Emission Characteristics

This paper focusses on the contemporary development of nano-robotics by describing various design models, potential applications and associated issues. Nanorobots are devices at nano (10-9) meters that are composed of nano-sized components. The researches and developments in technologies encouraged researchers to attempt the creation of nano-scale machines. The interface of these machines lies in macro world for controlling them. With the knowledge of large number of natural nano-machines, attempts are made to build human controlled nano-devices. Many design concepts, approaches and mathematical formulations are proposed which shows progression in this field. The names nanobots, nanoids, nanites and nanomites have also been used to describe these hypothetical devices.

Nonconventional energy source is one of the fast growing science in which the biodiesel is one of the method of utilizing nonconventional energy sources. Paper deals with the science of biodiesel technology. Process of biodiesel production is consists of several chemical mechanisms. And the process of transesterification for different experiments and their final conclusion is taken for review. During the review of papers, experimental parameters like Engine performance parameters namely brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions of CO, HC, NOx, and smoke density were analysed from studies carried out for different loading conditions and at constant engine speed of at different speeds. The test result indicates that there is an increase in brake thermal efficiency and slightly decrease in specific fuel consumption for all the blended fuels when compared to that of diesel fuel.

Speech" and "gestures" are the expressions, which are mostly used in communication between human beings and for Human Computer Interaction (HCI). Recent development promises a wide scope in developing smart control systems. We present an integrated approach to real time detection, gesture based data glove approach which controls the wheelchair using hand movements. The paper proposed a microcontroller based system to control the wheelchair using low-cost and small 3-axis wireless accelerometers. The system is divided into two main components: Gesture recognition module with Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor and wheelchair control. In the gesture recognition module the heart of the system is microcontroller. The MEMS sensor which is connected to hand, is an 3-axis accelerometer with digital output (I2C) that senses the angle of the hand, i.e. according to the tilt of hand it gives voltages to microcontroller. The wheelchair control unit is controlled using PC89C52 controller. The four proposed movements that achieved: are stop, backward, forward, left and right. Finally, the results of some tests performed with the controlled system are presented and discussed.

This paper presents an advanced Average Current-Mode Control (ACMC) technique for single phase AC-DC Boost Converter with Reactive Power Control. The leading phase admittance cancellation (LPAC) principle has been proposed to eliminate the current phase lead phenomenon. It results in reduction of the current control loop bandwidth requirement for a given line frequency. These features allow using relatively slow-switching power devices such as IGBT. Thus it can be used for higher ac line frequency such as in aircraft power system (360-800Hz). A theoretical principle & system modeling for bidirectional Boost converter are presented which can be used as shunt active filter for Harmonic Compensation, independently of the converter operation as an acdc converter.

Combustion reaction in the internal combustion engine depends on many different variables, one of the most important factors in an efficient combustion reaction is the ability of the reactants, the fuel molecules and the oxidant molecules, to interact with each other, Most fuels used in internal combustion engines are in liquid state, like gasoline, diesel, biofuels, and since combustion occurs in the gas phase, achieving a substantially even dispersion of fuel molecules among oxidant molecules can prove difficult due to the vapor pressure of the liquid, Therefore, an efficient combustion reaction would involve providing for the fuel molecules to be substantially and evenly dispersed throughout the oxidant molecules, thereby allowing sufficient interactions between the reactants and promoting the combustion reaction. Conventional systems and methods attempt to remedy this problem by increasing the quantity of gas phase fuel molecules by increasing the temperature of the liquid fuel ...

Para-nitroaniline (PNA) has been reported as a 'J' aggregate species. In retrospect, this communication confirms a radically different 'oblique' orientation of the PNA units in all three solid, liquid and gas phases of the dimer, the O-dimer. The non-vanishing transition dipole moments (TDM) associated with the allowed electronic excitations of the O-dimer, computed using electron-hole pair density distribution (EDD & HDD) analyses ascertained the two monomers to be inclined at slippage (θ) and polarization (α) angles of 18.5 o and 55.4 o respectively. A detailed structure-property relationship of the PNA O-dimeric aggregate was carried out using UV-vis absorption and matrix scan emission spectroscopy, supported by electronic structure calculations at DFT-M062X/6-31G+(d,p) level using integral equation formalism polarizable continuum model (IEFPCM). The computed potential energy surface (PES) implied the global minimum of the PNA O-dimer stabilized by 4.8 kcal.mol-1 , owing to bifurcated intermolecular hydrogen bonding. In the excited PNA O-dimeric aggregate, an exchange of excitation energy between the monomeric units resulted in two distinct electronic

Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal's standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. Novelty of work: Development of mathematical model for predicting important properties of biodiesel blends.

Internal combustion engines are established as the main power source for the automobile vehicles. At present emission norms becomes strict for any I.C. Engine. The main pollutant are CO, HC, NOx,PM, soot, etc from which NOx are one of the most harmful component. It is possible to limit the negative effect of NOx on the environment by various methods like exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), catalyst and water injection. The aim of this work is to review the effect of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce the NOx emission from tailpipe of homogeneous charged C.I.engines. Cooled exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a common way to control the NOx generation in engine cylinder .It was found that the thermal resistance and thickness of the fouling layer as well as the fouling rate decrease with increasing gas velocity in EGR coolers It was found that adding EGR to the fresh air charge to homogeneous charged engines will beneficial to reduce the NOx emission substantially. Substantial redu...

This paper presents an advanced Average Current-Mode Control (ACMC) technique for single phase AC-DC Boost Converter with Reactive Power Control. The leading phase admittance cancellation (LPAC) principle has been proposed to eliminate the current phase lead phenomenon. It results in reduction of the current control loop bandwidth requirement for a given line frequency. These features allow using relatively slow-switching power devices such as IGBT. Thus it can be used for higher ac line frequency such as in aircraft power system (360-800Hz). A theoretical principle & system modeling for bidirectional Boost converter are presented which can be used as shunt active filter for Harmonic Compensation, independently of the converter operation as an acdc converter.

This paper presents an advanced Average Current-Mode Control (ACMC) technique for single phase AC-DC Boost Converter with Reactive Power Control. The leading phase admittance cancellation (LPAC) principle has been proposed to eliminate the current phase lead phenomenon. It results in reduction of the current control loop bandwidth requirement for a given line frequency. These features allow using relatively slow-switching power devices such as IGBT. Thus it can be used for higher ac line frequency such as in aircraft power system (360-800Hz). A theoretical principle & system modeling for bidirectional Boost converter are presented which can be used as shunt active filter for Harmonic Compensation, independently of the converter operation as an acdc converter.

This paper presents an advanced Average Current-Mode Control (ACMC) technique for single phase AC-DC Boost Converter with Reactive Power Control. The leading phase admittance cancellation (LPAC) principle has been proposed to eliminate the current phase lead phenomenon. It results in reduction of the current control loop bandwidth requirement for a given line frequency. These features allow using relatively slow-switching power devices such as IGBT. Thus it can be used for higher ac line frequency such as in aircraft power system (360-800Hz). A theoretical principle & system modeling for bidirectional Boost converter are presented which can be used as shunt active filter for Harmonic Compensation, independently of the converter operation as an acdc converter.

The scope of this paper is to analyze the possibilities and feasibilities, as well as the main experimental results reported about the emulsification method applied to waste cooking oils and fatty acid distillates as diesel engine fuels, compared with other commonly used methods. These waste products are obtained in the refining oil industry, food industry and service sector from the frying process, mainly. However, they are a little used as feedstocks to produce biofuels and constitute a potential source of contamination. From the review of the state of arts, significant decreases in exhaust emissions of nitrogen oxides, cylinder pressure, as well as increases of the ignition delay, brake specific fuel consumption, hydrocarbon, smoke opacity, carbon monoxide, particulate matters to emulsified waste cooking oils and fatty acid distillates compared with diesel fuel are reported. In some experiments the emulsified waste cooking oils achieved better performance than neat fatty acid dis...

The emulsification of water in vegetable oils is one of the most promising techniques reported in order to reach an engine-friendly fuel with proper physicochemical properties, allowing improvements in the atomization process and exhaust emissions. For this reason, the scope of this investigation is to formulate and characterize emulsified fuels using different continuous phases, as well as to analyze the influence of the increase of the surfactant concentration on the system stability. The emulsified systems were formulated using ultrasonic equipment and consisted of continuous phase rapeseed oil and fatty acid distillates mixed with diesel fuel. Additional components such as deionized water, ethanol and octanol, as well as sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate as surfactant, were used. The formulated dispersed systems were covered under different experimental factors and summarized in ternary diagrams. Several stable dispersed systems were achieved (emulsions and microemulsions); but only with the introduction of diesel fuel to the formulations, proper viscosity values were achieved. An increase of the viscosity with increasing the amount of water was noted. The water droplets sizes of emulsified rapeseed oil were smaller than in the emulsified fatty acid distillates. Finally, an increase of surfactant percentage in the emulsification process improved the dispersed systems' stability and their optical appearance, whereas also slight differences in density, viscosity and surface tension values were noted.

This paper presents an advanced Average Current-Mode Control (ACMC) technique for single phase AC-DC Boost Converter with Reactive Power Control. The leading phase admittance cancellation (LPAC) principle has been proposed to eliminate the current phase lead phenomenon. It results in reduction of the current control loop bandwidth requirement for a given line frequency. These features allow using relatively slow-switching power devices such as IGBT. Thus it can be used for higher ac line frequency such as in aircraft power system (360-800Hz). A theoretical principle & system modeling for bidirectional Boost converter are presented which can be used as shunt active filter for Harmonic Compensation, independently of the converter operation as an acdc converter.

This paper presents an advanced Average Current-Mode Control (ACMC) technique for single phase AC-DC Boost Converter with Reactive Power Control. The leading phase admittance cancellation (LPAC) principle has been proposed to eliminate the current phase lead phenomenon. It results in reduction of the current control loop bandwidth requirement for a given line frequency. These features allow using relatively slow-switching power devices such as IGBT. Thus it can be used for higher ac line frequency such as in aircraft power system (360-800Hz). A theoretical principle & system modeling for bidirectional Boost converter are presented which can be used as shunt active filter for Harmonic Compensation, independently of the converter operation as an acdc converter.

In order to meet the energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternative fuels like biodiesels, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, biogas, hydrogen and producer gas to provide a suitable diesel substitute for internal combustion engines The performance of the CI engine was investigated for Dual Fuel Mode and mixed fuel mode operation in terms of brake thermal efficiency, specific energy consumption and compared with the base line performance of the engine. The specific energy consumption is found to be minimum in the tune of 13.8 MJ/kw-hr and the exhaust gas temperature is observed higher in the range of 427 o C. The increment in load on the engine increases the brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, liquid fuel replacement and lowered the specific energy consumption. The maximum liquid fuel replacement in the tune of 46.73% is possible with the use of mixed fuel

The effect of antioxidants on the oxidation stability of oils extracted from Jatropha curcas seeds was measured by the accelerated oxidation test specified in EN 14112 using commercial Rancimat 873 equipment. To find the appropriate antioxidant for jatropha oil, fourteen different antioxidants were screened at concentrations of 500 and 1,000 ppm. Pyrogallol (PY) and propyl gallate (PG) significantly improved the oxidative stability of jatropha oil and PY was further studied at concentrations of 50-1,000 ppm. Even at concentrations as low as 50 ppm, PY was found to fulfill the specifications set by the DIN 51605 norm for plant oil as biofuels. Mixtures of antioxidants were tested at concentrations varying between 100 and 1,000 ppm, showing a synergistic effect for the combination of Pyrogallol (PY) and N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine (PD) at all concentrations and ratios tested. It further was found that the quality, i.e. the history of the oil in terms of processing, age and storage conditions, strongly affects the performance of PY as the antioxidant. PY in particular improved the oxidative stability of oxidized and highly acidic oils. PY was found to be a good antioxidant for both jatropha oil and the derived biodiesel.

Massive amount of assorted information is available on the web. Clustering is one of the techniques to deal with huge amount of information. Clustering partitions a data set into groups where data objects in each group should exhibit large measure of resemblance. Objects with high resemblance measure should be placed in a cluster (intra cluster). Resemblance between the objects of different clusters should be less (inter cluster). The most commonly used partitioning-based clustering algorithm, the K-means algorithm, is more suitable for bulky datasets. K-means algorithm is simple, straightforward, easy to implement and works well in many applications. K means algorithm has the limitation of generating local optimal solution. Harmony Search Method (HSM) is a new meta-heuristic optimization method which imitates the music improvisation process. HSM has been a successful technique in a wide variety of optimization problem. Better results can be obtained by hybridizing K-means with HSM. In conventional clustering methods, Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency(TF-IDF) of a feature can be calculated and the documents are clustered. In, the projected work an effort has been made to apply the concept factorization method for document clustering problem, to find optimal clusters in sufficient amount of time.

Pursuing a sustainable energy scenario for transportation requires the blending of renewable oxygenated fuels such as alcohols into commercial hydrocarbon fuels. From a chemical kinetic perspective, this requires the accurate description of both hydrocarbon reference fuels (n-heptane, iso-octane, toluene, etc.) and oxygenated fuels chemistry. A recent systematic investigation of linear C2-C5 alcohols ignition in a rapid compression machine at p = 10-30 bar and T = 650-900 K has extended the scarcity of fundamental data at such conditions, allowing for a revision of the low temperature chemistry for alcohol fuels in the POLIMI mechanism. Heavier alcohols such as n-butanol and n-pentanol present ignition characteristic of interest for application in HCCI engines, due to the presence of the hydroxyl moiety reducing their low temperature reactivity compared to the parent linear alkanes (i.e. higher octane number). The promising performances of ethanol in a HCCI engine have been recently discussed by Bissoli et al. (Energy & Fuels, 2017, Submitted), observing wider stable operability conditions in terms of fuel/air load (λ) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) extent compared to PRF80 and PRF100. The aim of this study is to present briefly the reliability of the updated POLIMI mechanism for heavier alcohols and to investigate the fundamental role of chemical kinetics on the performance maps of HCCI engines fueled with n-butanol and n-pentanol, in terms of operability limits and engine efficiency.

The соnсerns оn сlimаte сhаnge, the high energy рriсes аnd the dwindling оil reserves аnd suррlies hаve neсessitаted а strоng interest in the reseаrсh оf аlternаtive fuel sоurсes. Biоdiesel is аn аlternаtive renewаble fuel thаt hаs gаined mаssive аttentiоn in reсent yeаrs. Studies оn the рhysiсаl рrорerties оf biоdiesel hаve shоwn thаt it is соmрletely misсible with рetrоleum diesel. Sinсe the соmbustiоn оf biоdiesel emits раrtiсulаte mаtter аnd gаses whiсh is lоwer thаn рetrоdiesel, соmbustiоn оf biоdiesel аnd biоdiesel blends hаve shоwn а signifiсаnt reduсtiоn in раrtiсulаte mаtter аnd exhаust emissiоns. In this review рарer, the use оf рure biоdiesel оr biоdiesel blends in terms оf рerfоrmаnсe аnd exhаust emissiоns hаs been studied in соmраrisоn tо рetrоleum diesel minerаl diesel. Соmbustiоn durаtiоn fоr biоdiesel blends wаs shоrter thаn minerаl diesel.

The соnсerns оn сlimаte сhаnge, the high energy рriсes аnd the dwindling оil reserves аnd suррlies hаve neсessitаted а strоng interest in the reseаrсh оf аlternаtive fuel sоurсes. Biоdiesel is аn аlternаtive renewаble fuel thаt hаs gаined mаssive аttentiоn in reсent yeаrs. Studies оn the рhysiсаl рrорerties оf biоdiesel hаve shоwn thаt it is соmрletely misсible with рetrоleum diesel. Sinсe the соmbustiоn оf biоdiesel emits раrtiсulаte mаtter аnd gаses whiсh is lоwer thаn рetrоdiesel, соmbustiоn оf biоdiesel аnd biоdiesel blends hаve shоwn а signifiсаnt reduсtiоn in раrtiсulаte mаtter аnd exhаust emissiоns. In this review рарer, the use оf рure biоdiesel оr biоdiesel blends in terms оf рerfоrmаnсe аnd exhаust emissiоns hаs been studied in соmраrisоn tо рetrоleum diesel minerаl diesel. Соmbustiоn durаtiоn fоr biоdiesel blends wаs shоrter thаn minerаl diesel.

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

In order to meet the energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternative fuels like biodiesels, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, biogas, hydrogen and producer gas to provide a suitable diesel substitute for internal combustion engines The performance of the CI engine was investigated for Dual Fuel Mode and mixed fuel mode operation in terms of brake thermal efficiency, specific energy consumption and compared with the base line performance of the engine. The specific energy consumption is found to be minimum in the tune of 13.8 MJ/kw-hr and the exhaust gas temperature is observed higher in the range of 427 o C. The increment in load on the engine increases the brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature, liquid fuel replacement and lowered the specific energy consumption. The maximum liquid fuel replacement in the tune of 46.73% is possible with the use of mixed fuel

The bi-quadratic Diophantine equation with five unknown parameters 4 4 2 2 2 E  H  ( n  ( n  1) )( k  l ) R is researched for its quasi complex arithmetic values. A few correlations between the solutions and plethora of other figures notably the triangular, pronic, stella octagula and gnomonic notation are effectively portrayed.

Recent studies have shown that tellurium-based two-dimensional (2D) crystals undergo dramatic structural, physical, and chemical changes under ambient conditions, which adversely impact their much desired properties. Here, we introduce a diazonium molecule functionalization-based surface engineering route that greatly enhances their environmental stability without sacrificing their much desired properties. Spectroscopy and microscopy results show that diazonium groups significantly slow down the surface reactions, and consequently, gallium telluride (GaTe), zirconium telluride (ZrTe3), and molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) gain strong resistance to surface transformation in air or when immersed under water. Density functional theory calculations show that functionalizing molecules reduce surface reactivity of Te-containing 2D surfaces by chemical binding followed by an electron withdrawal process. While pristine surfaces structurally decompose because of strong reactivity of Te surface...

In this work, a single zone compression ignition engine cycle model is used to predict the cycle performance of a diesel engine for the cases of using diesel fuel blends of 20, 40, 70, 100 %, unheated jatropha oil (J100) and preheated jatropha oil at a temperature of 90°C (PHJ90). The apparent fuel burning rate could be expressed as the sum of two components, one relating to premixed and the other to diffusion burning. A computer code for the cycle model has been prepared by MATLAB to perform numerical calculations. The effect of load variation on peak cylinder pressure, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency is analyzed. An experimental investigation has been carried out on a diesel engine fuelled with B20, B100, PHJ90, J100 and diesel fuels.

The effect of antioxidants on the oxidation stability of oils extracted from Jatropha curcas seeds was measured by the accelerated oxidation test specified in EN 14112 using commercial Rancimat 873 equipment. To find the appropriate antioxidant for jatropha oil, fourteen different antioxidants were screened at concentrations of 500 and 1,000 ppm. Pyrogallol (PY) and propyl gallate (PG) significantly improved the oxidative stability of jatropha oil and PY was further studied at concentrations of 50-1,000 ppm. Even at concentrations as low as 50 ppm, PY was found to fulfill the specifications set by the DIN 51605 norm for plant oil as biofuels. Mixtures of antioxidants were tested at concentrations varying between 100 and 1,000 ppm, showing a synergistic effect for the combination of Pyrogallol (PY) and N,N′-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine (PD) at all concentrations and ratios tested. It further was found that the quality, i.e. the history of the oil in terms of processing, age and storage conditions, strongly affects the performance of PY as the antioxidant. PY in particular improved the oxidative stability of oxidized and highly acidic oils. PY was found to be a good antioxidant for both jatropha oil and the derived biodiesel.

Environmental degradation and depletion of fossil fuel reserves are matters of great concern around the world. Diesel is one of the main transport fuel used in sector and India depends heavily on oil import. Recent concerns over the environment, increasing fuel prices and shortage of its supply have promoted the interest in development of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. It is observed by several researchers that with biodiesel fuelled compression ignition (CI) engine; the exhaust emission is lower than that of diesel, whereas the NOx emission increases due to the excess oxygen content and high in-cylinder temperature of biodiesel. So, the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technique may be employed to lower the NOx emissions form CI engines. Although, EGR in CI engine has a number of benefits on the combustion process and emissions, its effect on the performance of the engine should be critically evaluated. Keeping this in mind, only the performance characteristics of a do...

This paper is a preliminary report of an indoor pollution case study in a complex of apartments as a part of an Indoor Pollution Management Plan (IPMP). It describes the calculation by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques and presents the predicted air flow, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde contaminant distributions in an apartment comprised of a full-scale kitchen with open access to a living room, ventilated by an exhaust hood. The CFD Code PHOENICS ® , which is based on solving the full 3-D Navier Stokes equations for turbulent flow and scalar conservation equations, was used. Major kitchen indoor pollution sources, VOCs and formaldehyde emitting materials and their emission characteristics were calculated through the use of emission factors. A typical apartment was used under case study and its detailed geometry was applied for the CFD model. To analyze the characteristics of the indoor environment, different mixing ventilation schemes (different locations of the cooker/oven and air inlets) were chosen as the parameters to investigate the indoor environment. The fields of VOCs and formaldehyde for several air inlets window positions, and ventilation parameters were calculated and compared. It was concluded that CFD methods can be used as a useful tool to assist the rational design of indoor spaces.

As the world is running on fossil fuels there has been an ever increase in the depletion rate of these fuels. A promising and a best alternate to the fossil fuel is vegetable oils. Pongamia Pinnata oil is non edible in nature and is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation is made to evaluate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics on a compression ignition engine by using methyl ester of pongamia with mineral diesel in different proportions. Pongamia methyl ester was blended with diesel in proportions of 50% and 100% by mass and the results are tabulated and evaluated under various test conditions. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The Efficiency and emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hyd...

Using renewable alternative fuel such as biodiesel in the diesel engines has long been advocated for. The aim of the study was to experimentally investigate and compare the performance in terms of fuel consumption rate, brake power, mechanical efficiency of a diesel engine individually fuelled by sole coconut oil biodiesel and diesel. All the tests were conducted using a test rig at different engine loads of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Results of the test revealed that fuel consumption rate of the engine when it was fuelled by coconut oil biodiesel were 3.651, 4.058, 4.465, 3.113 and 1.76litres/h and were 2, 1.55, 1.10, 1.06 and 1.02litres/h when the engine was fuelled by sole diesel at the respective aforementioned engine loads. The brake powers of the engine when biodiesel was used were found to be lower than when diesel was used at each load The mechanical efficiencies of the engine when biodiesel was used were found to be slightly lower at each load than when diesel was used. The fuel consumption rates of the diesel engine when fuelled individually with sole biodiesel and sole diesel were found to vary with load, brake power and mechanical efficiency of the engine. Brake power was also found to vary with load when the engine was fuelled individually with sole biodiesel and sole diesel.

In this research, the CRDI engine characteristics were analyzed with the aid of exhaust gas recirculation rate (EGR) adoption fueled with ethanol blends. e test fuels were the various blends with ethanol, such as (10% of ethanol + 90% of diesel) E10D90 (20% of ethanol + 80% of diesel), E20D80, and (30% of ethanol + 70% of diesel) E30D70. From the results, it was revealed that performance characteristics were reduced when using a higher concentration of the alcohols mixed with diesel fuel. e blend E30D70 showed that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) without EGR drops by 3.8%, increased by 9.14% of BSFC, a 9.25% decrease in oxides of nitrogen emissions, and slightly decreased CO and HC emissions compared to baseline diesel operation at 60% load condition. e blend E10D90 with 20% EGR shows the highest BTE of 8.87% when compared with base fuel, due to proper fuel mixture taking place in the inlet manifold. e results indicate that the engine runs smoothly, and E30D70 has chosen an optimum blend. A further experiment was performed using E30D70 with different rates of exhaust gas recirculation system. e addition of exhaust gas recirculation with E30D70 in the common rail diesel engine exhibits oxides of nitrogen emission, but in contrast, it was noticed to have inferior performance characteristics and drastically decreased HC and CO emissions. e hydrocarbon emission decreased E10D90, E20D80, and E30D70 at 60% load condition by 21.42%, 37.38%, and 48.76%, respectively. e blends E10D90, E20D80, and E30D70 decreased carbon dioxide by 7.9%, 30.08%, and 31.98%, respectively. e maximum reduction of NOx emission was observed at about 51.06% at an EGR rate of 20% with E30D70.

In this paper a single cylinder constant speed air-cooled four-stroke direct injection diesel engine of 4.4 kW is selected for the experimental investigations to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics fuelled with Jatropha oil (JTME), and its blends (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). The performance parameters are analyzed include Brake thermal efficiency whereas exhaust emissions include oxides of nitrogen, HC, Smoke and CO. The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline data of diesel fuel. It concluded that lower blend of biodiesel 20% JTME act as best alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The experimental investigations on the effect of 20% Jatropha methyl esters (JTME) with diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine with different combustion chamber geometries (Spherical, toroidal and Re-entrant).Brake thermal efficiency for toroidal combustion chamber was found higher than that of other two combustion chambers. Smoke density, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons was observed slightly lower for toroidal combustion chamber compared to the other two but those are lower when compared with standard diesel (SCC). However, nitrogen oxides were slightly lower for toroidal combustion chamber compared to the other two but it is higher when compared with standard diesel (SCC).

District heating networks are commonly addressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the greenhouse gas emissions from the building sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat sales. Due to the changed climate conditions and building renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease, prolonging the investment return period. The main scope of this paper is to assess the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor temperature function for heat demand forecast. The district of Alvalade, located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665 buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district renovation scenarios were developed (shallow, intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors. The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications (the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered). The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.

The соnсerns оn сlimаte сhаnge, the high energy рriсes аnd the dwindling оil reserves аnd suррlies hаve neсessitаted а strоng interest in the reseаrсh оf аlternаtive fuel sоurсes. Biоdiesel is аn аlternаtive renewаble fuel thаt hаs gаined mаssive аttentiоn in reсent yeаrs. Studies оn the рhysiсаl рrорerties оf biоdiesel hаve shоwn thаt it is соmрletely misсible with рetrоleum diesel. Sinсe the соmbustiоn оf biоdiesel emits раrtiсulаte mаtter аnd gаses whiсh is lоwer thаn рetrоdiesel, соmbustiоn оf biоdiesel аnd biоdiesel blends hаve shоwn а signifiсаnt reduсtiоn in раrtiсulаte mаtter аnd exhаust emissiоns. In this review рарer, the use оf рure biоdiesel оr biоdiesel blends in terms оf рerfоrmаnсe аnd exhаust emissiоns hаs been studied in соmраrisоn tо рetrоleum diesel minerаl diesel. Соmbustiоn durаtiоn fоr biоdiesel blends wаs shоrter thаn minerаl diesel.

Nonconventional energy source is one of the fast growing science in which the biodiesel is one of the method of utilizing nonconventional energy sources. Paper deals with the science of biodiesel technology. Process of biodiesel production is consists of several chemical mechanisms. And the process of transesterification for different experiments and their final conclusion is taken for review. During the review of papers, experimental parameters like Engine performance parameters namely brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions of CO, HC, NOx, and smoke density were analysed from studies carried out for different loading conditions and at constant engine speed of at different speeds. The test result indicates that there is an increase in brake thermal efficiency and slightly decrease in specific fuel consumption for all the blended fuels when compared to that of diesel fuel.

Over the last two decades there has been a tremendous increase in the number of automobiles and a corresponding increase in the fuel price. In this regard, alternative fuels like vegetable oils play a major role. Use of pure vegetable oil in diesel engines causes some problems due to their high viscosity compared with diesel fuel. To solve the problems due to high viscosity various techniques are used. One such technique is fuel blending. In the present work the pongamia methyl esters (B25, B50, B75, and B100); prepared by transesterification process was used as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine. Investigations were carried out for the performance and combustion characteristics of pongamia methyl esters. The results were compared with diesel fuel. For this experiment, a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled diesel engine at a rated speed of 1500 rpm was used. Tests were carried out over the entire range of engine operation at varying load of 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5.2 at rated speed of 1500rpm and results are compared with diesel. The thermal efficiency, bsfc, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency are well comparable with diesel for diesel engine and low heat rejection engine and better performance and combustion characteristics are observed in case of LHR engine. From investigation it can be stated that up to 25% blend of pongamia biodiesel can be substituted for diesel engine without any modification and with modification we can blend up to 25% we can get better performance and combustion characteristics than normal engine.

Different researches using different types of alternative fuels carried out by different researchers was benig done. Based on literature review it is find out that for CI engine, Bio-Diesel is most capable alternative fuel regarding to the emission characteristics. In this experimental work prediction and opportunities of utilizing 100% Karanja biodiesel and increasing karanja biodieseldiesel blend ratio as an alternative fuel in single cylinder diesel engine is going to be studied by varying engine loads. Also an optimum blend and engine parameters are to be suggested for obtaining better performance based on experimentation. Karanja biodiesel presents a very promising development of functioning as alternative fuels to fossil diesel fuel. The characteristics required for internal combustion engine fuels specially C I engine can be compared favorably with the properties of Karanja biodiesel. Experiments will performed for five engine loads i.e. 1,3,5,7 and 9 kg using baseline diesel...

In the present investigation The effect of supercharging on performance and exhaust gas emission of diesel engine fueled pyrolysis oil and diesel blend. oil taken is tyre pyrolysis oil which was obtained by the waste automobile tyres.in initial stage the test were conducted on Four stroke single cylinder water cooled diesel engine by using diesel at different engine load and at constant engine speed base line data was generated. Further the experimental were carried out on the same engine with same operation parameter at normal atmospheric pressure and different supercharging pressure 1.2bar and 1.5bar. It was observed that the increasing supercharging pressure, the performance of the engine is gradually improving. Performance parameter like Specific fuel consumption is gradually Reduction with comparison Un-supercharging. Thermal efficiency is gradually increasing and Mechanical efficiency is also gradually increasing. Emission parameter CO, CO2 and HC emission are decreased significantly with supercharging.

The emulsification of water in vegetable oils is one of the most promising techniques reported in order to reach an engine-friendly fuel with proper physicochemical properties, allowing improvements in the atomization process and exhaust emissions. For this reason, the scope of this investigation is to formulate and characterize emulsified fuels using different continuous phases, as well as to analyze the influence of the increase of the surfactant concentration on the system stability. The emulsified systems were formulated using ultrasonic equipment and consisted of continuous phase rapeseed oil and fatty acid distillates mixed with diesel fuel. Additional components such as deionized water, ethanol and octanol, as well as sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate as surfactant, were used. The formulated dispersed systems were covered under different experimental factors and summarized in ternary diagrams. Several stable dispersed systems were achieved (emulsions and microemulsions); but only with the introduction of diesel fuel to the formulations, proper viscosity values were achieved. An increase of the viscosity with increasing the amount of water was noted. The water droplets sizes of emulsified rapeseed oil were smaller than in the emulsified fatty acid distillates. Finally, an increase of surfactant percentage in the emulsification process improved the dispersed systems' stability and their optical appearance, whereas also slight differences in density, viscosity and surface tension values were noted.

The automobiles play an important role in the transport system. With an increase in population and living standard, the transport vehicles as well as car population is increasing day by day. In addition to this there is steep increase in the number of two wheelers during the last two decades. All these are increasing exhaust pollution and particularly in metros as density of these vehicles in metros are very high. Lot of efforts are made to reduce the air pollution from petrol and diesel engines and regulations for emission limits are also imposed in USA and in a few cities of India. Undesirable emissions in internal combustion engines are of major concern because of their negative impact on air quality, human health, and global warming. Undesirable emissions include unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). There are many methods to reduced these emissions from SI engine, but in this work attempt has been made to study the...

Using renewable alternative fuel such as biodiesel in the diesel engines has long been advocated for. The aim of the study was to experimentally investigate and compare the performance in terms of fuel consumption rate, brake power, mechanical efficiency of a diesel engine individually fuelled by sole coconut oil biodiesel and diesel. All the tests were conducted using a test rig at different engine loads of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%. Results of the test revealed that fuel consumption rate of the engine when it was fuelled by coconut oil biodiesel were 3.651, 4.058, 4.465, 3.113 and 1.76litres/h and were 2, 1.55, 1.10, 1.06 and 1.02litres/h when the engine was fuelled by sole diesel at the respective aforementioned engine loads. The brake powers of the engine when biodiesel was used were found to be lower than when diesel was used at each load The mechanical efficiencies of the engine when biodiesel was used were found to be slightly lower at each load than when diesel was used. The fuel consumption rates of the diesel engine when fuelled individually with sole biodiesel and sole diesel were found to vary with load, brake power and mechanical efficiency of the engine. Brake power was also found to vary with load when the engine was fuelled individually with sole biodiesel and sole diesel.

Nonconventional energy source is one of the fast growing science in which the biodiesel is one of the method of utilizing nonconventional energy sources. Paper deals with the science of biodiesel technology. Process of biodiesel production is consists of several chemical mechanisms. And the process of transesterification for different experiments and their final conclusion is taken for review. During the review of papers, experimental parameters like Engine performance parameters namely brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions of CO, HC, NOx, and smoke density were analysed from studies carried out for different loading conditions and at constant engine speed of at different speeds. The test result indicates that there is an increase in brake thermal efficiency and slightly decrease in specific fuel consumption for all the blended fuels when compared to that of diesel fuel.

Nonconventional energy source is one of the fast growing science in which the biodiesel is one of the method of utilizing nonconventional energy sources. Paper deals with the science of biodiesel technology. Process of biodiesel production is consists of several chemical mechanisms. And the process of transesterification for different experiments and their final conclusion is taken for review. During the review of papers, experimental parameters like Engine performance parameters namely brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions of CO, HC, NOx, and smoke density were analysed from studies carried out for different loading conditions and at constant engine speed of at different speeds. The test result indicates that there is an increase in brake thermal efficiency and slightly decrease in specific fuel consumption for all the blended fuels when compared to that of diesel fuel. KEYWORD: Biodiesel, Diesel, Transesterification, Experimen...

The Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition is an alternative combustion technology that can reduce automobile pollution, provided that the exhaust emission can be controlled. A parametric study can be useful in order to gain more understanding in the emission reduction possibilities via this new combustion technology. For this purpose, the inlet temperature, the equivalence ratio and the compression ratio are changed respectively from 30 to 70 °C, 0.28 to 0.41 and 6 to 14. Also the diluting, thermal and chemical effects of Exhaust Gas Recirculation were studied. The emission of CO, CO 2 , O 2 and hydrocarbons has been measured using Primary Reference Fuels. It appears that an increase in the inlet temperature, the EGR temperature, the equivalence ratio and the compression ratio results into a decrease of the emissions of CO and the hydrocarbons of up to 75 %. The emission of CO 2 increased, however, by 50 %. The chemical parameters showed more complicated effects, resulting into a decrease or increase of the emissions, depending on whether the overall reactivity increased or not. If the reactivity increased, generally, the emissions of CO and hydrocarbons increased, while that of CO 2 increased. The increase of CO 2 emissions could be compensated by altering the compression ratio and the EGR parameters, making it possible to control the emission of the HCCI engine.

Jatropha seed cake is a byproduct of biodiesel production. The seed cake can be used to make a producer gas that can be fumigated into a diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode without major modification. This paper intends to investigate the impact of Jatropha seed cake-derived producer gas mass flow rate on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operated on a dual fuel mode at a high engine speed of 3,000 rpm. The results highlight that the maximum diesel replacement rate reached 60% at a 20 kg/h gas flow rate when the engine was operated at medium engine load. An increase in gas flow rate augments the diesel substitution rate but decreases the electrical-thermal efficiency (ETE). At 70% of the full engine load, the specific diesel consumption declined from 0.337 to 0.185 kg/kWh when the gas was increased from zero to 20 kg/h. At this engine load, the ETE sharply fell off from 25% to 10.6% and 6.6% when the gas flow rate increased from zero to 10 kg/h and 20 kg/h, respectively. The electrical specific fuel consumption and electrical specific energy consumption, exhaust hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were found to be higher with an increase in gas flow rate. Unlike dual fuel engine operation at medium speed, the nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions were consistent with an increase in gas flow rate. Based on the empirical findings, the dual producer gas-diesel engine should be operated at high engine load but not at a high engine speed of 3,000 rpm with a maximum gas flow rate of 20 kg/h.

The experimental investigation was carried out to compare the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine by using two different fuel samples such as Canola and Sesame biodiesel blends. In this study four fuel samples were prepared by blending of Canola and Sesame biodiesel in diesel fuel (named as CBD20, CBD40, SBD20 and SBD40) at various volumetric proportions with the aid of magnetic stirrer. The properties of the fuel samples were determined according to the ASTM standards. The performance and emission parameters were analyzed on the single cylinder diesel engine by using various test fuel samples. The obtained results show that CBD20 fuel sample shows higher brake thermal efficiency compared to the remaining test fuel samples. The brake specific fuel consumption increases for all the biodiesel blends compared to the diesel fuel. The CO emissions were reduced by 9-15%, HC emissions were decreased by 12-21% for biodiesel blends compared to the diesel fuel. It is also observed that the NO x emissions for biodiesel blends were increased by 7.5-9.6% compared to the diesel. It is also concluded that CBD20 fuel sample gives better results compared to the other biodiesel blends.

In this paper a single cylinder constant speed air-cooled four-stroke direct injection diesel engine of 4.4 kW is selected for the experimental investigations to evaluate the performance and emission characteristics fuelled with Jatropha oil (JTME), and its blends (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). The performance parameters are analyzed include Brake thermal efficiency whereas exhaust emissions include oxides of nitrogen, HC, Smoke and CO. The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline data of diesel fuel. It concluded that lower blend of biodiesel 20% JTME act as best alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The experimental investigations on the effect of 20% Jatropha methyl esters (JTME) with diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engine with different combustion chamber geometries (Spherical, toroidal and Re-entrant).Brake thermal efficiency for toroidal combustion chamber was found higher than that of other two combustion chambers. Smoke density, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons was observed slightly lower for toroidal combustion chamber compared to the other two but those are lower when compared with standard diesel (SCC). However, nitrogen oxides were slightly lower for toroidal combustion chamber compared to the other two but it is higher when compared with standard diesel (SCC).

According to the test on a typical modern Euro 6 diesel engine conducted by the International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT), it was found that it emits 7 to 10 times more Nitrogen Dioxide than the achieved Euro 6 Test Limits (80mg/ km). In 2018, a total of 24% of global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion came from transportation. This truly calls for the need for a lesser polluting alternative fuel in the automotive industry. After being inspired by the work done by researchers all across the globe on biodiesel, we propose the idea of synthesizing biofuels from cold-pressed hemp methyl ester. First, we conducted alkaline transesterification to produce hemp methyl ester from the cold-pressed hemp seed oil. Based on the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis report of the hemp methyl ester from the literature, we found out the physical and chemical properties of it using BioDiesel Analyzer software. We compared the physical and chemical properties of the hemp me...

In response to climate change dictating the reduction of carbon footprint, the potential of rotten coconut oil as a potential diesel blend has been explored. The choice of rotten coconut oil steers clear of the food and fuel competition. With the principle aim of no frame power loss a blend of Cotton seed oil and rotten Coconut oil in 10% by volume each and Diesel by volume of 80% is created which ensures that on volume basis the lower calorific value suffers no loss. A compression ignition engine is operated with three fuels, Diesel, Blend and Blend with Graphene at constant speed of 1500 RPM and at three injection pressures of 175 bar, 200 bar and 225 bar. It is observed that at 175 bar injection pressure, a near 10% increase in specific fuel consumption is seen to completely neutralized by adding Graphene and the baseline Diesel performance is restored. At 225 bar pressure, engine specific fuel consumption seems to improve by about 5% on shifting from Diesel to blend which on adding Graphene results in near 10% improvement over baseline Diesel performance. Graphene seems to provide a clear improvement for the blended fuel to realize neat Diesel performance.