Documentary evidence

يجادل البعض بأن طبيعة حكم محمد علي باشا اتسمت بـ “ الاستبداد المطلق". إلا أن هذا الوصف غير دقيق. فرغم المركزية المفرطة التي عرفها هذا الحاكم، إلا أنه أوجد آلية تسمح بالمشاركة في صنع القرار، مما جعل نظامه أقرب إلى ما يمكن أن نسميه "الشورى الأبوية". وقد كشفت الدراسة أن نظامه لم يكن استبداديًا تمامًا، ولا يمكن وصفه بالحكم المطلق، بل كان نموذجًا متميزًا " للحكم الفردي العقلاني الرشيد". لقد كان الرجل يعمل ضمن منطق النظام الأبوي، حيث كان جميع أفراد المجتمع، في نظره، في وضع الأبناء، الذين لا خيار لهم سوى الخضوع والطاعة أمام سلطة الأب المهيمنة (الأخلاقية). إلا أن محمد علي باشا ترك مجالًا واسعًا لاستشارة معاونيه وضباطه في معظم قراراته ولوائحه وقوانينه، كما فوّضهم تنبيهه إلى الرأي الأصوب، إذا ما اتخذ قراراً غير مناسب. والأهم أنه وضع ضوابط تضمن سلامة الطريقة التي بُنِي بها القرار وسريان مفعوليته وبما يخدم فكرة الصالح العام. ولعل ذلك يفسر لنا بعضاً من سمات تجربة حكمه العملية وعلاقتها بمشروعه النهضوي الذي لا يزال في حاجة إلى قراءة نقدية جديدة.

The civil enforcement process, traditionally understood as an instrument aimed at the coercive enforcement of rights recognized in an enforceable title, has undergone significant changes in recent decades, requiring attentive interpreters to reassess the limits and possibilities of judicial cognition at this stage of the proceedings. Such changes are not restricted to the normative sphere—as demonstrated by the successive reforms of the CPC/1973 and, more recently, the enactment of the CPC/2015—but reveal a paradigm shift that involves not only judicial technique, but also the epistemic matrix that underpins judicial activity in the enforcement field.

Abstract: the purpose of this study is to examine, from a dogmatic and systematic hermeneutical perspective, the theoretical and normative contours of judicial cognition exercised in executivis, with a special focus on the admissibility and structuring of the pre-enforceability exception as an instrument of judicial control of legality. Based on specialized doctrine and repeated case law of the Superior Court of Justice, we investigate the possibility of the defendant raising procedural and substantive issues of public order, regardless of the guarantee of the judgment, provided that they are based on pre-established documentary evidence. Furthermore, the thesis of the abstract effectiveness of the enforceable title, the tendency towards functional integration between cognition and enforcement in the syncretic model of the CPC/2015, the epistemological repercussions on the role of the judge in executive protection, and the practical and institutional ramifications of the relaxation of the classic boundaries between cognition and enforcement are discussed. It concludes that summary judicial cognition on the enforceable right is constitutionally and infra-constitutionally legitimate, subject to the limits of unequivocal evidence and matters cognizable ex officio.

The last two decades of the fourteenth century witnessed the consolidation of the Ottoman power in the Balkans and the reduction of the Byzantine Empire to a Turkish dependency. 2 By then, following the collapse of the Selçuks a series of independent emirates had emerged in Asia Minor, one of the most well established being that of the Saruhan family, the Saruhanoğulları, founded by Saruhan son of Alpagı (ca. 1313after 1348), the Emir of Manisa (Magnesia) on the Sipylos. 3 Along with the emirate of Aydın, the Aydınoğulları, it extended its power in the Aegean, collaborating and competing with both the Byzantines and the Genoese. 4 According to the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta, who travelled around Asia Minor ca. 1331, the Genoese of Phokaia used to send an annual gift to the emir of Saruhan, one assumes to prevent him from his piratic raids. 5 Together with external conflicts the emirates experienced internal succession struggles. Evidence in a short chronicle contained in a Greek manuscript housed in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, records such a hitherto unknown internal conflict that took place in 1383, which sheds further light on the Saruhanid succession in this period. The deluxe Oxford MS. Auctarium T. 1. 2 (Misc. 180, Meerman 65, Clermont 99) has been twice described in detail by Annaclara Cataldi-Palau. 6 It consists of 291 parchment leaves preserving twentyfour Orations by Gregory of Nazianzus (329-390) with scholia, and commentaries to Orations 38 and 39 by Maximus Confessor (ca. 580-662) and to Oration 39 by Pseudo-Nonnus (6th c.). The value of this codex in terms of the textual transmission of these Orations is enhanced by the decorative elements in the annotation. Copied by two different anonymous hands (A and B) the codex is mutilated in the beginning and end, and therefore no evidence of its precise date is recorded in a colophon, if indeed such one existed. However, on the basis of datable scholia and the style of Greek minuscule (bouletée élancée) employed by scribe B (ff. 224-269 v , 294-297 v ), the manuscript has been dated to the tenth century. A possible Southern Italian provenance has also been suggested. 7 1 The present joint article started its life in Spring 2012. Since then a number of reasons postponed its completion. Professor Elizabeth Zachariadou read and approved its pre-final version before she passed away on 26 December 2018. It is dedicated to her memory with deep love, respect and admiration. Profound thanks are offered to Dr Georgios Liakopoulos for his kind help and advice on Ottoman sources, and to Professor Stephen Reinert for his valuable comments, corrections and suggestions which substantially improved its final version. Warmest thanks are expressed to Ms Theodora Oikonomides and Mrs Katerina Oikonomides for their kind permission to publish this joint article in memory of their mother. 2 A key study on this is GEORGE OSTROGORSKY, 'Byzance, état tributaire de l'empire Turc',

The Anglo-Normans first introduced fallow deer (Dama dama) to Ireland in the thirteenth century, however no biomolecular research has previously been undertaken to examine the timing, circumstances and impact of the arrival of this species. This study combines historical, zooarchaeological, genetic and isotopic data from both medieval and post-medieval samples to address this lack. The paper identifies a peak in the presence of fallow deer between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, with a corresponding peak in documentary evidence for their presence in the thirteenth century. The deer are predominantly male, and from castle sites, supporting the historical evidence for their link with elite hunting. The English origin of the source populations shows correspondence between the documentary evidence, suggesting a western bias, and genetic evidence, with a similarity to southern and western England. Furthermore, isotopic study identifies two possible first-generation imports, one dating from the medieval and one from the post-medieval periods.

This dissertation provides a legal analysis of the negative stipulation defence in the underlying contract against the beneficiary's entitlement of an independent (or demand) guarantee. Independent guarantees, also known as demand guarantees or performance bonds, are essential instruments in commercial transactions, designed to ensure trust, certainty, and risk mitigation. They are governed by the principles of independence and documentary compliance, which insulate the guarantor(Bank/Insurance company) from disputes arising out of the underlying contract. However, courts have increasingly been faced with challenges to this autonomy, particularly where a beneficiary calls on the guarantee in breach of a specific clause, known as a negative stipulation, within the underlying contract.

This study adopts a comparative approach in common law jurisdictions, examining the jurisprudence of England, Canada, Singapore, Australia and South Africa. It explores whether the negative stipulation defence constitutes an exception to the independence principle or whether it operates purely as an enforcement mechanism within the underlying contractual relationship. Central issues include whether the stipulation must be express or may be implied, and what evidentiary threshold applies, such as the "strong case" or "enhanced merits" test. Key court cases, including Simon Carves Ltd v Ensus UK Ltd (England), Wood Hall Ltd v Pipeline Authority(Australia), Veolia Water Technologies Inc. v K+S Potash Canada GP (Canada), Kvaerner Singapore Pte Ltd v UDL Shipbuilding Pte Ltd (Singapore), and the Supreme Court of Appeal in Joint Venture between Aveng (Africa) (Pty) Ltd and Strabag International GmbH v South African National Roads Agency SOC Ltd (South Africa), are analysed to highlight jurisdictional approaches and divergences.

The dissertation argues that the negative stipulation defence does not constitute an exception to the independence principle, since it does not interfere with the guarantor-beneficiary relationship but rather operates between the applicant and beneficiary. It recommends a holistic interpretive approach that promotes commercial fairness without undermining the autonomy of guarantees. By clarifying the legal status and limits of this defence, the study contributes to the broader discourse on balancing contractual integrity with the commercial utility of demand guarantees in cross-border transactions.

The historical-critical method has given birth to many approaches to the study of the Bible. As a consequence, many scholars have come up with solutions to some of the exegetical problems in the Judeo-Christian scriptures. One of the most popular proposed solutions to the problems in the Pentateuch is the Documentary Hypothesis. With time, the findings of the hypothesis have been challenged in reference to some texts in the Pentateuch. This paper seeks to re-examine the sources, formation and the socio-historical context of the Joseph narrative under the Documentary Hypothesis. It evaluates the Joseph narrative under the hypothesis in the light of its critique by later scholars. The essay argues that the narrative is composed of already-existing materials from the Ancient Near East, Egypt and the traditions from Israel to reflect some aspects of the history of Israel in retrospect. Weighing the sources according to the hypothesis as against the views of its critics, who accept the narrative as a unity, one discovers that some traces of source criticism are apparent in the views of the critics of the Documentary Hypothesis. They were solving similar problems within the narrative but from different perspectives.

This study provides a broad overview of human dietary habits and subsistence practices across time in the Aegean World (defined in the East by the coastal littoral of western Anatolia, Crete to the South, and eastern mainland Greece in the West). This was done principally through the collation and examination of previously published stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N values) from human bulk bone collagen. The sites/populations examined in this study date from the Neolithic to the Late Byzantine periods; ca. 6000 BC to the early 16th century AD. Broadly speaking, the stable isotope values demonstrate general consistency diachronically, although a slight and gradual increase in δ13C values over time is observed. The δ15N values are also broadly similar diachronically, with the exception of the Classical (and to a lesser extent
Hellenistic and Byzantine) periods which have noticeably higher δ15N values than the preceding and following periods. Interestingly, and perhaps unexpectedly, there are no clearly observable differences between the sub-regions of the Aegean World (i.e., East Aegean, Crete, West Aegean). The observed findings would, therefore, suggest broadly similar dietary habits and subsistence practices in the AegeanWorld fromthe Neolithic period onwards, perhaps pointing toward dietary habits and subsistence practices being a further facet of connectivity in the region.

The results of the analysis of the documentary – information approach heuristic potential in the study of modern library are presented. The modern library documentary- information form  of organizing information process is modelled. The differences between it and proto- documentary and post-documentary forms of information process are indicated. Attention is focused on the library as a social institution that maintains the necessary level of confidence in the information it provides.

ODAS Global Consulting LTD is a trusted name in international finance, specializing in the provision of Standby Letters of Credit (SBLCs) for secure and efficient global transactions.
This publication showcases how our SBLC solutions help clients enhance creditworthiness, ensure payment protection, and foster confidence in high-value trade deals. With a focus on compliance, transparency, and tailored financial structures, ODAS delivers strategic instruments that support international growth, protect business interests, and reinforce our commitment to excellence in financial consulting.

Documentary climate data describe evidence of past climate arising from predominantly written historical documents such as diaries, chronicles, newspapers, or logbooks. Over the past decades, historians and climatologists have generated numerous document-based time series of local and regional climate. However, a global dataset of documentary climate time series has never been compiled, and documentary data are rarely used in large-scale climate reconstructions. Here, we present the first global multi-variable collection of documentary climate records. The dataset DOCU-CLIM comprises 621 time series (both published and hitherto unpublished) providing information on historical variations in temperature, precipitation, and wind regime. The series are evaluated by formulating proxy forward models (i.e., predicting the documentary observations from climate fields) in an overlapping period. Results show strong correlations particularly for the temperature sensitive series. Correlations a...

Spanish historical documents from the Archivo General de Indias (General Archive of the Indies) have been used to identify Caribbean hurricanes and storms from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. These sources provide previously unrecorded information on hurricanes useful to complete preexisting chronologies and cyclone tracks. Our work adds 10 hurricanes not previously identified, which can now be freely accessed through the World Wide Web. The results suggest that the seventeenth century may have been less active than the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, with the most active period occurring between 1766 and 1780. Additionally, the study is the first compilation of information about storms (different from hurricanes) in the Caribbean basin.

Droughts are a factor of historic durability and because of their impacts on societies, they left multiple indicators in the archives of the last 500 years. For the record, it is necessary to remind ourselves that the general term of ‘drought’ covers different notions. In the most frequent meaning of the word, it is synonymic of a pluviometric deficit and an extreme climate event. It is thus important to understand that for the historian droughts are viewed through the 'social signature' of these extreme events as recorded over the centuries in the European archives. They can thus be appreciably different from the definitions used by the hydrologists, and need to be assessed and categorized according to the Historical Severity Drought Scale in order to provide usual comparative data series.

Computer evidence is sometimes known as digital evidence. It is also categorized as electronic evidence. In Malaysia, computer evidence is described as computer printout or output and admissible in a court of law. The admissibility of computer printout is mentioned in sections 90A, 90B and 90C of the Evidence Act 1950. The most common issues on computer printout are, 'whether the printout is produced by a computer in the course of its ordinary use' and 'whether certificate is needed or not needed to prove the authenticity of the computer printout'. These issues are raised in cases where the computer printout is produced as evidence. However, the admissib ility of computer printout may be challenged when the evidence is available in other forms or medium. In the past, paper is produced as documentary evidence so as in the present cases. But in future, there may be situation where lawyers or prosecutors may not be able to satisfy the court in proving the reliability and admissibility of computer evidence. Things will be more complicated if the case involve cyber-related cases and various jurisdictions. Consequently, the suspect may escape liability due to tec hnical defect or mistakes. This paper aims to discuss the position of computer evidence and its application in the Malaysian courts. Decisions on computer evidence from other courts of similar jurisdiction will also be referred to as to identify issues and the 2 possible challenges that may arise in the future.

Theorists, scholars and critics have unanimously celebrated Wang Bing's first film Tie Xi Qu (West of the Tracks, 2003) as an exemplary film of the new millennium. According to Lu XinYu, the film is 'without question the greatest work to have come out of the Chinese documentary movement, and must be ranked among the most extraordinary achievements of world cinema in the new century'. The film is considered an exemplary case of what has been functionally called post-socialist cinema. The subject matter of the film, the decline of the industrial district of Tie Xi in the Manchurian city of Shenyang, illustrates the main preoccupation of this cinema: the destruction of the social fabric in the post-Tiananmen period, years known in China as 'the era of zhuanxing' ('transformation'). The literature on the subject has pointed out that the common motif of post-socialist cinema is urban and industrial demolition. The main characters in both documentary and fiction films are 'the bulldozer, the building crane and the debris of urban ruins as carrying a poignant social indexicality'. 2 The erasure of socialist or traditional modes of life in the context

Documentary letters of credit are among most popular trade nance instruments used in international business. Despite the fact that main purpose derived from application of documentary letters of credit is to reduce the risk of trade, their mere documentary nature makes them vulnerable to the problem fraud. ere is a huge interest among legal scholars and academicians to analyse the nature of fraud in documentary letters of credit due to its important nancial e ect on smooth process of international trade and also diversi ed approach of di erent legal systems to this particular problem. However, majority of conducted studies are limited to most popular legal systems including British and American law. Need for studying the LC fraud in a comprehensive comparative manner among existing international legal frameworks is well noticed for long time. Due to their international nature, LC operation is subjected to substantial number of legal frameworks which most of them are either taking a silent position towards problem of fraud or do not show uniform approach to the it. In this paper, author tries to study di erent sources of law in documentary letters of credit and their approach to the problem of fraud in a comparative manner. e main research question is what would be the position of fraud rule in applicable legal frameworks to the international LC operation and how do they approach the problem of fraud committed by bene ciary in documentary letters of credit? For this purpose, paper is divided into four main parts: A er the introduction, second part will discuss the sources of law applicable to international LC transaction. ird section will analyse the legal nature of fraud in LC transaction. Fourth section will scrutinize the legal approach of di erent legal frameworks to fraud in documentary letters of credit and nally, the last section will sum up the discussion with concluding remarks.

are method of payment developed to facilitate the process of international trade by replacing the payment risk of importer with irrevocable payment guarantee of a bank to exporter. Instead, the exporter is supposed to present fully compliant set of documents required by the credit. Documentary nature of DLCs make them vulnerable to the risk of discrepancy. This risk is will affect exporter's business as he is the one who should absorb it. Therefore, it will be recommended to exporters to negotiate the minimum number of required documents while closing the underlying contract of sales with importer. The paper is divided into four parts: after the introductory section, the literature review will briefly analyses process of international DLC operation and latest version of INCOTERMS plus their role as delivery terms in international trade. Next section will discuss methodology and results of empirical study done on choice of delivery terms and third party produced documents on discrepancy rate in DLC operation in Estonian export trade. Last but not the least, final section will provide conclusions of the study.

Documentary climate data describe evidence of past climate arising from predominantly written historical documents such as diaries, chronicles, newspapers, or logbooks. Over the past decades, historians and climatologists have generated numerous document-based time series of local and regional climate. However, a global dataset of documentary climate time series has never been compiled, and documentary data are rarely used in large-scale climate reconstructions. Here, we present the first global multi-variable collection of documentary climate records. The dataset DOCU-CLIM comprises 621 time series (both published and hitherto unpublished) providing information on historical variations in temperature, precipitation, and wind regime. The series are evaluated by formulating proxy forward models (i.e., predicting the documentary observations from climate fields) in an overlapping period. Results show strong correlations particularly for the temperature sensitive series. Correlations a...

Isotopic analyses of human bones in a search for ancient
individual and community-specific dietary habits are
becoming increasingly common in Greek archaeology,
highlighting dominant dietary items but also absent or
under-consumed ones. Fish and marine molluscs fall in
the latter category having been, in this region, largely
undetected isotopically. At the same time, accumulated
conventional zooarchaeological studies of fish bone and
molluscan remains from sites of wide chronological and
geographical distribution suggest a constant and, at places,
intense consumption of aquatic foods. The two sets of data,
isotopic and zooarchaeological, offer an apparently contradictory
picture. This paper provides a critical review of the
current state of research in the context of Prehistoric,
mostly Bronze Age Aegean. Additionally, it explores possible
ways to achieve nuanced, in-depth understanding of
the exploitation of aquatic, mostly marine, food resources,
combining the methodologies and findings of both
approaches. It elaborates on certain methodological and
interpretational issues, and it suggests possible directions
for future research. The combined analysis of the available
data suggests that both geographical and social factors may
have affected fish consumption in the past. It becomes
clear, however, that to be able to offer meaningful and
secure evaluations in a time and site-specific manner, we
need targeted, high quality excavation data that would
provide the context of analysis. We would also need
detailed publication of human and fish isotopic comparative
data and fish and molluscan archaeological remains.

Empire -especially its Grand Mosque. Despite the many records of the mosque, its existence was still doubtful and questionable because there was no clear or obvious physical evidence that can be used as a basis support to the legitimacy of its existence. Thus, this study aims to uncover and identify historical evidence which state the validity of the its existence. The scope of this study focuses only on the physical building (which is believed to be historical evidence) of the Grand Mosque that historically believed was once built at the foot of Melaka Hill next to Melaka River. The method focused on this paper is through historical sources, previous studies as well as relevant scientific records. This research stated that the mosque indeed exists in historical writing and drawings, and was a square in geometry that fits in the philosophy and basic design of a mosque which after Portuguese conquisation -a fort was built on its ruins that known as A'Famosa. In conclusion, the Grand Mosque of Melaka once existed and mentioned in both historical records and drawings where later the famous A'Famosa Fort was built on its site and ruins. This study can be a catalyst for continuous and deeper research in the future on the original site and design of Grand Mosque.

This article examines British documentary films about Cyprus during the British colonial era, primarily the post-war period. Produced against a background of political upheaval, these documentaries reflect a highly fluid relationship between colony and metropolis. An initial sequence of travelogues was followed by several documentaries which promoted the apparent success of British development projects on the island, positioning it as a showcase for the benefits of enlightened imperial power. The subsequent militarisation of Cyprus in the mid-1950s led to films which endorsed Cyprus as a strategic outpost of the British Empire but also acknowledged the emergence of local resistance to British rule. Tracing the production and reception of these films, this article considers the ways in which documentary representations of Cyprus shaped perceptions of the island and its relationship to Britain. More generally, the article addresses the diffusion of documentary practices in the British Empire and the perceived educational value of documentary films among both colonial and British domestic audiences. As the reach of British Empire extended around the globe, documentary film-making came to play a significant role in the relationship between Britain's rulers and the people under their command. Documentary films generated and distributed knowledge about Britain's imperial project, both among the British public and among the colonised subjects of the Empire. The island of Cyprus, which was ruled by Britain between 1878 and 1960, was the subject of some 12 British films. The majority were funded by various departments of the British

The purpose of this thesis is to study the literary response to the Asturian Revolution of October 1934. It will be shown that a distinct type of literature emerged reflecting the increasing political and social polarisation of Spanish society during the first decades of the twentieth century. Through a careful analysis of the texts published within four years of the Revolution, I will demonstrate how a set of writers, whether authors by profession, politicians, intellectuals, or workers, responded to the most important episode of workingclass revolutionary action in Asturias before the Civil War. I will show that their aim was to not only record their experiences and thoughts on the events but also to guide and persuade their readers to adopt a particular political stand, often advocating revolutionary or counter-revolutionary action. These texts are examples of a trend set by intellectuals influenced by national and international political developments who sympathised with (and often openly militated in favour of) a political party line. This politically committed social literature displays a set of common features largely determined by the fact that the time span between the October Revolution and the writing of the works is short. The written responses are spontaneous as they were composed in the heat of the moment against a dramatic backdrop of revolutionary defeat and governmental repression. The texts in question are essentially documentary prose works in which the causes, course and outcome of the Revolution are narrated. By analysing the prose narrative works I will demonstrate that there is a gradual development in the literary characteristics of the texts, and that one group in particular deserves to be classified as 'non-fictional novels'.

The Spanish Mediterranean river basin provides a good background for studying floods from documentary and bibliographical sources within the specialty of historical climatology. This study region's long history of human occupation and climatic conditions together determine a high risk of flooding. As a result, there exists an enormous amount of documentary heritage containing flood information. However, the heterogeneity of documentary sources and different approaches to classifying floods through historical documents can generate some biases and uncertainties about the quantity and quality of the available data. For this reason, this paper proposes a methodology for reconstructing historical floods based on cross-referencing documentary sources. This approach, together with additional archival work, has allowed us to increase the number of flood series for the Spanish Mediterranean coast by 17% and has generated a surprising increase of 233% in the number of flood cases detected. The data obtained have allowed us to analyze the variability of floods and their relationship with climatic and social factors from the fourteenth century to the present. Different climatic oscillations related to the Little Ice Age are detected between the 14th and 19th centuries. Additionally, we detected a strong influence of the defense infrastructures and urban growth, which explain the recent flood trends. However, the difficulty in analyzing the influence of social factors on long-term flood behavior invites us to reflect on the need for further work for emphasizing these issues.

This manuscript is a general approach to study of drougths in historical dimension, using a large database. Different indices are implemented with overlapping to instrumental data period with more complete indices availability. Historical dimension of drought is faced with a correct approach, considering it’s a complex phenomena not easy to identify and evaluate in historical time, where not all information already is available for researchers. Justification of research is also well focused, with scientific and social preoccupation becase of increasing frequencies and severities of present drought events. Definition of drougths. Authors describe from a general and integrated point

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The services and products of the Institute are described on the back pages. ISBN 978-1-888870-70-1 The Annual Review of International Banking Law & Practice volume is produced by the Institute of International Banking Law & Practice, Inc. Opinions expressed in it do not necessarily reflect the official positions of the Institute. Authors and editors of articles in the Annual Review and the institutions with which they are associated often are actively involved in the field as lawyers, advisers, parties, consultants, or expert witnesses in many of the matters and cases addressed in the Annual Review. Notwithstanding positions expressed in the Annual Review, every effort will be made to publish differing viewpoints and contributions expressing such views.

The case law reviewed by the authors are the three cases relating to the litigation in The Consortium Comprising: KC Cottrel Ltd and Others v Santam Ltd, Ngodwana Energy RF Ltd and Another, an application for an interdict prohibiting the beneficiary from demanding payment under the guarantee, an application for leave to appeal the judgment in that case, and, finally, an application to prohibit the guarantor from paying the guarantee (the South African cases), and the judgments (majority and minority) of the Canadian Supreme Court in Eurobank Ergasias SA v Bombardier inc.  All of it takes place within the tension of honouring the independence of demand guarantees, on the one hand, and avoiding their abuse on the other. In so doing the authors travers the literature and case law relating to this tension, which, in the Consortium litigation led to different outcomes in the two different applications arising from the same facts, and in the Eurobank case to a split court with strongly opinionated judgments going different ways. The authors make the main point that this area is dominated (and should be dominated) by public policy. They warn against a gut reaction of commentators and judges arising from positioning themselves in this tension on the one or the other side. Each case must be investigated thoroughly. Evidence of dishonesty and corruption should be brought to the attention of the court. They conclude that while it is extremely difficult to plot a clear way through this area, this litigation should warn dishonest and corrupt beneficiaries that the shield of independence is not impenetrable.

Documentary climate data describe evidence of past climate arising from predominantly written historical documents such as diaries, chronicles, newspapers, or logbooks. Over the past decades, historians and climatologists have generated numerous document-based time series of local and regional climate. However, a global dataset of documentary climate time series has never been compiled, and documentary data are rarely used in large-scale climate reconstructions. Here, we present the first global multi-variable collection of documentary climate records. The dataset DOCU-CLIM comprises 621 time series (both published and hitherto unpublished) providing information on historical variations in temperature, precipitation, and wind regime. The series are evaluated by formulating proxy forward models (i.e., predicting the documentary observations from climate fields) in an overlapping period. Results show strong correlations particularly for the temperature sensitive series. Correlations a...

The heat waves of 2003 in Western Europe and 2010 in Russia, commonly labelled as rare climatic anomalies outside of previous experience, are often taken as harbingers of more frequent extremes in the global warming-influenced future. However, a recent

Documentary climate data describe evidence of past climate arising from predominantly written historical documents such as diaries, chronicles, newspapers, or logbooks. Over the past decades, historians and climatologists have generated numerous document-based time series of local and regional climate. However, a global dataset of documentary climate time series has never been compiled, and documentary data are rarely used in large-scale climate reconstructions. Here, we present the first global multi-variable collection of documentary climate records. The dataset DOCU-CLIM comprises 621 time series (both published and hitherto unpublished) providing information on historical variations in temperature, precipitation, and wind regime. The series are evaluated by formulating proxy forward models (i.e., predicting the documentary observations from climate fields) in an overlapping period. Results show strong correlations particularly for the temperature sensitive series. Correlations a...

Documentary climate data describe evidence of past climate arising from predominantly written historical documents such as diaries, chronicles, newspapers, or logbooks. Over the past decades, historians and climatologists have generated numerous document-based time series of local and regional climate. However, a global dataset of documentary climate time series has never been compiled, and documentary data are rarely used in large-scale climate reconstructions. Here, we present the first global multi-variable collection of documentary climate records. The dataset DOCU-CLIM comprises 621 time series (both published and hitherto unpublished) providing information on historical variations in temperature, precipitation, and wind regime. The series are evaluated by formulating proxy forward models (i.e., predicting the documentary observations from climate fields) in an overlapping period. Results show strong correlations particularly for the temperature sensitive series. Correlations a...

It is not impossible that the Chairperson of the Court will issue a stipulation of execution confiscation Number 7/Pen.Pdt.Eks/2020/PN.Tsm which will create new problems for parties that have nothing to do with the case, namely third parties. This study aims to analyze the judge's considerations in deciding on a third party as a good and correct adversary in Decision Number 21/Pdt.Bth/2022/PN Tsm. This research is a normative juridical research using secondary data. Research materials were analyzed prescriptively. The results showed that the judge decided that the third party was a good and correct opponent by considering the evidence presented by the opponent. The evidence consists of documentary evidence in the form of an authentic acte and the presence of two witnesses. The authentic acte submitted by Pelawan is the Sale and Purchase Acte made before the PPAT, in which the authentic acte has a perfect and binding evidentiary value. The two witnesses presented by Pelawan have ...

Documentary climate data describe evidence of past climate arising from predominantly written historical documents such as diaries, chronicles, newspapers, or logbooks. Over the past decades, historians and climatologists have generated numerous document-based time series of local and regional climate. However, a global dataset of documentary climate time series has never been compiled, and documentary data are rarely used in large-scale climate reconstructions. Here, we present the first global multi-variable collection of documentary climate records. The dataset DOCU-CLIM comprises 621 time series (both published and hitherto unpublished) providing information on historical variations in temperature, precipitation, and wind regime. The series are evaluated by formulating proxy forward models (i.e., predicting the documentary observations from climate fields) in an overlapping period. Results show strong correlations particularly for the temperature sensitive series. Correlations a...

This article argues that Su Friedrich's 1984 film The Ties That Bind employs what were at the time atypical forms and techniques to push the limits of the traditional historical documentary. Its aesthetic experimentation helps to redefine the idea of historical representation in film, and does so mainly by treating evidence as both partial (in both senses of the word) and contingent, offering a radical challenge to normative history and destabilizing the notion of history as authority. Unlike conventional documentaries, the film marks its own limitations: its inability to provide stable answers or eternal certainties. Questioning her mother's spoken memories, and commenting on them, Friedrich forces a rupture in the 'evidence' of history and establishes a place in which to 'speak' herself. By including the past that her mother is talking about on the sound track, as well as the present on the image track (such as images of her mother's life in the early 1980s, images of intertitles etched into the film emulsion revealing the questions Friedrich asked her mother and her reactions to the things her mother said, as well as images of the filmmaker's visits to historical sites), Friedrich brings the present into the past, and demonstrates how history is, to quote Walter Benjamin, 'time filled with the presence of the now'.

Electronic documentary evidence is submitted to prove the facts of the case and to assist the court in making a good judgment. Nevertheless, the admissibility of such evidence in Shariah criminal cases depends on the competence of religious enforcement officers in preserving the integrity of electronic documents during the process of storage and forensic examination at the investigation stage. Religious enforcement officers must ensure that both the chain of custody and chain of evidence remain intact during the conduct of both processes, so that both amply support the admissibility of the document during the trial later. However, Shariah texts make no reference to the processes of storage and forensic examination of electronic documentary evidence in ascertaining proof and strength of qarinah evidence. In addition, legal provisions in the enactment do not appear to make any reference to these principles and processes. Such a scenario has caused some confusion regarding their acknowledgment in determining the admissibility of electronic documentary evidence in the Shariah court. This article uses a legal research framework developed qualitatively, with library research method used in data and information collection. These data and information are subsequently analysed using content analysis and critical analytical methods. The article aims to identify the principles of Islamic evidence and legal provisions under the Shariah Criminal Procedure

This paper examined the establishment of the Nigerian Navy and the circumstances surrounding its origin. It narrated the conditions that led to the first naval court martial, examining if there was any ethno coloration in the event. The research also studied the sources, as well as the nature of its early development within the first ten years of its existence. The research in addition analyzed the impact of the British or colonial government on the creation of the Nigerian Navy. The study relied heavily on documentary data and lightly on oral data. The oral data were based on unstructured interviews with few former senior naval officers; and the documentary data were sourced from colonial government annual departmental reports, correspondence, books and magazines. The oral data were transcribed for analysis. The documentary data were subjected to textual and contextual analysis. The researcher found out that the emergence of the Nigerian Navy was the result of interplay of forces such as the ex Royal naval officers, Nigerian nationalists and the colonial administrators. It examined the first court martial.