Downstream Petrochemical Industry

Effluent discharge from petrochemical plants poses a significant threat to the environment, necessitating efficient treatment methods. This study investigates the adsorption efficiency of activated carbons derived from palm kernel shell (PKS) and Elaeis Guineensis biomass (EPB) for the removal of organic contaminants from petrochemical effluents. The activatedcarbons were produced through pyrolysis followed by chemical activation with hydrochloric acid. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted under varying conditions of contact time, adsorbent dosage, and particle size. Experimental data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to determine adsorption capacities. Results indicate that the EPB-derived activated carbon exhibited a higher adsorption capacity (9.51 mg/g) compared to PKS-derived activated carbon (4.88mg/g), with removal efficiencies of 80.5% and 82.99%, respectively. The adsorption process followed Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption on homogeneous surfaces. Statistical analysis of effluent samples before and after treatment confirmed significant reductions in pollutant concentrations, demonstrating the efficacy of both adsorbents. This study highlights the potential of biomass-derived activated carbons as sustainable and cost-effective alternatives for petrochemical effluent treatment.

In this research paper, I would like to introduce the background of the Myanmar O&G history and highlight issues of Myanmar O&G midstream and downstream gaps to improve. And identifying the transition of the global O&G industry into the new local O&G industry in Myanmar as part of standard and expectation, safety culture, operation management, and training & development aspects respectively.

The reach paper in this study examines the concept of sustainability and the role of O&G companies in achieving sustainable improvement, identifying situations, and responding the requirement of it. The writer carries a rational approach in defining the important problems for the O&G area that affect sustainability and striving to devise the inherent dangers as well as mitigation methods followed by way of those businesses (Shell, ExxonMobil, BP, Aramco, Puma Energy). Sustainability is a subject gaining speedy repute today. As new traditional oil and gas sources decline, unconventional resources and shale gas in the U.S, Europe, Canada, Australia, the Middle East, and Asia have been identified as key regions with full-size reserves potential. Despite the increased ability, sustainability risks, weather alternatives, safety risks, and network disagreements stress the financial feasibility of those opportunities (Anis & Siddiqui, 2015).

The paper additionally specializes in studying the numerous threats that could obstruct sustainable development being achieved via businesses in the O&G industry. The significance of a sustainable economic boom close to the O&G industry has additionally been highlighted. The researchers concluded that the sustainability packages observed by using oil and gas (O&G) enterprises are not exceptional. However, there is robust proof of improvement shortly. The researchers tried to compile a list of techniques and methodologies to enhance the effectiveness of sustainable improvement techniques and applications to sector-demanding situations and better solutions.

Nowadays by considering globalization it becomes more important to achieve new technologies in developing countries. Development and technology transfer play a major role in developing of industries in these countries. Especially downstream petrochemical made governments to pay more attention and concern about new technologies to be transferred because of its products which made much more added value in compare with midstream and upstream petrochemical products. The petrochemical industry is usually divided into three major components: Upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are generally included in the downstream category. The downstream petrochemical industry includes basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms, man-made fibres, rubber products, plastics products and other chemical products like pesticides and pesticides. In this paper we evaluate criteria of technology transfer methods in order to determine a list of prioritization for these methods in downstream petrochemical industry in developing countries. The approach is based on the Group TOPSIS technique (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). Evaluating the methods of technology transfer shows that the most suitable method is industrial espionage. Industrial espionage is a technique to gain technical information and transferring the technology without permission from the owner of information or technology. Although there are ethical doubts about this method due to illegal actions which are known as a crime but sometimes it may become a logical decision to achieve required information and technology.

Nowadays by considering globalization it becomes more important to achieve new technologies in developing countries. Development and technology transfer play a major role in developing of industries in these countries. Especially downstream petrochemical made governments to pay more attention and concern about new technologies to be transferred because of its products which made much more added value in compare with midstream and upstream petrochemical products. The petrochemical industry is usually divided into three major components: Upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are generally included in the downstream category. The downstream petrochemical industry includes basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms, man-made fibres, rubber products, plastics products and other chemical products like pesticides and pesticides. In this paper we evaluate criteria of technology transfer methods in order to determine a list of prioritization for these methods in downstream petrochemical industry in developing countries. The approach is based on the Group TOPSIS technique (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). Evaluating the methods of technology transfer shows that the most suitable method is industrial espionage. Industrial espionage is a technique to gain technical information and transferring the technology without permission from the owner of information or technology. Although there are ethical doubts about this method due to illegal actions which are known as a crime but sometimes it may become a logical decision to achieve required information and technology.

This report is an evaluation of my industrial training experience at Nigerian Pipelines and Storage Company (NPSC)0. During my internship program, I was assigned to the Commercial Department, LPG Storage Section at the Towers where I got understanding of how customers and private investors in the LPG market does business with NPSC and how the decision and agreement process are done, right from the MD down to the commercial department where their documents are reviewed, analysed and Memos are raised and sent back up to top management for approval if their documents are valid and up to date.

I was also assigned to the Maintenance Department at the Suleja Depot where I gained practical experience of the downstream sector of the Oil industry. I worked close with those in the Operations Storage Department where we carried out experiments and Laboratory analysis on petroleum product going in and out of the depots.

This report summarizes the technical, practical and non-technical trainings I received during my time at Nigerian Pipelines & Storage Company (NPSC)

The first part of this study summarizes technology transfer methods, and then it looks at how espionage has never been easier. This paper features a report on who the spies are, why they steal electronic data and what techniques they use. Also speculates on what the potential costs of espionage could be to nations and organizations. In order to shed light on the illegal aspects, this paper looks at some recent cases of industrial espionage, involving major multinationals. At the other hand we introduced a range of measures that can be taken to reduce the likelihood of becoming a target for industrial espionage and minimize the effects if you are attacked. In this paper we study from two perspectives; first from who use industrial espionage techniques to achieve technology and second from who try to protect his own assets contain trade secrets, technologies, etc through necessary prevention measures. So we introduce industrial espionage techniques which are often used and prevention techniques which should take place. At end we evaluate and rank suitable prevention methods by using Friedman Test. This paper implies Review industrial espionage cases and finds a quantitative methodology based on a structured framework, for ranking the most appropriate prevention method. Send questionnaire to selected managers of information security in high-tech organizations in Iran to evaluate each methods of industrial espionage, and to find which ones are used more than others and rank the prevention methods to make information secured.

The first part of this study summarizes technology transfer methods and then it looks at how espionage has never been easier. This study features a report on who the spies are why they steal electronic data and what techniques they use. Also speculates on what the potential costs of espionage could be to nations and organizations. In order to shed light on the illegal aspects, this study looks at some recent cases of industrial espionage, involving major multinationals. At the other hand we introduced a range of measures that can be taken to reduce the likelihood of becoming a target for industrial espionage and minimize the effects if you are attacked. In this study we study from two perspectives; first from who use industrial espionage techniques to achieve technology and second from who try to protect his own assets contain trade secrets and technologies etc., through necessary prevention measures. So, the researchers introduce industrial espionage techniques which are often used and prevention techniques which should take place. At end we evaluate and rank suitable prevention methods by using group TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) approach. This study implies review industrial espionage cases and finds a quantitative methodology based on a structured framework for ranking the most appropriate prevention method. Send questionnaire to selected managers of information security in high tech organizations in Iran to evaluate each methods of industrial espionage and to find which ones are used more than others and rank the prevention methods to make information secured.

Nowadays by considering globalization it becomes more important to achieve new technologies in developing countries. Development and technology transfer play a major role in developing of industries in these countries. Especially downstream petrochemical made governments to pay more attention and concern about new technologies to be transferred because of its products which made much more added value in compare with midstream and upstream petrochemical products. The petrochemical industry is usually divided into three major components: Upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are generally included in the downstream category. The downstream petrochemical industry includes basic chemicals, fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, plastics and synthetic rubber in primary forms, man-made fibres, rubber products, plastics products and other chemical products like pesticides and pesticides. In this paper we evaluate criteria of technology transfer methods in order to determine a list of prioritization for these methods in downstream petrochemical industry in developing countries. The approach is based on the Group TOPSIS technique (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution). Evaluating the methods of technology transfer shows that the most suitable method is industrial espionage. Industrial espionage is a technique to gain technical information and transferring the technology without permission from the owner of information or technology. Although there are ethical doubts about this method due to illegal actions which are known as a crime but sometimes it may become a logical decision to achieve required information and technology.