

Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterifiaction process. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the Transesterification process. In the present work, the performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using honge as fuel was evaluated for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The properties of honge thus obtained are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards. The produced honge biodiesel was tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel engine. Tests have been conducted at different varying load of biodiesel, at 60% throttle. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, torque, also emission characteristics against varying Brake Power (BP) and combustion characteristics against crank angle.

A multi cylinder naturally aspirated diesel genset (DG) was operated successfully with renewable fuels (bio-diesel of non-edible plant oil such as Jatropha oil, karanja oil, rice bran oil & producer gas) and its performance was verified through extensive, short and long duration trials. Study reveals that mixture of bio-diesel and producer gas offer better break thermal efficiency compared to mixture of fossil-diesel and producer gas. Maximum replacement of biodiesel by producer gas was 86% with minor losses in engine output compared to fossil-diesel.

Modernization and increase in the number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of diesel and gasoline has enormously increased. As petroleum is non renewable source of energy and the petroleum reserves are scarce now days, there is a need to search for alternative fuels for automobiles. The intensive search for alternative fuels for compression ignition engines has been focused attention on fuels which can be derived from bio mass in this regard karanja and jatropha seed oil is found to be a potential fuel for C.I Engines. The properties of karanja oil and jatropha oil are determined by using standard methods. The experiment is to be conduct when the engine fuelled with mixing of karanja oil(50%) and jatropha oil(50%) blend by volume and then investigate the performance and emission characteristics of Multi Cylinder Four Stroke Compressed Ignition Engine at different brake power outputs, and then compared with that of diesel.

The emission of CuInSe2-based spark discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure in air has been investigated by optical emission spectroscopy method. The plasma was formed by action of the high voltage pulse generator (with nanosecond pulse) on the corresponding electrodes (CuInSe2 compound). The emission characteristics have been obtained for the spark discharge plasma at 3 mm interelectrode distance. It was established that the spark discharge plasma radiation was determined by decay products of the compound from which electrodes were made. The most suitable spectral lines for plasma diagnostics is atomic copper lines in the visible spectrum and atomic indium lines in UV (ultraviolet) and visible spectrum.

As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engine, biodiesel instead of diesel has been increasingly fuelled to study its effects on engine performances and emissions in the recent 15 years. Bio-diesel is an alternative to petroleum-based fuels derived from vegetable oils, animal fats, and used waste cooking oil including triglycerides. Bio-diesel production is a very modern and technological area for researchers due to the relevance that it is winning everyday because of the increase in the petroleum price and the environmental advantages. Trans esterification is the most common method and leads to monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils and fats, now called bio-diesel when used for fuel purposes. In spite of having some other applications, recently it is being considered as one of the most promising alternative fuels in internal combustion engine. Also on the other hand increasing stringent emission regulation will make the use diesel very difficult in the coming days. Regarding the health and environment there is an alternate of diesel called biodiesel. This review paper collects experimentally investigated records and results of engine performance & emission characteristics of compression engine with biodiesel and compared it with conventional diesel. From the review it is found that the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in PM, HC and CO emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emission on conventional diesel engine.