Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

Recent studies are showing that lymph stasis causes cancer by reducing immune function. This article draws on these studies to further explain how constriction from tight bras results in lymphatic impairment in the breasts and an increased incidence of breast cancer.

The Education for Sustainable Development Programme at UNU-IAS has worked with Regional Centres of Expertise (RCEs) worldwide to develop a new publication titled ‘Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-being For All: Experiences of community health, hygiene, sanitation and nutrition within Regional Centres of Expertise on ESD’.

The publication contains a series of case studies to showcase RCE-led sustainability initiatives in the areas of health, including determinants and drivers of health such as hygiene, sanitation and nutrition. The study draws attention to several dimensions of intersectoral engagement for advancing the SDG implementation agenda of ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all. The case studies highlight how collective health promotion action at a local level is critical for addressing the health challenges the world faces at present – from gaps in health literacy to inadequate health systems – through a participatory approach and multi-stakeholder networking.

What does lying down in bed for about 1/3 of your life do to your body and brain?  Are your sleep habits making you sick?  We show how common sleep positions can cause migraines, glaucoma, stroke, sleep apnea, sinus congestion, ear infections, facial distortion, and many other problems, which are reversible by changing the way you sleep.

Lifestyle drift is increasingly seen as a barrier to broad action on the social determinants of health. The term is currently used in the population health literature to describe how broad policy initiatives for tackling inequalities in health that start off with social determinants (upstream) approach but drift downstream to largely individual lifestyle factors, as well as the general trend of investing a the individual level. Lifestyle drift occurs despite the on-going efforts of public health advocates, such as anti-obesity campaigners, to draw attention to the social factors which shape health behavior and outcomes. In this article, we explore whether the sociology of social problems can help understand lifestyle drift in the context of obesity. Specifically, we apply Jamrozik and Nocella's residualist conversion model to the problem of obesity in order to explore whether such an approach can provide greater insight into the processes that underpin lifestyle drift and inform our attempts to mitigate it.

This article presents a lot to chew on.  It shows how being fat can be a defense mechanism for the storage of fat soluble toxins, why removal of the tonsils and appendix can cause obesity, and the frightening role of genetically modified, hormone-producing microbes in the development of obesity and diabetes.

Is the culture making you sick?

If you suffer from chronic health problems of unknown cause, including physical as well as psychological problems, then you need to look at what the culture is doing to you. 

A dysfunctional culture creates dysfunctional people.

Disease caused by the culture is called culturogenic disease. The study of culturogenic disease is a holistic approach to understanding how one's culture creates harmful attitudes and behaviors that lead to sickness.

To protect ourselves from culturogenic disease, we must understand what culture is, why and how people are affected by it, and how to avoid particular cultural practices and attitudes which lead to particular diseases.

First, then, we need to understand what a person is, since you can't understand  a culture composed of people without understanding what people are.

The purpose of the International Bra-Free Study is to assess the changes a woman experiences once she stops using bras. The study began in 2018 and is still recruiting participants from around the world. Participants pledge to stop using bras and their progress is followed through open and closed-ended questions. The study is ongoing, but we have seen some amazing patterns in the experience of women who stop wearing bras. We believe it is extremely important to share these preliminary findings with the public at this time, hoping to warn as many women as possible about the effect of bra usage on health. We started our study considering the effect of bras on breasts, and expected improvement in breast pain, cysts, and reduced cancer incidence in our group of bra-free women. What we discovered was that, in addition to the above, we also found that women recovered from many other bodily ailments that seemed completely unrelated to bra usage. We are discovering the many ways tight bras harm health, including every part of the body. As you will see, bras cause more than breast cancer.

News has busted out around the globe recently about bras causing breasts to droop.  Of course, bras are sold with the misinformation that wearing them will prevent breasts from drooping. And women fear droop more than almost anything else, making this a successful, if incorrect, sales pitch. In fact, women have also been told that they need to sleep in their bras to prevent droop. Wearing bras 24/7 has become commonplace.  Of course, so has breast cancer, which is 100 times more common in a 24/7 bra user than in a bra-free woman.

How do you know when medical news is fake?  Can you trust what you read simply because it comes from an allegedly reputable source?

Surely, you can trust information coming from the American Cancer Society, right? 

Wrong!

The case in point: the link between breast cancer and bras.

If research studies show a product is harmful, can the government require warning labels? The answer was recently given by the Ninth Circuit Court in a decision that affects not only the sugary drink industry, which brought the suit, but the bra industry, as well, which was raised in the suit as a cause of breast cancer.

Intravenous (IV) cannulization is common invasive procedure used in clinical practice of hospital. Intravenous cannulization is the methods of insertion of a flexible plastic device with a sty let available, inserted to the vein to administer medications, fluids of blood transfusions. The Objective of the study was to find out the level of knowledge and practice on intravenous cannulization among nurses of Tamale Teaching Hospital in Tamale city.The study was descriptive type of cross-sectional in nature. The main study was conducted from JanuaryMarch 2016 in Female Medical, Male Medical and Pediatric ward. The instruments used for the study were self-administrated questionnaire. A total of 49 categories of nurses who met the inclusion criteria were selected from the three (3) wards of hospital by using stratified sampling with simple random sampling technique within the strata. Mean age of the respondents was 27.39±5.3 years. The majority of respondents were male (53.1%). Maximum, 92% of respondents were completed up to Diploma in Nursing. Among the respondents, 49% spend 56 hours of their time in the ward with IV connectors, 22.4% spend 1-2 hours, and 26.5% spend 3-4 hours with IV connectors. A large-scale Regional study, using an updated (i.e. adding the zero device) yet similar questionnaire and targeting nurses, physicians, and students, is warranted to determine knowledge deficits and best education practices to increase knowledge in these three healthcare providers. Once the deficits and education mode(s) are determined then programmes can be established to meet these needs with research initiatives implemented and outcome criteria assessed for effectiveness. It is imperative that nurses rise to the challenge and take the lead to assist in solving this problem.

To prevent and treat disease you must know the cause.  In most cases, the cause is the culture and the harmful attitudes and behaviors it instills in us. 

This is the first lesson in a series Culturogenic Disease --the Biggest Killer of Our Time.  This introduces a new paradigm in the prevention and treatment of disease.  We will discuss what culture is, how it is making people sick, and what you can do to prevent and cure culturogenic disease.

When a single medical study is trumpeted around the world as “truth”, you can be sure you are dealing with marketing and not medicine.

A recent study announcing that two-thirds of all cancers are just a matter of “bad luck” has made its marketing rounds, with the conclusion that all we can do to deal with our rogue mutated cells is to go to the doctor for early detection and treatment. 

Of course, this is good for the cancer detection and treatment industry.  If cancer is out of our control, unrelated to lifestyle and genetics but merely a chance event, then you need repeated and thorough cancer screening throughout your life.

However, if you step back from the hype, you can see a clear flaw in the conclusion of this study. 

Most cancers are not “bad luck”.  They are bad immunity.  If we are to discover the causes of various cancers, we must look at the reasons why the immune system is being compromised, allowing mutated cells to develop into cancer.

ABSTRACT
This paper deals with the air pollution most especially the causes and how it can be prevent.
The paper talks about the various pollutants such as Carbon dioxide (CO2), Sulfur oxides (SOx), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) etc.
Air pollution control were also explained in detail like Stationary sources,  Mobile sources, Waste deposition and so on. Finally this papers deals with the health effect of air pollution and also the regulations of air pollution in our country Nigeria.

Am auzit cu toții, adesea, ca prevenția este mai ieftină decât tratarea bolilor. Se pare că este un mit, prea frumos ca să fie adevărat! Experiențele de 2-3 decenii de aplicare a unor programe serioase de prevenție au dovedit deja acest lucru. Totuși, părerea unanim acceptată este că trebuie să facem cât putem de mult pentru a preveni bolile și consecințele lor. Ministerul Sănătății a declarat prevenția ca fiind o preocupare importantă a sa și a inclus chiar în Contractul-cadru de anul acesta obligația ca medicii de familie să facă prevenție. Chiar dacă metodologia nu este suficient de clară! Vom încerca să trecem în revistă câteva dintre aspectele mai importante legate de prevenție.

Over the last century, our planet has become far more urbanized, with cities growing and evolving at unprecedented levels. Undeniably we find society struggling with the many crises that have arrived in recent decades. The complexity of the world, and the incomprehensible scale of some of its problems, calls for new means of understanding and operating. Incremental shifts & minor adjustments, in many ways, prove inadequate to respond to unprecedented challenges. Today's ethos demands dramatic measures, including critically those factors influencing and impacting the health of civilization and the planet it calls home. Salutogenesis presents a method of acting + advancing, in many realms including architecture, whereby people are understood in their fullness. Taking into consideration a plethora of facets affecting our wellbeing, a salutogenic approach shifts the emphasis towards health promotion and away from disease management. Architecture's roles in equations of health & wellness prove both profound and rich in potential. Over recent years, and considering current crises, the architectural profession has been increasingly charged with generating building designs that promote individual wellness + public health. The definitions of health are many and diverse. That said, we are coming to understand with far greater clarity the tremendous correlations between health and the environment. Evidence linking the design of buildings and cities to positive health outcomes is significant. Studies in architecture, environmental psychology, social geography and other fields point to positive implications of well-considered and well-designed environments, including access to light, provision of clean air, incorporation of nature, reduced toxicity of materials, provision of social space, and many other design dimensions. Improved natural light can influence productivity. Views of nature can accelerate healing. Avoidance of harmful chemicals can reduce childhood illness. In many ways, the environmental design professions are now grasping design's potential with respect to heightened health outcomes. Medical sociologist Aaron Antonovsky (1923-1994) postulated, in his 1979 book 'Health, Stress and Coping' that a person's ability to manage and thrive in life's journey was related, in part, to the quality of their environments. Health depends, in part, on the environments which we occupy. Psychologists refer to place attachment and place identity, underscoring the remarkable influence place has in our lives. Upwards of 90% of our time, in many countries, is spent indoors, making the significance of health-promoting buildings even more urgent. Likewise, urban design and city planning are poised to better cultivate health. The present research actively explores Antonovsky's thinking, pushing hard to consider, craft and realize strategies to foster an architecture that is in synchronization with individual and community health needs and aspirations. Deploying critical analysis of the literature, case studies, studio education and logical argumentation, the current research proffers novel, bold and potent ways of linking design to wellness. Charles Jencks (2017) stressed that "Architects and doctors both are committed to creating a better future; they project plans and cures onto the horizon and seek to persuade people of their positive outcomes." Salutogenic design presents alternative ways of seeing, knowing and acting that can place us on a path to greater health in the built environment.

Background: Progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) failure and kidney diseases are increasing at an alarming rate all over the world. However, despite the remarkable advance in health technology, where it has become possible to successfully screen patients and predict kidney progression, a large portion of the world population is still unaware of their disease and risk exposure. Mobile Health (mHealth) solutions associated with health campaigns and programs proved to be an effective mean to enhance awareness and behaviour change at individual and social level.
Objective: The aim of this survey was to present the results of an environmental scan of what has been happening in the field of kidney disease prevention campaigns in recent years, with a focus on the use of mobile health as a tool to enhance the campaign's effects on targeting people and change their behaviour.
Methodology: It was conducted a systematic and comprehensive review, combining experimental studies with theoretical perspectives, to look for evidence regarding the evaluation of kidney disease prevention campaigns. The databases consulted for the present survey were: MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, SAGE Journals Online, and Web of Science among other sources, for an analysis period from January 2000 to June 2016.
Results: Concerning the 14 analyzed examples with impact on kidney disease prevention campaign evaluation, two main campaigns were referred: The World Kidney Day (WKD) campaign, and the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). The indicators used in this analisys were in most cases comparable regarding the campaign messages, objectives and interventions tools, although em both cases the use of mHealth or other technologies is residually comparing to other diseases prevention campaigns or programs.
Conclusions: This review pointed to the inexistence of behavioural change evidence as a target of the kidney disease prevention campaigns and their evaluation. General deficiencies concerning the use of technology to target and engage populations and lack of theory-based interventions, might have contributed for these results. This study highlights the need for reviewing the campaigns design and methodologies, redesigning strategies all over the campaign processes and the need of developing more tools and indicators, based on technology intervention for population's engagement on campaigns regarding kidney disease prevention.

This report was prepared in consultation with the project's Advisory Group and a wide range of stakeholders from across British Columbia (see Appendix A for a complete list) who generously shared their knowledge and experiences. Their dedication to promoting health and well-being for all is inspiring, and we recognize and thank each of them for their contribution to this report. A special thank you to Tannis Cheadle who contributed her time and expertise in the final stages of the project to finalize the content and organization of this report.

As migration trends escalate and child migrations patterns rise, G20 countries need to rethink policy frameworks and ensure that they facilitate ease of access to education for migrant children. Policies around regularization of stay, inclusive pedagogies and education funding should be strategically developed to enhance enrollments of
children of school going age in schools. In the long run these children will become a worthwhile investment as a skilled labor force, participating meaningfully in the labour market and in the economy.

Many people are recognizing that there are apparent contradictions in the official narrative about COVID-19 and vaccinations. If the vaccine is supposed to prevent infection, then:

Why are so many vaccinated people getting sick with COVID (breakthrough infections)?
Why are the unvaccinated a risk to the vaccinated?
Why is immunity short-lived and boosters needed?
Why vaccinate those who already have had COVID and have natural immunity?
Why do these vaccines leave the vaccinated so vulnerable to infection?

The answer is that these vaccines are not preventative vaccines; they are therapeutic vaccines. Everything we have been told about these vaccines makes sense once you realize that they are for treatment, not prevention.

Proponents of the emerging field of P4 medicine (defined as personalized, predictive, preventive and participatory) argue that computational integration and analysis of patient-specific "big data" will revolutionize our health care systems, in particular primary care-based disease prevention. While many ambitions remain visionary, steps to personalize medicine are already taken via personalized genomics, mobile health technologies and pilot projects. An important aim of P4 medicine is to enable disease prevention among healthy persons through detection of risk factors. In this paper, we examine the current status of P4 medicine in light of historical and current challenges to predictive and preventive medicine, including overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Moreover, we ask whether it is likely that in silico integration of patient-specific data will be able to better deal such challenges and to turn risk predictions into disease-preventive actions in a wider social context. Given the lack of evidence that P4 medicine can tip the balance between benefits and harms in preventive medicine, we raise concerns about the current promotion of P4 medicine as a solution to the current challenges in public health.

Taking an integrative approach to health is nothing new. Since the days of ancient Greek medicine, Plato, and Hippocrates; physicians have approached healing by balancing the four ‘humors’ (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) and modifying lifestyle behaviors, such as diet and exercise. In recent years, however, conventional medicine’s original goal of ‘alleviating suffering’ (based on the Hippocratic Oath taken by every physician) has been reshaped by a paradigmatic shift in thinking ushered in by a deeper understanding of anatomy and physiology, the emergence of new scientific evidence bases (i.e., neurobiology, molecular biology, genetics, infectious disease, etc.), revolutionary medical and technological advances, a shrinking globe and an increasingly diverse and aging population, a fledgling economy, and a growing dissatisfaction with the costly and curative, aggressively invasive, disease-focused, treatment-only approach of conventional Western biomedicine.  Medicine’s ‘new’ model, an Integrative Medicine (IM), refines traditional Western medicine’s original goal with a holistic, preventative, person-centered, healing-oriented approach committed to solving health problems with an understanding of the profound implications of biopsychosocial-spiritual interconnectedness in the healing process and the use of evidence-based, non-invasive, natural and therapeutic interventions (i.e., botanical medicine, lifestyle modification, therapeutic touch, diet, exercise, community-based organizations, etc.) whenever possible (Kligler & Lee, 2004). This paper explores the impact that IM can have on attenuating medicine’s revised goal by examining the impact of community-based organizations (CBOs) and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) strategies on alleviating the suffering caused by two of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States today: heart disease and stroke; discussed herein as Cardiovascular Disease (CVD).

Individuals should be entitled to a ‘fair innings’, and the primary role of health systems should be the prevention of premature mortality. In India, 66 percent of all deaths during 2010-15 were premature. Over the decades, the burden of premature mortality has shifted from child (0-5 years) to adult (30-69 years) level – 65 percent of premature deaths happen at the adult and 22 percent at the child level.
Primary health systems, however, continue to focus almost exclusively on child mortality. They need to make a health system transition and engage in prevention of chronic diseases – the major cause of adult mortality – together with their original focus on child mortality.
This policy brief analyzes some of the major challenges in terms of governance, manpower and financing that such a transition will be faced with, and develops a number of actionable policy recommendations. It does so based on extensive desk and field research in 4 Indian states – Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Kerala, Tamil Nadu – and 4 countries – Japan, Canada, United States, Sri Lanka – involving interactions with close to 200 stakeholders from policy, industry, international organizations, civil society and the academia.
In less than a decade, the burden of chronic diseases will overwhelm health systems in India – 89 percent of mortality will happen at 30+ year level by 2025-2030. A reorientation of national and state health policy, systems and resources is urgently required. The Central government should accept its moral responsibility, strengthen its regulatory capacity, and provide technical together with financial support to state / UT governments. The latter, on their part, would have to embrace their legal responsibility of being the primary agents for survival and health of their populations. Their role is critical because prevention of chronic diseases requires a sustained, long-term engagement.

Albania today is still a low HIV prevalence country, but major concerns exist that since the 1990s there has been an uncontrollable increase in the risk-behaviours coupled with spontaneous massive internal and external migration, and a lack of information about the causes and prevention of HIV/AIDS. By the end of 2004, there were 149 HIV cases in Albania, of which 48 cases of AIDS (with 25 deaths). Sexual transmission, both homosexual and heterosexual, accounts for over 90% of HIV cases in Albania and the age-group most affected is 30-40 years old. The majority of reported HIV cases were acquired outside Albania. According to projections of the National HIV/AIDS Program, in 2010, the number of HIV cases might reach 10,000-15,000 if the necessary prevention measures would not be taken. Thus, after 2000, there was an emerging need for a national strategy of control and prevention of HIV/AIDS in Albania. This was due to the increasing number of new cases every year as a consequence of ...

The typical classification of prevention into primary, secondary, and tertiary categories has encountered various criticisms. We review the history and limitations of this and other classifications, and offer a substitute paradigm: five Stages of Prevention, which address consecutive steps in the development of chronic and gradually developing diseases, and corresponding stages for prevention: 1) avoiding exposure to causative agents, 2) reducing acquisition of disease resulting from exposure, 3) interrupting advancement of acquired disease, 4) preventing complications from advanced disease, and 5) delay (or palliation) of death, or rehabilitation of disability, from complications. This new model can serve as a tool for health planning, including calculation of costs vs. benefits for investment of resources. It can also be applied to counseling patients on personal options for prevention.

This slide presentation was first developed at Loma Linda University 2006-2009, with resident Melody Law).  In various versions, it has had over 20,000 online views, 14,537 on Academia.edu by over 10,000 unique viewers, and about 10,000 on Researchgate.net. This 2022 version has replaced previous versions posted on Academia, and adds references at the end, which were not included in early versions.

If one had to identify the biggest change within the philosophical tradition in the 21st century, it would certainly be the rapid rise of experimental philosophy to address differences in intuitions about concepts. Yet, it is within the philosophy of medicine that one particular conceptual debate has overshadowed all others: the long-standing dispute between so-called 'naturalists' and 'normativists' about the concepts of health and disease. It is, therefore, surprising that the philosophy of medicine has, so far, not drawn on the tools of XPhi. I shall use this opportunity to defend and advocate the use of empirical methods to inform and advance this and other debates within the philosophy of medicine.

A cross-sectional analytic study was done to determine the self-reported prevalence of proper hand washing practice among mothers and its relationship with the occurrence of diarrhoea among family members in Mandalay during 2011. Altogether 829 mothers (one from each household) from Chan-Aye-Tharzan and Mahar-Aung-Myay townships were selected by using systematic random sampling procedure. Face to face interview method was used to collect the necessary data.
The prevalence of proper hand washing practice as reported among mothers was almost 80% (95% CI = 76.6%, 82.1%) but the occurrence of diarrhoea reported among her family members including herself within past one year was 18.2% (95% CI = 15.7%, 20.9%). Family income (p = 0.006) and education status (p = 0.048) were found to have significant effects on reported practices of proper hand washing. Moreover, proper hand washing practice by mothers was found to have significant effect on the occurrence of diarrhoea among all family members including herself (p < 0.001). It was apparent that if the mother washed her hands properly, the annual occurrence of diarrhoea would be reduced among the whole family (48% of current occurrence), among other family members (53%) and herself (50%).
Although proper hand washing practice among mothers is satisfactory, habit of this hygienic behavior should be promoted in the whole country to prevent episodes of diarrhoea especially given priority to low income households and mothers with low education status.
Key words: proper hand washing, mothers, diarrhoea

Background Health​ ​ within​ ​ university​ ​ student​ ​ populations​ ​ ​ ​ is​ ​ very​ ​ much​ ​ a​ ​ subjective​ ​ concept,​ ​ being multifactorial​ ​ in​ ​ nature;​ ​ consisting​ ​ of​ ​ various​ ​ interrelated​ ​ aspects​ ​ which​ ​ can​ ​ be​ ​ broadly grouped​ ​ into​ ​ a​ ​ number​ ​ of​ ​ specific​ ​ topic​ ​ areas:​ ​ health​ ​ care​ ​ access,​ ​ mental​ ​ health,​ ​ sexual health,​ ​ physical​ ​ activity/nutrition​ ​ and​ ​ substance​ ​ use.​ ​ Previous​ ​ studies​ ​ and​ ​ reviews​ ​ have examined​ ​ the​ ​ various​ ​ aspects​ ​ of​ ​ the​ ​ health​ ​ of​ ​ university​ ​ students​ ​ in​ ​ isolation​ ​ but​ ​ few have​ ​ attempted​ ​ to​ ​ construct​ ​ a​ ​ synergistic​ ​ narrative.

Free clinics provide free primary care to the under or uninsured and have been playing an important role in serving the socio-economically disadvantaged. Free clinic patients represent a group of people who experience significant barriers to receiving diabetes prevention and intervention. This study examined diabetes attitudes among free clinic patients and volunteers. English or Spanish speaking patients and volunteers (N = 384), aged 18 years or older completed a self-administered survey. Diabetic patients and volunteers shared similar levels of diabetes attitudes compared to non-diabetic patients. Among patients, ethnicity, education level, diabetes education, and family history affected diabetes attitudes. Among volunteers, diabetes education was an important factor associated with positive diabetes attitudes. Whether the volunteer is a healthcare professional or student was related only to one aspect of diabetes attitudes, seriousness of type 2 diabetes. The results, indicating free clinic diabetic patients and volunteers shared similar levels of diabetes attitudes, were positive for main- taining and developing diabetes education programs at a free clinic. Unfortunately, the average length of volunteering at this free clinic was short and student volunteers likely leave the clinic upon graduation. Future research should examine issues of volunteer retention in free clinics. Diabetes edu- cation for patients may need to be diversified according to ethnicity, family history of diabetes, and educational level. Finally, non-healthcare professional volunteers could potentially be involved in diabetes education at a free clinic.

BACKGROUND: The creation of healthful living conditions has contributed to improving health and prolonging life in Germany and worldwide. Despite this progress, avoidable behavioural, occupational and environmental risk factors still contribute considerably to the burden of disease in Germany. Many of these risk factors are strongly influenced by political determinants. The coalition agreement outlining the agenda of Germany's federal government for 2018-2022 provides insights regarding relevant political priorities and plans.

METHODS: We performed qualitative content analysis of the coalition agreement signed on March 12, 2018 by Germany's governing parties with regard to content related to disease prevention and health promotion. We present results in tables and narratively and discuss them against the background of evidence-based scientific recommendations and in the national and international political context.

RESULTS: The coalition agreement discusses various measures to strengthen disease prevention in and health promotion in general, to support the prevention of specific disease groups, and to reduce the burden of a number of behavioural, occupational and environmental risk factors. This includes an evaluation and reform of Germany's Law for Health Promotion and Prevention, a strengthening of relevant research capacities, the development of a national obesity strategy, and measures to increase vaccination rates.

DISCUSSION: The extensive discussion of health promotion and disease prevention in the coalition agreement is laudable. However, the agreements fail to mention a number of important approaches, such as the regulation of tobacco and alcohol marketing and food and beverage taxation. Moreover, many statements remain vague. Adoption and implementation of effective measures will therefore require the attention and political pressure from the scientific community, civil society, the media, and members of the parliament from both government and opposition parties. The mid-term evaluation of the coalition agreement will be an opportunity to critically examine the government's achievement to date.

ABSTRACT:
A Placebo controlled open labelled, randomized comparative clinical efficacy
trial was conducted to study the effects of Dhanyaka Hima (Cold Infusion of
Coriander Seeds) on Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar (Pitta - Heat disorders
due to Summer Season) and to provide a cost effective remedy in this context.
The study was conducted in 60 patients with the daily administration of 100
ml. of Dhanyaka Hima per day in Trial group and 1 Starch filled capsule each of
250 mg per day in Control group early in the morning daily for 30 days. The
Upashaya Anupashayatmaka Effect (Efficacy) of Dhanyaka Hima was studied by
the presence or absence of Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmak Vikar from baseline
and at consecutive follow ups on 10th, 20th and 30th Day. The symptoms
considered were Daha (Generalised burning sensation in the body), Osha
(Severe generalised burning sensation in the body with sweating and anxiety),
Plosha (Localized burning sensation without sweating), Dava [Burning
sensation in Mukha (Oral cavity) / Oshtha (Lips) / Talu (Palate)], Davathu i.e.
Netradaha (Burning sensation in the eyes), Vidaha i.e. Hastapadatala Daha
(Burning sensation in the Hands / Feet), Antardaha (Internal burning
sensation), Dhumaka i.e. Shira / Griva / Kantha / Talu Dhumayanam (Feeling of
hot fumes in the Head / Neck / Throat / Palate), Amlaka (Acidic Eructations),
Atisweda (Excess Sweating) and Trishnadhikya (Excess Thirst). Grishma
Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar were found predominantly in the Males or Students
or in the individuals who are Mishrahari (Eating both Veg and Nonveg foods) or
with Teekshnagni (High Appetite and Digestion Rate) or Mrudukoshtha (Easy
Soft Digestive System) or Pittapradhana Prakruti (Pitta Dominant Constitution)
or in the Madhayavastha of Ayu (Middle Age Span of Life). With statistical
analysis by paired and unpaired t - tests, the changes in pathological
investigations were insignificant. With statistical analysis of the clinical
parameters by chi - square test, only Trishnadhikya symptom was relieved on
10th day while Davathu and Antardaha symptoms were relieved on 20th day.
However, on 30th Day Dava, Vidaha and Dhumaka symptoms were relieved
completely along with Trishnadhikya, Davathu and Antardaha symptoms. This
clinical study concluded that Dhanyaka Hima is an easy, clinically effective, and
economic remedy in the Grishma Ritujanya Pittatmaka Vikar (Pitta - Heat
disorders due to Summer Season). The conclusion about regular administration
of Dhanyaka Hima over a longer duration confirmed the importance of
following Grishma Ritucharya (Summer Seasonal Regime) as well.
Key Words: Swasthavritta, Dhanyaka Hima, Grishma Ritu, Pitta Vikar,
Ritucharya.

Is the culture making you sick? If you suffer from chronic health problems of unknown cause, including physical as well as psychological problems, then you need to look at what the culture is doing to you. A dysfunctional culture creates dysfunctional people. Disease caused by the culture is called culturogenic disease. The study of culturogenic disease is a holistic approach to understanding how one's culture creates harmful attitudes and behaviors that lead to sickness. It is a new approach in the field of disease prevention and treatment, and holds the following tenets: 1. The body is naturally designed to be healthy and to heal itself. 2. Culturally instilled attitudes and behaviors often lead people to live in ways that negatively impact on the natural design of the body, resulting in disease.

Debates and discourses over the influence of sport to politics and vice versa dominated various platforms and conferences over the 20 th and 21 st century. Scholars peripherally and in principle seem to agree that sport and politics can no longer be separated, even as autonomy of sport become prevalent in some sectors of the Olympic movement as rubber stamped by the United Nations. African nations went through systematic colonialism, apartheid and oppression in various forms as white settlers predominantly from Europe dominated the African continent in a manner causing unrest and revolution in the continent. Due to the fact that sport had the capacity to bring different races together, in some circles, it would mean that it had an effect towards African politics and vice versa. In Southern Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa had similar stories to tell in terms of the relationship between sport and politics. Of paramount importance is the readmission of South Africa and Zimbabwe to the Olympic Games respectively. What is interesting is the solidarity of the African countries and how they perceived unity of purpose as panacea to achieving independence and equality. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the relationship between sport and political diplomacy in the modern Olympic Games and international games from the lenses of the Africans. Background of Colonialism and apartheid in Southern Africa.

Keywords: community based culturally relevant diabetes mellitus early detection language specific prevention screening program South Asian type 2 diabetes Mots clés : communautaire tenir compte de la culture diabète sucré détection précoce tenir compte de la langue prévention programme de dépistage Sud-Asiatique diabète de type 2 a b s t r a c t

The partnerships approach has been part of a broader transition in public health focus from service-delivery to a community-based paradigm. In particular, the focus on communities and community-level action has meant that not-for-profit organisations (also referred to as 'community-based organisations') have been targeted for partnerships to promote health. However, limited attention has been given within the public health literature to describing and understanding the not-for-profit sector, its functions or the challenges it faces in creating social change and community action.

Hispanic women's cervical cancer rates are disproportionately high. The Health Belief Model (HBM) was used as a theoretical framework to explore beliefs, attitudes, socioeconomic , and cultural factors influencing Hispanic women's decisions about cervical cancer screening. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among Hispanic women 18–65 years old (n = 205) in the Upstate of South Carolina. Generalized Linear Modeling was used. Across all models, perceived threats (susceptibility and severity), self-efficacy, and the interaction of benefits and barriers were significant predictors. Significant covariates included age, marital status, income, regular medical care, and familism. A modified HBM was a useful model for examining cervical cancer screening in this sample of Hispanic women. The inclusion of external, or social factors increased the strength of the HBM as an explanatory model. The HBM can be used as a framework to design culturally appropriate cervical cancer screening interventions.

Heart disease is a complex condition that is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is often seen as a disease of affluence, yet is strongly associated with a gradient in socio-economic status. Its highly complex causality means that many different facets of social and economic life are implicated in its aetiology, including factors such as workplace hierarchy and agricultural policy, together with other well-known factors such as what passes for individual ‘lifestyle’. The very untangling of causes for heart disease thus inevitably raises social, moral and political issues. These include the proper role of the individual and of larger social forces in its aetiology, prevention
and treatment. The construction of risk factors for heart disease likewise is enmeshed with questions of distributive justice in the responsible targeting of those at risk for heart disease, a debate which has received much overt attention in the medical literature, but less attention within the ethical literature. Strategies for addressing a condition of such complex causality can be highly diverse, from pharmaceutical to social interventions, and value issues attach to the choice and presentation of such strategies. For example, prevention strategies may raise complex issues of responsibility and of judgements of what it is to ‘live well’. Further ethical debate on this highly political disease would be welcome.

A scientifically grounded dietary supplement that will allow people with initial forms of atherosclerosis to prolong life:
1. ß-cyclodextrin (a cheap preventive agent that reduces blood cholesterol levels);
2. Acarbose (a prophylactic agent that reduces blood glucose levels);
3. homogenate of 2-3 week sprouts of red cabbage (contains sulforaphane, tocopherols and flavones);
4. celery homogenate (contains apigenin - protects NAD +, quercetin - senolith); Metabolite resveratrol Lunularin (Unfortunately, can cause severe allergies)
5. Nicotinic acid (a cheap precursor of NAD +); Activator of the GPR109A receptor.
6. Hazelnut homogenate (its oil contains palmitoleic acid) In addition, homogenate of hazelnuts gives a pleasant taste to the product. Instead of hazelnuts, you can use macadamia nuts.
7. Cocoa powder. Gives a pleasant taste to the product and is additionally rich in trace elements (such as calcium, magnesium, copper, phosphorus, potassium, zinc). Contains flavonoids, caffeine and theobromine.
This cheap and effective dietary supplement against aging and for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases - the main reason (about 50% of all deaths of the population) can be stored for a long time in disposable vacuum packings. All components are natural, cheap and easy to produce. Take 1-2 times a week with food.