Early Eocene Climatic Optimum

We have studied the fossil fauna from the locality of Pourcy (Marne) in the northeast of the Paris Basin, France, housed in various collections, in order to assess the nature and diversity of the fauna and gain an insight into the nature of the conditions that could have produced this assemblage. The mollusc fauna is strongly indicative of varied tropical estuarine environments probably vegetated with mangroves, but may also contain material derived from underlying mangrove facies. Both coastal marine and terrestrial mollusc and vertebrate faunas are also represented. The terrestrial community contained indicators of subtropical rainforest lowland with broad river banks and lakes, but some reworking of materials seems likely. The early-middle Ypresian Falun de Pourcy probably reflected ongoing estuarine/mangrove conditions that characterised the late Sparnacian period. Preliminary species lists of mollusc and vertebrate fossils are given, together with a comparison of mollusc feeding guilds to those of a modern Indo-Pacific estuary system.

The core retrieved from Lake Van consists of seismites that were possibly deposited during the earthquakes around the Van region. Deformed parts of the core sediments display folded laminations that can be attributed to seismites. The problem arises that if the fold axis is deposited perpendicular to the liner and, if the hinge line is far enough, describing the true laminations might be impossible related to real age of basin evolution because extra laminae seem deposited to the area. Scientist must pay attention such problem that dating method like varve counting and basin evolution estimates can totally change due to extra laminae that explained before. For eliminate to wrong interpretations considering reversal reflected anomalies even with angularity effects to one package of pair can show significant difference than other symmetric one due to angle of the hinge line or soft sediment deformation. Considering the situation explained, p-wave is not enough to support the idea however; chemical analyses (x-ray florescence), ICP-MS (asdasd) analysis can provide appropriate results to identify laminae that appear on the limbs of the reversed micro folds. New easy designed extra U-Channel drive tray framework prepared by us. U-Channels are prepared well conditioned, saturated enough to well contact between sediment surface and plastic shield of u-channel samples from cores. Physical parameters are measured by Multi sensor core logger (MSCL) with high resolution step ratio fixed to 1mm. At the p-wave and gamma ray results, we observed together stair upwards form and reverse reflected downward data graphics, thus our interpretation of identifying the fold limbs are now visible. We understand that laminae packages are exactly the same. XRF and MSCL are totally supporting to origin of pairs generated after their sedimentation age with mechanical forces. For this reason, in this study, we attended to solve such problem to analyze deformed folded laminations that must be documented for paleo-climate studies in Lake Van.

This paper focuses on the nautiloid fauna of the Middle Eocene (Lutetian) Midawara Formation in the Fayum Depression, Egypt. Four species belonging to four genera were identified: Euciphoceras regale, Eutrephoceras (Simplicioceras) centrale, Aturoidea parkinsoni, and Deltoidonautilus sowerbyi. Two species of them (E. regale and D. sowerbyi) are recorded for the first time in Egypt. Paleoecologic analysis reveals that these nautiloids were deposited in a shallow-marine environment and experienced various diagenetic processes. Evidence of abrasion, bioerosion, and encrustations suggests limited post-mortem transportation. Paleoecological reconstruction indicates a nektonbenthic lifestyle for these nautiloids. Furthermore, the presence of rhyncholites (calcic jaws of cephalopods) indicated that these nautiloids inhabited shallow-water areas, and most likely died during nocturnal migrations. Paleogeography of the studied nautiloid in the Lutetian Stage shows a widespread distribution, adaptability and resilience in diverse marine environments across the Tethys Sea, Africa, Asia and Europe. The co-occurrences of predators (such as whales, sharks, gastropods and cephalopods) and scavengers (e.g., crabs) indicate a complex food web and the prosperity of marine life. The significant turnover of the abundance and diversity of nautiloid assemblage from Lutetian to Bartonian ages may be corresponded to severe environmental conditions that dominate during brief warming event of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO).

This paper deals with Oligocene molluscan biostratigraphy of the Denizli and Kale-Tavas subbasins. A total of seven stratigraphic sections have been logged and lagoonal and brackish-shallow marine molluscs (11 gastropod and seven bivalve species) have been sampled. The molluscan fauna indicates the Rupelian age by the presence of characteristic species: for gastropods Haustator cono fasciata (Sacco, 1895), Ampullinopsis crassatina (Lamarck, 1804), Tympanotonos trochlearispina (Sacco, 1895) and Tympanotonos conjunctoturris (Sacco, 1895) and for bivalves Pycnodonte gigantica callifera (Lamarck, 1819) and Gari cf. protracta (Mayer-Eymar, 1893). These sections also contain typical Oligocene benthic foraminifer and coral fossils which are characteristic for the whole Tethys Province. The corals (Glyphastraea laxelamellata (Michelotti, 1838), Siderastrea (Siderofungia) morloti (Reuss, 1868), Antiguastraea alveolaris (Catullo, 1856), Astrocoenia bodellei (Calmus, 1973)) represent the Rupelian-Chattian age and the occurrence of the benthic foraminifer Nephrolepidina partita Douvillé, 1911, indicates SB22 biozone (late Rupelian-early Chattian). Therefore, both two groups support our age attribution. Litho-and biostratigraphic correlation of the sections points out that Oligocene lagoonal-marine deposits of the Denizli and Kale-Tavas subbasins (Sağdere and Mortuma Formations respectively) are assigned to late Rupelian-early Chattian. Paleobiogeographically, the distribution of the molluscan species suggests that the studied region belongs to the Mediterranean-Iranian Province.

Following extreme climatic warming events, Eocene Lagerstätten document aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate faunas surprisingly similar to modern counterparts. This transition in marine systems is best documented in the earliest teleost-dominated coral reef assemblage of Pesciara di Bolca, northern Italy, from near the end of the Eocene Climatic Optimum. Its rich fauna shows similarities with that of the modern Great Barrier Reef in niche exploitation by and morphological disparity among teleost primary consumers. However, such paleoecological understanding has not transcended trophic levels above primary consumers, particularly in carcharhiniform sharks. We report an exceptionally preserved fossil school shark (Galeorhinus cuvieri) from Pesciara di Bolca. In addition to the spectacular preservation of soft tissues, including brain, muscles, and claspers, this male juvenile shark has stomach contents clearly identifiable as a sphyraenid acanthomorph (barracuda). This association prov...

Here we present relative abundances of planktic foraminifera that span the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1258 in the western equatorial Atlantic. The EECO (~53.3−49.1 Ma) represents peak Cenozoic warmth, probably related to high atmospheric CO2, and when planktic foraminifera, a dominant component of marine sediment, exhibit a major biotic response. Consistent with previous work, the relative abundance of the genus Morozovella, which dominated early Paleogene tropical-subtropical assemblages, markedly and permanently declined from a mean percentage of ~32% to less than ~7% at the beginning of the EECO. The distinct decrease in Morozovella abundance occurred at Site 1258 within ~20 kyr before a negative excursion in δ13C records known as the J event and which defines the beginning of EECO. Moreover, all morozovellid species except M. aragonensis dropped in abundance permanently at Site 1258, and this is related to a reduction in test-size. ...

The relationship between shell form and mode of life in gastropods is important to the interpretation of fossils, but has been little explored owing, in part, to the great diversity of gastropod shells. Infaunal gastropods that actively bury in sand must conform to the demands of moving efficiently and noiselessly through a dense granular medium, but which shell characters reflect these demands and how infaunal gastropods differ from surface-dwelling (epifaunal) species remain incompletely answered questions. Here, I survey infaunal and epifaunal Indo-West Pacific members of four families (Cerithiidae, Mitridae, Costellariidae and Conidae) and consider more broadly the distribution of shell traits that confer streamlining and other potential benefits to infaunal species. Sand-burying cerithiids, mitrids and costellariids (but not conids) have on average slenderer shells than their epifaunal counterparts. The only shell features unique to sand-burying gastropods are terraced axial ri...

Bernard Palissy benefited from two centuries (mid-18 th-mid-20 th c.) of a striking reputation-only partly justified-as a precursor of the European geologists and as a prolific producer of a new ceramic ware. During the last decades that appreciation was revealed to be overrated. His scientific and technological fame were respectively founded on misreadings by 18 th c. rediscoverers (Jussieu, Réaumur, Fontenelle) and on erroneous attributions to a so-called "rustic Palissy's ware style" of most of the pieces of China with animals in full relief referred to Palissy. The attributions to the Palissy's workshop of pieces including fossil shell casts, by 19 th c. romantic ceramic collectors, was confirmed by Alexandre Brongniart [1854], the pioneer decipherer, along with G. Cuvier, of the geology of the Paris basin, who identified Lutetian fossil shells. Munier-Chalmas [in Dupuy, 1894], noting that Palissy did not accept that inland fossils could belong to any marine assemblages, did not understand that this misinterpretation contradicts the current fame of Palissy as the discoverer of marine transgressions. Modern geologists, following F. Ellenberger [1988], the first to point out this contradiction, undertook the rehabilitation of the true geological message of Palissy as a pluridisciplinary precursor in nature processes elucidation, at least equal to Leonardo da Vinci in accuracy. This contribution seeks also to solve the last major point of misunderstanding, which resulted in the mingling of the rare true rustic wares designed and produced in Palissy's workshop at Saintes (according to the shells and vertebrates casts), with the more famous and numerous chinas, different in style, especially those with Tertiary fossil shells cast from nature, probably conceived more than a century after the rustiques figulines of Palissy, in a workshop set up in the northernmost Ile de France and not copied from them. The highest established merits of Palissy are acknowledged, that finally place him ahead of the world geologists. Bernard Palissy (1510-1590) et les géologues français : une nouvelle appréciation critique des écrits du naturaliste et des céramiques rustiques attribuées abusivement Mots-clés.-Histoire de la géologie, Brongniart, Ellenberger, Jussieu, Munier-Chalmas, Céramique, Lutétien, Yprésien, Coquilles marines fossiles. Résumé.-Bernard Palissy a bénéficié pendant deux siècles (du milieu du 18 e au milieu du 20 e s.) d'une réputation en partie injustifiée, à la fois de précurseur de la géologie et de créateur prolifique de céramiques à décor rustique en relief. Les dernières décennies ont vu les premières contestations de cette réputation surfaite. Le principal sujet de gloire de Palissy, dans le domaine scientifique, était, en effet, fondé sur une lecture inexacte de ses écrits concernant les sciences de la terre, par les « savants » de l'Académie Royale des Sciences du 18 e siècle (Jussieu, Réaumur, Fontenelle) qui l'ont redécouvert après près d'un siècle et demi d'oubli, et qui lui ont attribué la paternité du concept de transgression marine de vaste extension. En revanche, sa compréhension argumentée de la nature biologique des fossiles est un apport incontestable qui ne doit pas être remis en question. De même que l'autochtonie des fossiles de l'intérieur des terres, démontré par l'observation des gisements. Sa compréhension des phénomènes de fossilisation et de lithification n'est pas toujours aussi parfaite mais ses intuitions sont souvent admirables. C'est sur le plan de l'écologie que l'on peut lui faire le plus de reproches mais sa conception de l'agriculture durable mérite que l'on passe sur les interprétations de fossiles marins de tous âges comme des espèces exclusivement continentales. Une erreur due à son trop absolu respect des Écritures. Au contraire, ses arguments contre le transport des fossiles par le Déluge biblique découlent d'une juste interprétation du texte sacré, qu'en tant que Calviniste il ne saurait contester. L'attribution erronée d'une partie des céramiques à décor rustique (animalier), comportant des moulages de coquilles fossiles, est à l'origine d'une autre méprise qui a duré jusqu'à la fin du vingtième siècle. Alexandre Brongniart, compagnon de G. Cuvier, en tant que géologue et directeur de la manufacture de céramique de Sèvres, identifia ces fossiles de l'Eocène, fidèlement reproduits (moulés) sur les plats « au serpent dans une île », comme étant tous lutétiens. Munier-Chalmas [in Dupuy, 1894] nota que Palissy n'a pas interprété les fossiles observés loin des côtes actuelles, comme faisant partie de peuplements marins, mais il n'a pas vu que cela excluait que Palissy soit le découvreur des anciennes transgressions marines. A partir de F. Ellenberger [1988], qui est le premier à avoir identifié cette contradiction, les géologues ont entrepris une étude critique des textes, rétablissant la véritable signification des écrits de Palissy et soulignant ses apports considérables dans bien d'autres explications de processus en relation avec les sciences de la terre. Son oeuvre publiée [1563, 1580] est donc digne de rivaliser avec les conceptions de Léonard de Vinci, d'ailleurs restées inédites jusqu'au 19 e s. La présente contribution se propose de montrer la nécessité de réviser aussi, à partir d'ar

Bernard Palissy benefited from two centuries (mid-18th - mid-20th c.) of a striking reputation – only partly justified – as a precursor of the European geologists and as a prolific producer of a new ceramic ware. During the last decades that appreciation was revealed to be overrated. His scientific and technological fame were respectively founded on misreadings by 18th c. rediscoverers (Jussieu, Réaumur, Fontenelle) and on erroneous attributions to a so-called “rustic Palissy’s ware style” of most of the pieces of China with animals in full relief referred to Palissy. The attributions to the Palissy’s workshop of pieces including fossil shell casts, by 19th c. romantic ceramic collectors, was confirmed by Alexandre Brongniart [1854], the pioneer decipherer, along with G. Cuvier, of the geology of the Paris basin, who identified Lutetian fossil shells. Munier-Chalmas [in Dupuy, 1894], noting that Palissy did not accept that inland fossils could belong to any marine assemblages, did ...

Bu çalışmada, Ankara ili, Polatlı ilçesi, Temelli beldesine bağlı Kuşçu ve Macun köyleri arasında yüzlek veren Paleojen yaşlı birimlerin, Pelecypoda ve Gastropoda sınıfına ait örneklerle paleontolojik ve biyostratigrafik özellikleri araştırılmıştır. Macun köyü batısından Kuşçu köyü doğusuna doğru alınan 7 adet ölçülü stratigrafik kesit sonucu toplam 52 metre kalınlıkta istif ölçülmüştür. İstifte Pelecypoda sınıfına ait 7 ve Gastropoda sınıfına ait biri yeni olmak üzere 16 tür tanımlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada, tanımlanan faunanın paleocoğrafik ve stratigrafik yayılımı incelendiğinde Tanesiyen çağına ait olup, Kırkkavak Formasyonuna dahil edilmesinin uygun olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır. Faunanın paleoekolojik özelliklerine göre de ortamın kıyı fasiyesinde geliştiği ve sığ, sıcak bir deniz özelliği sunduğu saptanmıştır.

Three specimens of the large-sized Eocene campanilid gastropod genus Campanile have been dredged from the modern sea floor in the Bruine Bank area (North Sea, Dutch sector). The material is identified here as Campanile parisiense rarinodosum, a subspecies hitherto unknown from the North Sea Basin. All three shells are strongly abraded, reflecting their secondary derivation. The new finds suggest that fossiliferous strata of probably late Lutetian (middle Eocene) age are represented in the southern North Sea Basin, situated most likely in the southeastern part of the UK sector. The present material of Campanile must have been reworked into the Dutch sector via Quaternary rivers. The occurrence of Campanile parisiense rarinodosum would indicate close biogeographic ties between the North Sea and the western French Atlantic basins during the late Lutetian. These new records thus shed light on the palaeogeography of the area during two widely separated geological time slices.

EnglishThe relationships of the enigmatic modern Red Sea genus Djeddilia with the Pliocene genus Escoffieria are discussed. Both Djeddilia and Escoffieria (a junior synonym of Potamides) were based on abnormal, partially uncoiled specimens. Djeddilia djeddilia is probably a synonym of Potamides conicus and in consequence Djeddilia would be another junior synonym of Potamides italianoJousseaume, nel corso della sua lunga carriera di malacologo, ha descritto molti taxa problematici di difficile interpretazione. Nel corso del presente lavoro vengono discusse le relazioni fra un enigmatico genere del Mar Rosso, Djeddilia, e il genere pliocenico Escoffieria. L’olotipo di Djeddilia djeddilia Jousseaume, 1894, fu rinvenuto a Djedda o Jiddah (Coste del Mar Rosso, Arabia), ed e caratterizzato da giri disgiunti e da una conchiglia parzialmente svolta. La stessa morfologia caratterizza anche il genere Escoffieria Fontannes, 1880 (specie tipo: Escoffieria fischeri Fontannes, 1880), descritto pe...

The subject of this study is the description of eight specimens of fossil gastropods Campanile lachesis Bayan, 1870, family Campanilidae, from the fund of the Regional Museum of History in Kardzhali. They were found in the area of the village of Gorna Krepost, Kardzhali Municipality, at the eastern foot of the Archeological Complex Perperikon, in the upper Eocene (Priabonian) limestone layers of the so-called Beli Plast Rhyodacite Complex. The paleoecological traits of the present fauna give ground to infer that this was a very shallow reefal environment with a rocky substrate sandy bottom, overgrown with algae, and the water was warm, with normal salinity.

Genomic analysis of the invasive marine snail Batillaria attramentaria from Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, California, USA using 150 bp paired-end Illumina sequences resulted in the assembly of its complete mitogenome. The mitogenome is 16,095 bp in length and contains 2 rRNA, 13 proteincoding, and 22 tRNA genes (GenBank Accession MN557850). Gene content and organization of B. attramentaria are identical to the Turritellidae and Pachychilidae. The phylogenetic analysis of B. attramentaria resolves it in a fully supported clade with these same two families in the superfamily Cerithioidea. Nucleotide BLAST searches of the Elkhorn Slough cox1 gene of B. attramentaria yielded identical sequences from invasive populations from California and British Columbia, and native populations from northeastern and central Japan. These data show that mitogenome sequencing is a useful tool for studying the classification and phylogenetic history Cerithioidea.

Three specimens of the large-sized Eocene campanilid gastropod genus Campanile have been dredged from the modern sea floor in the Bruine Bank area (North Sea, Dutch sector). The material is identified here as Campanile parisiense rarinodosum, a subspecies hitherto unknown from the North Sea Basin. All three shells are strongly abraded, reflecting their secondary derivation. The new finds suggest that fossiliferous strata of probably late Lutetian (middle Eocene) age are represented in the southern North Sea Basin, situated most likely in the southeastern part of the UK sector. The present material of Campanile must have been reworked into the Dutch sector via Quaternary rivers. The occurrence of Campanile parisiense rarinodosum would indicate close biogeographic ties between the North Sea and the western French Atlantic basins during the late Lutetian. These new records thus shed light on the palaeogeography of the area during two widely separated geological time slices.

A description .is here given of gastropods from the genus Fibuloptllymatis occurring in the Upper Jurassic deposits of the Mesozoic mail"gin of the Holy Cross Mts and of their life environments. After discussing the taxonomic position of the above genus it has been ;i.ncruded inlbo the super-family Itieriacea.• The suggestian advanced by Cox (1949) regarding the change of the type speCies of the genus Nerinea has also been given some consideration.

For a short time interval (c. 1.2 Myr) during the early middle Eocene (~49 Myr), the central Arctic Ocean was episodically densely covered by the freshwater fern Azolla, implying sustained freshening of surface waters. Coeval Azolla fossils in neighboring Nordic seas were thought to have been sourced from the Arctic. The recognition of a different Azolla species in the North Sea raised doubts about this hypothesis. Here we show that no less than five Azolla species had coeval blooms and spread in the Arctic and NW European regions. A likely trigger for these unexpected Azolla blooms is high precipitation prevailing by the end of the warmest climates of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).

For a short time interval (c. 1.2 Myr) during the early middle Eocene (~49 Myr), the central Arctic Ocean was episodically densely covered by the freshwater fern Azolla, implying sustained freshening of surface waters. Coeval Azolla fossils in neighboring Nordic seas were thought to have been sourced from the Arctic. The recognition of a different Azolla species in the North Sea raised doubts about this hypothesis. Here we show that no less than five Azolla species had coeval blooms and spread in the Arctic and NW European regions. A likely trigger for these unexpected Azolla blooms is high precipitation prevailing by the end of the warmest climates of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) represents a ∼ 170 kyr episode of anomalous global warmth ∼ 56 Ma ago. The PETM is associated with rapid and massive injections of 13 C-depleted carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system reflected as a prominent negative carbon isotope excursion (CIE) in sedimentary components. Earth's surface and deep ocean waters warmed by ∼ 5 • C, of which part may have occurred prior to the CIE. However, few records document continental climatic trends and changes in seasonality have not been documented. Here we present the first high-resolution vegetation and paleoclimate reconstructions for the PETM, based on nearest living relative analysis of terrestrially derived spore and pollen assemblages preserved in an expanded section from the central North Sea. Our data indicate reductions in boreal conifers and an increase in mesothermal to megathermal taxa, reflecting a shift towards wetter and warmer climate. We also record an increase in summer temperatures, greater in magnitude than the rise in mean annual temperature changes, and a shift to a summer-wet seasonality. Within the CIE, vegetation varies significantly with initial increases in epiphytic and climbing ferns, and development of extensive wetlands, followed by abundance of Carya spp. indicative of broadleaf forest colonization. Critically, the change in vegetation we report occurs prior to the CIE, and is concomitant with anomalous marine ecological change, as represented by the occurrence of Apectodinium augustum. This suggests that amplifications of seasonal extremes triggered carbon injection.

Fungi are not as evident in Pennsylvanian coals as in younger Mesozoic or Cenozoic coals, however macerals formed through the interaction of fungi with woody and herbaceous precursors do occur. One example of this is in some forms of the maceral macrinite. This study analyzes macrinite forms from geographically distinct Pennsylvanian coals. The macrinite observed in this study is characterized by the presence of inclusions of other detrital macerals, indicative of ingestion and excretion, similar to that documented in macrinite of younger coals. This suggests that, while not all ecologic niches in the Pennsylvanian were filled in the same manner as in younger settings, similar processes (implying similar types of interactions between fungi, bacteria, and fauna) were producing similar products.

Genomic analysis of the invasive marine snail Batillaria attramentaria from Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, California, USA using 150 bp paired-end Illumina sequences resulted in the assembly of its complete mitogenome. The mitogenome is 16,095 bp in length and contains 2 rRNA, 13 proteincoding, and 22 tRNA genes (GenBank Accession MN557850). Gene content and organization of B. attramentaria are identical to the Turritellidae and Pachychilidae. The phylogenetic analysis of B. attramentaria resolves it in a fully supported clade with these same two families in the superfamily Cerithioidea. Nucleotide BLAST searches of the Elkhorn Slough cox1 gene of B. attramentaria yielded identical sequences from invasive populations from California and British Columbia, and native populations from northeastern and central Japan. These data show that mitogenome sequencing is a useful tool for studying the classification and phylogenetic history Cerithioidea.

As part of a memorial volume honouring the late malacologist James H. McLean and covering elements of the molluscan fauna of the northeast Pacific Ocean, we here provide an overview of the species Pelycidion kelseyi (Bartsch, 1911). This is the only known member of the subfamily Pelycidiinae occurring in this area.

Genomic analysis of the invasive marine snail Batillaria attramentaria from Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, California, USA using 150 bp paired-end Illumina sequences resulted in the assembly of its complete mitogenome. The mitogenome is 16,095 bp in length and contains 2 rRNA, 13 proteincoding, and 22 tRNA genes (GenBank Accession MN557850). Gene content and organization of B. attramentaria are identical to the Turritellidae and Pachychilidae. The phylogenetic analysis of B. attramentaria resolves it in a fully supported clade with these same two families in the superfamily Cerithioidea. Nucleotide BLAST searches of the Elkhorn Slough cox1 gene of B. attramentaria yielded identical sequences from invasive populations from California and British Columbia, and native populations from northeastern and central Japan. These data show that mitogenome sequencing is a useful tool for studying the classification and phylogenetic history Cerithioidea.

The Cretaceous-Paleogene marine sedimentary succession exposed in the banks of the middle reaches of the Waipara River (referred to as mid-Waipara), north Canterbury, New Zealand, has been the subject of several high-profile studies of Paleogene paleoclimate over the past decade. It is one of relatively few sections globally where a multi-proxy approach is possible due to the good preservation of microfossils and organic biomarkers. The Eocene section is also well dated by magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy based on planktic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts). Here, we build on this previous work and undertake a comprehensive analysis of paleontological and geochemical indicators of climatic and environmental changes through the earlymiddle Eocene part of the section, with particular focus on the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO; 53.26-49.14 Ma). We correlate a 33.5 m-thick interval with the EECO, based on biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, TEX86-paleothermometry and bulk carbonate δ 13 C. Our new sea-surface temperature (SST) record based on TEX86 agrees with a previous lower resolution record based on TEX86 and planktic foraminiferal δ 18 O and Mg/Ca ratios. The EECO interval in this section extends from the upper part of the New Zealand Waipawan Stage to the Mangaorapan/Heretaungan Stage boundary at 49.27 Ma. The EECO onset is not exposed, but the termination is well constrained by a fall in SST and shift to more positive δ 13 C values. Six negative carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) are recognised within the EECO and are tentatively correlated with CIEs J/K, M, O, Q, T and C22nH4 in the global δ 13 C compilation. The CIEs are associated with warmer SSTs, indicating that they represent hyperthermals. The BAYSPAR TEX86 calibration indicates SST increased by as much as 12°C from the early Eocene (~55 Ma) to the EECO, where SST peaked at 35°C. SST gradually declined from mid EECO (~51 Ma) into the middle Eocene. The marked warming in the early EECO is associated with the highest abundance of warm-water taxa in calcareous nannofossil and dinocyst assemblages, the highest proportion of planktic foraminifera, and a coeval long-term shift to abundant angiosperm vegetation, primarily driven by a rise in Casuarinaceae. There is good agreement between TEX86 and marine microfossil-based proxies for temperature, providing confidence that both approaches are useful guides to past water temperature. Warm-water marine taxa are most abundant in P a g e 3 | 48 the EECO but are not dominant. Comparison of the abundance of nannofossil warm-water taxa between mid-Waipara and a low-latitude site on Shatsky Rise suggests the latitudinal temperature gradient between mid-and low-latitudes in the EECO was greater than the TEX86 proxy implies. There is no clear evidence for enhanced sedimentation rates associated with the EECO, in contrast to evidence from the nearby Mead Stream section. Superabundant Homotryblium, a euryhaline dinocyst, in the early and middle EECO suggests elevated salinity and/or stratified surface waters, and there is no clear evidence of increased surface productivity associated with the EECO. Declining SST in the late EECO, ~50 Ma, corresponds with an increase in cool-water taxa and terrigenous material. This article highlights the importance of combining well-calibrated paleontological and geochemical records to better constrain and understand past warm climate states.

Earth has a long geological history and palaeo-wildfire is one of the key factors which is responsible for the evolution and extinction of our earth systems. The most important extinction of our earth systems is the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the product of wildfire in terms of distribution and occurrences from the Late Permian North China basin. Fourteen rock samples were collected from a drill core of Hanxing Coalfield of North China basin. The samples were analyzed by macro and micro petrography, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to study the evidence of wildfire. Charcoal (inertinite) particles are observed in the samples, which established the occurrences of wildfire during the upper Middle and Late Permian time in North China. Additionally, high-molecular-weight Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in the studied samples which a...

Th is study describes 21 species of Caenogastropoda collected in the Macunköy section from the upper part of the Kırkkavak Formation (Haymana-Polatlı Basin, SW of Ankara). Th e known stratigraphical range of the studied species is consistent with an early Ypresian (early Eocene) age of the deposits, indicated by Cerithium puigcercosensis (Cossmann, 1897) n. comb. and Tympanotonos turris (Deshayes, 1833). Th is result supports previous biostratigraphic studies based on benthic foraminifers. Among the caenogastropods from the Macunköy section, two new species are described: Bellatara ankaraensis n. sp. and Vicinoceri thium seni n. sp. Furthermore, Cerithium puigcercosensis n. comb. is described as a new combination. Th e gastropod assemblage of the Macunköy section indicates a mangrove-fringed, wet coastal ecosystem with euryhaline conditions, connected to coastal swamps and a delta system.

Lower Paleocene gastropod macrofaunas of Turkey (Anatolia) are seldom collected and studied due to their poor preservation. Two new pareorine gastropod species are described from the Çaldağ Formation of the Haymana-Polatlı Basin in Central Turkey. Sigmesalia erifensis n. sp. and Sigmesalia anatole n. sp. were found in foraminiferal wacke-to-packstones associated with algal limestones in the Erif section. The analysis of benthic foraminifers and dasycladaceans suggests that the Çaldağ Formation was deposited in tropical conditions, probably within the photic zone. These newly identified pareorine species record the first abundant macrofossil gastropod assemblage found in the Danian sediments of the Erif section.

A new trochoidean species, Angaria calvii n. sp., from the early Th anetian of the Kırkkavak Formation (Haymana-Polatlı Basin, Palaeocene) in central Anatolia, is described and placed in the family Turbinidae. Previously, the oldest Cenozoic Angaria was recorded from the Early Palaeocene (Danian) in France (Paris Basin). In this paper, we report the second discovery of the oldest angariid specimens from the Th anetian sediments of the Tethys realm, a stratigraphic position which is supported by the foraminiferal-red alga assemblages at this locality.

Abstract: Ampullinid gastropods are useful in correlating the Palaeogene marine strata of Central Anatolia. Ampullinid gastropods are found in the Late Paleocene–Early Eocene Kırkkavak Formation in the Macunköy area (Polatlı, west of Ankara). In the Haymana-Polatlı Basin, a variety of Globularia (Swainson 1840) species is described from the upper part of the Kırkkavak Formation, including G. sireli n.sp. The other taxa are G. vapincana (d’Orbigny 1850), G. grossa (Deshayes 1864) and G. crassatina (Lamarck 1804). The Kırkkavak fauna is known in western and central Europe, and central Asia. Some of the ampullinid gastropods and associated cerithid and neritid gastropods as well as bivalves are conspecific with forms from the Palaeogene of Europe and central Asia. The palaeobiogeographical affinity of the ampullinid Globularia fauna is typically Tethyan, with many taxa that are known particularly from western-central Tethys. The inferred palaeo-environment, as implied by the ampullinid...

For a short time interval (c. 1.2 Myr) during the early middle Eocene (~49 Myr), the central Arctic Ocean was episodically densely covered by the freshwater fern Azolla, implying sustained freshening of surface waters. Coeval Azolla fossils in neighboring Nordic seas were thought to have been sourced from the Arctic. The recognition of a different Azolla species in the North Sea raised doubts about this hypothesis. Here we show that no less than five Azolla species had coeval blooms and spread in the Arctic and NW European regions. A likely trigger for these unexpected Azolla blooms is high precipitation prevailing by the end of the warmest climates of the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO).

For the first time the molluscan fauna of the latest Ypresian-early Lutetian Lillebaelt Clay Formation of Denmark is treated monographically. The assemblage yielded 75 species. Four new species and one new subspecies are introduced, viz. Astarte filigera treldensis n. subsp., Abra madseni n. sp., Thracia barsoei n. sp., Galeodea anderseni n. sp. and Desorinassa tonneseni n. sp. The molluscan assemblage contains species known from different stratigraphic levels of the British Eocene, where the Lillebaelt Clay correlates with the Bracklesham Group, based on micropalaeontological and magnetostratigraphical data. The molluscan fauna suggests water depths during deposition to have ranged from lower sublittoral to upper bathyal, probably 100-300 m.

The Cretaceous-Paleogene marine sedimentary succession exposed in the banks of the middle reaches of the Waipara River (referred to as mid-Waipara), north Canterbury, New Zealand, has been the subject of several high-profile studies of Paleogene paleoclimate over the past decade. It is one of relatively few sections globally where a multi-proxy approach is possible due to the good preservation of microfossils and organic biomarkers. The Eocene section is also well dated by magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy based on planktic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils and dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts). Here, we build on this previous work and undertake a comprehensive analysis of paleontological and geochemical indicators of climatic and environmental changes through the earlymiddle Eocene part of the section, with particular focus on the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO; 53.26-49.14 Ma). We correlate a 33.5 m-thick interval with the EECO, based on biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, TEX86-paleothermometry and bulk carbonate δ 13 C. Our new sea-surface temperature (SST) record based on TEX86 agrees with a previous lower resolution record based on TEX86 and planktic foraminiferal δ 18 O and Mg/Ca ratios. The EECO interval in this section extends from the upper part of the New Zealand Waipawan Stage to the Mangaorapan/Heretaungan Stage boundary at 49.27 Ma. The EECO onset is not exposed, but the termination is well constrained by a fall in SST and shift to more positive δ 13 C values. Six negative carbon isotope excursions (CIEs) are recognised within the EECO and are tentatively correlated with CIEs J/K, M, O, Q, T and C22nH4 in the global δ 13 C compilation. The CIEs are associated with warmer SSTs, indicating that they represent hyperthermals. The BAYSPAR TEX86 calibration indicates SST increased by as much as 12°C from the early Eocene (~55 Ma) to the EECO, where SST peaked at 35°C. SST gradually declined from mid EECO (~51 Ma) into the middle Eocene. The marked warming in the early EECO is associated with the highest abundance of warm-water taxa in calcareous nannofossil and dinocyst assemblages, the highest proportion of planktic foraminifera, and a coeval long-term shift to abundant angiosperm vegetation, primarily driven by a rise in Casuarinaceae. There is good agreement between TEX86 and marine microfossil-based proxies for temperature, providing confidence that both approaches are useful guides to past water temperature. Warm-water marine taxa are most abundant in P a g e 3 | 48 the EECO but are not dominant. Comparison of the abundance of nannofossil warm-water taxa between mid-Waipara and a low-latitude site on Shatsky Rise suggests the latitudinal temperature gradient between mid-and low-latitudes in the EECO was greater than the TEX86 proxy implies. There is no clear evidence for enhanced sedimentation rates associated with the EECO, in contrast to evidence from the nearby Mead Stream section. Superabundant Homotryblium, a euryhaline dinocyst, in the early and middle EECO suggests elevated salinity and/or stratified surface waters, and there is no clear evidence of increased surface productivity associated with the EECO. Declining SST in the late EECO, ~50 Ma, corresponds with an increase in cool-water taxa and terrigenous material. This article highlights the importance of combining well-calibrated paleontological and geochemical records to better constrain and understand past warm climate states.

For the first time the molluscan fauna of the latest Ypresian-early Lutetian Lillebaelt Clay Formation of Denmark is treated monographically. The assemblage yielded 75 species. Four new species and one new subspecies are introduced, viz. Astarte filigera treldensis n. subsp., Abra madseni n. sp., Thracia barsoei n. sp., Galeodea anderseni n. sp. and Desorinassa tonneseni n. sp. The molluscan assemblage contains species known from different stratigraphic levels of the British Eocene, where the Lillebaelt Clay correlates with the Bracklesham Group, based on micropalaeontological and magnetostratigraphical data. The molluscan fauna suggests water depths during deposition to have ranged from lower sublittoral to upper bathyal, probably 100-300 m.

Th is study describes 21 species of Caenogastropoda collected in the Macunköy section from the upper part of the Kırkkavak Formation (Haymana-Polatlı Basin, SW of Ankara). Th e known stratigraphical range of the studied species is consistent with an early Ypresian (early Eocene) age of the deposits, indicated by Cerithium puigcercosensis (Cossmann, 1897) n. comb. and Tympanotonos turris (Deshayes, 1833). Th is result supports previous biostratigraphic studies based on benthic foraminifers. Among the caenogastropods from the Macunköy section, two new species are described: Bellatara ankaraensis n. sp. and Vicinoceri thium seni n. sp. Furthermore, Cerithium puigcercosensis n. comb. is described as a new combination. Th e gastropod assemblage of the Macunköy section indicates a mangrove-fringed, wet coastal ecosystem with euryhaline conditions, connected to coastal swamps and a delta system.

We have studied the fossil fauna from the locality of Pourcy (Marne) in the northeast of the Paris Basin, France, housed in various collections, in order to assess the nature and diversity of the fauna and gain an insight into the nature of the conditions that could have produced this assemblage. The mollusc fauna is strongly indicative of varied tropical estuarine environments probably vegetated with mangroves, but may also contain material derived from underlying mangrove facies. Both coastal marine and terrestrial mollusc and vertebrate faunas are also represented. The terrestrial community contained indicators of subtropical rainforest lowland with broad river banks and lakes, but some reworking of materials seems likely. The early-middle Ypresian Falun de Pourcy probably reflected ongoing estuarine/mangrove conditions that characterised the late Sparnacian period. Preliminary species lists of mollusc and vertebrate fossils are given, together with a comparison of mollusc feeding guilds to those of a modern Indo-Pacific estuary system.

For the first time the molluscan fauna of the latest Ypresian-early Lutetian Lillebaelt Clay Formation of Denmark is treated monographically. The assemblage yielded 75 species. Four new species and one new subspecies are introduced, viz. Astarte filigera treldensis n. subsp., Abra madseni n. sp., Thracia barsoei n. sp., Galeodea anderseni n. sp. and Desorinassa tonneseni n. sp. The molluscan assemblage contains species known from different stratigraphic levels of the British Eocene, where the Lillebaelt Clay correlates with the Bracklesham Group, based on micropalaeontological and magnetostratigraphical data. The molluscan fauna suggests water depths during deposition to have ranged from lower sublittoral to upper bathyal, probably 100-300 m.

Systematic description of 25 gastropod species from the Khari Nadi Formation (Aquitanian) and Chhasra Formation (Burdigalian) from the Kachchh District, Gujarat, India is given. A checklist of 116 forms including those reported by earlier researchers, emending taxonomic identifications wherever necessary, is also provided. Vredenburg had referred these two formations together as 'the Gaj Beds of Kachchh'. He noticed the affinity of molluscs among the Miocene deposits of Kachchh and Kathiawar regions of Gujarat, and Sind province of Pakistan. He also observed that molluscs from his 'Lower Gaj' and 'Upper Gaj' Formations showed relationship respectively with the Rembang (Aquitanian) and Njalindung (Burdigalian) series of the East Indies. Aquitanian and Burdigalian ages assigned by him were later substantiated by Raju on the basis of foraminifera. Present studies corroborated that the molluscan assemblage from the Miocene rocks of Kachchh is closely related to that from the Gaj Beds of Sind and the Ashapura Clay Member of Kathiawar; besides revealing that the fauna from these three formations taken together is essentially endemic. Discovery of certain species from the Quilon Beds in the Miocene of Kachchh evinces a close affinity between these two formations. The present fauna includes five extant forms, while 29 forms have related species in the Recent fauna.

The cerithioids are a diverse group of gastropods found globally as fossil and living animals during the Cenozoic Era. Their systematics is riddled with problems stemming from large morphological variability, homoplasy, and wide geographical distribution. Six cerithioid species are described here from the lower Middle Eocene of Kutch, Gujarat, western India. All but two are new species. They are Palmerella kutchensis, Tenagodus? sowerbyi, Potamides archiaci, and Cerithium harudiensis. The rest are new records from Kutch and were known only from Pakistan. A palaeobiogeographical review based on major published records of benthic molluscs from Pakistan reveals strong endemism. The cerithioid faunas from different parts of Pakistan and this report from Kutch also show strong endemism and often quite localized development. It is argued here that unhindered faunal mixing was not possible in this province since these newly evolved basins were restricted in nature in their Lower Cenozoic h...

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Seismic reflection work was carried out in the southwest of Ankara around Polatlı-Haymana region as part of "Haymana Oil Exploration Project" The project area is located in Polatlı Basin extending in NW-SE direction and covering Triassic to Quaternary sediments. Seismic reflection data were recorded along profiles of 426 kilometers located in the area by Ünalan's work (Ünalan et al., 1979) in which the stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Tertiary are described in detail. The upper boundary of Beyobası formation is the best reflector level in the data. This Maestrichtian Formation has been considered as the reservoir formation because of its fossileferous sandstone and limestone content. The contour map of the Beyobası formation was prepared and interpreted. The transition bands in the stratigraphic layers are generally not identified sufficiently. As the result of interpretation a NW-SE directional fault zone and two highs at both sides of this zone in the east part of the project area were obtained. The highs in the north and south of this zone are considered as parts of Kızılcakışla and Eski Polatlı anticlines. However, the north closing of the high located in the north and the south closing of the high located in the south could not be seen in the seismic data. In the west part of the project area two synclines were observed. The closing of one which is placed in the south is observable and the closing of the other one located in the north is not clearly observable.

The shell figured as Pseudoliva laudunensis (Defrance, 1826) from the Early Eocene London Clay Formation of Lower Swanwick, Hampshire (see Pl. 1, fig.1) by Jeffery & Tracey (1997) is closely similar to a number of examples collected from different Hampshire Basin localities (London Clay Formation, division B: Kingsclere and Nursling, Hampshire; division A3: Southleigh, and others). All of these individuals are of small size and have the appearance of juveniles. However, comparison with immature examples of P. laudunensis from the Lower Eocene of Pourcy (Marne) and Sinceny (Aisne) in the Paris Basin (Pl. 1, fig. 5) shows this to be a quite different species. The true P. laudunensis does in fact occur in the English Early Eocene; adult shells are known from both the Harwich Formation, Oldhaven Member at Swanscombe, Kent and Aveley, Essex and from the London Clay Formation at Kingsclere, Hampshire and Bognor Regis, West Sussex (Tracey, 1992; Pacaud, 1998). The two species are therefore approximately coeval, and while the new species may prove to be rather common, actual juvenile examples of P. laudunensis have not yet been recorded from English deposits. These facts have previously tended to obscure the separate identities of the two species. As in the case of various other Palaeogene species listed below, this small new species displays all the teleoconch characters of the recently-described genus Fusulculus Bouchet & Vermeij, 1998, based on two living deep-water species from the southwest Pacific. The shell from Lower Swanwick figured by Jeffery & Tracey (1997: pl. 10, fig. 23-24), is here selected as the holotype of Fusulculus alienopriscus sp. nov. Specimens recorded as Oenopota prisca (Deshayes) were listed by King & Curry (1992) in the faunas of both the London Clay Formation and also the Tilehurst Member (now part of the Harwich Formation) of Crondall and Up Nately, Hampshire. Since the recent acquisition of part of the Dennis Curry collection by the Natural History Museum, London, specimens from the latter, older horizon have been examined and found to represent another undescribed species of Fusulculus. These specimens become the type series of Fusulculus curryi sp. nov.

Past warm periods provide an opportunity to evaluate climate models under extreme forcing scenarios, in particular high ( >  800 ppmv) atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations. Although a post hoc intercomparison of Eocene ( ∼  50  Ma) climate model simulations and geological data has been carried out previously, models of past high-CO<sub>2</sub> periods have never been evaluated in a consistent framework. Here, we present an experimental design for climate model simulations of three warm periods within the early Eocene and the latest Paleocene (the EECO, PETM, and pre-PETM). Together with the CMIP6 pre-industrial control and abrupt 4 ×  CO<sub>2</sub> simulations, and additional sensitivity studies, these form the first phase of DeepMIP – the Deep-time Model Intercomparison Project, itself a group within the wider Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). The experimental design specifies and provides guidance on boundary condit...

Five new species of mollusks are described from the early Eocene Maniobra Formation, northeastern Orocopia Mountains, southern California. The new species are from the basal part of the formation, and the fauna is indicative of the West Coast provincial molluscan early Eocene "Capay Stage." The mollusks are shallow-marine forms that were transported a short distance into slope/upper submarine-canyon deposits. Chedevillia saltonensis n. sp. and Eocypraeal maniobraensis n. sp. resemble Eocene species from Paris Basin, France. Phalium (Semicassis) louella n. sp. is the earliest North American species of Semicassis. Volutilithes orocopiaensis n. sp. is the earliest North American species of this genus and resembles V. muricinus from Paris Basin. Glossus (Meiocardia) susukii n. sp. is the earliest reported species of Meiocardia on the West Coast of North and South America. Galeodea gallica, a species previously only known from lower Eocene strata in the Anglo-Paris Basin, is tentatively identified from the Maniobra Formation. Campanilopa dilloni, previously only known from south-central California, is present in the formation. Supplementary descriptions and illustrations are given for these two species. The Maniobra species described have a close relationship to species characteristic of the Eurasian Tethyan paleobiogeographic province. The age of the Maniobra mollusks permits greater resolution of the timing of the westward migration of the Eurasian species, indicating that much of it occurred during early Eocene and/or late Paleocene time.

A description is here given of gastropods from the genus Fibuloptygmatis occurring in the Upper Jurassic deposits of the Mesozoic margin of the Holy Cross Mts and of their life environments. After discussing the taxonomic position of the above genus it has been included into the super-family Itieriacea.·The suggestion advanced by Cox (1949) regarding the change of the type species of the genus Nerinea has also been given some consideration.

Four new species of Columbariinae are described from the Indian Ocean, based on museum material. Coluzea kallistropha inhabits the lower continental slope off Mozambique and the KwaZulu-Natal coast of South Africa, and may easily be distinguished from its congeners by its lower spire and broad, flangelike peripheral keel. Coluzea madagascarensis occurs on the upper continental slope along the southwestern coast of Madagascar. Diagnostic features include long, radial spines along the shell periphery and strong spiral sculpture. Columbarium quadrativaricosum is presently known only from the upper continental slope off Transkei, South Africa. Its distinctive, thick, squarish varices serve to distinguish it from closely related species. Coluzea naxa is known only from its type locality along the uppermost continental slope off the Northwest Shelf of Western Australia. It is readily discerned from its geographically proximal congeners on the basis of its smaller, thinner, shell, prominen...