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Table |. Instrumental parameters of the All-Sky CCD Image Spectrograph S-180 an its photo/

Table 1 |. Instrumental parameters of the All-Sky CCD Image Spectrograph S-180 an its photo/

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AAP from the well known natural optical events in the near Earth Space (7, 9-13). Scientist, who shows, that aurora nature is self-luminosity of an atmospheric matter yet in 1753 (14) was Russian Michail Lomonosov. Before even such great European cartes (16 which scattered and mirroring by paricles in space (12), Lo- monosov had presented even engraving of his observation, in which the It was evidence that the aurora is itself luminous of the at- mosphere, from remo simultaneous observations of stars through aurora solved this problem of Angstrom, scientists as Galileo Galilei (1616.) and Rene Des- 8) misbelieved that the aurora is the Sun light, Ursa Major was visible through ihe aurora (Fig.1), rather than reflected, refracted or scattered ligh e source (15). In fact, Lomonosov using method o auroral nature about one hundred years before who rediscovered that by observation of aurora spectrum by visual spectroscope in 1867 (16).
AAP from the well known natural optical events in the near Earth Space (7, 9-13). Scientist, who shows, that aurora nature is self-luminosity of an atmospheric matter yet in 1753 (14) was Russian Michail Lomonosov. Before even such great European cartes (16 which scattered and mirroring by paricles in space (12), Lo- monosov had presented even engraving of his observation, in which the It was evidence that the aurora is itself luminous of the at- mosphere, from remo simultaneous observations of stars through aurora solved this problem of Angstrom, scientists as Galileo Galilei (1616.) and Rene Des- 8) misbelieved that the aurora is the Sun light, Ursa Major was visible through ihe aurora (Fig.1), rather than reflected, refracted or scattered ligh e source (15). In fact, Lomonosov using method o auroral nature about one hundred years before who rediscovered that by observation of aurora spectrum by visual spectroscope in 1867 (16).
achievement of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) was the discovery of an auroral oval, a location of the aurora over an Earth’s surface at any given time(Fig.2 RHS). It is possible to link the various physical phenomena in the Earth’s magnetosphere and atmosphere with the observed optical phenomena on the earth’s surface. You can imagine the Earth’s atmosphere at high altitude as a huge size TV screen, where a bizarre forms of aurora can be seen and dis- play intrusion of particles from the Sun, acceleration, colli- sions with atoms and molecules of air, struggle of the parti- cles with the Earth’s magnetic field.Danish teacherTromholt who devoted his life to study aurora, propose that the glow ring hanging over the Earth, which scrolls under the ring yet in the nineteen century (11). But just scientists from Russia Khorosheva, Feldshtein and Starkov (4-6) proven the asym- metry of the ring, the position of which was not determined by geographic but magnetic poles and make visual presenta- tion of the magnetosphere assimmetry. They established the oval continuity and find its mathematical interpretation. This was done on the basis of the network continuously operating about one hundred cameras C-180 with the field of view from horizon to horizon. Successful was the word "oval", which clearly expresses the real geometry of the instantaneous posi- tion of the ring lights. This one of the most important discov- eries in physics of near Earth space entered the history of geophysics as the Feldstein auroral oval (5). Figure 2. Example of the aurora photo of S.Chernouss (LHS) and the auroral oval (RHS) discovered during IGY by the Russian scientists. Aurora is a luminous glow of the upper atmosphere, which is caused by energetic particles that enter to the at- mosphere from geospace environment, the magnetosphere (Fig2 LHS). These energetic particles are mostly electrons, but protons also make aurora This definition differentiates aurora from other forms of airglow, and from sky brightness that is due to reflected or scattered sunlight in most cases. Airglow features that have other than particles energy sources are not the aurora. For example, lightening and all associated optical emissions like sprites should not be consid- ered aurora, even if they have spectrum consisted of the same lines and bands as aurora.. The electrons travel along mag- netic field lines and penetrate into the upper atmosphere. Owing to the chance of meeting with an atom or molecule, a collision takes place. The atom or molecule takes some of the energy of the energetic particle and stores it as internal ener- gy while the electron goes on with a reduced speed. The pro- cess of storing energy in a molecule or atom is called "excit- ing" the atom. An excited atom or molecule can return to the non-excited state (ground state) by sending off a photon, ie. by making light. Primary precipitating particles energization process draws its energy from the interaction of the Earth’s magnetosphere with the solar wind.The outstanding
achievement of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) was the discovery of an auroral oval, a location of the aurora over an Earth’s surface at any given time(Fig.2 RHS). It is possible to link the various physical phenomena in the Earth’s magnetosphere and atmosphere with the observed optical phenomena on the earth’s surface. You can imagine the Earth’s atmosphere at high altitude as a huge size TV screen, where a bizarre forms of aurora can be seen and dis- play intrusion of particles from the Sun, acceleration, colli- sions with atoms and molecules of air, struggle of the parti- cles with the Earth’s magnetic field.Danish teacherTromholt who devoted his life to study aurora, propose that the glow ring hanging over the Earth, which scrolls under the ring yet in the nineteen century (11). But just scientists from Russia Khorosheva, Feldshtein and Starkov (4-6) proven the asym- metry of the ring, the position of which was not determined by geographic but magnetic poles and make visual presenta- tion of the magnetosphere assimmetry. They established the oval continuity and find its mathematical interpretation. This was done on the basis of the network continuously operating about one hundred cameras C-180 with the field of view from horizon to horizon. Successful was the word "oval", which clearly expresses the real geometry of the instantaneous posi- tion of the ring lights. This one of the most important discov- eries in physics of near Earth space entered the history of geophysics as the Feldstein auroral oval (5). Figure 2. Example of the aurora photo of S.Chernouss (LHS) and the auroral oval (RHS) discovered during IGY by the Russian scientists. Aurora is a luminous glow of the upper atmosphere, which is caused by energetic particles that enter to the at- mosphere from geospace environment, the magnetosphere (Fig2 LHS). These energetic particles are mostly electrons, but protons also make aurora This definition differentiates aurora from other forms of airglow, and from sky brightness that is due to reflected or scattered sunlight in most cases. Airglow features that have other than particles energy sources are not the aurora. For example, lightening and all associated optical emissions like sprites should not be consid- ered aurora, even if they have spectrum consisted of the same lines and bands as aurora.. The electrons travel along mag- netic field lines and penetrate into the upper atmosphere. Owing to the chance of meeting with an atom or molecule, a collision takes place. The atom or molecule takes some of the energy of the energetic particle and stores it as internal ener- gy while the electron goes on with a reduced speed. The pro- cess of storing energy in a molecule or atom is called "excit- ing" the atom. An excited atom or molecule can return to the non-excited state (ground state) by sending off a photon, ie. by making light. Primary precipitating particles energization process draws its energy from the interaction of the Earth’s magnetosphere with the solar wind.The outstanding
molecules of the air into nitrogen and oxygen atoms. The photons that come out of aurora have therefore the signature colors of nitrogen and oxygen molecules and atoms. Oxygen atoms, for example, strongly emit photons in two typical col- ors: green and red. The red is a brownish red that is at the limit of what the human eye can see, and although the red auroral emission is often very bright, we can see it
molecules of the air into nitrogen and oxygen atoms. The photons that come out of aurora have therefore the signature colors of nitrogen and oxygen molecules and atoms. Oxygen atoms, for example, strongly emit photons in two typical col- ors: green and red. The red is a brownish red that is at the limit of what the human eye can see, and although the red auroral emission is often very bright, we can see it
There were proposed and realized some experiment to create artificial aurora. One of them is a creation of artificial- cloud in the atmosphere to look for impact of fields and winds on release of matter into the upper atmosphere. Barium cloud, observed during the release of free barium atoms from the board of sounding rockets creates ion clouds in the iono- sphere and interplanetary space used to study nature of the aurora and the geophysical properties of the medium in the upper atmosphere. Fig.5 shows results of the Ba cloud evolu- tion after the release in the launch of sounding rocket at ESRANGE near Swedish town Kiruna (19). Eye witness can see this bright spot. Imagine that suddenly a bright spot of light appears somewhere at dawn beyond the forest or moun- Figure 5. Ba cloud release into the upper atmosphere — LHS, and its mental image — RHS (Picture of Arcady Danilin) ain. It starts to expand and change the color forming a circle or sphere. From this ball suddenly appears sky rocketing beam of red color as shown in Fig, 5d. Experimenters know hat this picture is due to the ionization of artificial cloud at a high altitude. But what will think about this phenomenon occasional visual witness? Certainly, he will connect. this phenomenon with the advent of alien spacecraft from outer space or with something similar things. The author, for ex- ample, had seen the result of an experiment on Ba emission appearance and ionization in the upper atmosphere, as shown in Figure 5 d, on the cover one of the famous books about UFO.
There were proposed and realized some experiment to create artificial aurora. One of them is a creation of artificial- cloud in the atmosphere to look for impact of fields and winds on release of matter into the upper atmosphere. Barium cloud, observed during the release of free barium atoms from the board of sounding rockets creates ion clouds in the iono- sphere and interplanetary space used to study nature of the aurora and the geophysical properties of the medium in the upper atmosphere. Fig.5 shows results of the Ba cloud evolu- tion after the release in the launch of sounding rocket at ESRANGE near Swedish town Kiruna (19). Eye witness can see this bright spot. Imagine that suddenly a bright spot of light appears somewhere at dawn beyond the forest or moun- Figure 5. Ba cloud release into the upper atmosphere — LHS, and its mental image — RHS (Picture of Arcady Danilin) ain. It starts to expand and change the color forming a circle or sphere. From this ball suddenly appears sky rocketing beam of red color as shown in Fig, 5d. Experimenters know hat this picture is due to the ionization of artificial cloud at a high altitude. But what will think about this phenomenon occasional visual witness? Certainly, he will connect. this phenomenon with the advent of alien spacecraft from outer space or with something similar things. The author, for ex- ample, had seen the result of an experiment on Ba emission appearance and ionization in the upper atmosphere, as shown in Figure 5 d, on the cover one of the famous books about UFO.
Aurora take many different visual forms. The most dis- inctive and brightest are the curtain-like auroral arcs and bands. These are the ‘discrete’ auroras, which are at times bright as full moon illuminated clouds. The “diffuse” aurora, is less in intensity and sometimes close to the limit of visibil- ity. The aurora can distinguished from moonlit clouds by the fact that stars can be seen undiminished through the glow. Diffuse auroras are often composed of patches whose bright- ness exhibits regular or near-regular pulsations (17, 18). The pulsation period can be typically about several seconds, so is not always obvious. A typical auroral display consists of the- se forms appearing throughout the night. Occasionally there are bizarre forms of aurora, whose are similar different well- known things (Fig.4), For example, author could see in these pictures: a - bird, b - dragon, c - corona, d - integrals and e - running horse. Other person could see other things, for ex- ample, an - eagle, b - tornado, c - explosion, d - music sign, and e - swimming duck. Why similar pictures made by light in the sky and refined by human brain could not be adopt as UFO?
Aurora take many different visual forms. The most dis- inctive and brightest are the curtain-like auroral arcs and bands. These are the ‘discrete’ auroras, which are at times bright as full moon illuminated clouds. The “diffuse” aurora, is less in intensity and sometimes close to the limit of visibil- ity. The aurora can distinguished from moonlit clouds by the fact that stars can be seen undiminished through the glow. Diffuse auroras are often composed of patches whose bright- ness exhibits regular or near-regular pulsations (17, 18). The pulsation period can be typically about several seconds, so is not always obvious. A typical auroral display consists of the- se forms appearing throughout the night. Occasionally there are bizarre forms of aurora, whose are similar different well- known things (Fig.4), For example, author could see in these pictures: a - bird, b - dragon, c - corona, d - integrals and e - running horse. Other person could see other things, for ex- ample, an - eagle, b - tornado, c - explosion, d - music sign, and e - swimming duck. Why similar pictures made by light in the sky and refined by human brain could not be adopt as UFO?
During IGY (1957-58) Russian instrumental auroral ob- servations took place on 34 stations which are organized: 2 pack ice near North Pole 28 on the territory of the USSR, 3 in the Antarctic and one in the Barentsburg. All these stations equipped with cameras C-180° for automatic survey the all sky (Fig.6 a,b). Cameras C-180 (Fig 6) photographed sky image in diameter 20 mm on a perforated 35 mm film. Their effective aperture was | / 1.5, and the equivalent focus is 7.65 mm. C-180 optical system consists of a convex mirror with a diameter of 450 mm with beam-entry hole in the center and of the concave mirror of 200 mm diameter disposed over the convex lens with a focal length of 52 mm. Auroral light re- flected from the bottom convex mirror and falls on the upper concave mirror, which carries the image of aurora to a film camera. Movie camera with "Jupiter 3" lens for registration of auroral images is below the convex mirror. The sensitivity of the film was about 400 ASA. Command unit was in the Figure 6 a) Camera C-180 in Arctic and discoverer of the oval Genrich Starkov b) Camera C-180
During IGY (1957-58) Russian instrumental auroral ob- servations took place on 34 stations which are organized: 2 pack ice near North Pole 28 on the territory of the USSR, 3 in the Antarctic and one in the Barentsburg. All these stations equipped with cameras C-180° for automatic survey the all sky (Fig.6 a,b). Cameras C-180 (Fig 6) photographed sky image in diameter 20 mm on a perforated 35 mm film. Their effective aperture was | / 1.5, and the equivalent focus is 7.65 mm. C-180 optical system consists of a convex mirror with a diameter of 450 mm with beam-entry hole in the center and of the concave mirror of 200 mm diameter disposed over the convex lens with a focal length of 52 mm. Auroral light re- flected from the bottom convex mirror and falls on the upper concave mirror, which carries the image of aurora to a film camera. Movie camera with "Jupiter 3" lens for registration of auroral images is below the convex mirror. The sensitivity of the film was about 400 ASA. Command unit was in the Figure 6 a) Camera C-180 in Arctic and discoverer of the oval Genrich Starkov b) Camera C-180
Figure 8. Cameras C-180 (RHS) and C-180-S in a field position at the Mirniy station in Antarctic images of the vertical line passing through the magnetic zenith and the place of observation. It is photographed in the visible part of the auroral spectrum in the interval from 390.0 to 650.0 nm.Fig9 b. .Patrol spectrographs design based on the C-180 camera designed earlier (Fig.89).The only differ- ence is that a diffraction grating 600 lines/mm operating in the first order located in the focal plane in the front of the lens "Jupiter 3", at angle of 67 * to its optical axis and slit length 125 mm placed in the focal plane of a concave mirror to cut out vertical and image of the celestial sphere, Fig 9 a shows optical diagram of C-180-S. Fig. 9 b shows obtained spec- trum of aurora along the meridian slit.
Figure 8. Cameras C-180 (RHS) and C-180-S in a field position at the Mirniy station in Antarctic images of the vertical line passing through the magnetic zenith and the place of observation. It is photographed in the visible part of the auroral spectrum in the interval from 390.0 to 650.0 nm.Fig9 b. .Patrol spectrographs design based on the C-180 camera designed earlier (Fig.89).The only differ- ence is that a diffraction grating 600 lines/mm operating in the first order located in the focal plane in the front of the lens "Jupiter 3", at angle of 67 * to its optical axis and slit length 125 mm placed in the focal plane of a concave mirror to cut out vertical and image of the celestial sphere, Fig 9 a shows optical diagram of C-180-S. Fig. 9 b shows obtained spec- trum of aurora along the meridian slit.
The SPICA (Fig.10) includes F-145B camera based on SONY CCD matrix ICX285and advanced operati ware produced in PGI. The MAO-08 is a large ap of F/value=O08field of view 180 degrees, spec ional soft- erture lens ral range 430...750 nm, high resolution ~ 70-100 1/mm and the possibil- ity to use an interference filter. It has quantum effi to 0.67 at 600 nm and more t han 0,35 in 400-760 The 16 bits images ensure a wide dynamic range trix size of 1388x1038 pixels allows pixel summa prove sensitivity. The narrow- band interference fil main auroral emissions at wavelengths of 4278 nm and 630.0 nm were used to get monochroma The camera installed in PGI(68.38 N,35.95 E). iciency up nm range. while ma- ion to im- ers for the nm, 557.7 ic images. he Lovozero observatory of
The SPICA (Fig.10) includes F-145B camera based on SONY CCD matrix ICX285and advanced operati ware produced in PGI. The MAO-08 is a large ap of F/value=O08field of view 180 degrees, spec ional soft- erture lens ral range 430...750 nm, high resolution ~ 70-100 1/mm and the possibil- ity to use an interference filter. It has quantum effi to 0.67 at 600 nm and more t han 0,35 in 400-760 The 16 bits images ensure a wide dynamic range trix size of 1388x1038 pixels allows pixel summa prove sensitivity. The narrow- band interference fil main auroral emissions at wavelengths of 4278 nm and 630.0 nm were used to get monochroma The camera installed in PGI(68.38 N,35.95 E). iciency up nm range. while ma- ion to im- ers for the nm, 557.7 ic images. he Lovozero observatory of
Figure 11. Optical diagram of the auroral CCD spectral camera S-180.
Figure 11. Optical diagram of the auroral CCD spectral camera S-180.
PGI Twilight auroral imager (Fig 12) consists of front all-sky lens with working field of view about 140° , band in- terference filter at 557.7 nm and Fabry Perot Interferometer as extremely narrow band —passing filter. The special soft- ware was developed for processing and presentation of the data obtained. Authors (23) have shown some auroral images Figure 12. Diagram of the Twilight camera and its image obtained both in twilights and daylights conditions. Possible physical tasks of the upper atmosphere optical investigations by described above equipment are under discussion. Especial- ly this kind of measurements are valuable for Low Light Level Objects for example artificial cloud release from a rock- et or for heating experiments in the ionosphere because of possibility to follow artificial objects during twilights and even in daylights during long time.
PGI Twilight auroral imager (Fig 12) consists of front all-sky lens with working field of view about 140° , band in- terference filter at 557.7 nm and Fabry Perot Interferometer as extremely narrow band —passing filter. The special soft- ware was developed for processing and presentation of the data obtained. Authors (23) have shown some auroral images Figure 12. Diagram of the Twilight camera and its image obtained both in twilights and daylights conditions. Possible physical tasks of the upper atmosphere optical investigations by described above equipment are under discussion. Especial- ly this kind of measurements are valuable for Low Light Level Objects for example artificial cloud release from a rock- et or for heating experiments in the ionosphere because of possibility to follow artificial objects during twilights and even in daylights during long time.
New high sensitivity all-sky camera (20) was design by Norwegian, Russian and Ukrainian scientists. Two samples of this camera have been installed in Spitsbergen at the Norwegian Kjell Henriksen observatory and at Russan sta- tion Barentsburg. They able to register practically simulta- neous images of aurora in about 30 spectral bands, but regis- Figure 13. Lens mechanics and optical diagram of the NORUSCA II all-sky lens: 1- focusing mechanism and collimator lenses, 2 - filter box - chamber, 3 - camera lens, and 4 - camera head.
New high sensitivity all-sky camera (20) was design by Norwegian, Russian and Ukrainian scientists. Two samples of this camera have been installed in Spitsbergen at the Norwegian Kjell Henriksen observatory and at Russan sta- tion Barentsburg. They able to register practically simulta- neous images of aurora in about 30 spectral bands, but regis- Figure 13. Lens mechanics and optical diagram of the NORUSCA II all-sky lens: 1- focusing mechanism and collimator lenses, 2 - filter box - chamber, 3 - camera lens, and 4 - camera head.
its scaling properties, and vertical distribution in therayed forms. The cameras were installed on the main building of the Apatity division of the Polar Geophysical Institute and at the Apatity stratospheric range (Fig.15). The distance be- tween these sites is nearly 4 km, so the identical monochro- matic cameras can be used as a stereoscopic system. All cameras are accessible and operated remotely via Internet. The main aim of such observations is fine structure of the aurora. but some other night-sky events like meteors, satel- lites ete are also observed. The information about routine observations contains of technical details about equipments used, time tables of past and current observations, overview of observed events (auroral keograms), and links to sites. for individual instruments When it is possible, the site gives information about occasional events.
its scaling properties, and vertical distribution in therayed forms. The cameras were installed on the main building of the Apatity division of the Polar Geophysical Institute and at the Apatity stratospheric range (Fig.15). The distance be- tween these sites is nearly 4 km, so the identical monochro- matic cameras can be used as a stereoscopic system. All cameras are accessible and operated remotely via Internet. The main aim of such observations is fine structure of the aurora. but some other night-sky events like meteors, satel- lites ete are also observed. The information about routine observations contains of technical details about equipments used, time tables of past and current observations, overview of observed events (auroral keograms), and links to sites. for individual instruments When it is possible, the site gives information about occasional events.
Figure 16. September 20, 1977: Photo series collected by Archangelsk, Loparskaya and Sodankyly all-sky cameras after the Cosmos 955 rocket launch from the Plesetsk rocket range. The exhaust products glow seen by numerous observers over Petrozavodsk, Karelia At 0404-0408 MSK (Moscow Standard Time). It named in mass media as an unidentified flying object (UFO) “Petrozavodsk Miracle” in 1977
Figure 16. September 20, 1977: Photo series collected by Archangelsk, Loparskaya and Sodankyly all-sky cameras after the Cosmos 955 rocket launch from the Plesetsk rocket range. The exhaust products glow seen by numerous observers over Petrozavodsk, Karelia At 0404-0408 MSK (Moscow Standard Time). It named in mass media as an unidentified flying object (UFO) “Petrozavodsk Miracle” in 1977
The other phenomenon (Fig.18 a,b,c) is the turquoise (blue-green) luminescence of the atmosphere observed during dynamic structures that are reminiscent of "bagel". This process is associated with rapid depressurization of the com- bustion chamber, resulting in almost instantaneous release into the atmosphere of large quantities of various components of fuel and combustion products. The “ring” or “bagel” ap- pear owing to spread of the injected cloud of dispersed parti- cles twilight conditions in the region of missile flight. Sometimes it is observed as a compact luminous formation along the rocket trajectory, sometimes as diffuse rocket trace undergoes to local altitude winds in the atmosphere. Green blue colour of the cloud appears due to resonance scattering of the Solar light by AIO molecules, which are formed during interaction of exhaust products with the atmosphere.
The other phenomenon (Fig.18 a,b,c) is the turquoise (blue-green) luminescence of the atmosphere observed during dynamic structures that are reminiscent of "bagel". This process is associated with rapid depressurization of the com- bustion chamber, resulting in almost instantaneous release into the atmosphere of large quantities of various components of fuel and combustion products. The “ring” or “bagel” ap- pear owing to spread of the injected cloud of dispersed parti- cles twilight conditions in the region of missile flight. Sometimes it is observed as a compact luminous formation along the rocket trajectory, sometimes as diffuse rocket trace undergoes to local altitude winds in the atmosphere. Green blue colour of the cloud appears due to resonance scattering of the Solar light by AIO molecules, which are formed during interaction of exhaust products with the atmosphere.
An unexpected fairy show was occurred suddenly over the Arctic December 9, 2009 early in the morning. A spiral glow appeared in the night sky above the polar provinces of Nor- Figure 19. Evolution of the Norwegian spiral , amateurs photos © Jan-Petter Juurgensen at Skjervoy; all equally scaled by 1e background Kvanangstinder mountains a} Spiral clouds, flash and turquoise cloud b) void or black hole and turquoise cloud c) turquoise cloud way, Sweden and Finland,. The lively discussion of the likely nature of the spectacle, observed people in Scandinavia was in this day.. Norwegian media were overcrowded breathtak- ing images of eyewitnesses. Various hypotheses to explain the phenomenon were suggested. from the invasion of aliens to serious explanation (28,33),
An unexpected fairy show was occurred suddenly over the Arctic December 9, 2009 early in the morning. A spiral glow appeared in the night sky above the polar provinces of Nor- Figure 19. Evolution of the Norwegian spiral , amateurs photos © Jan-Petter Juurgensen at Skjervoy; all equally scaled by 1e background Kvanangstinder mountains a} Spiral clouds, flash and turquoise cloud b) void or black hole and turquoise cloud c) turquoise cloud way, Sweden and Finland,. The lively discussion of the likely nature of the spectacle, observed people in Scandinavia was in this day.. Norwegian media were overcrowded breathtak- ing images of eyewitnesses. Various hypotheses to explain the phenomenon were suggested. from the invasion of aliens to serious explanation (28,33),
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