Ecological restoration

bstract: Within this paper the evolution of the area around the Chilia Levee was studied, using the information obtained by studying the evolution of the natural environment and human settlements in the entire area bounded by the branches Chilia and Sulina on the north and south, as well as by Letea sand bank on east and Ceatalul Izmail on west. Based on archaeological studies made on the Danube Delta an interesting correlation between the data related to soils type distribution and the traces of settlements were found. The study of the area around the Chilia Levee highlighted interesting aspects related to the evolution of the Chilia Delta in its whole.

Sintetizar las lecciones aprendidas de diversas iniciativas de restauración en paisajes andinos, y de las buenas prácticas identificadas en los sitios de aprendizaje apoyados por el Programa Bosques Andinos (Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación COSUDE y Helvetas Swiss Intercooperation) durante entre 2015-2019 en Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia y Chile.

Уменьшению углеродного следа сельскохозяйственного производства на районном уровне может способствовать рациональная организация территорий, вмещающих агроландшафты, с учетом оптимального пространственного распределения площадей, снижающих агрогенную эмиссию углерода. Необходимость перехода к «углеродно-нейтральному сельскому хозяйству» и оптимизация структуры агроландшафта особенно актуальны для таких регионов, как Белгородская область, которая обеспечивает 4.8% общей стоимости производимой
сельскохозяйственной продукции России и где расположены целинные участки степей,
способные эффективно регулировать баланс углерода. 
В ходе анализа статистических показателей, картографических и литературных данных,
отчетов профильных ведомств и министерств, а также материалов многолетних полевых и экспериментальных исследований, проведенных авторами в Белгородской области, на внутрирайонном уровне за период с 1990 по 2020 гг. выявлены тенденции динамики
площадей сельскохозяйственных угодий в структуре современных агроландшафтов в сопоставлении с изменением площадей сохранившихся целинных степных участков и земель
природно-заповедного фонда. Установлены агро-ресурсные ареалы, вмещающие муниципальные районы со схожими
трендами изменения площадей сельскохозяйственных угодий в структуре агроландшафтов, со схожей специализацией сельского хозяйства, идентичными изменениями природной,
социальной, экономической и экологической ситуации: 1) агро-ресурсный ареал концентрации
промышленности вблизи крупных городов в западной и центральной частях области, 2) агроресурсный ареал наличия конфликтов сельскохозяйственного и промышленного
природопользования в северной части области, 3) агро-ресурсный ареал юго-восточной сельскохозяйственно-промышленной части области. В границах ареалов выявлены ключевые факторы, определяющие потенциальные возможности производства сельскохозяйственной продукции и тренды динамики площадей агроландшафтов. Оценена доля особо охраняемых природных территорий значимая для снижения агрогенной эмиссии углерода. Обозначена важность таких территорий для поддержания «углеродной нейтральности» при современном хозяйственном освоении. Отмечено, что в пределах установленных ареалов с запада на северо-восток и юго-восток прослеживается менее масштабное уменьшение площадей агроландшафтов, однако их агроприродный потенциал снижается. Данный факт объясняется
усилением действия негативных природных и экологических факторов, недостаточным внедрением адаптивно-ландшафтной системы земледелия в процесс сельскохозяйственного
производства, диспропорцией объемов инвестирования в агропромышленный комплекс, а также сокращением численности трудоспособного населения, занятого в сельском хозяйстве.
Показано, что масштабы проявления конфликтов сельскохозяйственного и промышленного
природопользования увеличиваются в восточном и северо-восточном направлении. 
С помощью методов математической статистики определены связи между ключевыми факторами (влияющими на задействование ландшафтов для аграрных целей) и динамикой площадей агроландшафтов, в границах сформировавшихся агро-ресурсных ареалов.
Рассмотрены перспективы территориальной охраны целинных участков степей в ракурсе решения задач «углеродного нейтрального земледелия» в условиях действия установленных в
статье трендов динамики изменения площадей агроландшафтов. Выявленные особенности трансформации агроландшафта Белгородской области позволят в перспективе оптимизировать
его структуру для достижения целей «углеродно-нейтрального сельского хозяйства» и повысить эффективность региональной сети особо охраняемых природных территорий.

Desertification is the process of land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, which threatens the sustainability worldwide. Sustainable and innovative management strategies for restoring these degraded lands are essential to combat desertification. Use of industrial products, which creates technosols-an artificial substrates that mimic a conducive environment for plant growth, is one of the promising approaches for controlling desertification. In the present investigation, the sand residues of varying granulometry discarded during shale gas and oil processing as potential components of technosols were evaluated for seedling emergence of Atriplex lampa and Parkinsonia praecox, two native shrubs of Monte Desert of Argentina. The experiment was conducted with coarse and fine sand granulometry substrate and under controlled photoperiod and temperature conditions. Seedling emergence of both species was significantly influenced by granulometry of technosols. A. lampa had shown the highest emergence (~60%, SE = 7.54), while P. praecox averaged ~21% (SE = 2.86). The highest emergence rates for the two species were found in coarse sand granulometry (T0), 50% CG / 50% FG (T2), and 25% CG / 75% FG (T3) (~49%, SE = 10.20). These results signify the importance granulometry of technosols for seedling establishment for restoration of degraded arid lands.

This project proposes a dynamic initiative to promote ecotourism across the United States, using Colorado as its initial pilot stage. Through the creation of a series of short films that combine powerful narratives with artificial intelligence technology, the project will highlight natural beauty, cultural diversity (including the heritage of indigenous communities), and the importance of environmental conservation. It promotes sustainable tourism and generates a positive social impact by integrating the "Your Green Footprint" program, which turns tourists into active agents of environmental restoration through the symbolic planting of native species. This initiative enriches the cultural and tourism sector, drives the socioeconomic development of the involved regions, and creates job opportunities for local communities. This proposal is supported by the author's comprehensive professional portfolio, which demonstrates the necessary expertise for successful execution. The portfolio includes academic credentials in Social Communication and Audiovisual Journalism, technical specializations in cinematography (including directing, screenwriting, and editing), and documented international recognition through awards and official selections at film festivals for the short film "El Bombillo" This evidence underscores the author's capacity in audiovisual production, narrative development, and project leadership, ensuring both the artistic quality and operational viability of the ECO Reels initiative.

Background: Microplastic aging affects the dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) on microplastics, yet no review presents the effects of microplastic aging on the associated ARGs. Objectives: This review, therefore, aims to discuss the effects of different types of microplastic aging, as well as the other pollutants on or around microplastics and the chemicals leached from microplastics, on the associated ARGs. Results: It highlights that microplastic photoaging generally results in higher sorption of antibiotics and ARGs due to increased microplastic surface area and functional group changes. Photoaging produces reactive oxygen species, facilitating ARG transfer by increasing bacterial cell membrane permeability. Reactive oxygen species can interact with biofilms, suggesting combined effects of microplastic aging on ARGs. The effects of mechanical aging were deduced from studies showing larger microplastics anchoring more ARGs due to rough surfaces. Smaller microplastics from aging penetrate deeper and smaller places and transport ARGs to these places. High temperatures are likely to reduce biofilm mass and ARGs, but the variation of ARGs on microplastics subjected to thermal aging remains unknown due to limited studies. Biotic aging results in biofilm formation on microplastics, and biofilms, often with unique microbial structures, invariably enrich ARGs. Higher oxidative stress promotes ARG transfer in the biofilms due to higher cell membrane permeability. Other environmental pollutants, particularly heavy metals, antibacterial, chlorination by-products, and other functional genes, could increase microplastic-associated ARGs, as do microplastic additives like phthalates and bisphenols. Conclusions: This review provides insights into the environmental fate of co-existing microplastics and ARGs under the influences of aging. Further studies could examine the effects of mechanical and thermal MP aging on their interactions with ARGs.

The functions of the Evidence Methodology of Axiological Completions/MECA are those related to the implementation (translation into life) of the ten possibilities/requirements of Graciousness, as a Principle of Global Axiology [8,: the possibility of returning to the essence; the possibility of creative re-consignment of the self; the ability of continuous training; the possibility of option; the possibility of self-regulation; the ability to connect to a common ideal of life; the ability of ascension through spirituality; the possibility of personality resignation as a global social value; the capacity of re-consigning the PAG/General Axiological Principle -Global Axiological Space of human completion; possibility of evidence of axiological completions. On the other hand, focused on phenomenal/phenomenological for the establishment of pertinent datum through the way of perspective completions, we get closer to the phenomenologist Edmund Husserl, which was urging/urges on the recovery of "the lost unit" [22, p.623]. Therefore, the structural-phenomenological unicity of the two positioning of full knowing of the late 20 th century and early 21 st century has become the key point of debates in the sense of getting aware of the value of truth in the manner of Romanian philosophers, Petre Andrei, Mihai Draganescu, Mihai G. Stefan, in our way, finally, of founding the Evidence Theory and Methodology of Axiological Completions.

En este reporte, identificamos y analizamos lo que está
sucediendo con las políticas forestales en distintos
territorios de Chile. De esta forma, buscamos visibilizar
la realidad que enfrentan las comunidades locales que
perciben los efectos de las políticas forestales. A su vez, y
a través de sus propias voces, identificamos algunas de
las buenas prácticas que despliegan las comunidades
para combatir las amenazas que atentan contra la
integridad de los ecosistemas forestales nativos del
país y describimos las necesidades que requieren ser
apoyadas desde las políticas forestales.

Ecosystem restoration in Europe faces significant obstacles. Research and 'on-the-ground' experience indicate that the main barriers include low political prioritization, weak stakeholder engagement and conflicting stakeholder interests. The adopted EU Nature Restoration Regulation and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework present valuable opportunities to reverse biodiversity loss. To fully seize these opportunities, restoration efforts must be grounded in just and inclusive approaches that acknowledge and integrate diverse stakeholder perspectives.

Il saggio riflette sulle opportunità e i limiti della Nature Restoration Law analizzando il rapporto tra biodiversità, bioindicatori e politiche di conservazione. Vengono toccati i seguenti punti-chiave
- Biodiversità e indeterminazione: non esiste una definizione univoca di biodiversità; il concetto di specie è un’astrazione umana e ogni misurazione implica semplificazioni.
- Piante come bioindicatori: la vegetazione riflette i fattori ambientali ed è fondamentale per il monitoraggio ecologico, ma la conservazione deve mirare ai processi ecologici più che agli habitat statici.
- Benessere e natura: il benessere autentico si ispira all’equilibrio e alla resilienza degli ecosistemi, contrapposto alla visione consumistica e artificiale dell’uomo moderno.
- Critica alle aree protette e al restauro ambientale: rischiano di ridursi a soluzioni parziali o turistiche. La legge sulla restaurazione potrebbe enfatizzare troppo alberi e foreste, trascurando la complessità dinamica dei mosaici ecologici.
- Microbiota: i microrganismi invisibili sono centrali per la salute degli ecosistemi e dell’uomo. Ignorarli significa fraintendere i meccanismi fondamentali della vita.
- Prospettiva sistemica: serve un cambio di paradigma — da una conservazione statica a una che consideri le dinamiche naturali, integrando agricoltura, economia circolare, servizi ecosistemici e approccio One Health.
- Conclusione: la vera strategia non è istituire nuove aree protette o piantare alberi, ma ripensare radicalmente il modello di sviluppo, riconnettendo ecosistemi e società in una prospettiva di coesistenza.

Higher prices for hardwood stumpage and changes in agricultural policies may favor afforestation on sites in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV) which are suitable for Eastern cottonwood (Popu/us de/toides Bartr.). We examined the potential returns to a landowner growing cottonwood on three soil classes common to the LMAV. We specified the conditions under which we think such afforestation projects will be successful. Afforestation with cottonwood was a profitable investment under most conditions. Including federal cost-share, available under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), greatly increased profitability. Landowners interested in establishing oak-dominated forests can offset costs by interplanting cottonwood and red oak. Long-term management for cottonwood pulpwood can be profitable If coppice is included. On lower productivity sites, coppice Is probably necessary.

and degradation is a threat to global sustainability and heightened concerns over climate change impacts on ecosystem services underscore the importance of forest land cover as a carbon sink, habitat for biodiversity, and support for livelihoods and quality of life. Recognizing the need for large-scale restoration to counter degradation and improve vital ecosystem functions and services, international initiatives have set various targets for improving forest ecosystems. These include the Bonn Challenge (150 million ha by 2020), the New York Declaration on Forests (350 million ha by 2030), land net degradation neutrality (LDN) by 2030 set by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), and the goal of no net biodiversity loss, and net positive impacts on biodiversity given by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Their Aichi Target 15 calls for 15% of degraded lands restored by 2020. To implement the Bonn Challenge and other international commitments that require forest restoration and conservation, the German Environment Ministry (BMU) approved a four-year project led by the World Resources Institute called "Inspire, Support and Mobilize Forest and Landscape Restoration." As one of the partners in this effort, IUFRO is providing scientific information, knowledge and expertise on ecological, social and economic aspects of forest landscape restoration (FLR). This report is the result of a team of scientists from relevant IUFRO units who focused on the potential for FLR to contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, the linkages between adaptation and mitigation, and the reciprocal benefits to FLR. Forest and landscape restoration can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation by increasing productivity of landscapes, enhancing the resilience of forest ecosystems, and reducing the vulnerability of forest-dependent human communities. Actions to conserve, sustainably manage, and restore forests can contribute to economic growth, poverty alleviation, rule of law, food security, climate resilience, and biodiversity conservation. Restoring forest landscapes can help secure respect for the rights of forest dependent indigenous peoples, while promoting their participation and that of local communities in natural resources decision making. Drawing on state-of-the-art scientific knowledge through analysis of restoration case studies and review of scientific literature, IUFRO scientists developed a framework to demonstrate how FLR can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. One of the major results of this study was the identification and detailed description of the many different ways in which FLR contributes to both mitigating climate effects and helping ecosystems and society to adapt to adverse effects of a changing climate. In addition, this work contributed a stoplight tool aimed at better presenting complex restoration initiatives, and how they may contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation and vice-versa, in a specific local context. This report represents the efforts of many collaborators besides the authors. The 15 case studies of forest restoration from projects in South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, Europe, Latin and North America that were analyzed are published separately on the IUFRO Website, and we thank the contributors. Throughout the process, the authors relied on the guidance of Lars Laestadius of the World Resources Institute and we are grateful for the stimulating discussions he provided. Stephanie Mansourian did double duty as co-author and editor of the report and case studies; Michael Kleine also performed doubly as co-author and task master, keeping us more or less on schedule and within budget. The assistance by Renate Prüller in proofreading and by Eva-Maria Schimpf and Balazs Garamszegi in the coordination of lay-out and printing is much appreciated. We also acknowledge our respective institutions that supported our involvement. The University of Copenhagen provided a convivial meeting place for several working meetings. We sincerely thank the reviewers of the report for their valuable comments and suggestions that have greatly improved the quality of the publication:

Higher prices for hardwood stumpage and changes in agricultural policies may favor afforestation on sites in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV) which are suitable for Eastern cottonwood (Popu/us de/toides Bartr.). We examined the potential returns to a landowner growing cottonwood on three soil classes common to the LMAV. We specified the conditions under which we think such afforestation projects will be successful. Afforestation with cottonwood was a profitable investment under most conditions. Including federal cost-share, available under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), greatly increased profitability. Landowners interested in establishing oak-dominated forests can offset costs by interplanting cottonwood and red oak. Long-term management for cottonwood pulpwood can be profitable If coppice is included. On lower productivity sites, coppice Is probably necessary.

To determine global trends in ecological restoration (ER) research, we conducted a geographically-explicit English-language literature review. We assessed a representative sample (n=603) of publications that use the ER concept (n=8,678). Only 19.2% (n=118) were explicit ER studies, and these were evaluated to determine geographic location, research framework, ER paradigm, journal disciplinary orientation, article type, disturbance factor studied, and ER-response measurements. The Global North produced 2x more studies than the South, and ecological research frameworks predominated overall. However, significantly more Southern studies operated under a postmodern paradigm (i.e., addressing ecosystem processes, functions and health) than in the North, where more studies sought to reconstitute pre-disturbance biotic assemblages (i.e., classical paradigm). Both regions published mostly in natural science journals, but significantly more in the North; in the South, there were significantly more publications in engineering journals. An incipient socio-ecological research framework was detected in the North (23.1%) and South (32.5%), but social science studies were only found in the North (11.5%). Plus, the North had significantly more conceptual publications. Opportunities exist in both regions to enhance a holistic ER perspective. Southern scientists and practitioners could pay attention to context-specific concepts and approaches. Understanding global and regional ER research trends can contribute to improving theoretical, practical and ethical outcomes.

In 2008, Argentina and Chile signed an agreement to eradicate North American beavers (Castor canadensis) and restore degraded forests. The plans and actions related to this treaty have been conducted principally by experts with biological knowledge, paying scant attention to social aspects. From a socio-ecological approach, we evaluated the perspectives of two groups of key stakeholders (managers and researchers) from Argentinean and Chilean institutions. Via surveys, we compared i) attitudes towards the binational agreement's two objectives (eradication and restoration), ii) the reasons that underlie these positions, and iii) the opinions about obstacles in implementing the agreement. The majority of both groups agreed with the two objectives, nonetheless managers supported more the eradication of the beaver and researchers supported more the restoration of degraded forests. These positions were based on biological arguments (e.g., ecological harm, being an exotic species), more than on social ones (e.g., ethics, economic impact). Paradoxically, managers and researchers identified the lack of information on social topics (e.g., internal management, interinstitutional cooperation, financing) as the main obstacle for the implementation of the agreement. While there was a high level of consensus, dissident positions were found among these stakeholders, whose profile is rather homogeneous. Managers particularly emphasized politico-institutional topics. Consequently, we are called upon to deepen and increase attention towards social dimensions in the approach to biological invasions to diversify the perspectives towards the problem, as well as to optimize and improve outcomes of potential actions in complex and heterogeneous societies.

A YEAR OF REWILDING:
A SCHOLARLY INTERSPECIES NARRATIVE TO DECONSTRUCT ORTHODOX CONSERVATION SCIENCE, USING COOPERATIVE INQUIRY TOWARD A TRULY RESTORATIVE ECOLOGY


ABSTRACT
The culmination of the global, anthropogenic ecological cataclysm, often referred to as the “Anthropocene” traces to a metaphoric “original trauma” that describes the historical arc through which dominant western humans, abjuring their own wildness, imagined themselves apart from and exceptional among the entirety of the more-than-human world. In response to the Anthropocene, the United Nations has declared the decade 2021-2030 as The Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. However, the ecological restoration methods the UN espouses reinforce the same dualist assumptions that foment the Anthropocene, reducing more-than-human agencies to utilitarian ecosystem services and biodiversity values. To reverse the trajectory of the contemporary ecological cataclysm, humans must attend to the original trauma of their bifurcation from Earthly existence by rediscovering their dissociated wild natures, while simultaneously reconnecting with the more-than-human world within relationships based on respect, reciprocity, and restoration.
To support this thesis, I employed cooperative methods for a period of one year in which I attempted to work with the Land community where I live in Asheville, North Carolina to rewild. Eschewing consumer and media products and working with the colonized and degraded community to self-will itself to ecological wellness, the year of rewilding employed a novel method, scholarly interspecies narrative, which combines elements of scholarly personal narrative and multispecies ethnography to provide a platform for all research participants to participate equitably. Traditional scientific quantitative baseline assessments were also employed to underpin qualitative assumptions.
The realities of a burgeoning population of more than eight billion humans and global anthropogenic ecological impacts trouble ambitions to create ecological utopias, but this case study demonstrates that working toward healing the original trauma can serve to restore relational, co-creative, and mutually supportive relationships between humans and more-than-humans, which may allow for the reimagining of the Anthropocene as the Chthulucene, or an era of beginnings as well as endings. Through active application of deep ecological axiological norms of biocentric equality and self-realization, this case study challenges the orthodoxy of restoration science and provides broad insight for the development of a truly restorative ecology.

Water availability in Mount Ciremai National Parks (MCNP) is influenced by sustainability of the vegetation. Therefore, tree regeneration around the water springs area needs to be investigated to maintain the sustainability of water springs ecosystem in the future. The purpose of this study was to analyzed and identify natural seedlings of tree regeneration around the water springs area Seda Block MCNP. The collections of vegetation and abiotic data was carried out on 9 sample plots measuring 3 × 3 m which is purposively placed around water springs. Result show that vegetation in water springs dominate by seedlings Ficus sp., Ficus hemsleyana, and Trevesia sundaica. ShannonWeiner diversity index in this location was moderate, but evenness and dominance index classified as high and low, respectively. Overall, seedling of trees dominated by orthodox seed-type and shade tolerant plant. The vegetation in this study dominated by plants categorized least concern (LC) based on IUCN red lis...

Rewilding is a new approach to wildlife conservation that challenges the temporalities of orthodox approaches to identifying and securing desired environments. It encourages conservationists to look to deeper pasts and further futures as they formulate appropriate reference points for the Anthropocene. It figures conservation less as the prevention of species extinction and more as the choreography of ecological processes to secure desired functions and services. This paper focuses on Britain and the use of large herbivores and native trees to enable afforestation. It develops and applies a novel conceptual framework for critically examining the temporalities of rewilding by drawing together cognate literatures from political ecology, environmental philosophy, time studies, queer theory and disability studies to help theorise the chrononormativities and chronobiopolitics of rewilding. The analysis comes in three parts. The first examines the normative political strategies of baselining and horizoning through which pasts and futures are mobilised to legitimate present rewilding practice. The second explores the environmental biopolitics through which temporal rhythms are choreographed in the practices of rewilding, exploring how processes of ecological succession are curated and how rewilders deal with unexpected events. The final part of the analysis critiques the emerging chrononormativities and chronobiopolitics of rewilding in Britain and advocates for alternative models more conducive to multispecies flourishing in the queer, crip ecologies of modern Britain. The conclusion identifies priorities for future

Peatland restoration measures usually require the rewetting of the disturbed ecosystem. In northern latitudes, the increase in wetness of the bare peat substrate causes frost heaving. In this paper, we described the problem of frost heaving in cutover peatlands and an array of means whereby it can be diminished. Several avenues of research should be pursued with the use of nursing plants to reduce frost heaving and promote Sphagnum establishment and growth. For large scale restoration of peatland ecosystems, Polytrichum strictum appears to be a good potential nursing plant to Sphagnum. However the importance of competition between polytric and Sphagnum is unknown and we do not know under which conditions the association is beneficial or not.

This study examines the recovery of the microbial compartment following active restoration of a North American ombrotrophic peatland extracted for horticultural peat-based substrates and restored by the Sphagnum moss transfer method. We used phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) to portrait the microbial community structure and Community Level Physiological Profiles (CLPP) to describe the functional diversity of the microbial communities. Our results indicate that the PLFA profiles were different between the beginning and the end of the growing season, but that it was impossible to distinguish five different vegetation classes found along the disturbance-recovery gradient on the basis of the microbial community structure. The pH, the cover of mosses, Ledum groenlandicum and Eriophorum vaginatum var. spissum were the best environmental predictors for the PLFA composition. The newly formed peat found in aerobic conditions beneath restored Sphagnum carpets had the highest decomposition capacity, whereas the lowest rates were found in the surface samples of non-restored conditions or in the deepest horizons of the natural samples. A large proportion of the variation in the physiological profiles was explained with variables related to the vegetation cover, the physicochemical environment and the microbial structure of the community, which is very promising for future monitoring studies. Overall, this study demonstrates that the recovery of particular plant groups, namely mosses and shrubs in restored peatlands might be the driver of changes occurring in the structure of the microbial communities in restored peatlands.

Polytrichum strictum is a pioneer plant frequently found on bare peat substrate after perturbations (fire, peat extraction). Can this moss facilitate the return of Sphagnum species or other boreal plants after disturbances? Field surveys of abandoned peatlands after peat extraction revealed that Sphagnum was always found in association with P. strictum carpets. We conducted field experiments in abandoned peatlands and showed that P. strictum carpets were able to keep Sphagnum fragments more humid than bare peat but only when the P. strictum carpets were not totally bone dry. In general, daytime temperatures beneath P. strictum carpets and fragments were reduced during the day and increased during the night compared to bare peat. Polytrichum strictum carpets acted as a seed trap, retaining more artificial seeds than bare peat. Polytrichum strictum can be a nurse-plant: after 16 months, vascular plants transplanted in the P. strictum carpet were healthier than the ones planted on bare peat. The use of P. strictum as a nurse-plant in boreal forest or peatland restoration is recommended for sites prone to frost heaving and with harsh microclimatic conditions.

Since the early 1990s, restoration techniques have been developed for milled and cutover peatlands in eastern Canada. These techniques are based on the active reintroduction of peatland plant diaspores, blocking drainage, and the use of straw mulch to improve surface conditions. This study examines the effectiveness of using shallow (20 cm deep) basins of various widths to improve the success of current peatland restoration techniques. It comprises three different experiments, each spanning three or four growing seasons and combining both small-scale manual and large-scale mechanized plant reintroductions. Cover data recorded in two of the experiments were regressed against a series of environmental factors to determine how Sphagnum establishment success was related to abiotic variables such as moisture, water ponding, surface roughness, and mulch cover. Results of these experiments demonstrate that shallow basins were generally effective at promoting Sphagnum establishment and that this effect extends beyond the positive impact that basins have on hydrological conditions. Basins of various widths were equally successful. Soil-moisture content (linear positive effect) and duration and severity of flooding events (quadratic effect) were shown to be determinant of plant recovery. Other factors such as the density of straw cover (positive effect) and surface roughness (negative effect) were also instrumental in explaining local variation in Sphagnum cover. Plant cover after three and four growing seasons averaged 20-25% in mechanical reintroductions and 40-60% in manual reintroductions, demonstrating the overall effectiveness of the restoration techniques used.

Las actividades antropogénicas en los ecosistemas naturales han causado la
reducción en la biodiversidad global, entre ellas la degradación y fragmentación de
hábitat causada por actividades ganaderas, agrícolas y forestales, afectando una
variedad de ambientes como es el caso de los matorrales. Su distribución comienza
desde el nivel del mar hasta los 3,000 msnm, por lo general habitan en el norte del
país con una extensión que cubre el 29.7% (576,747 km2) de México, a pesar de
sus condiciones áridas y semiáridas existen una gran variedad de especies de flora
y fauna. Las especies de flora que se encuentran en este tipo de ecosistema sirven
como recurso alimentación y de refugio de algunas especies de aves, sin embargo,
el conocimiento de las dietas y preferencia de alimentación por parte de la avifauna
en las zonas áridas aún se desconoce. Por lo cual, el objetivo de este trabajo es
describir la preferencia de las aves por el recurso de alimentación y la temporada
en la cual fueron observadas en el Cañón del Garrapatal del ejido San Rafel, Tula,
Tamaulipas, México. Para el estudio de las especies, el área se dividió en tres
cuadrantes de 17 hectáreas cada uno y una distancia de seis kilómetros en línea
recta entre cada cuadrante. Se identificaron 10 órdenes, 27 familias y 70 especies
de aves de las cuales 13 especies se registraron alimentándose. Además, se
identificaron seis especies de plantas que prefieren las aves para alimentarse. Esto
demuestra la importancia de las zonas áridas y semiáridas, no obstante, a pesar de
las condiciones climáticas muy extremas en ellas se mantiene una gran riqueza de
especies de flora y fauna, por lo que es muy importante que se proteja y conserven
los matorrales en el norte de México.

The Cerrado biome, a biodiversity hotspot, faces challenges such as soil degradation and water resource depletion. Passive restoration is a strategy used to recover its ecosystem, with remote sensing technology enabling monitoring of forest recovery and environmental changes. This study applied multi-temporal analysis using environmental data and vegetation indices to assess a passive restoration area in a reserve at Brotas, Brazil. Data were gathered from a meteorological station and Landsat-8 satellite images. Vegetation indices such as the Simple Ratio Index (SRI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) were calculated and analyzed over time (2014-2020) by year and season (winter and summer). The environmental analysis revealed seasonal differences, highlighting the contrast between the dry winter months and wet summer months. All vegetation indices varied across years, SRI and EVI also showing seasonal differences. A noticeable deviation was observed in 2014-2015, attributed to the severe drought of 2014, with a lagged response in vegetation. Our results demonstrate that vegetation indices are effective tools for assessing ecological resilience under climate extremes and can provide evidence for designing public policies. Specially, linking passive restoration outcomes to land tenure security and watershed conservation highlights the role of tenurerestoration nexus in ensuring log-term success. These findings have implications for conservation policy in Brazil and elsewhere, reinforcing that ecological recovery strategies must be integrated with land use and land tenure frameworks to achieve sustainable climate adaptation and ecosystem services.

Between 2019 and 2025, the main features of the current formulation emerged, all of which remain as the subsequent chapters unfold. Unstable health conditions limited the author to modest output over five years, but it still provided an occupation and purpose. Limited ability in environmental and ecological studies also imposed constraints. In response, a long series of readings, studies, and intellectual discussions of the literature of Philosophical Ecology shaped the approach to ecological issues in Iraq and the broader region, approached from a philosophical perspective. This reasoning influenced the content of more than 50 articles that followed, complemented by a collection of 20 books, all focused on the same core themes. Efforts to publish in well-known scientific Scopus journals (Q1 or Q2) were delayed by eight months or more, leading the author to share the essential material immediately on the international platforms Academia Edu and ResearchGate to ensure accessibility. Accessible to a broad audience.

For the peculiar artworks such as stucco plasterworks cleaning is troublesome for different reasons: weak mechanical behavior, high porosity and resulting water absorption, partial water solubility in the case of gypsum plaster. The choice of the cleaning method, especially as concerns gypsum based stucco materials, is crucial in assuring the lowest harmfulness possible together with a good level of efficacy. With the term agar we name a powder product composed mainly of polysaccharides and extracted from red algae species. When boiled with water, in a percentage range in between 0.5 and 5, it produces a colloidal solution that gellifies towards 35 °C. It can be used gelified and cold placed on a plan stucco surface, tepid and fluid poured on a surface relief or otherwise milled till a snow consistency, then pressed as a pad onto any surface; it has a high content of water which is slowly released into the porous substrate system. Hence the water-soluble components of soiling presen...

The remediation of condemn oil polluted loamy soil using neem (azadirachta indica) was investigated. The neem leaves came from Akpugo in the southeast Nigerian state of Enugu State's Nkanu West local government area. The leaves were dried at room temperature and subjected to grinding machine to obtain the powdered form of the dried leaves that serve as treatment to remediate condemn oil polluted loamy soil. Three masses 5 g, 10 g and 15 g of the powdered Azadirachta indica were measured in the ratio of 1:2:3 respectively and added in the mixtures. The analysis for characterization of individual hydrocarbons in the condemn oil and the mixture of soil, azadirachta indica and condemn oil were carried out. The concentration of the first members of the three families n-octane (C8), n-icosane (C20) and n-triacontane (C30) identified were determined weekly for three weeks cure. The plot of concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) against time rapidly decreased in the concentrations of the first members of the three families' n-octane, n-icosane and n-triacontane with respect to time in days in the increasing order of masses azadirachta indica as 5 g  10 g  15 g and the plot of concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) against the masses of azadirachta indica there was rapid decrease of the concentration of (TPH) with the masses of azadirachta indica in increasing order of time as 7 days  14 days  21 days. From the result obtained the following recommendations were made: Neem is recommended for remediation of condemn oil and related products in loamy soil and other soil environment in general, government at all level should establish plant for the manufacturing of neem powder and neem is recommended to all oil companies for oil spillage control.

This report documents the inspiring journey of the Shabi Creek mangrove restoration project in Gwadar, Pakistan. It chronicles how the initial dream and grassroots initiative of two cousins, Asghar Shah and Abdul Rahim—who planted the first saplings with unwavering hope—blossomed into a large-scale, collaborative conservation effort. The document highlights key phases of this transformation: from a humble beginning and scientific surveying under IUCN Pakistan's auspices, to the establishment of a nursery and eventual expansion along the coast. Ultimately, Shabi Creek stands as a powerful testament to human determination, showcasing how a vision can regenerate a critical ecosystem, protect biodiversity, and serve as a enduring blueprint for sustainable development and community-led environmental restoration.

De r e c h o a mb i e n t a l e i n t e g r a c i ó n ME RCOS UR e d u c a t i v o I I L e n Mo s c ú De r e c h o a mb i e n t a l e i n t e g r a c i ó n S u s a n a Da r í n * E l d e b a t e r e s p e c t o d e l a r e l a c i ó n e n t r e c o me r c i o i n t e r n a c i o n a l , me d i o a mb i e n t e y d e s a r r o l l o s u s t e n t a b l e a c r e c e n t ó s u i mp o r t a n c i a a l o s l a r g o d e l a d é c a d a d e 1 9 9 0 . E l l o s e d e b e a l a c o n j u n c i ó n d e d o s e l e me n t o s : l a l i b e r a c i ó n d e l c o me r c i o i n t e r n a c i o n a l , t a n t o d e b i e n e s c o mo d e s e r v i c i o s , r e f o r z a d a p o r l a c o n c l u s i ó n d e l a Ro n d a Ur u g u a y ( 1 9 8 6 -1 9 9 4 ) y e l c o n s i g u i e n t e e s t a b l e c i mi e n t o d e l a Or g a n i z a c i ó n d e Mu n d i a l d e Co me r c i o ( OMC, 1 9 9 5 ) ; l a p r e o c u p a c i ó n p o r p r e s e r v a r e l me d i o a mb i e n t e q u e s e p r o f u n d i z ó a p a r t i r d e l a Co n f e r e n c i a Mu n d i a l s o b r e Me d i o A mb i e n t e , l l e v a d a a c a b o e n R io d e J a n e i r o e n 1 9 9 2 . De s a r r o l l o s u s t e n t a b l e e n e l d e b a t e No r t e -S u r S i n d u d a l a s c o n s i d e r a c i o n e s e n t o r n o a l o s p r o b l e ma s a mb i e n t a l e s s o n ma y o r e s e n l o s p a í s e s d e s a r r o l l a d o s -q u e a d o p t a n c a d a v e z e n ma y o r me d i d a r e g u l a c i o n e s y p o l í t i c a s a l r e s p e c t o -, q u e e n t r e l o s p a í s e s e n d e s a r r o l l o . L a Co mi s i ó n B r u n d t l a n d e n s u i n f o rm e d e n o mi n a d o Nu e s t r o f u t u r o c o mú n , p r e s e n t a d o e n 1 9 8 2 , d e f i n i ó e l d e s a r r o l l o s u s t e n t a b l e c o mo e l q u e " s a t i s f a c e l a s n e c e s i d a d e s d e l p r e s e n t e s i n c o mp r o me t e r l a c a p a c i d a d d e l a s g e n e r a c i o n e s * L i c e n c i a d a e n R el a c i o n e s I n t e r n a c i o n a l e s ; d o c e n t e u n i v e r s i t a r i a .

To promote forest landscape restoration (FLR), national governments have embarked on far reaching policy reforms to reclassify lands targeted for restoration, designate legitimate forest stewards and define acceptable land use practices, responsibilities and benefits. Policy reforms intended to influence forest management behavior face complex challenges but policy makers can learn from past experience to better design forest restoration initiatives that address forest governance. This paper attempts to distill lessons by examining national reform processes and their local manifestations in diverse socio-political and environmental contexts. Specifically, we compare local dynamics in Nepal, China and Ethiopia to illustrate how distinct policy reform processes intended to promote FLR changed governance institutions and encouraged local participation. These cases demonstrate how policy reforms, particularly those targeting property rights, have influenced local participation in forest restoration efforts, and modified land use behavior to increase forest cover as well as the benefits local households received from forests.

La experiencia de la Casa de Semillas de Zapala muestra cómo la organización comunitaria y el conocimiento compartido pueden sostener la biodiversidad y la soberanía alimentaria. A través del préstamo solidario, el registro colectivo y las prácticas agroecológicas, este espacio construye redes, saberes y autonomía en torno a las semillas locales.

La restauracion ecologica es uno de los principales mecanismos de conservacion que busca afrontar la degradacion ambiental y mitigar los efectos del cambio climatico, por lo cual se constituye como una de las herramientas mas importantes para el manejo y recuperacion de las areas protegidas. No obstante, la presencia comunidades humanas dentro de los parques naturales ha originado diversos conflictos ambientales que dificultan las labores de restauracion bajo los lineamientos normativos actuales. Por tal motivo el presente estudio aborda la definicion de escenarios de restauracion ecologica a partir de la integracion de lo ecosistemico y lo cultural por medio de la caracterizacion, tipificacion y analisis de los aspectos biofisicos, sociales, economicos y politicos involucrados en un area protegida, en este caso el Santuario de Fauna y Flora Iguaque (Boyaca, Colombia). Lo anterior a partir de la integracion del riesgo a incendios de la cobertura vegetal, la tenencia de la tierra, la...

To determine global trends in ecological restoration (ER) research, we conducted a geographically-explicit English-language literature review. We assessed a representative sample (n=603) of publications that use the ER concept (n=8,678). Only 19.2% (n=118) were explicit ER studies, and these were evaluated to determine geographic location, research framework, ER paradigm, journal disciplinary orientation, article type, disturbance factor studied, and ER-response measurements. The Global North produced 2x more studies than the South, and ecological research frameworks predominated overall. However, significantly more Southern studies operated under a postmodern paradigm (i.e., addressing ecosystem processes, functions and health) than in the North, where more studies sought to reconstitute pre-disturbance biotic assemblages (i.e., classical paradigm). Both regions published mostly in natural science journals, but significantly more in the North; in the South, there were significantly more publications in engineering journals. An incipient socio-ecological research framework was detected in the North (23.1%) and South (32.5%), but social science studies were only found in the North (11.5%). Plus, the North had significantly more conceptual publications. Opportunities exist in both regions to enhance a holistic ER perspective. Southern scientists and practitioners could pay attention to context-specific concepts and approaches. Understanding global and regional ER research trends can contribute to improving theoretical, practical and ethical outcomes.

RESUMEN. La restauración ecológica (RE) se ha consolidado como campo académico y política pública. No obstante, podría presentar sesgos que obstaculicen el abordaje integral de sus causas y consecuencias naturales y sociales. Por ende, se propuso analizar cómo se están abordando los aspectos sociales y socioecológicos sobre RE en la literatura científica a escala global e iberoamericana. Se esperaba que el cambio paradigmático en las ciencias ecológicas, que empezó a incorporar la dimensión humana de los ecosistemas, se viera reflejado en la literatura sobre RE, y se predijo un incremento en estudios sociales y socioecológicos de RE en la última década. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática entre 1900-2016 a escala global (Web of Science, n=550) y de Iberoamérica (Scientific Electronic Library Online, n=290). Se cuantificaron patrones temporales, geográficos, metodológicos y disciplinares en publicaciones con marcos conceptuales ecológico, social o socioecológico. Para Iberoamérica, se profundizó con un análisis cualitativo que incluyó conceptos sociopolíticos (i.e., gobierno, políticas públicas, participación ciudadana). Se encontró que la productividad científica sobre RE aumentó en general, pero la tasa de crecimiento fue mayor para estudios ecológicos que sociales y socioecológicos. Estos trabajos se publican principalmente (>50%) en revistas de ciencias naturales o aplicadas en ambas escalas. A su vez, las publicaciones sociales y socioecológicas contribuyen más a la literatura global que a la regional (37.5% y 15.3%, respectivamente), y hubo una dominancia de publicaciones proveniente de países del Norte Global. La mirada interdisciplinaria está parcialmente reflejada en la literatura científica sobre RE, y la articulación entre la ciencia y la gestión fue escasa en los estudios regionales. Además de pensar en incrementar la producción en investigación social y socioecológica de RE, se debería reforzar el "diálogo de saberes" entre regiones y disciplinas para alcanzar experiencias exitosas de RE en la práctica.

For decades, sustainability has shaped global development priorities through frameworks centered on reducing harm, conserving resources, and maintaining ecological balance. Yet, the intensifying crises of climate change, biodiversity loss, and social inequity have exposed the limitations of conservation-based approaches. A new paradigm is now gaining momentum, one that shifts the global discourse from sustaining the current state to actively regenerating ecosystems, communities, and economies. This chapter explores the conceptual and practical transition from sustainability to regeneration, positioning it as a critical inflection point in the global sustainability agenda. It begins by unpacking the shortcomings of conventional sustainability models and contrasts them with the core principles of regenerative thinking, including systems-based design, ecological reciprocity, circularity, and intergenerational responsibility. Grounded in interdisciplinary scholarship, the chapter employs a conceptual synthesis methodology supported by real-world case studies and emerging global policy reviews. It outlines how regenerative approaches are being increasingly adopted across sectors, from urban planning and agriculture to finance and business ecosystems. The chapter offers an integrated, forward-looking framework that contributes to the evolving field of regenerative development. It explores pathways for embedding regenerative principles into global governance, education, and practice, positioning regeneration as an essential next step in sustainability evolution. The chapter calls on researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to reimagine sustainability not as an endpoint, but as a foundation for deep, systemic renewal across ecological and social systems.

The Netherlands are a small, low-lying delta in W. Europe (42 000 km 2 ; 50 • -54 • N; 3 • -8 • E), mainly consisting of alluvial deposits from the North Sea and from the large rivers Rhine and Meuse. The country was 'created by man'. The conversion of natural aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems into drained agricultural land was a major cultural operation over the past 1000 years. Roughly 55% of the country's surface area is still agricultural land. Some decades ago, The Netherlands' landscape was characterised by an armoured coastline and bridled estuaries, a drastically reduced area of saline and freshwater marshes, fully regulated rivers and streams, and numerous artificial lakes. The aquatic ecosystems beyond the influence of the large rivers, the Pleistocene raised bogs and moor lands, have almost been completely annihilated in the past. Acidification and eutrophication led to the deterioration of the remaining softwater lake vegetation. Last but not least, an artificial drainage system was constructed, leading to an unnatural water table all over the country, high in summer, low in winter. Only very recently, some 25 years ago, the tide has been turned and ecological rehabilitation and restoration of disturbed ecosystems are in full swing now, enhanced by the European Union policy to set aside agricultural land in the Netherlands in favour of the development of 'nature'. The state of the art of aquatic and semi-aquatic ecological restoration projects in the Netherlands is given. Starting from the conceptual basis of restoration ecology, the successes and failures of hundreds of restoration projects are given. Numerous successful projects are mentioned. In general, ecological restoration endeavours are greatly benefiting from progressive experience in the course of the years. Failures mainly occur by insufficient application of physical, chemical or ecological principles. The spontaneous colonisation by plants and animals, following habitat reconstruction, is preferred. But sometimes the re-introduction of keystone species (e.g. eelgrass; salmon; beaver) is necessary in case the potential habitats are isolated or fragmented, or when a seed bank is lacking, thus not allowing viable populations to develop. Re-introduction of traditional management techniques (e.g. mowing without fertilisation; low intensity grazing) is important to rehabilitate the semi-natural and cultural landscapes, so characteristic for the Netherlands. For aquatic ecosystems proper (estuaries, rivers, streams, larger lakes) the rule of thumb is that re-establishment of the abiotic habitat conditions is a pre-requisite for the return of the target species. This implies rehabilitation of former hydrological end geomorphological conditions, and an increase in spatial heterogeneity. The 'bottom-up' technique of lake restoration, viz. reduction in nutrient loadings, and removal of nutrient-rich organic sediment, is the preferred strategy. The 'top-down' approach of curing eutrophicated ecosystems, that is drastic reduction of fish stock, mainly bream, and introduction of carnivorous fish, may be considered as complementary. For semi-aquatic ecosystems (river-fed and rain-fed peat moors, brook valleys, coastal dune slacks) it also counts that the abiotic constraints should be lifted, but here the species-oriented conservation strategy, the enhancement of the recovery of characteristic plant and animal species, is mainly followed. An important pre-requisite for the rehabilitation of the original natural or semi-natural * NIOO Contribution no. 3054. 220 vegetation is the presence of viable seed bank. Restoration of salt-marsh vegetation has to deal with a shortlived persistent seed bank, which means that transport of seeds by water currents is important. Isolated softwater ecosystems may rely on the long-lived seeds of the aquatic macrophytes. The paper ends with some notes on the predictability of the outcome of ecological restoration measures and the societal position of restoration ecology as a science. Scientists hold different views on the predictability of restoration measures. A fact is that the predictability of ecosystem development increases, with increasing knowledge of the underlying environmental processes.

Planetary Bio-Psychic Ecology (PBPE) is an emerging, evidence-seeking framework that links a community’s mental climate (trust, belonging, stress, cultural cohesion), the state of local nature (water, soil, trees, air quality), and everyday basics (jobs, prices, housing) into a single system for early warning and cooperative action. It recognises that ecological decline, economic stress, and social strain reinforce each other, and that sustainable solutions must address all three together.

PBPE uses a three-step cycle — Look, Learn, Lift — to:

Look: Measure mental, ecological, and economic indicators through the Mental Environment Index (MEI) and local eco-economic data.

Learn: Identify feedback loops and early-warning signals, such as trust falling where water quality declines and prices rise.

Lift: Implement Bio-Psychic Restoration Zones (BPRZs) — place-based projects that restore ecosystems, strengthen social cohesion, and build fair livelihoods — followed by simple before/after and with/without evaluation.

Safeguards are central: voluntary participation, community-owned data, aggregate-only reporting, and transparent, rights-respecting practice. Early trials suggest PBPE can deliver tangible gains within months — cooler streets, cleaner water, reduced youth anxiety, increased purchasing power — while reinforcing long-term resilience.

Rooted in the Neohumanist and PROUT tradition, PBPE integrates physical, mental, and cultural dimensions into practical governance tools that any community can adapt, from urban wards to rural watersheds. This white paper outlines the framework, tools, and early results, inviting further testing, refinement, and collaborative application.

In arid and semi-arid lands, the spiny prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) is an outstanding plant for soil conservation and restoration. To determine the role of Opuntia ficus-indica on vegetation recovery process in desertified areas of Southern Tebessa (Northeast Algeria), we investigated the effect of prickly pear plantation age and some soil properties (grain size, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and CaCO 3 equivalents) on native plant community. Vegetation cover and plant diversity were assessed by calculating the number of individual plants (N), species richness (S), their ratio (N/S), Shannon index, and Evenness in prickly pear plantation plots of different ages (control, 5 and 20 years). Even if surveyed soil parameters did not differ significantly among O. ficus-indica plantations, results of ANOVA testing the effect of Opuntia plantations on native vegetation traits revealed significant variation for plant abundance (P < 0.0001), N/S ratio (P = 0.003) and vegetation cover (P < 0.0001). Vegetation cover differed significantly with both prickly-pear plantation age (P = 0.031) and seasons (P = 0.019). Tukey's tests revealed that all vegetation traits were significantly higher on prickly pear plantations than in control plots. Multiple comparisons also showed that plant abundance, N/S ratio and vegetation cover were significantly different between both young and old plantations and the controls. Prickly pear cultures facilitated the colonization and development of herbaceous species by ameliorating the severe environmental conditions. In conclusion, the facilitative effect of O. ficus-indica has been clearly demonstrated for both abundance and cover of native vegetation.

Mycorrhizal fungi are an essential component to consider for better management of soil fertility, particularly in degraded rangelands of drylands. The present article presents a field survey of colonization and intensity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) roots from young (5 years old) and old (more than 20 years) plantations. The results observed were explained by seasonality and edaphic factors. Prickly pear roots showed a mycorrhizal frequency (F%) up to 100% of colonization and a mycorrhizal intensity (M%) that may exceed 70%. According to ANOVAs, both F% and M% varied significantly between Prickly pear plantation ages, but only M% between seasons. The Generalized linear model showed that edaphic factors have no effect on the variation of F%. However the statistical model showed that M% were significantly influenced by active CaCO 3 , organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus contents and C/N. Our findings highlight the importance of mycorrhization in rehabilitation programs of degraded rangelands by prickly pear plantations in semiarid and arid lands, particularly during early plant ages and under environmental abiotic stresses such as climate and soil type.

Los bosques de Araucaria araucana (pehuen) son influenciados en su dinamica de regeneracion por elementos naturales o antropicos. Cambios climaticos recientes contribuirian a declinaciones del crecimiento y probablemente en la intensidad de regeneracion. Sin embargo, aun luego de extraer madera, vastas extensiones con fisonomia de parque resultaron afectados por accion del fuego en combinacion con la sobrecarga de ganado introducido desde fines del siglo XIX. Este ganado, condicionado a reducidos corredores de trashumancia y areas de pastaje, impacta sobre la regeneracion del bosque de pehuen en el noroeste de Patagonia argentina. El ganado trashumante, desplazandose desde campos bajos y aridos de invernada a los mas humedos y de mayor receptividad durante el verano en valles cordilleranos, consume retonos y plantas recien germinadas de pehuen, mientras que regresando a campos de invernada consumen la semilla. Como consecuencia, sectores de bosque de pehuen se encuentran escasamente...

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui informasi mengenai daya dukung habitat Monyet ekor panjang di waduk Jatibarang, Kota Semarang provinsi Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei sampai dengan Juni 2018. Pendugaan nilai daya dukung didasarkan atas perhitungan produktifitas daun dan buah pakan monyet ekor panjang. Hasil perhitungan biomassa daun pakan didapatkan nilai 30,8 kg/hari pada tingkat tiang dan 44,9 kg/hari pada tingkat pohon. Biomassa buah didapatkan 55,4 kg/ha/hari berat basah atau 27,54kg/ha/hari berat kering. Sementara itu dugaan nilai daya dukung waduk Jatibarang untuk Monyet ekor panjang sebesar 14,809-24,838 ekor.

Inadequacies of the current agriculture and food systems are recognised globally in the form of damages to environment and human health. In addition, the prevailing economic and policy systems do not reflect these damages in its accounting systems and standards. These shortcomings lead to perverse and pervasive outcomes for society at large. Our proposal is to consider all social and environmental externalities – both negative and positive, in global agriculture and food systems and reflect them in an economic system by evaluating comprehensive costs and benefits. This can be done by adopting an innovative, universal, and inclusive framework (the ‘TEEBAgriFood’ framework) in order to stimulate appropriate policy responses.

The study aimed to gather comprehensive information on ethnobotanically significant plants,
focusing on medicinal species, in Khazana Munda, District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study was
conducted in 30 isolated villages of the research area through questionnaires to collect information from 500
native people of different ages (35 to 75 years old) who were interviewed and included men and women, who
were involved in the compilation and utilization of plants. The study region was carefully visited in all four
seasons of the year and 183 plant species belonging to 73 families were collected which is composed of 9.6%
of species were shrubs, 65.4% of species were herbs, 25% of species of trees, were collected from September
2018 to August 2020. Among the collected plant species, 68 were used for medicinal purposes, followed by
those used as vegetables and food sources. Additionally, 12 species served as fuel and timber, 10 were utilized
for furniture-making, 4 for thatching, 2 as hedges, 2 for fruit, and 6 species were valued for ornamental
purposes. The dominant plant families in the study area included Rosaceae with 10 species, followed by
Fabaceae and Poaceae, each represented by 9 species. The families Lamiaceae and Solanaceae each included
8 species. Additionally, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Moraceae, Papilionaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Rutaceae
were represented by 5 species each, while Euphorbiaceae, Labiatae, Malvaceae, and Rhamnaceae each had 4
species. The leaves of the plants were predominantly used in preparing therapeutic remedies, most commonly
administered orally as decoctions. However, traditional collection practices and inadequate post-harvest
handling often reduced the quality of these medicinal plants. Deforestation, soil erosion, and population
growth pose serious threats to the valuable plant species of this region. This study represents an initial effort
to document and preserve these important plant resources. The flora of Khazana Munda Valley necessitates
effective conservation efforts to ensure a sustainable future for the region.

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) envisions a world living in harmony with nature by 2050, with 23 intermediate targets to be achieved by 2030. However, aligning international policy and local implementation of effective actions can be challenging. Using steppe birds, one of the most threatened vertebrate groups in Europe, as a model system, we identi ed 36 conservation actions for the achievement of the KM-GBF targets and single out -through an expert-based consensus approach -ten priority actions for immediate implementation. Three of these priority actions address at least ve of the rst eight KM-GBF targets, those related to the direct causes of biodiversity loss, and collectively cover all the targets when implemented concurrently. These actions include i) effectively protecting priority areas, ii) implementing on-the-ground habitat management actions, and iii) improving the quality and integration of monitoring programs. Our ndings provide a blueprint for implementing effective strategies to halt biodiversity loss in steppe-like ecosystems. Our approach can be adapted to other taxonomic groups and ecosystems and has the potential to serve as a catalyst for policy makers, prompting a transition from political commitment to tangible actions, thereby facilitating the attainment of the KM-GBF targets by 2030.