Earth and Space Sciences

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui cara pengolahannya dan untuk mengetahui nilai ekonomis dari produksi olahan Sapi Potong (Bos taurus) sebagai bahan pembuatan empal gentong. Cara perlakuan dalam pengolahan pembuatan empal gentong yaitu dengan melalui beberapa tahapan, mulai dari pemilihan bagian sapi seperti daging, jeroan, babat, usus dan kikil, perebusan, membuat kuah untuk empal gentong secara terpisah dengan bumbu-bumbu khusus, sampai ke tahap penyajian. Empal gentong biasanya disajikan bersama lontong ataupun nasi. Harga dari satu porsi empal gentong dinilai seharga Rp. 15000, dalam sehari omsetnya bisa mencapai Rp450.000-500.000. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi langsung dan wawancara mendalam (in-depth interview). Observasi langsung dilakukan guna mengamati keadaan, tempat, barang dan objek penelitian.

Hampir di seluruh daerah pesisir di Indonesia memproduksi ikan asin. Ikan asin merupakan makanan yang banyak diminati masyarakat. Selain karena mudah didapatkan, ikan asin dapat diolah menjadi berbagai masakan yang lezat. Ikan asin adalah bahan makanan yang terbuat dari daging ikan yang diawetkan dengan menambahkan banyak garam. Dengan metode pengawetan ini daging ikan yang biasanya membusuk dalam waktu singkat dapat disimpan di suhu kamar untuk jangka waktu berbulan-bulan, walaupun biasanya harus ditutup rapat. Pengasinan adalah pengawetan makanan dengan garam kering yang dapat dimakan. Metode ini terkait dengan pengasaman (menyiapkan makanan dengan air garam, atau air asin), dan merupakan salah satu metode tertua untuk mengawetkan makanan.

In the new wave of lunar exploration, polar water has become one of the main task of NASA, ISRO, ESA, and RKA. It is expected that most important task after landing on the moon surface would be to find out of the source of water. Up-to-date the astronomers are convinced that water-ice can be found at the moon's poles inside the shadowed craters. Most landed areas of astronomical interest on the moon's surface are expected to be blended with many bends and deflections. In case the moon explorers decide to record accurate measurements of these spot areas it will be difficult for them to do so using any of the existing methods. In order to solve the problem an alternative method has been proposed along with a newly developed formula I=W10 2. The authors are also interested to mention that now-a-days radar is used for the measurements of areas. But the authors believe that the use of radar has limitation in the measurement of different area types as well as the sizes. Such as in case of measurements of very big size of areas or microscopical size of areas the use of radar is never been reported. In our case of experiment I=W10 2 is considered to be the best method.

158-161Lunar oscillation in the ionospheric absorption for the frequency 2•4 MHz at Kokubunji has been computed using the data for the period 1957-68. It has been found that the lunar tide in absorption at Kokubunji behaves in a way opposite to that of the tide at an equatorial station like Colombo. The phase of the tide during E-months shows a reversal compared to the other two seasons of the year. The amplitude of the tide increases with the increase of solar activity. The maximum amplitude of the lunar tide in absorption takes place at stations within 20ᵒ±5ᵒdip latitude

Abstrak: Persaingan dan perkembangan bisnis saat ini semakin berkembang pesat, sehingga perlu strategi untuk menaikan omset perusahaan, dan Pengembangan perusahaan, dalam kasus ini adalah retail. Dalam meningkatkan omset perusahaan dan mengembangkan perusahaan dapat dilakukan dengan cara menggunakan proses Data Mining, dan salah satu algoritma yang dapat digunakan adalah algoritma apriori. Pola pembelian barang oleh konsumen dapat ditemukan dengan menggunakan algoritma ini. Dari hasil penelitian di dapatkan itemset barang berupa Minyak Goreng Resto 1L Kumb , Marjan Syrup Cocopandan 460 ML dan Gulare Gula Kuning 1Kg adalah item barang yang sering dibeli secara bersamaan oleh konsumen. Dengan diketahuinya pola itemset barang oleh konsumen, pihak pengelola perusahaan dapat meningkatkan omset perusahaan dengan mengacu kepada hasil dari pengolahan data transaksi penjualan  dengan menggunakan algoritma apriori. Kata Kunci: algoritma apriori, data penjualan, transaksi  penjualan,...

This work studies the temporal variation of rain heights in the Sub-Sahelian and Coastal regions of Nigeria using six (6) years Tropical Rain Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMM-PR) reprocessed data retrieved from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) constellation Satellites and Era-Interim Field of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). The research reveals seasonal, temporal as well as spatial dependence of rain height over the regions. The average annual Zero Degree Isotherm Heights (ZDIH) and rain height in the Sub-Sahelian regions are 4.796 km and 5.11 km respectively while the corresponding values in the Coastal regions are 4.845 km and 4.91 km. The results show that the values recommended by the International Telecommunication Union Radio section (ITU-R) underestimate both ZDIH and rain height. Atmospheric parameters at rain height levels were also compared with rain height. Among all the atmospheric parameters considered, the result shows that variation of rain height in both regions depends strongly on temperature with a determination coefficient (r 2) of 0.73 and 0.85 in the Sub-Sahelian and Coastal regions respectively. The recommended rain heights will aid better prediction and mitigation of rain-induced attenuation to optimize the performance of earth-space satellite links in Nigeria.

Along with the development of internet technology, recipes can easily be obtained from various sources, such as websites, mobile applications, and social media. The variety of recipes that available in various media still have one disadvantage: it can not accommodate user preferences. In this kind of problem, the role of a Decision Support System (DSS) is needed by people who actively cook using recipes in daily cooking activities. DSS recommendations for recipes can be built by using Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) algorithm. The variables chosen as criteria for recipe recommendations are duration of cooking, level of complexity, and calories. The ranking consistency test aims to see if there is a ranking reversal (the first ranking is swapped with the latest ranking) when there is a change in the number of recipes (alternatives). The purpose of this research is to find out the reliability of the SAW algorithm in the issue of recipe recommendations. The ranking consistency test result shows consistency of 100% and there is no rank reversal (last recommendation becomes first recommendation) for this case. Intisari-Seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi internet, resep masakan dapat dengan mudah didapatkan dari beragam sumber, seperti website, aplikasi perangkat bergerak, dan media sosial. Banyaknya pilihan resep masakan yang tersedia di berbagai media memiliki satu kekurangan, yaitu belum dapat mengakomodasi preferensi pengguna. Dalam permasalahan ini, peran sebuah Sistem Pendukung Keputusan (SPK) sangat dibutuhkan oleh orang yang aktif memasak menggunakan resep dalam kegiatan memasak sehari-hari. SPK rekomendasi resep masakan dapat dibangun dengan algoritme Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). Variabel yang dipilih sebagai kriteria untuk rekomendasi resep adalah lama memasak, tingkat kerumitan, dan kalori. Pengujian konsistensi ranking dilakukan untuk melihat ada rank reversal (ranking pertama tertukar dengan ranking terakhir) atau tidak apabila dilakukan perubahan terhadap jumlah resep masakan (alternatif). Tujuan dari pengujian ini adalah mengetahui keandalan algoritme SAW untuk permasalahan rekomendasi resep masakan. Hasil pengujian konsistensi ranking menunjukkan konsistensi sebesar 100% dan tidak ada rank reversal (rekomendasi terakhir menjadi rekomendasi pertama) untuk kasus ini. Kata Kunci-sistem pendukung keputusan, resep masakan, SAW, konsistensi ranking, rank reversal.

Virus SARS-CoV2 menjadi wabah penyakit yang menggemparkan dunia pada awal tahun 2020, penyakit ini dikenal dengan nama coronavirus disease 19 atau COVID-19. Pada masa pandemi COVID-19 beberapa tanaman herbal yang dipercaya dapat mencegah COVID-19. Tanaman herbal (jahe dan bunga telang) dengan kandungan senyawa antioksidan dan antiinflamasi dapat digunakan untuk pembuatan minuman herbal yang berkhasiat untuk meningkatkan sistem imun. Program Pengabdian Masyarakat yang  ditujukan kepada warga dusun Banyuurip Caturharjo Pandak Bantul DIY dengan bekerjasama dengan Ma’had Al Atsar Qur’anic dan masjid Jami’ Al Atsar  ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pengetahuan tentang khasiat dan cara membuat minuman herbal dari jahe dan bunga telang. Pembuatan minuman herbal menyajikan 3 jenis minuman yang semuanya berbasis jahe terdiri dari wedang jahe, jamu jahe dan minuman bunga telang.

Mother sauce adalah lima saus dasar yang membentuk dasar untuk berbagai saus lain dalam masakan Barat. Saus-saus dasar ini dapat dimodifikasi dan disesuaikan dengan tambahan bahan dan rempahrempah untuk menciptakan saus yang berbeda dalam rasa dan tekstur. 2. Lima Mother Sauce: Sauce Béchamel: Terbuat dari campuran mentega, tepung, dan susu. Saus ini memiliki rasa lembut dan kental, sering digunakan sebagai dasar untuk saus keju dan saus krim. Sauce Velouté: Terbuat dari kaldu (biasanya ayam atau ikan) dan roux (campuran mentega dan tepung). Saus ini memiliki rasa yang halus dan kaya, sering digunakan sebagai dasar untuk saus sup, saus krim, dan saus daging. Sauce Espagnole: Terbuat dari kaldu daging, roux, serta tambahan tomat, sayuran, dan rempah-rempah. Saus ini memiliki rasa yang kaya dan kompleks, sering digunakan sebagai dasar untuk saus demi-glace dan saus demi-glace yang lebih kompleks. Sauce Hollandaise: Terbuat dari kuning telur, mentega cair, dan cuka atau jus lemon. Saus ini memiliki rasa yang kaya dan berminyak, sering digunakan sebagai saus untuk sayuran, ikan, dan hidangan sarapan. Sauce Tomat: Terbuat dari tomat, bawang putih, bawang, dan rempah-rempah. Saus ini memiliki rasa yang segar dan asam, sering digunakan sebagai saus untuk pasta, pizza, dan hidangan daging. 3. Penerapan dan Modifikasi: Saus-saus dasar ini dapat dimodifikasi dengan menambahkan bahan tambahan seperti keju, rempah-rempah, bawang, dan minyak. Modifikasi ini memungkinkan koki untuk menciptakan berbagai saus yang sesuai dengan selera dan kebutuhan mereka.

In this new normal era, everyone has no choice but to live side by side with the Covid-19 virus, so to prevent exposure to the Covid-19 virus besides having to wear a mask, wash hands, maintain distance, it is also important to maintain and increase endurance by fulfilling a balance nutrition in the body. Based on this explanation, we are trying to provide an information approach based on existing references to the community, especially the Dompet Dhuafa community regarding fulfilling the balance of nutrition with endurance in the new normal era. This community service preparation was carried out in May 2020 which included making online invitations and educational material. Educational material consist of an introduction to Covid-19 and ways of prevention, the relationship between the immune system and the digestive system, balanced nutrition guidelines, the pillars of healthy living, the principles of nutritious food intake in the new normal era, food safety, facts and myths related to food and covid-19 The relationship between the immune system and fasting, physical activity, sleep quality, physical and mental quality is presented in the form of online seminars via zoom and live youtube. The flow of activities is divided into 2, namely all participants are given education and after that participants are given closed questions related to understanding the material presented. The location of the activity was carried out online on Saturday, 27 June 2020 which was held at 13.00 WIBfinished. In the new normal era, it is important to maintain the immune system by consuming a balanced nutritious diet according to the recommended principles. Maintain your own health with a healthy lifestyle, continue to apply the existing health protocols.

As the shortage of the radio spectrum infers challenges in the Earth-Space Communication Link (ESCL) particularly in satellite communication, it is important to gauge the measure of attenuation to guarantee proficient usage of the spectrum. By the shortage in the frequency spectrum, the coming period will request more information to be exchanged at unquestionably more speed. Furthermore, this will interest for the higher frequencies. Keeping in mind the end goal to exploit present day space communications innovation, acknowledgment of a household correspondence satellite framework with impressive communication limit at Ku-band is attainable. Climate is exceptionally unverifiable and labile hydrometeor activities make issue in a satellite communication. The real issue connected with the communication links at these high frequency radio waves is the rain attenuation estimation. In this paper, a performance analysis and simulation of rain attenuation models is shown for frequency range of 12-40 GHz over ESCL at real urban communities of India by considering information of NSS-6 satellite.

Background: Using of herbs and spices greatly affect the taste of foods, although the ingredients used are the same, different formulations of herbs will produce different flavors. Standardized seasonings are needed to produce a relatively similar food taste. Objective: The research aims to determine the use of herbs in animal and plant proteins. Method: This research was an observational research with cross sectional approach at PanembahanSenopati Hospital Bantul. The objects of this research were standardized seasonings inanimal and plant proteinsin the menu cycle of 10 days in Juny 2015. The data were analyzed descriptively and presented in tabular form and textural. Result: Standardized Seasonings in animal protein were B for satay and C for semur. Standardized seasonings in plant protein were B for bali, terik, rujak and D for bacem. The percentage of the use of seasoning than standardized seasoning for satay (148,7%), bali (130,3%), rujak(372%),for semur, terik and bacem the conformity are not not known because the standardized seasonings unwritten. The conformity of ingredient herbskind for satay (66,7%), semur (100%), bali (54,5%), rujak (50%), bacem (100%) and terik (100%). Conclusion:The conformity of herbs weight foranimal protein (124,3%) and plant protein (175,5%). The conformity of ingredient herbskind for animal protein (83,3%) and plant protein (76,1%). Standardized seasonings used were B, C and D.

Pembahasan pada artikel ini tentang pembuatan sayuran, smothies, puding jagung, dan bumbu instan. Smoothie dan puding jagung sangat berguna untuk kesehatan tubuh terutama untuk diet dan banyak jenis sayuran yang dijual di pasaran dapat diolah sebagai makanan sehat. Sementara bumbu dasar instan berguna untuk mempercepat proses memasak di dapur. Bahan dan alat puding yang digunakan adalah pakcoy, nanas, madu, jeruk nipis, bayam, gula, wortel, gelatin, blender, ketel, sutil, saringan, gelas ukur, dan sendok. Sedangkan bahan bumbu instan adalah bawang merah, bawang putih, cabai merah, kunyit, kemiri, gula, garam dan merica. Sasaran kegiatan ini adalah ibu PKK di Desa Janti. Ibu-ibu PKK antusias dalam mengawasi proses pembuatan smoothies, puding agung dan bumbu dasar instan. Kegiatan ini menggunakan metode demonstrasi. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kreativitas dan pengetahuan masyarakat.

ABSTRAKTanaman empon-empon merupakan tanaman yang banyak tumbuh di Indonesia, akan tetapi pemanfaatan tanaman empon-empon masih sangat terbatas. Kebanyakan masyarakat menjual produk rimpang tersebut dalam bentuk segar dan sebagian kecil diolah menjadi minuman berkhasiat (jamu) yang bersifat tidak awet. Oleh sebab itu, pemanfaatan produk rimpang tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan pengolahan lebih lanjut yaitu dengan menginovasi kedalam produk pangan fungsional seperti bakery dan cookies berbasis herbal. Sebelumnya sudah banyak penelitian terkait manfaat empon-empon khususnya kunir putih sebagai anti diabetes, dan antitumor karena tinggi kandungan anti oksidan. Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah untuk melatih dan mengadakan praktik cara pengembangan produk bakery dan cookies. Tahapan pembuatan produk bakery dan cookies berbasis herbal diawali di laboratorium Teknologi Hasil Pertanian (THP) Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta (UMBY). Kemudian dilakukan pengujian fisik, kimia, dan sens...

Measurements from the precipitation radar on-board the TRMM satellite have been analysed to obtain the latitude dependence of the annual mean rain height during stratiform precipitation. The results are in good agreement with a simple set of formulas used for propagation predictions. Supporting evidence is obtained from two ground-based radars.

Melting layer height, which is normally assumed to be the limits of rain region, is an important parameter to consider the performance of earth space communication link above 10 GHz. In this paper, the variation of melting layer observed by a vertically looking Micro Rain Radar (MRR) for 3 years has been presented for two different climatic locations in Indian tropical region-Shillong (25°34′ N, 91°53′ E, 1050 m) and Trivandrum (8°29′ N, 76°57′ E, 4 m). The analyses show that the variation is quite significant for different months in Shillong but not for Trivandrum. The height of melting layer shows a strong correlation with ground temperature of these locations. The results agree well with the long term Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) measurements of melting layer indicating suitability of using TRMM data for such study. A comparison of MRR with the nearest Radiosonde measurement indicates that MRR can have potential application in the study of zero degree isotherm height in rainy conditions. Results also clearly indicate that the assumption of constant rain height is not a valid one for all tropical locations.

An empirical model of the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation has been constructed based on geomagnetic data obtained from 21 stations along the 210 Magnetic Meridian of the Circum-pan Pacific Magnetometer Network (CPMN) from 1996 to 2007. Using the least squares fitting method for geomagnetically quiet days (Kp ≤ 2+), the quiet daily geomagnetic field variation at each station was described as a function of solar activity SA, day of year DOY, lunar age LA, and local time LT. After interpolation in latitude, the model can describe solar-activity dependence and seasonal dependence of solar quiet daily variations (S) and lunar quiet daily variations (L). We performed a spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) on these S and L variations to examine average characteristics of the equivalent external current systems. We found three particularly noteworthy results. First, the total current intensity of the S current system is largely controlled by solar activity while its focus position is not significantly affected by solar activity. Second, we found that seasonal variations of the S current intensity exhibit northsouth asymmetry; the current intensity of the northern vortex shows a prominent annual variation while the southern vortex shows a clear semi-annual variation as well as annual variation. Thirdly, we found that the total intensity of the L current system changes depending on solar activity and season; seasonal variations of the L current intensity show an enhancement during the December solstice, independent of the level of solar activity.

Amongst the suspended particles in the atmosphere, water vapor and fog are the most influencing parameters when microwave propagates through the atmosphere. Attenuation due to these along with rain are considered in detail, over Kolkata (22 0 N), India and Cachoeira Paulista (22 0 S), Brazil. Rain, perhaps is considered to be the worst offender in microwave propagation. The rain patterns over Kolkata, Brazil and U.K are compared and hence the attenuation also.

As the shortage of the radio spectrum infers challenges in the Earth-Space Communication Link (ESCL) particularly in satellite communication, it is important to gauge the measure of attenuation to guarantee proficient usage of the spectrum. By the shortage in the frequency spectrum, the coming period will request more information to be exchanged at unquestionably more speed. Furthermore, this will interest for the higher frequencies. Keeping in mind the end goal to exploit present day space communications innovation, acknowledgment of a household correspondence satellite framework with impressive communication limit at Ku-band is attainable. Climate is exceptionally unverifiable and labile hydrometeor activities make issue in a satellite communication. The real issue connected with the communication links at these high frequency radio waves is the rain attenuation estimation. In this paper, a performance analysis and simulation of rain attenuation models is shown for frequency range of 12-40 GHz over ESCL at real urban communities of India by considering information of NSS-6 satellite.

This paper computes coupling between microwave systems at the Ku and Ka band frequencies due to hydrometeors over the tropical region. The evaluation procedure used was the simplified 3-D bistatic radar equation and the exponential rain-cell model. The results obtained in this study show that the lower the cumulative distribution of effective transmission loss (Le), the higher is the interference in the satellite receiver. Also, a comparison of the effective transmission loss in the regions shows that additional rain attenuation will severely weaken the received signal, which may lead to acute outage during occurrence of heavy and intense tropical precipitation.

The quest for advanced digitalized technology requires the knowledge of rainfall duration as a function of signal fading events. The assessment of events duration and rain rate for applications on Earth-space microwave links design are examined in the present work. The study has been carried out based on measurements along a set of rain gauge networks sited in five different locations across different regions in Nigeria. The degrees of the influence of rainfall rates for the outage period of the signals are tested along a direct-to-home Eutelsat satellite link operating at 12.25 GHz at one of the sites, Akure, Nigeria. The results would be useful in optimizing link budgeting, especially for the low-availability satellite systems over Nigeria. It would also serve as a benchmark for assessing the level of degradation that could be encountered in the switchover to digital broadcasting as well as 5G applications in Nigeria.

This work focuses on the progress of space weather monitoring in Pakistan. Pakistan's first geomagnetic observatory was established in Quetta in 1953. However, the beginning of what we would now call space weather services on a formal level took place in 1971, when the national space agency, the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), established the country's first ionospheric station. Later, in 1983, a geomagnetic observatory was set up in Karachi with the aim of providing high frequency (HF) support and geomagnetic storm alerts to relevant users. With the progression of time, nations began to prioritize space weather monitoring to ensure the safety and security of technological assets. Therefore, it was considered imperative to upgrade the array of instruments in order to maintain the reliability of operations and the efficient utilization of data to contribute to research at local, regional and global scales. Pakistan has recently established a dedicated space weather monitoring facility known as the Pakistan Space Weather Centre (PSWC). This paper describes the historic evolution of space weather infrastructure in Pakistan and the current contribution of the PSWC.

Results of analysis carried out on data of Covid19, in Tabasco State, are presented, from March 2020 to February 2022. The procedure named 7 day´s moving average was applied to smooth the original graph and, in this way, analyze the data more easily. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) was applied to find the frequency that allows us to detect the period (in weeks) of generation of greater Covid19 infections. FFT allows us to determine that for a period of 14n weeks (n=1,3,5,7) there will be a new outbreak. The analysis of data reveals, during the first wave, the week with the highest number of infections was July 7-12 (2751 cases), that is in week 14 (n=1). FFT indicates that the second wave of infection would be in week 42 with n=3, the maximum was obtained at week 40 (2122 cases). The next prediction (variant Delta) was for week 70 (n=5), where there would be a high number of cases (thrid wave); real data indicates that it was reached in week 73 (7,023 cases). The four-wave (Omicron) is predicted for week 98, however, it was reached in week 94 (12,834 cases). It should be noted that due to the high transmissibility of Omicron, the number of infection grew fast during January 2022, so in this case, the difference between the prediction and the reality, present a difference of four week, however, for week 94 number of cases remains very high (1265 cases). FFT has turned out to be an adequate tool to make predictions of four waves that have occurred in Tabasco.

The authors examine the principles, goals and guidelines in the new US NSP. While in general favourable to the overall direction of the policy, noting that Europe too has similar goals or, in some cases, should be adopting US ideas, they are sceptical about certain aspects, such as the greater emphasis on commercial partnerships with NASA and the continuing protectionist launch policy. Particular points of concern are the vagueness and lack of clear goals in the human spaceflight programme and the US position on space weaponization at the Conference on Disarmament. Nevertheless, they believe that a similar type of EUwide policy should be developed by the European Commission.

Astroecology concerns the relations between life and space resources, and cosmo-ecology extrapolates these relations to cosmological scales. Experimental astroecology can quantify the amounts of life that can be derived from space resources. For this purpose, soluble carbon and electrolyte nutrients were measured in asteroid/meteorite materials. Microorganisms and plant cultures were observed to grow on these materials, whose fertilities are similar to productive agricultural soils. Based on measured nutrient contents, the 1022 kg carbonaceous asteroids can yield 1018 kg biomass with N and P as limiting nutrients (compared with the estimated 1015 kg biomass on Earth). These data quantify the amounts of life that can be derived from asteroids in terms of time-integrated biomass [BIOTAint = biomass (kg) × lifetime (years)], as 1027 kg-years during the next billion years of the Solar System (a thousand times the 1024 kg-years to date). The 1026 kg cometary materials can yield biota 10 ...

Seismic reflection data obtained from 3D survey in part of the Niger-Delta basin, Nigeria was processed using Velocity Computation Software program (VELCOM), an interactive velocity analysis interpretation program. The application uses the principle of Apparent Velocity Picking, Normal Moveout (NMO) Correction and Stacking. Velocity intervals for 8 Common Depth Points (CDPs) were obtained. Interval velocity ranges between 1814 and 5579 ms -1 and Stacking velocity (V s ) ranges between 1814 -3639 ms -1 . Both velocities increase with depth, where interval velocity is more steeply than stacking velocity within the same interval depth. The result of this velocity analysis can be applied in NMO correction, calculating depths from reflection times, horizons identifications, the recognitions of lithology, detection of high pressure zone and migration.

We review the evidence for the argument that Rudolf Wolf’s calibration of the Sunspot Number is likely to be correct and that Max Waldmeier introduced an upwards jump in the sunspot number in 1945. The combined effect of these adjustments suggests that there has been no secular change in the sunspot number since coming out of the Maunder Minimum ∼1715. 1 The Sunspot Record(s!) The Sunspot Record goes back 400 years and is the basis for many reconstructions of solar parameters (e.g. TSI), but, how good is it? And can we agree on which one (Wolf Number, International Number, ’Boulder’ Number, Group Number, ...)? Are the old values good? Are the new ones? And what is a ’good’ or ’correct’ Sunspot Number anyway? Johann Rudolf Wolf (1859) defined his Relative Sunspot Number, taking into account both individual spots and their appearance in distinct groups (what we today call ’active regions’), as RW = 10Groups + Spots. Wolf started his own observations in 1849 and assembled observations ...

This work focuses on the progress of space weather monitoring in Pakistan. Pakistan's first geomagnetic observatory was established in Quetta in 1953. However, the beginning of what we would now call space weather services on a formal level took place in 1971, when the national space agency, the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), established the country's first ionospheric station. Later, in 1983, a geomagnetic observatory was set up in Karachi with the aim of providing high frequency (HF) support and geomagnetic storm alerts to relevant users. With the progression of time, nations began to prioritize space weather monitoring to ensure the safety and security of technological assets. Therefore, it was considered imperative to upgrade the array of instruments in order to maintain the reliability of operations and the efficient utilization of data to contribute to research at local, regional and global scales. Pakistan has recently established a dedicated space weather monitoring facility known as the Pakistan Space Weather Centre (PSWC). This paper describes the historic evolution of space weather infrastructure in Pakistan and the current contribution of the PSWC.

Life during the COVID-19 pandemic has challenged governments, businesses and communities, resulting in: deep social, political and economic scars; unprecedented disruptions; and tense nation-state and business rivalries. At the same time, we have seen spurs to innovation and transformation.

Rain fade has continued to be a major concern to communication systems designers. The effect of these dynamic fluctuations of the received signal due to rain is very pronounced in the tropical region. This paper pertains to the analysis of rain fades at C, Ku and Ka bands at some selected stations covering the main geographical zones of Nigeria. The ITU-RP propagation model was used to calculate the fade depth at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 12 GHz, 16 GHz, 20 GHz, 30 GHz and 40 GHz. The rain fade correlate with signal attenuation. Attenuation distributions for percentages of time for signal unavailability were also estimated. The results show that values of attenuation for vertically and circularly polarized signals are less than those of the horizontal polarization at all the frequencies. It is found that rain fade is less severe in the Northern part of the country and is most severe in the southern part of Nigeria, with Port Harcourt, Lagos and Nsukka experiencing the highest rain impairment.

1 Abstract There is paucity of data on direct attenuation measurement in the tropics due to rainfall along the earth-space links. Most of the studies reported in the literature have been carried out in temperate regions where solid precipitation is common; therefore there is need to supplement the meagre data available in the tropical regions. It is also well-known that most of the mi- crowave signal attenuation occurs above the 10 GHz (X-band). Rain height data were obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measur- ing Mission (TRMM) 3B43 V6 satellite while those of the surface temperature data were sourced from AIRS satellite for 37 stations in Nigeria as reported in the literature. Additional data used in this study include the monthly temperature measurements as also reported in the literature. Subsequently, these data have been analyzed to establish the statistical correlation between the 0 0 C iso- therm heights and the surface temperature for 0.01% of the time. Results of the rain ...

This work focuses on the progress of space weather monitoring in Pakistan. Pakistan's first geomagnetic observatory was established in Quetta in 1953. However, the beginning of what we would now call space weather services on a formal level took place in 1971, when the national space agency, the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), established the country's first ionospheric station. Later, in 1983, a geomagnetic observatory was set up in Karachi with the aim of providing high frequency (HF) support and geomagnetic storm alerts to relevant users. With the progression of time, nations began to prioritize space weather monitoring to ensure the safety and security of technological assets. Therefore, it was considered imperative to upgrade the array of instruments in order to maintain the reliability of operations and the efficient utilization of data to contribute to research at local, regional and global scales. Pakistan has recently established a dedicated space weather monitoring facility known as the Pakistan Space Weather Centre (PSWC). This paper describes the historic evolution of space weather infrastructure in Pakistan and the current contribution of the PSWC.

Microbial swarms aimed at star-forming regions of interstellar clouds can seed stellar associations of 10-100 young planetary systems. Swarms of millimeter size, milligram packets can be launched by 35 cm solar sails at 5E-4 c, to penetrate interstellar clouds. Selective capture in high-density planetary accretion zones of densities > 1E-17 kg m-3 is achieved by viscous drag. Strategies are evaluated to seed dense cloud cores, or individual protostellar condensations, accretion disks or young planets therein. Targeting the Ophiuchus cloud is described as a model system. The biological content, dispersed in 30 µm, 1E-10 kg capsules of 1E6 freeze-dried microorganisms each, may be captured by new planets or delivered to planets after incorporation first into carbonaceous asteroids and comets. These objects, as modeled by meteorite materials, contain biologically available organic and mineral nutrients that are shown to sustain microbial growth. The program may be driven by panbiotic ethics, predicated on: 1. The unique position of complex organic life amongst the structures of Nature; 2. Self-propagation as the basic propensity of the living pattern; 3. The biophysical unity humans with of the organic, DNA/protein family of life; and 4. Consequently, the primary human purpose to safeguard and propagate our organic life form. To promote this purpose, panspermia missions with diverse biological payloads will maximize survival at the targets and induce evolutionary pressures. In particular, eukaryotes and simple multicellular organisms in the payload will accelerate higher evolution. Based on the geometries and masses of star-forming regions, the 1E24 kg carbon resources of one solar system, applied during its 5E9 yr lifespan, can seed all newly forming planetary systems in the galaxy.

INTRODUCTION Meteoritic materials are investigated as potential early plane-The emergence of life on the early Earth and possibly tary nutrients. Aqueous extracts of the Murchison C2 carbonaceous meteorite are utilized as a sole carbon source by micro-on Mars (McKay et al. 1996) poses a continuing question: organisms, as demonstrated by the genetically modified What are plausible sources of essential nutrients such as Pseudomonas fluorescence equipped with the lux gene. Nutrient C, N, and the mineral macronutrients S, P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, effects are observed also with the soil microorganisms Nocardia and Cl, to support biogenesis and subsequent growth? The asteroides and Arthrobacter pascens that reach populations up potential sources should supply constituents in sufficient to 5 ؋ 10 7 CFU/ml in meteorite extracts, similar to populations concentrations for effective prebiotic synthesis, as well as in terrestrial soil extracts. Plant tissue cultures of Asparagus concentrated nutrients in biologically available forms for officinalis and Solanum tuberosum (potato) exhibit enhanced primitive organisms. pigmentation and some enhanced growth when meteorite ex-A potential source for all of the required elements may tracts are added to partial nutrient media, but inhibited growth be the infall of exogenous materials (Anders 1989, Chyba when added to full nutrient solution. The meteorite extracts and Sagan 1992, Chyba and McDonald 1995). Materials lead to large increases in S, Ca, Mg, and Fe plant tissue contents as shown by X-ray fluorescence, while P, K, and Cl contents in carbonaceous chondrites are moderately processed resishow mixed effects. In both microbiological and plant tissue dues of the protosolar nebula (Delsemme 1995), and their experiments, the nutrient and inhibitory effects appear to be composition may be similar to some types of interplanetary best balanced for growth at about 1 : 20 (extracted solid : H 2 O) dust particles (IDPs), to cometary nuclei, and to C-type ratios. The results suggest that solutions in cavities in meteorites carbonaceous asteroids (Morrison 1977, Encrenaz et al. can provide efficient concentrated biogenic and early nutrient 1987, Delsemme 1995). After infall, these materials would environments, including high phosphate levels, which may be be subject to processing under early planetary conditions the limiting nutrient. The results also suggest that carbonaceous (Mautner et al. 1995) and possibly form concentrated nutriasteroid resources can sustain soil microbial activity and proent solutions in fissures and pores in carbonaceous meteorvide essential macronutrients for future space-based ecoites (Mautner 1997) or by other mechanisms (Clark 1988, systems.

Rain fade has continued to be a major concern to communication systems designers. The effect of these dynamic fluctuations of the received signal due to rain is very pronounced in the tropical region. This paper pertains to the analysis of rain fades at C, Ku and Ka bands at some selected stations covering the main geographical zones of Nigeria. The ITU-RP propagation model was used to calculate the fade depth at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 12 GHz, 16 GHz, 20 GHz, 30 GHz and 40 GHz. The rain fade correlate with signal attenuation. Attenuation distributions for percentages of time for signal unavailability were also estimated. The results show that values of attenuation for vertically and circularly polarized signals are less than those of the horizontal polarization at all the frequencies. It is found that rain fade is less severe in the Northern part of the country and is most severe in the southern part of Nigeria, with Port Harcourt, Lagos and Nsukka experiencing the highest rain impairment.

This work focuses on the progress of space weather monitoring in Pakistan. Pakistan's first geomagnetic observatory was established in Quetta in 1953. However, the beginning of what we would now call space weather services on a formal level took place in 1971, when the national space agency, the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), established the country's first ionospheric station. Later, in 1983, a geomagnetic observatory was set up in Karachi with the aim of providing high frequency (HF) support and geomagnetic storm alerts to relevant users. With the progression of time, nations began to prioritize space weather monitoring to ensure the safety and security of technological assets. Therefore, it was considered imperative to upgrade the array of instruments in order to maintain the reliability of operations and the efficient utilization of data to contribute to research at local, regional and global scales. Pakistan has recently established a dedicated space weather monitoring facility known as the Pakistan Space Weather Centre (PSWC). This paper describes the historic evolution of space weather infrastructure in Pakistan and the current contribution of the PSWC.

Rain fade has continued to be a major concern to communication systems designers. The effect of these dynamic fluctuations of the received signal due to rain is very pronounced in the tropical region. This paper pertains to the analysis of rain fades at C, Ku and Ka bands at some selected stations covering the main geographical zones of Nigeria. The ITU-RP propagation model was used to calculate the fade depth at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 12 GHz, 16 GHz, 20 GHz, 30 GHz and 40 GHz. The rain fade correlate with signal attenuation. Attenuation distributions for percentages of time for signal unavailability were also estimated. The results show that values of attenuation for vertically and circularly polarized signals are less than those of the horizontal polarization at all the frequencies. It is found that rain fade is less severe in the Northern part of the country and is most severe in the southern part of Nigeria, with Port Harcourt, Lagos and Nsukka experiencing the highest rain impairment.

Rain fade has continued to be a major concern to communication systems designers. The effect of these dynamic fluctuations of the received signal due to rain is very pronounced in the tropical region. This paper pertains to the analysis of rain fades at C, Ku and Ka bands at some selected stations covering the main geographical zones of Nigeria. The ITU-RP propagation model was used to calculate the fade depth at 6 GHz, 8 GHz, 12 GHz, 16 GHz, 20 GHz, 30 GHz and 40 GHz. The rain fade correlate with signal attenuation. Attenuation distributions for percentages of time for signal unavailability were also estimated. The results show that values of attenuation for vertically and circularly polarized signals are less than those of the horizontal polarization at all the frequencies. It is found that rain fade is less severe in the Northern part of the country and is most severe in the southern part of Nigeria, with Port Harcourt, Lagos and Nsukka experiencing the highest rain impairment.

Intercepting about 3% of the Earth-bound solar radiation in space can prevent the expected greenhouse warming, and also reduce UV incidence. Solar screen units of thin-film material can be deployed in levitated solar orbit or at the Sun-Earth L1 libration point. The required materials can be obtained from easily launched lunar or asteroid sources and processed using vacuum vapor deposition. More simple and cheap screens of dust grain screens launched from the Moon or an asteroid can reduce the costs by orders of magnitude. Appropriate size dust particles can minimize the required mass given orbital stability (radiation pressure) requirements. The 1 micron thick films or dust screens, with areal densities of ≈0.001 kg/m 2 , covering an area of 5x10 12-5x10 13 m 2 using ≈10 10 kg material (the mass of a 68 m radius boulder) can achieve the required shielding. Cost/benefit analysis justifies a $4B research program and $100B at deployment, at <1% of the potential $10-100 damage of climatic warming. It seems economic and prudent to develop mitigation strategies in ready-to-use engineering detail now against catastrophic greenhouse warming that could threaten human survival.

Soil nutrient analysis of the Murchison C2M carbonaceous chondrite shows biologically available S, P, Ca, Mg, Na, K and Fe and cation exchange capacity (CEC) at levels comparable with terrestrial agricultural soils. Weathering, and aqueous,, hydrothermal (12 I "C, 15 min) and high-temperature (550"C, 3 h) processing increase the extractable nutrients. Extractable phosphorus (by 0.3 M NH4F +O.1 M HCl) content, which may be growth-limiting is 6.3 microgram/gram in the unprocessed meteorite, but increases to 81microgram/gram by hydrothermal processing and weathering, and to 130 microgram/gram by high temperature processing. The cation exchange capacity (CEC), attributed mainly to the organic fraction, corresponds to 345 meq per 100 g of the polymer, suggesting one ionizable COQH or OH group per 3-4 aromatic rings. The Allende C3(V) meteorite has low extractable Ca, Mg and K, in parallel to its low organic content and CEC, but high extractable P levels (160 microgram/gram). Biological effects are observed on growth of the soil microorganisms Flavobacterium orizihabitans and Nocardia asteroides in meteorite extracts, and the population levels suggest that P is the limiting nutrient. Effects on plant growth are examined on Solanium tuberosum {potato), where extracts of the Murchison meteorite lead to enhanced growth and pigmentation. The bioIogically available organic and inorganic nutrients in carbonaceous chondrites can provide concentrated solutions for prebiotic and early life processes , and serve as soils and fertilizers for future space-based biological expansion. @ 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd

Nigeria is found in the Tropics, where the climate is seasonally damp and very humid. Nigeria is affected by four climate types; these climate types are distinguishable, as one moves from the southern part of Nigeria to the northern part of Nigeria through Nigeria's middle belt.

Abstract
The report devotes mostly to the Russian instrumental optical observations, which were carried out in Arctic and Antarctic regions in last decades. In this report, we describe typical equipment for observations of aurora and airglow during dark and twilight time, including the hyper-spectral camera designed together with Norwegian scientists in frame of the joint NORUSKA project. Glowing of the exhaust products of rockets and man-made aurora are also under consideration. We discuss their common features, appearance, visual outline, general properties and physical mechanisms. Routine ground-based all-sky cameras, spectrographs and, later Low-light TV and CCD all-sky cameras were used during many years to collect data for natural and artificial “auroral” phenomena. A number of interesting pictures have been collected by amateurs and analyzed as unusual atmospheric phenomena. The Polar Geophysical Institute (PGI) was a leading organization for investigation of optical aurora, many abnormal atmospheric phenomena were observed through its many observation points.
The authors:
Sergey Chernouss
Polar Geophysical Institute, Apatity, Murmansr region, Russia
Yulii Platov
Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, the Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation, Russian Academy of Sciences

This is a paper presented to the 37th International Scientific Conference of Eurasian Scientific Association (March 2018).
Published in the book Perspective development directions of modern science.  Scientific articles collection of the 37n International Scientific Conference of Eurasian Scientific Association (ESA, Moscow, March 2018).