Electrochemical Energy Storage Device

Poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester-based organic solar cell is used to investigate the effects of treated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic-acid (PEDOT:PSS) as a hole transport layer. This layer is treated with different alcohol solutions based on the polarity and mixture. The variation in the polarity of alcohol and their effects on the organic solar cell parameters and behavior were studied and evaluated using different techniques such as atomic force microscopy with the aid of using WSxM software involving the application of twodimensional fast Fourier transforms analysis. Contact angle measurement is also used to measure the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the PEDOT:PSS solution on the top of substrates. An interdigitated electrode is employed to measure the electrical conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS layers; such results are significant in the solar cell application. The latter is characterized using I-V characteristics and IPCE measurement and the results revealed a good enhancement in the solar cell performance with good stability. Inverted structure is also demonstrated, and the results suggest that the treated PEDOT:PSS layer is promising in the field of inverted OSCs.

15. NUMBER OF PAGES 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Form Approved OMB NO. 0704-0188 3. DATES COVERED (From -To) The Electrochemical Society (ECS) is an international, nonprofit, scientific, educational organization founded for the advancement of the theory and practice of electrochemistry, electrothermics, electronics, and allied subjects. The Society was founded in Philadelphia in 1902 and incorporated in 1930. There are currently over 7,000 scientists and engineers from more than 70 countries who hold individual membership; the Society is also supported by more than 100 corporations through Corporate Memberships. The technical activities of the Society are carried on by Divisions. Sections of the Society have been organized in a number of cities and regions. Major international meetings of the Society are held in the spring and fall of each year. At these meetings, the Divisions and Groups hold general sessions and sponsor symposia on specialized subjects. The Society has an active publications program that includes the following. Journal of The Electrochemical Society -JES is the peer-reviewed leader in the field of electrochemical and solid-state science and technology. Articles are posted online as soon as they become available for publication. This archival journal is also available in a paper edition, published monthly following electronic publication. Letter -ESL is the first and only rapid-publication electronic journal covering the same technical areas as JES. Articles are posted online as soon as they become available for publication. This peer-reviewed, archival journal is also available in a paper edition, published monthly following electronic publication. It is a joint publication of ECS and the IEEE Electron Devices Society. Interface -Interface is ECS's quarterly news magazine. It provides a forum for the lively exchange of ideas and news among members of ECS and the international scientific community at large. Published online (with free access to all) and in paper, issues highlight special features on the state of electrochemical and solid-state science and technology. The paper edition is automatically sent to all ECS members. Meeting Abstracts (formerly Extended Abstracts) -Abstracts of the technical papers presented at the spring and fall meetings of the Society are published on CD-ROM. -This online database provides access to full-text articles presented at ECS and ECS-sponsored meetings. Content is available through individual articles, or as collections of articles representing entire symposia. Monograph Volumes -The Society sponsors the publication of hardbound monograph volumes, which provide authoritative accounts of specific topics in electrochemistry, solid-state science, and related disciplines.

Bangladesh Open University (BOU) is considered as a Mega University for its continuous growth over the last two decades. The modus operandi of education makes BOU distinct from other traditional universities. In Bangladesh this is the first and only university that adopts Open and Distance Learning (ODL) as a mode of delivery. From its inception, BOU has taken several initiatives for the development of ODL in Bangladesh. The main intention of such initiatives is to contribute national development. The success and sustainability of any organization largely depends on its management capacity to cope with the rapid world-wide change, which is also true for BOU. To evaluate the role of BOU in sustainable development, this chapter outlines the achievements of BOU and challenges that it is facing in delivering effective ODL. This chapter also discusses the origins and meaning of the term “sustainability” and strategies that should be taken into consideration to ensure sustainable ODL, whi...

As a forefront energy storage technology, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have
garnered immense attention across diverse applications, including electric
vehicles, consumer electronics, and medical devices, owing to their
exceptional energy density, minimal self-discharge rate, high open circuit
voltage, and extended lifespan. However, despite their remarkable
advancements and widespread commercialization, LIBs continue to face
critical challenges, particularly the demand for even higher energy density,
which inhibits their performance in high-power applications such as electric
and hybrid electric vehicles. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of
the fundamental limitations hindering LIBs from achieving superior energy
density and long-term electrochemical stability. The discussion is
systematically structured around four key components: cathode materials,
anode materials, separators, and current collectors, with a particular
emphasis on the challenges, emerging strategies, and future perspectives. By
delving into recent breakthroughs in novel material architecture, electrode
design optimizations, and the selection of advanced separators and current
collectors, this work provides an in-depth examination of innovative
approaches aimed at enhancing battery performance. Furthermore, this
review explores pivotal factors such as interfacial stability, ion transport
kinetics, and degradation mechanisms that significantly impact the longevity,
safety, and efficiency of LIBs. By critically evaluating these aspects, it offers
valuable insights into the trajectory of LIB development, helping to shape the
next generation of high-performance energy storage solutions.

The 3D hierarchical pore structure with tunnel-like pores is essential to the performance of porous activated carbon (AC) materials used in symmetric supercapacitors. This study aimed to effect of adding (0.3, 0.5, and 0.7) M KOH reagent and heat treatment on the formation of 3D porous, tunnel-like AC derived from yellow bamboo (YB) through N2-CO2 pyrolysis at 850 °C. The AC produced had a high concentration of nanopores, becoming a valuable storage medium with favorable physical-electrochemical properties. The results showed that 0.5-YBAC had the best physical and electrochemical properties, with a carbon purity, 89.16%, micro crystallinity of 7.374 Å, and excellent amorphous porosity. Furthermore, 3D hierarchical pore structure, enriched naturally occurring heteroatoms, dopant of oxygen (10.14%) and sulfur (0.10%). A maximum surface area of 421.99 m² g⁻¹, along with a dominant combination of micro-mesopores. The electrochemical performance test of the 0.5-YBAC electrode showed a Csp of 214 F g⁻¹, with Esp 24.7 Wh kg⁻¹ and Psp 19.2 W kg⁻¹. In conclusion, this study showed the potential of YB stems to enhance the development of supercapacitors, offering superior porosity characteristics for efficient energy storage applications.

Considerable efforts are underway to rationally design and synthesize novel electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors (SCs). However, the creation of suitable materials with high capacitance remains a big challenge for energy storage devices. Herein, unique three-dimensional (3D) ZnO hexagonal cubes on carbon cloth (ZnO@CC) were synthesized by invoking a facile and economical hydrothermal method. The mesoporous ZnO@CC electrode, by virtue of its high surface area, offers rich electroactive sites for the fast diffusion of electrolyte ions, resulting in the enhancement of the SC’s performance. The ZnO@CC electrode demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 352.5 and 250 F g−1 at 2 and 20 A g−1, respectively. The ZnO@CC electrode revealed a decent stability of 84% over 5000 cycles at 20 A g−1 and an outstanding rate-capability of 71% at a 10-fold high current density with respect to 2 A g−1. Thus, the ZnO@CC electrode demonstrated improved electrochemical performance, s...

Manganese dioxide gains its primary driving force for implementation in battery applications because of its low cost. In particular, manganese dioxide in Nsutite phase has excellent electrochemical properties and is desired for use as cathode active material in alkaline and lithium cells because of its high purity and high density [1] . Further, doped material shows good capacity retention in comparison with virgin manganese dioxide [2] . Recently, it has been reported that lanthanum has obvious influence on the capabilities of many materials [3] . In the present work, lanthanum in various concentrations is doped into the pure material through sol gel method and the samples are characterized by XRD, UV vis spectroscopy, FTIR, EDAX and FE SEM. Using X ray diffraction technique the peaks in the samples were indexed for its orthorhombic structure. The structural confirmation was further done by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The UV vis absorption spectra was used to calculate the bandgap of the synthesized samples. The studies on elemental composition were done by Energy dispersive X ray analysis. The FESEM image reveals nano rod morphology.

Solid-state batteries offer a compelling pathway for safe, high-density energy storage, yet their performance remains contingent on interfacial ion transport and thermal stability. This work presents a thermally-electrochemically coupled framework for understanding and optimizing energy portability in solid-state systems. Using sulfide-based electrolytes and thin-film cathodes, we explore localized thermal gradients and their role in modulating ionic conductivity and charge-transfer kinetics. Infrared thermography and impedance spectroscopy reveal spatial heat concentration near interfaces, enhancing rate retention and mitigating electrochemical impedance. Simulations corroborate transient coupling effects, indicating performance gains exceeding 20% under thermal bias. These insights enable new strategies for integrated thermal regulation, scalable architecture design, and multifunctional energy platforms. The findings advance system-level thinking for deployable solid-state batteries in wearable, autonomous, and aerial formats.

MXene-based materials hold great promise as catalyst candidates for energy storage and conversion devices, owing to their unique attributes such as a large surface area, excellent metallic conductivity, and rapid redox activity. However, their potential for widespread industrial use has been substantially hindered by challenges such as surface aggregation and susceptibility to oxidation. In this work, we report the fabrication of a Co₂O₃/ MXene nanocomposite supercapacitor material on a conductive nickel (Ni) sheet substrate using a convenient and flexible dip-coating technique. The integration of Co₂O₃ nanoparticles into the layered MXene structure not only exposes a significant number of active sites but also effectively preserves the phase stability and electronic characteristics of the material throughout extensive galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) cycling. The specific capacitance of our Co₂O₃/MXene nanocomposite reaches an impressive value of 448.8 F g⁻¹ at a current density of 0.5 A g⁻¹, reflecting its high efficiency in energy storage. Moreover, after 5000 charge-discharge cycles, the device retains 88 % of its original capacitance, indicating excellent cycling stability. These results highlight the potential of Co₂O₃/MXene nanocomposites as advanced materials for supercapacitor applications, emphasizing their promising performance in energy storage systems.

Two kinds of the NiCo 2 O 4 nanosheets constructed by interconnected nanoparticles with different microstructures, including ultrathin NiCo 2 O 4 nanosheets (NiCo 2 O 4 -UNSs) and common NiCo 2 O 4 nanosheets (NiCo 2 O 4 -NSs), were controllably synthesized by a facile method. The structure and morphology of the NiCo 2 O 4 nanosheets were analyzed and characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM. NiCo 2 O 4 -UNSs possess a large surface area (119 m 2 g À1 ) and narrow pore distribution (around 5 nm). Subsequently, the Na-ion storage properties of such NiCo 2 O 4 nanosheets were investigated by sodium half-cells. The ultrathin NiCo 2 O 4 nanosheets (NiCo 2 O 4 -NSs) exhibit much improved performance than that of NiCo 2 O 4 -NSs with a high reversible capacity of 690.4 mA h g À1 at 100 mAg À1 and 141.8 mA h g À1 at the current density of 1000 mA g À1 in the voltage window of 0.01e2.5 V. Furthermore, a reversible capacity of about 203.7 mA h g À1 can be remained after 50 cycles at 200 mAg À1 .

Exploring the expansive and largely untapped chemical space of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) holds promise for revolutionising the field of materials science. MOFs, hailed for their modular architecture, offer unmatched flexibility in customising functionalities to meet specific application needs. However, navigating this chemical space to identify optimal MOF structures poses a significant challenge. Traditional high-throughput computational screening (HTCS), while useful, is often limited by a distribution bias towards materials not aligned with the desired functionalities. To overcome these limitations, this study adopts a "deep dreaming" methodology to optimise MOFs in silico, aiming to generate structures with systematically shifted properties that are closer to target functionalities from the outset. Our methodology integrates property prediction and structure optimisation within a single interpretable framework, leveraging a specialised chemical language model augmented with attention mechanisms. Focusing on a curated set of MOF properties critical to applications like carbon capture and energy storage, our approach not only expands the selection of potential materials for HTCS but also opens new avenues for material exploration and development.

The determination of the real, or active, area of a catalytic surface is a key requirement to understand or quantify parameters related to its electrochemical behaviour. There are several experimental methods available to determine the real surface area, but none of them seems to be universally applied in literature. The choice of method is particularly important when evaluating electrodes made from materials that may interact with the analyte such as gold (Au) and palladium (Pd). A comparable analysis of these experimental methods have therefore been made in order to investigate the real surface area of Au and Pd electrodes. This includes four methods in situ (oxide formation, double layer capacitance, iodine adsorption and electrocatalysis of the Hexacyanoferrate (II/III) redox couple), and two methods ex situ (scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy). It was found that the measurements of oxide formation and the double layer capacitance gave the largest real surface area whereas scanning electron microscopy gave the smallest. Considering nanoporous Pd electrodes, this was translated into a surface area ratio (the ratio between the real and geometric surface area) ranging from 0.8 (scanning electron microscopy) to 75.4 (oxide formation) and 76.5 (double layer capacitance). The corroboration between the results obtained from oxide formation and double layer capacitance suggests that these two methods provide the most accurate way of determining the real surface area for the electrode system investigated in this paper.

Selective reduction of oxygen is an important property of fuel cells designed to operate in a mixed fuel environment containing both oxidizing and reducing reactants. This would be of particular importance in the design of a long lasting energy supply unit powering implantable microsystems and running from exogeneous chemicals that is abundant in the body (such as glucose and oxygen). This paper presents the development of a nanoporous electrode for oxygen reduction in the presence of glucose. The electrode was fabricated by e-beam deposition of palladium thin films on porous ceramic aluminium oxide (AAO) substrates with a pore size of 100 and 200 nm respectively. The porous nature of the electrodes improved the catalytic properties by increasing the real surface area close to 100 times the geometric surface area. At a dissolved physiological oxygen (DO) concentration of 2 ppm, the maximum exchange current density was found to be 2.9×10 -3 ± 0.5×10 -3 µA cm -2 whereas the potential reduction due to the addition of 5 mM glucose was about 20.6 ± 16.1 mV. The Tafel slopes were measured to be about 60 mV per decade. After running for 21 hours in a physiological saline solution with 2 ppm DO and 3 mM glu-

Despite great efforts that have been devoted to high-performance lithium-ion batteries, conventional electrode fabrication methods still face the challenge of low areal capacity and limited energy density required for electric vehicle applications. In this work, LiFePO4@ACB (acetylene carbon black), denoted as ACB cathodes, were designed with a porous structure utilizing direct ink writing 3D-printing (3D) technology for enhanced areal specific capacity and energy density in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The 3D-printed composite cathodes consist of closely packed and well-aligned LiFePO4@ACB filaments. ACB particles are wrapped on the outer surface of olivine LiFePO4, which contributes to the formation of hierarchical and abundant open pores. The 3D-printed LiFePO4@ACB cathodes exhibited a higher capacity, enhanced cycling life, and high areal specific capacity compared to those of conventional ink-cast thick LiFePO4@ACB cathodes. Grid-patterned 3D-printed LiFePO4@ACB (12 layers) exhibited an enhanced areal specific capacity of 6.7795 mAh cm−2 andhigh specific energy density of 634.372 Wh kg−1 at a specific power density of 59.95 W kg−1, due to its short ion transport pathways and enhanced mechanical strength. This work demonstrates that the direct ink writing strategy enables the fabrication of grid-patterned electrodes with high areal and energy densities, offering significant potential for the future development of high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

Transition metal phosphide @ molybdenum disulfide (TMP@MoS 2) heterostructures, consisting of TMP as the core main catalytic body and MoS 2 as the outer shell, can solve the three major problems in the field of renewable energy storage and catalysis, such as lack of resources, cost factors, and low cycling stability. The heterostructures synergistically combine the excellent conductivity and electrochemical performance of transition metal phosphides with the structural robustness and catalytic activity of molybdenum disulfide, which holds great promise for clean energy. This review addresses the advantages of TMP@MoS 2 materials and their synthesis methods-e.g., hydrothermal routes and chemical vapor deposition regarding scalability and cost. Their electrochemical energy storage and catalytic functions e.g., hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) are also extensively explored. Their potential within battery and supercapacitor technologies is also assessed against leading performance metrics. Challenges toward industry-scale scalability, longevity, and environmental sustainability are also addressed, as are optimization and large-scale deployment strategies.

Electrochemical methods have been widely used for the determination of electroactive compounds due to their simplicity, sensitivity, stability, and low cost. A carbon paste electrode was modified with anthraquinone. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to study the properties of the modified electrode toward the oxidation of caffeine (CAF). Compared to the unmodified electrode, the AQMCPE showed excellent catalytic activity for the oxidation of caffeine. AQMCPE was used to determine CAF in drug samples electrochemically. SWV was used to plot the calibration curve and there was a good linear relationship between anodic peak current and CAF concentration in the range2.0×10-6-8.0×10–4 M, with the correlation coefficient of 0.998 and a detection limit of1.43×10-7 M. The application of the modified electrode for the determination of CAF in pharmaceutical formulation showed good recovery with reproducible results.

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) play a vital role in many energy storage and conversion systems, including water splitting, rechargeable metal-air batteries, and the unitized regenerative fuel cells. The noblemetal catalysts based on Pt, Ir, and Au are the best electrocatalysts for the HER/OER, but they suffer from high price and scarcity problems. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to develop efficient, low-cost, and environment-friendly non-noble metal electrocatalysts. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline materials with porous network structure. MOFs possess various compositions, large specific surface area, tunable pore structures, and they are easily functionalized. MOFs have been widely studied and applied in many fields, such as gas adsorption/separation, drug delivery, catalysis, magnetism, and optoelectronics. Recently, MOFs-based electrocatalysts for HER/OER have been rapidly developed. These MOFs-based catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic performance for HER/OER, demonstrating a promising application prospect in HER/ OER. In this chapter, the concept, structure, category, and synthesis of MOFs will be first introduced briefly. Then, the applications of the MOFs-based catalysts for HER/OER in recent years will be discussed in details. Specially, the synthesis, structure, and catalytic performance for HER/OER of the MOFs-based catalysts will be emphatically discussed.

Supercapacitors have emerged as a promising energy storage technology due to their rapid charge-discharge capability, long cycle life, and high power density. Unlike conventional batteries that rely on faradaic reactions, supercapacitors store energy electrostatically, making them ideal for applications in electric vehicles, portable electronics, and renewable energy systems. However, their widespread adoption is hindered by limitations such as low energy density, scalability issues, and reduced performance at high mass loadings. Recent advances in material science particularly the development of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) materials have played a key role in addressing these challenges. 2D materials like graphene and MXenes offer high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and tunable properties, enhancing charge storage and transport. Meanwhile, 3D materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and aerogels provide interconnected porous networks that facilitate ion diffusion and mechanical stability. By integrating 2D and 3D structures into hybrid architectures, researchers have achieved significant improvements in specific capacitance, rate capability, and cycling stability. This review highlights the synergistic effects of combining 2D and 3D materials for supercapacitor applications, outlining their synthesis strategies, electrochemical performance, and associated challenges. It also discusses future directions focused on scalable and cost-effective fabrication techniques, enhanced material stability, and the development of environmentally sustainable approaches for next-generation energy storage systems.

Since 2011, substantial amounts of pelagic Sargassum algae have washed up along the Caribbean beaches and the Gulf of Mexico, leading to negative impacts on the economy and the environment of those areas. Hence, it is now crucial to develop strategies to mitigate this problem while valorizing such invasive biomass. This work deals with the successful exploitation of this pelagic Sargassum seaweed for the fabrication of carbon materials that can be used as electrodes for supercapacitors. Pelagic Sargassum precursors were simply pyrolyzed at temperatures varying from 600 to 900 °C. The resultant carbonaceous materials were then extensively characterized using different techniques, such as nitrogen adsorption for textural characterization, as well as X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to understand their structures and functionalities. The electrochemical properties of the carbon materials were also tested for their performance as supercapacitors using cyclic voltammetry (CV), the galvanostatic method and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses (EIS). We managed to have a large specific surface, i.e., 1664 m2 g-1 for biochar prepared at 800 °C (CS800). Eventually, CS800 turned out to exhibit the highest capacitance (96 F g-1) over the four samples, along with the highest specific surface (1664 m2 g-1), with specific resistance of about 0.07 Ω g -1.

Controlled cross-linking and continuous pyrolysis can alter the mesoporous structure of polymer-derived carbon (PDC). The PDC with ordered mesoporous structure was prepared under argon atmosphere via pyrolysis of crosslinked phenolic resins. When PDC employed as an adsorbent for the Zn 2+ removal from water, it exhibited a record adsorption capacity of 43.06 mg g -1 and partition coefficient of 5.385 mg g -1 µM -1 at 1.0 mg L -1 Zn 2+ concentration. The reusability test indicated the effective use of PDC with an adsorption efficiency of 72.66% in the acidic phase. The PDC half-cell anode further displayed an impressive retention capacity of 606 mAh g -1 at 1.0 A g -1 with a Coulombic efficiency of > 99% over 500 cycles. The capacitive charge storage and diffusion control contribution of 64.16 and 35.84%, respectively, at 0.1 mV s -1 was observed. The dominant charge storage kinetic analysis indicated that the defective site of carbon-ceramic and redox reaction within the PDCs matrix facilitated the short ionic diffusion and fast electron transference. The experimental and empirical results advocated that the π-π interaction with Zn 2+ may jointly stimulate the adsorption process, and with metallic lithium improve the electrochemical process, thus providing new insights into the development of PDC for metals adsorption and electrochemical application.

Computational modeling is playing an increasingly important role in materials research and design. At the system level, the impact of cell design, electrode thickness, electrode morphology, new packaging techniques, and numerous other factors on battery performance can be predicted with battery simulators based on complex electrochemical transport equations. Such simulation tools have allowed the battery industry to optimize the power and energy density that can be achieved with a given set of electrode and electrolyte materials. At the materials level, first-principles calculations, which can be used to predict properties of previously unknown materials ab initio, have now made it possible to design materials for higher capacity and better stability. The state of the art in computational modeling of rechargeable batteries is reviewed.

N/P co-doped nonporous CNFs were prepared by electrospinning technology. N/P co-doped nonporous CNFs present excellent supercapacitive performance. Phosphorus groups affect the nitrogen and oxygen species and strengthen the EDL capacitance. There exists strong synergic effect of nitrogen and phosphorus functionalities.

This paper describes the analysis of a vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) cell with superconducting magnet energy storage for solar generation system. A VRB is a type of rechargeable battery where recharge ability is provided by two vanadium redox couples, dissolved in liquids contained within the system and most commonly separated by a membrane. In spite of the large capacity support, the majority of development works has focused on stationary application due to the relatively low energy density of VRB . A superconducting charging system (SCS) operate in cryogenic temperature by a cryostat containing liquid helium or nitrogen. The energy stored in the coil and very quick response with high power peaks can be obtained. In addition, SCS provides high efficiency, since the superconducting coil has virtually without Joule losses. Due to low energy density of VRB, it's not easy to be applied to the Energy Storage System (ESS) which is required quick response time. This paper focuses design and analysis of combined two technologies of electricity storage in order to study the feasibility of very efficient ESS which has quick response time and large capacity simultaneously. This ESS concept will be designed for solar power generation system connected to the grid or independent system respectively.

Fabrication with graphite-modified GO/PPy composites have been studied from used batteries using the Hummers method. This research was performance in four steps: graphite powder preparation, GO synthesis, GO/PPy composite synthesis, and supercapacitor cell manufacturing. The results of the study were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to see the character of the diffraction patterns formed by carbon batteries used before and after calcination and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) to identify compound functional groups and conduct initial tests in the form of voltage, capacitance and life cycle by measuring charge and discharge times. The graphite preparation stage is carried out by the calcination method at 900°C to produce graphite with an angle of 2θ which is 26° with reflection from (d002). FTIR data showed that GO/PPy composites showed a successful combination of characteristics similar to pure polypyrrole and GO which included a broad absorption band located at 3500-2...

Si 3 N 4 /MoS 2 nanocomposite has been fabricated through a solvothermal process and Mixed with polystyrenesulfonate-doped poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) to prepare (Si 3 N 4 /MoS 2 -PEDOT: PSS) as a counter electrode (CE) for bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The electrochemical studies confirm that Si 3 N 4 / MoS 2 -PEDOT: PSS CEs exhibits higher catalytic activity compared with pristine Si 3 N 4 /MoS 2 and PEDOT: PSS. The DSSCs with 5% Si 3 N 4 /MoS 2 -PEDOT: PSS composite CE achieves conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.16%, which is comparable to that of the conventional platinum CE (7.50%) and better than those of the pristine Si 3 N 4 / MoS 2 (3.80%) or PEDOT: PSS (4.20%) CEs. Owing to the optical transparency of Si 3 N 4 /MoS 2 -PEDOT: PSS composite CEs, bifacial DSSCs based on 5% Si 3 N 4 /MoS 2 -PEDOT: PSS CE yield 2.03% PCE from rear irradiation. The simple preparation method, high catalytic activity and electrochemical stability demonstrate that Si 3 N 4 / MoS 2 -PEDOT: PSS can be used a transparent CE in bifacial DSSCs.

Finding supercapacitive materials with high energy and power densities has attracted signi cant interest in recent years. Herein, we are reporting layered MnWO 4 nanostructure for supercapacitor applications. MnWO 4 //AC asymmetric cell was fabricated by using hydrothermally synthesized MnWO 4 nanostructure as a cathode and activated carbon as an anode. Prior to device fabrication, the structural and electrochemical properties of MnWO 4 were thoroughly studied. MnWO 4 //AC asymmetric cell with KOH electrolyte showed speci c capacitance and energy density of 90 F/g (at 1 mA/cm 2 ) and 51 Wh/kg, respectively. Upon addition of redox-active KI into KOH, both the speci c capacitance and energy density were signi cantly enhanced (144 F/g and 90 Wh/Kg, respectively). The enhanced electrochemical properties of MnWO 4 //AC asymmetric cell can be attributed to the high-speed solution-phase Faradic reactions contributed by KI redox species in the KOH electrolyte.

Designing ultralight conductive aerogels with tailored electrical and mechanical properties is critical for various applications. Conventional approaches rely on iterative optimization experiments, which are time-consuming when exploring a vast parameter space. Herein, an integrated workflow is developed to combine collaborative robotics with machine learning to accelerate the design of conductive aerogels with programmable electrical and mechanical properties. First, an automated pipetting robot is operated to prepare 264 mixtures using four building blocks at different ratios/loadings (including Ti3C2Tx MXene, cellulose nanofibers, gelatin, glutaraldehyde). After freeze-drying, the structural integrity of conductive aerogels is evaluated to train a support vector machine classifier. Through 8 active learning cycles with data augmentation, 162 kinds of conductive aerogels are fabricated/characterized via roboticsautomated platforms, enabling the construction of an artificial neural network prediction model. The prediction model can conduct two-way design tasks: (1) predicting the physicochemical properties of conductive aerogels from fabrication parameters and (2) automating the inverse design of conductive aerogels for specific property requirements. The combined use of model interpretation and finite element simulations validates a pronounced correlation between aerogel density and its compressive strength. The model-suggested conductive aerogels with high electrical conductivity, customized compression resilience, and pressure insensitivity allow for compression-stable Joule heating for wearable thermal management. The fusion of roboticsaccelerated experimentation, machine intelligence, and simulation tools expedites the tailored design and scalable production of conductive aerogels.

Conductive polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy), are widely used in the design of supercapacitors because of their high pseudocapacitive performance as well as facile synthesis and low cost. In this study, hybrid aerogels based on reduced graphene oxide and ZnMn2O4 were modified by PANI and PPy. The 3D structure of the hybrid aerogels was obtained by using a one-step hydrothermal co-assembly method. Then, aniline and pyrrole were polymerized on and within the structure of the hybrid aerogel through in situ polymerization. The electrochemical properties of the hybrid aerogels were studied via cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-discharge testing to identify the effects of conductive polymers on the electrochemical properties of materials. It has been established that PANI and PPy facilitate an increase of the specific capacitance of rGO/ZnMn2O4 aerogels up to 297.8 F/ g and 108.24 F/g at 0.2 A/g scan rate, respectively.

In present work, reproducible and economic chemical bath deposition method is used to deposit nickel phosphate thin films on stainless steel substrate for supercapacitor application and effect of anion precursors on structure and morphology of prepared thin film is studied. Change in structure from crystalline to amorphous is observed in prepared thin films due to precursor variation. Also, microplate to microsphere like morphological alteration is observed with the same. The microsphere like morphology of amorphous nickel phosphate thin film electrode exhibits the highest specific capacitance of ~1031 F g -1 (specific capacity 114.6 mAh g -1 ) at 0.5 mA cm -2 current density. Its practical application is tested by preparing asymmetric supercapacitor device comprasing amorphous nickel phosphate thin film as positive electrode and reduced graphene oxide as negative electrode. Asymmetric device delivers highest specific capacitance of ~100 F g -1 at 6 mA cm -2 current density with energy density of 45.33 Wh kg -1 at a high power density of 1.5 kW kg -1 and offers 80% capacitance retention over 3000 cycles.

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Recently, water-soluble and aqueous polymers (water-based polymers) have attracted much attention as binders for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of the need for low-cost materials and environmentally compatible electrode fabrication processes . In order to apply the water-based polymer binder to LIBs, the dissolution of Li + and transition metal ions from the cathode material surfaces have to be inhibited. Therefore, we think that the surface coating of the particle surface is only fundamental solution for applying water-soluble cathode materials to water processes with water-based polymer binders in the fabrication of LIBs. Until now, we have reported the surface coating of LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 2 and LiNi a Co b Al 1-a-b O 2 (a > 0.85, NCA) [4] that contain Ni ions at high content and that is susceptible to damage by water was examined and confirmed that surface coating with Al 2 O 3 , NbO x , carbon [3] and TiO x [4] could retain charge/discharge cycle performance at low rate of 0.1 C. However, unfortunately, although cathode materials exposed to water can also retain the charge/discharge cycle performance at 0.1 C rate, the cathode material exhibited degradation of discharge capacity at high discharge rate of 1-5 C because of resistance for passing Li + ions through the coating layer on the cathode material surfaces. We could not establish the protocol for surface coating which satisfies both water-resistant property and high permeability of Li + ions yet. In this study, we tried to find optimal conditions for the surface coating layers on the surface of NCA cathode material by examining the type of TiO x precursor and the concentration of precursor and the amount of H 2 O added to reaction solution for hydrolysis of TiO x precursor on the particle surfaces. In addition, characterization of a thin TiO x layer which was formed on the NCA and did not pass H 2 O molecules but pass Li + ions tried with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester-based organic solar cell is used to investigate the effects of treated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic-acid (PEDOT:PSS) as a hole transport layer. This layer is treated with different alcohol solutions based on the polarity and mixture. The variation in the polarity of alcohol and their effects on the organic solar cell parameters and behavior were studied and evaluated using different techniques such as atomic force microscopy with the aid of using WSxM software involving the application of twodimensional fast Fourier transforms analysis. Contact angle measurement is also used to measure the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the PEDOT:PSS solution on the top of substrates. An interdigitated electrode is employed to measure the electrical conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS layers; such results are significant in the solar cell application. The latter is characterized using I-V characteristics and IPCE measurement and the results revealed a good enhancement in the solar cell performance with good stability. Inverted structure is also demonstrated, and the results suggest that the treated PEDOT:PSS layer is promising in the field of inverted OSCs.

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In this research project, I am working on developing a prototype hybrid battery that relies on calcium and potassium as a low-cost and sustainable alternative to conventional batteries. This system is characterized by the local abundance of raw materials, enhanced safety, and potential operation at high temperatures. The research aims to support innovation in the clean energy sector in Jordan and the Arab world.

Lithium-ion batteries have evolved and transcended in recent years to power every device across the spectrum, from watches to electrical vehicles and beyond. However, the lithium-ion battery requires the use of heavy and expensive transition metal oxides that have limited life cycles. Conductive polymer nanocomposites have been shown to possess good electrochemical and thermomechanical properties and are considered to be effective alternatives to transition metal oxides. The fabrication and properties of polyimide matrix-single wall carbon nanotube, SWCNT composite electrode materials, modified by the electrodeposition of polypyrrole, PPy was successfully carried out. The doping of PPy with p-Toluene sulfonic acid, T resulted in a dramatic transformation of the morphology and specific capacitance of the electrode material. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS, cyclic voltammetry, CV, and galvanic charge-discharge tests were used to measure the electrode's specific capacitance and specific capacity. Maximum specific capacitance values of up to 84.88 F/g and 127.13 F/g were obtained by CV and charge-discharge tests, respectively. A capacitance retention of over 80% was obtained after over 500 cycles of testing. The insertion of doped PPy into the electrode material by electrochemical polymerization was shown to positively correlate to the improved electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite. An increase in the porosity of about 34.68% over the non-doped polypyrrole was obtained from EIS measurement and supported by the optical microscope pictures. Increasing the process parameters, such as pyrrole, Py concentration and the amount of dopants, lead to a dramatic increase in the specific capacitance and capacity of the composite electrodes.

The electrochemical performance of glucose-derived hard carbon (GDHC) anode has been evaluated using Li-and Na-salts in ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate electrolyte mixtures. The LiPF 6 /EC: PC (1:1) system exhibits high capacity at low current densities (400 mAh g À1 at 25 mA g À1 ) and also good power characteristics retaining 150 mAh g À1 capacity at 2 A g À1 current density. The best overall performance was achieved with 1 M NaPF 6 /EC:PC (1:1) electrolyte based system with capacities of 175 mAh g À1 at 0.1 V vs Na/Na + and 330 mAh g À1 at 1.5 V vs Na/Na + . The electrode has been physically characterized ex-situ using SEM, Raman and TOF-SIMS methods TOF-SIMS analysis revealed that the solid electrolyte interphase is more inorganic on the negative electrode in the Na-cell than on the negative electrode the Li-cell. The positive ion-specific images established by TOF-SIMS analysis show the nonhomogeneous distribution of various fragments from the pristine GDHC, which is caused by slightly inhomogeneous mixture of GDHC and conducting carbon black (Super P 1 ) particles.

The rapid adoption of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) in energy storage has driven research into resource recovery. This study converts hazardous graphite from the black mass (NMC 111) of spent LiBs into functional activated carbons (ACs) via KOH activation. Tailoring the synthesis at 800 • C and a graphite-to-KOH ratio of 1:6 produced AC with a surface area of 678 m 2 /g and a total pore volume of 0.442 cm 3 /g. The material showed a balanced micropore-mesopore structure, with micropores contributing 53 % of the total pore volume. The material showed a balanced micropore-mesopore structure, with micropores contributing 53 % of the total volume. XRD confirmed preserved graphitic crystallinity with a dominant (002) peak at 26.52 •. Raman spectroscopy indicated increased defect density (I D /I G = 1.053), facilitating porosity formation. SEM and TEM revealed a transition from smooth graphite layers to a porous, defect-rich structure, with TEM highlighting mesopore-like voids and distorted graphitic domains featuring edge defects. XPS identified surface modifications, including a higher proportion of sp 2 carbon and oxygen-containing groups (C-O, C=O, C-OH, CO 3 2-). TGA demonstrated stability (~900 • C) under inert conditions and enhanced reactivity in oxidative environments. This work valorizes LiBderived graphite waste into ACs, supporting circular economy strategies and demonstrating potential for industrial scalability.

Due to the increasing market demand for graphene-based devices, van der Waals heterostructures based on 2D materials have increased rapidly worldwide during the last decade. Graphene-based applications are inadequate in some electronic devices such as field-effect transistors (FETs) and solar cells devices due to its intrinsic zero bandgap and complex mechanistic approach in related chemistry. Thus, it is highly desired to fill the gap and devote efforts to explore other 2D materials further, especially bi-and tri-elemental 2D materials, such as layered metal chalcogenides (LMDCs), metal oxides, and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). During the past few years, a different research group

In this study, we report the development of a novel nanocomposite comprised of hexagonal disc-shaped strontium hexaferrite (SHF) and polyaniline (PANI) for supercapacitor application. SHF powders are synthesized via a hydrothermal method, and PANI/SHF composites with varying ratios are prepared through in situ polymerization. Microstructural studies confirm the formation of M-type SHF (SrFe₁₂O₁₉) phase with hexagonal disc morphology. The electrochemical performance of PANI/ SHF composites with varying compositions is demonstrated in a symmetric two-electrode cell configuration. The specific capacitance of the electrode is enhanced significantly for PANI/SHF composites compared to pristine SHF and PANI. The optimum value of specific capacitance ~ 505 F/g is observed for the electrode with composite having 1:1 SHF-to-PANI ratio at a scan rate of 2 mV/s. The device also demonstrates an energy density of 17.56 Wh/kg and a power density of 126.45 W/kg, along with excellent cycling stability, retaining 83.6% capacitance after 8,000 cycles. The effect of PANI content on enhancing SHF's supercapacitor properties through efficient charge carrier dynamics is systematically investigated. The improved performance is attributed to the synergistic effect of PANI's high conductivity and SHF's electrochemical stability, highlighting their promise for next-generation supercapacitor electrodes.

Hybridising 2D materials into 3D aerogels have attracted considerable interest in ultralight electrochemical energy storage devices. However, to optimise the device structure for more efficient charge storage and transport, a better understanding of the ratio-dependent hybridisation process and interface charge transfer mechanisms are highly required. Here, we perform a comprehensive study to elucidate the fundamental process during the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotube (CNT) hybridisation, which enabled the fabrication of a rational-designed rGO/CNT hybrid aerogel (GCA) with a record energy storage performance beyond previously reported works. Based on spectroscopy and microscopy analysis, we found the hydrophilic and hydrophobic transition of GO which eliminates the surface-functionalised oxygen-containing moieties, is the origin of the π-π stacking hybridisation between rGO and CNTs. Moreover, we found the different amount of CNTs 'solder' in-between rGO sheets can offer GCA distinct mechanical elasticity, ion diffusion resistance and specific capacitance. As illustrated in the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge/discharge analysis, we found GCA 2-2 (rGO:CNT=2:2) display the best gravimetric capacitance of 117 F•g -1 at a discharge current density of 1 A•g -1 , which help us to fabricate an ultra-flyweight supercapacitor with a large energy density of 3.53 Wh•kg - 1 at a power density of 283.4 W•kg -1 .

Stimulating properties of two 2D-Graphene, like its huge surface area, exceptional electrical conductivity, extreme thinness, amazing electron kinesis, and state-of-the-art mechanical regulation, have added an enormous investigative concern. This background exhibits significant dynamism and find widespread application in various energy storage devices like Li-sulfur batteries, Li-ion batteries, Li-oxygen batteries, sodium Ion batteries and also as a hybrid cathode/anode material for supercapacitors. Scaled-up, stable production and correspondence of carbon-based nano-materials are essential conditions for the preparation of graphene-based EESDs. This chapter diagnostically explains the synthesis methods of graphene and the properties of graphene-nanomaterials with various dimensions in adaptable EESDs. The main tasks and scenarios in this field are also discussed.

The material's exciting properties, which have substantially expanded the field of study, include its enormous surface area, outstanding electrical conductivity, extreme thinness, amazing electron kinesis, and cutting-edge mechanical control. These topographies are largely active for various energy-storage devices (EESDs) such as supercapacitors, hybrid cathode and anode materials, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithiumion batteries, lithium-oxygen batteries, and sodium-ion batteries. The scalability, stability, and uniformity of nanomaterials made of carbon are essential for the development of graphene-based energy storage devices.

The increasing need for efficient and environmentally friendly energy storage solutions has prompted the investigation of sustainable materials for supercapacitor electrodes. This research examines the production of activated carbon from cocoa leaves by chemical and physical activation methods. The procedure includes pre-carbonization, chemical activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH), and physical activation in a carbon dioxide environment. The activated carbon produced has exceptional electrochemical performance, with a specific capacitance of 210 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g, an energy density of 29.7 Wh/kg, and a power density of 39.9 W/kg. These attributes underscore its viability as an economical, high-efficiency material for energy storage applications. Comparisons with previously examined biomass-derived electrodes further illustrate the advantages of activated carbon obtained from cocoa leaves regarding capacitance and energy storage. This study advances the development of sustainable energy storage technology, consistent with worldwide initiatives for renewable energy solutions.

We have developed an electrochemical cell to demonstrate a simple oxygen sensor. It consists of a small sheet of zinc as the anode, a carbon bar or rod (as available) as the cathode, KOH-bentonite paste (a mixture of potassium hydroxide solution and bentonite clay) as the electrolyte, and some oxygen scavenger. In this simple sensor, a decrease in oxygen concentration caused by the reaction with the oxygen scavenger can be observed as a decrease in cell potential difference. The device can be used to demonstrate the use of electrochemical cells as gas sensors and therefore as a medium to teach an application of electrochemistry.