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Early Christian Archaeology

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lightbulbAbout this topic
Early Christian Archaeology is the study of material remains, structures, and artifacts from the period of early Christianity, typically from the 1st to the 5th centuries CE. This field examines how early Christian communities lived, worshipped, and interacted with their environments, contributing to the understanding of the development of Christian practices and beliefs.
lightbulbAbout this topic
Early Christian Archaeology is the study of material remains, structures, and artifacts from the period of early Christianity, typically from the 1st to the 5th centuries CE. This field examines how early Christian communities lived, worshipped, and interacted with their environments, contributing to the understanding of the development of Christian practices and beliefs.

Key research themes

1. How did early Christian communities shape and adapt urban and rural landscapes through architectural and archaeological developments?

This theme explores the role of early Christian architecture—such as basilicas, churches, monasteries, and funerary monuments—and their integration into urban and rural contexts in Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine period. It addresses how Christian buildings influenced spatial organization, community identity, and settlement patterns across diverse regions including Egypt, the Balkans, Sicily, and the Lower Danube. Understanding these transformations sheds light on the diffusion of Christianity, continuity and change in local traditions, and the practical and symbolic functions of sacred space in early Christian life.

Key finding: Provides a detailed analysis of Christian material remains in late Roman and late antique Egypt, emphasizing the spread of Christianity from urban centers like Alexandria into rural chōra. It highlights the limitations of... Read more
Key finding: This paper demonstrates the evolution of the Christian urban landscape in Zaldapa (Lower Danubian provinces) during the sixth century through excavation of Basilica 2, a large and ornamented church near the fortress's... Read more
Key finding: Although the full text is not available, the documented field research at Al-Hira—a major early Islamic and late antique city—likely provides crucial insights on Christian archaeological remains in an urbanizing context... Read more
Key finding: Offers an extensive synthesis of over twenty-five churches, a monastery, catacombs, necropoleis, and other archaeological remains from 4th to 7th centuries CE in Odessos (modern Varna, Bulgaria), illustrating flourishing... Read more
Key finding: Presents excavations revealing liturgical and architectural features of a Byzantine monastery built on the site associated with the annunciation to the shepherds, dating primarily to the 6th century CE. The findings enhance... Read more

2. What do early Christian inscriptions, epigraphy, and documentary evidence reveal about community organization, identity, and religious practices?

This theme investigates the role of inscriptions, ostraca, epigraphic monuments, and related documentary evidence in illuminating early Christian social structure, monastic organization, devotional practices, and theological affiliations. The focus is on how textual and material sources together reveal the lived religion of early Christian groups, prosopography of monastic communities, and regional specificities in the expression of faith in archaeology. Understanding these inscriptions is key to reconstructing the social fabric and religious experiences of early Christian adherents beyond elite narratives.

Key finding: Publishes and interprets the earliest known monastic ostraca and wooden tablets excavated at Dayr Muṣṭafā Kāšif (Kharga Oasis), dating to the 4th century. These documents provide unprecedented direct evidence of monastic... Read more
Key finding: Analyzes seven newly discovered Christian inscriptions from Southeast Cappadocia, richly quoting biblical texts and evidencing local liturgical and devotional practices. It notably reports a rare attestation of the Anazarbos... Read more
Key finding: Studies unpublished Christian votive and funerary stone monuments from Early Byzantine Cappadocia (modern Kırşehir region), providing epigraphic and visual data crucial for reconstructing regional Christian burial customs,... Read more
Key finding: Documents new stratigraphic and architectural findings from the 2023 excavation of the Constantinian Bishop’s Church at Ostia, uncovering novel building phases including a recessed apse with columnar framing and a late... Read more
Key finding: Contains multidisciplinary abstracts highlighting the intersection of archaeological evidence and textual sources on early Christian liturgical practices, material culture associated with worship such as furnishings and... Read more

3. How do geophysical survey, digital technologies, and landscape archaeology enhance understanding of early Christian spatial dynamics and connectivity?

This theme focuses on the use of advanced archaeological methodologies—including geophysical prospection, GIS analyses, and phenomenological approaches combined with experimental archaeology—to reconstruct early Christian urban and rural landscapes, settlement dispersal, movement patterns, and sacred place interrelationships. These technological and methodological advances allow for a more nuanced understanding of the spatial organization of early Christian communities and the interplay between natural and built environments.

Key finding: Utilizes magnetic survey techniques over a 20 hectare zone to confirm and extend knowledge of city walls, urban layout, and monumental architectural remains in Artaxata’s southwestern Lower City. Among discoveries is an... Read more
Key finding: Pioneers the combined use of GIS-based Least Cost Path analysis and phenomenological field experiments to investigate mobility, settlement connectivity, and territorial organization within an early Christian sacred landscape... Read more
Key finding: Provides contextualized analysis of Late Antique Christian wall paintings from Naissus (modern Niš, Serbia), connecting their iconography and placement within funerary and sacred contexts to broader social, religious, and... Read more
Key finding: Reports on recent archaeological investigations in the Holy Sepulchre, offering critical stratigraphic insights into the early development and modification of this seminal Christian holy site. The work highlights how... Read more

All papers in Early Christian Archaeology

The late Antique mosaic of Orpheus decorated a small room, approximately 18 m2 in area, connected with two even smaller ones, in 4 m2 and the other 2 m2 in area, belonging most likely to a small funerary chapel (or tomb) discovered in the... more
Archaeological evidence from urban contexts in central and southern Greece (the Peloponnese, Attica, and Boeotia) and the Aegean Islands (the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, and Crete) makes clear that “public expressions of Christian identity”... more
Parlare del sacramento del Battesimo a Roma per l'età precostantiniana è un'impresa non facile, che può essere affrontata solo con la lettura delle fonti letterarie, peraltro lacunose, mancando al momento qualunque testimonianza... more
Cover: Thessaloniki, Rotunda: detail of angel (photo: B. Kiilerich) main reason for Pacatus' admonition. 5 At Silahtaraga on the outskirts of Constantinople, slightly under life-size marble statues of Artemis, Selene, Helios (Fig. 1.1)... more
More than 20 years after presenting his first interpretation of the mosaic from the House of Aion in a paper entitled “Uwagi na temat mozaiki z Domu Aiona w Nea Paphos (Cypr)” (Meander 9/10, 1987, p. 421-438, in Polish, and translated to... more
La mosaïque funéraire d’Orphée de Jérusalem est la dernière représentation mythologique du chantre parmi les dix-sept exemples connus des mosaïques de l’Est de la Méditerranée de l’Antiquité. Nous ne connaissons que six mosaïques... more
Ad un visitatore che, nella piena età carolingia, giungesse a Roma l'antica capitale dell'Impero appariva completamente riconfigurata nel paesaggio urbano da una complessa rete di insediamenti religiosi progressivamente impiantati nei... more
More than 20 years after presenting his first interpretation of the mosaic from the House of Aion in a paper entitled “Uwagi na temat mozaiki z Domu Aiona w Nea Paphos (Cypr)” (Meander 9/10, 1987, p. 421-438, in Polish, and translated to... more
This paper is discussing social structures in Dalmatia from 6th to mid-9th century, looking primarily in material evidence and utilising Sahlins' anthropological approaches to power-structures. It is argued that change occurring in 7th... more
Con questo contributo si aggiunge un ulteriore tassello alla carta di distribuzione degli insediamenti e dei cimiteri tardo antichi della cuspide sud-orientale della Sicilia. Scendendo nel dettaglio, sono state già approntate le schede... more
"This paper proposes three new (and tentatively, another two) identifications of sundials in Middle Eastern mosaics of the 5th – 8th century. The author discusses a vignette from the Holy Martyrs’ Church at Tayibat al-Imâm, central Syria,... more
The paper presents examples of baptismal building located in the northern part of the Provincia Apulia et Calabria: the first group is that of the urban baptisteries, which includes the Baptistery of San Giovanni in Canosa (BT), the two... more
in D. Hellholm et alii (ed.), Ablution, Initiation, and Baptism. Late Antiquity, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 176), Berlin, Boston 2011, pp. 1587-1609, fig. 27-39.
Sundials in Roman and Byzantine Mosaics (1st – 9th Century AD). A scientific monograph. The sundials on ancient mosaics have not been the subject of scientific studies so far. The author has gathered together in this publication the... more
La formazione dello "spazio cristiano" sul Palatino e nel Foro romano L'installazione di chiese negli spazi pubblici dell'area centrale costituisce senza dubbio l'evidenza più marcata delle trasformazioni attraverso le quali il centro... more
The survey discusses wall- and vault mosaics (Centcelles, Rotunda Thessaloniki), floor mosaics (Aquileia, Madaba, Petra), paintings, textiles, sculpture, sumptuary arts (silver, ivory), iconographical themes (martyrs, Christ, baptism,... more
El trabajo de Jorge Morín de Pablos, Estudio histórico-arqueológicos de los nichos y placas-nicho de época visigoda en la Península Ibérica: origen, funcionalidad e iconografía, aborda la problemática de la serie de los nichos y... more
Review, Saints and Sacred Matter: The Cult of Relics in Byzantium and Beyond ed. by Cynthia Hahn and Holger A. Klein. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library & Collection, 2015, 376 pp. ISBN: 978-0-88402-406-4, Hardback, £71.95, in: Journal of... more
Il 30 Settembre 1757 Benedetto XIV appone la sua firma alla Bolla Ad optimarum artium ( , che, pubblicata il 4 Ottobre 1757, corredata dal motu proprio, sancisce definitivamente la nascita del Museo Cristiano, dettandone le norme per... more
Seminari internazionali del Centro interuniversitario per la storia e l'archeologia dell'alto medioevo iii Le trasformazioni del V secolo L'Italia, i barbari e l'Occidente romano Atti del Seminario di Poggibonsi, 18-20 ottobre 2007 a cura... more
The paper is subdivided into the following five sections: 1. Written sources; 2. The archaeological record - general stagnation and a dearth of new building projects; 3. Methodological problems and the lack of evidence, in particular for... more
Time and again, scholars who privilege the Synoptics over the Gospel of John preface their remarks by claiming that Synoptic favoritism results from greater certainty as to how to approach the Markan traditions than the Johannine. This is... more
In his treatise D,mon!tratio Evany,Jjca (Th, Proof of th' Gosp,l), Eusebius, the founhcentury bishop of Caesarea, defended Christian appropriation of Jewish scripture by claiming that those holy books belonged to Christians and that, when... more
Dagli esordi degli anni '70 del secolo scorso e, dunque, dal momento della scoperta 1 , la "cripta dei vescovi" -così come la definì Umberto Maria Fasola 2 -rappresenta il cuore monumentale, storico ed iconografico delle catacombe... more
This article researches the relation between episcopal complexes and pilgrimage churches on the one hand and colonnaded streets and avenues on the other. In a first phase, such church complexes were endowed with a passive role, being... more
Gisella Cantino Wataghin-Vincenzo Fiocchi Nicolai-Giuliano Volpe 1. Introduzione L'orizzonte geografico considerato da questo intervento, il cui titolo sottintende ovviamente la specificazione "alla luce delle evidenze archeologiche",... more
Most of the baptisteries which can be dated to the Constantinian period belong to the last part of his reign after the Council of Nicaea in 325. These are the same years when Timothy Barnes states that Constantine “seriously attacked... more
I recenti scavi presso la basilica circiforme della via Ardeatina, fondata nel 336 da papa Marco, hanno portato al rinvenimento di un sepolcro eccezionale, riadattato nel pozzo di ispezione di un preesistente acquedotto sotterraneo.... more
Das Buch stellt eine einführende Studie für das Erforschen der frühbyzantinischen Siedlungen (vor allem 5-Anfang 7. Jahrhundert) in Serbien und in der näheren Umgebung dar (Mazedonien, Bulgarien usw.). Es werden die Forschungsgeschichte... more
This paper was presented at the Ratzinger Symposium on The Gospels: Christological and Historical Research, held at the Lateran University in October 2013 (draft). It is published in The Gospels: History and Christology; the Search of... more
Literary sources and epigraphic evidence from the end of the fourth century through the fifth century in both the West and East attest to a proliferation of church construction at the behest of wealthy land owners (possessores) on their... more
Affrontando il fenomeno della cristianizzazione dell'area iblea alla luce dei monumenti archeologici ed alcuni aspetti sociologici relativi, in particolare, alla realizzazione dei cimiteri ipogeici della Sicilia sud-orientale, è già... more
Tra la fine deI IV ed i primi deeenni deI seeolo seguente si assiste, eom'e noto, eon il progressivo abbandono delle sepolture ipogee, sieuramente piü eostose e eertamente meno pratiehe rispetto alle subdiali, ad una lenta fase di... more
'Origins and Early Developments of the Choir' in: La place du choeur: architecture et liturgie du Moyen Âge aux temps modernes. Actes du colloque de l’EPHE, Institut National d’Histoire de l’Art, les 10 et 11 décembre 2007. Sabine Frommel... more
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