Digital Identity

This paper critically reviews the current status of the concept of distance in human geography in order to argue that recent experimentally-driven work in construal-level theory offers ample opportunities for recasting distance as a key geographical trope. After analysing the four entangled dimensions of distance revealed by construal-level theory (spatial distance; temporal distance; social distance; and hypothetical distance), the paper articulates this research program from experimental psychology with geographical work on non-representational theory, geographical imaginations/imaginative geographies, learning as a geographical process, TimeSpace theorizing, and ontogenetic understandings of space. It is argued that the subjective understanding of distance afforded by construal-level theory can rescue distance from its entrenched association with positivistic geography and spatial analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.018

Over 130 million images with the hashtag ‘selfie’ have been uploaded to the social media platform Instagram. In The Allure of the Selfie: Instagram and the New Self-Portrait, Brooke Wendt examines the significant hold that the ‘selfie’, or the digital self-portrait, has over self and society. Media theorist Vilém Flusser observed that society could become programmed to snap pictures for the sole benefit of cameras, as though under a ‘magical spell’, if photographs continued to be undecoded. Wendt examines this magical spell by analyzing users’ self-portraits on Instagram, one of the most popular contemporary platforms for image production.

Marshall McLuhan’s reframing of the Narcissus myth elucidates the allure of the selfie. McLuhan notes that Narcissus was numb to his mirror image and did not recognize his reflection as his own – he thought his image was that of another. As though unaware that we are looking at ourselves, we quickly become numb to our selfies, taking numerous pictures of ourselves without hesitation. It is the promise of pluripotentiality that fascinates us; however, we are also perpetually tempted and trapped by the notion of creating an ideal self with digital tools such as filter and hashtag functions. In the five essays comprising The Allure of the Selfie: Instagram and the New Self-Portrait, Brooke Wendt thus questions the changing nature of identity and the self-portrait in the age of Instagram.

Toda actividad que generamos en el internet ya sea una publicación de fotos, videos, comentarios que realizamos positivos o negativos o incluso sin publicar nada pero otra persona invoca nuestro nombre, esto ya forma parte de
nuestra identidad digital. Por ello es importante que nuestros estudiantes sean conscientes de la importancia de este tema y que sepan cómo gestionar adecuadamente esta identidad digital que puede repercutir en nuestro mundo real y virtual; y en consecuencia en nuestra personalidad.

El objetivo de esta artículo es dar a conocer los fundamentos necesarios que se relacionan con la identidad digital, cómo gestionarla adecuadamente y brindar las diversas herramientas para tal fin.

This research explores literacy teachers’ perceptions of integrating information communication technologies (ICTs)
into literacy instruction. To this end, a national survey of 1,441 literacy teachers in the United States was conducted.
The survey provided data concerning the types and levels of reported availability and use of ICTs, beliefs about the
importance of integrating ICTs into literacy instruction, and perceived obstacles to doing so. The analysis of data
included descriptive statistics, an exploratory factor analysis, and a path analysis used to test a model hypothesizing a
relation between teachers’ perceived importance of technology and reported levels of integration. Results revealed
relatively low levels of curricular integration, consistent perceptions about obstacles to integration, and technological
rather than curricular definitions of ICTs and of integration. The path analysis suggested several characteristics and
influences associated with higher levels of integration and use. The findings advance understanding of the extent to
which ICTs are being integrated into literacy instruction and what factors should be considered toward profitably
increasing integration consistent with expanding definitions of literacy.

In this paper, I present an informational approach to the nature of personal identity. In ‘‘Plato and the problem of the chariot’’, I use Plato’s famous metaphor of the chariot to introduce a specific problem regarding the nature of the self as an informational multiagent system: what keeps the self together as a whole and coherent unity? In ‘‘Egology and its two branches’’ and ‘‘Egology as synchronic individualisation’’, I outline two branches of the theory of the self: one concerning the individualisation of the self as an entity, the other concerning the identification of such entity. I argue that both presuppose an informational approach, defend the view that the individualisation of the self is logically prior to its identification, and suggest that such individualisation can be provided in informational terms. Hence, in ‘‘A reconciling hypothesis: the three membranes model’’, I offer an informational individualisation of the self, based on a tripartite model, which can help to solve the problem of the chariot. Once this model of the self is outlined, in ‘‘ICTs as technologies of the self’’ I use it to show how ICTs may be interpreted as technologies of the self. In ‘‘The logic of realisation’’, I introduce the concept of ‘‘realization’’ (Aristotle’s anagnorisis) and support the rather Spinozian view according to which, from the perspective of informational structural realism, selves are the final stage in the development of informational structures. The final ‘‘Conclusion: from the egology to the ecology of the self’’ briefly concludes the article with a reference to the purposeful shaping of the self, in a shift from egology to ecology.

Globalization has profoundly impacted identity formation in today's world, shaping how we interact with and respond to our surroundings. While research on online identity construction exists, the rapid advancement of technology and communication necessitates further exploration of identity adaptation to current platforms. This study aims to investigate identity construction on Instagram, a popular social media platform, by analyzing user posting patterns. The argument is that repeated, patterned actions shape identity. By conducting a content analysis of Instagram accounts, the research seeks to identify similarities and differences in posting behavior among individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. The study builds on Hochman and Schwartz's concept of "visual rhythm" and explores the presence of a "cultural rhythm" in Instagram posting patterns. It aims to determine whether distinct norms of identity construction prevail within each culture or if a global norm dominates the platform. The study focuses on Brazil, Francophone countries, Nigeria, Slavic countries, and Turkey to understand how identity is constructed on Instagram within these contexts. Thirty public Instagram accounts, representing an equal number of male and female users aged 18 to 30, are randomly selected. These accounts have between 100 and 500 followers, which is the average range for most users. The analysis categorizes the nine most recent pictures from each account into 11 distinct categories that capture various aspects of identity. The study employs content and statistical analyses, along with semantic differential techniques, drawing on theories of identity performance by scholars such as Erving Goffman, John Berger, and Judith Donath. The findings aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of online identity construction within specific cultural contexts, complement existing research, and inspire future investigations in the field.

This article discusses different theoretical and methodological approaches in the humanities and social sciences which strive to analyse and understand, interpret and explain texts and discourses in systematic, qualitative ways. After reviewing some of the salient theories in the social sciences (such as objective hermeneutics and critical hermeneutics), I argue that critical discourse studies require a 'trichotomy' consisting of explanation, interpretation and critique. Other approaches such as Ricoeur's 'hermeneutic arc' seem to neglect important structural and material dimensions of context as well as critical self-reflection. Moreover, I argue that much intuitive and non-transparent speculation in Hermeneutics might be transcended if more historical, cultural, linguistic and philological knowledges would be systematically and explicitly integrated into the analysis of text and discourse, in a retroductable manner. The latter possibility is illustrated by applying an interdisciplinary framework to some brief examples (e.g. intercultural and historical translation studies; the discourse-historical approach in critical discourse studies).

Stacey Koosel’s PhD thesis is a collection of articles that explore the effects of social media on personal identity.

The communication of identity narratives online has become abundant with the increasing popularity of social media. Social media enables users to build profiles based on their personal identities, making identity play a primary source of entertainment in the information age.

Topics such as privacy, ethical use of information, authenticity, social control, self-expression, self-censorship and other media affordances have all, subsequently, become important issues. The topic of ‘identity’ is used as a framework through which social media use can be analysed. The cultural phenomenon of digital identity is explored in a collection of seven articles using different approaches, including media ecology, the philosophy of technology, virtual ethnography and artistic research.

The articles raise questions about the ideology of identity creation in social media, by interviewing artists on how they use Facebook, pointing out paradigm shifts and paradoxes in contemporary culture and the discussion of other research in the field of digital culture.

HISTORY OF BLOCKCHAIN As a technology that can be traced back to the late 1990s in its structural fundamentals , 'blockchain' came into mainstream public discourse as of 2017. Previously discussed in the fringes of the technology-savvy circles in the developed regions of the West and Northeast Asia with the appellation of 'distributed ledger technology' (which indeed is a description arguably more illustrative of its actual form of use), blockchain has now became a global phenomenon that is growingly capturing a notable share of the public imagination and academic discourse in the realm of technology. Within the context of 1 writing of this paper, it can effortlessly noticed in any conference, public seminar and even casual conversation that address any area of technology, the topic of blockchain comes up-and in many occasions, beyond coming up as a mere topic, tends to be the central one.

Gender and technology might seem unrelated on first sight because technology is often considered a neutral other that does not have anything to do with gender. Yet, taking a closer look at the language we use to talk about technology, at the images we rely on to represent technology, its uses and users, it becomes clear that gender stereotypes are more present than ever in the context of technology. Rather than subverting traditional gender roles, technology often reinforces and re-inscribes stereotypical behavior and ideas. Analyzing Apple iPad/iPhone advertisements, this paper will uncover some of the gender biases present in popular techno-narratives.

El actual modelo cultural basado en el desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación genera realidades sociales que afectan a las motivaciones del ser humano. De modo que en la actualidad se hace precisa una revisión de la jerarquía de las necesidades de Maslow dirigiéndola hacia un modelo que contemple las dimensiones que a día de hoy conforman la personalidad del individuo: la real y la virtual. Este artículo plantea un nuevo modelo motivacional, que complementa al anterior, adaptado al contexto espacio temporal contemporáneo en el que las tecnologías están inmersas en nuestra forma de vida.

This paper explores the roots and presents some forms of phenomenology starting with the origin of Husserl’s phenomenology and his notion of going back to things as they are in order to seek their essences. The paper then looks at the different perspectives, starting with the empirical phenomenology: its disciplinary linkage to psychology, its focus on the phenomenon itself, and the analysis of the structural in order to discern how structures speak. Existential phenomenology, on the other hand, sees human experiences of the world as being worth studying, where we are not only epistemological spectators in the world but are also ontologically embedded in it. Finally, Hermeneutic phenomenology acknowledges that humans have prejudices and their preconceptions from their experiences are nearly impossible to ignore. Understanding is achieved through dialogue. The hermeneutic circle refers to the interplays between our self-understanding and our understanding of the world, and entails an existential task with which each of us is confronted. The paper then focuses on the authors’ experiences during our PhD research. The paper highlights some differences in research approaches, aligned to different subtle perspectives, which offers the researcher flexibility. The aim for this paper has been to engage the networked learning community in discussing the suitability of choosing phenomenology as a research methodology. A snapshot in the exploration of the researchers decisions to use phenomenology for Technology Enhanced/Networked Learning research is presented and their reflections on their progress to discern the differences between the choices we made in developing our respective research designs. Some of the reasons behind our decisions, with the purpose of entering into dialogue with the Technology Enhanced/Networked Learning community, are presented.

This paper proposes to understand diplomacy as a form of impression management. Drawing   on   Erving   Goffman’s   dramaturgy,   I   show   how   diplomats   seek   to   repair   sudden   cracks   in   the   fragile   international   order.   I   analyse   Greenland’s   and   the   Faroes’   puzzling ability to continue controversial seal and whale hunting despite massive international regulation and criticism. In diplomatic negotiations, the two former Danish colonies use post-colonial embarrassment and irony to push Denmark into negotiating an exemption to the   EU’s   ban   on   seal   products   in   2009   and   defend   pilot   whale   hunting   in   the   Faroes.   Analysing diplomacy as impression management implies, first, that diplomacy cannot be seen as a one-to-one reflection of the relative capabilities or identities of the involved states. Rather, diplomacy should be understood as a social world of its own, abiding to its own rules, norms and codes of conduct. Its inhabitants may represent national interests but they also defend particular views of cosmos and they are saving face. Second, a focus on face- work   and   social   order   may   help   explain   both   the   “conformist”   bias   of   diplomacy   and   the   way it may enable contestation of hierarchies.

As  extensively  debated,  nowadays  it  is  possible  to  recognize  that  digital  is  an essential substance that constitutes the basis of our cultural production as well as virtual identity. In fact, virtual identity should not be seen exclusively as  a  proliferation  of  the  self  in  social  networks in form of profile or avatar. Instead,  it  lies  in  the  very  deep  substance  of  digital:  the  fact  that  every person  is  translated  from  the  physics of oxygen and carbon to the physics of electron, and the logic of bits. For this reason  become  necessary  to  question what  the  digital  is.  Thus,  it  becomes  necessary to entail an ontological perspective  toward  digital. The  research presented  here  combines  the  idea  of digital  identity  with  digital  ontology. Exposing issues like visual representation and materiality, it aims to provide the  conceptual  tools  for  an  understanding of the digital nature.

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This short paper describes a small, ongoing case study exploring how the affordances of a media sharing Web 2.0 application (VoiceThread) can be evaluated for its pedagogical
value. Web 2.0 technologies emerge so quickly it is difficult for educators to gauge their actual value in practical terms. In many cases the latest Web 2.0 technologies are superseded almost before they emerge from their beta testing phase. Rather than focusing on the individual characteristics or details of the technology itself, this case study uses a
new learning design framework (the Digital Artefacts for Learner Engagement framework: DiAL-e) to chart the affordances and uses which educators might find valuable. The tool has been used as the basis of an on-line pilot project for the Joint Information Service Committee in the UK (JISC) in which academics from further and higher education have
been learning how to harness the potential of digital artefacts and Web 2.0 tools to enhance teaching and student learning. The initial responses from participants and tutors indicate
this is a useful instrument through which to evaluate the potential pedagogical value of a particular application set within a wider socio-cultural context.

Although researchers have discussed the existence of a virtual self, or embodiment of human characteristics within an avatar, little known about how the virtual self influences a player's behavior within a virtual environment. To better understand this relationship, World of Warcraft game players were asked to complete personality-rating scales for both themselves and their avatars. In addition, in-world behavior was recorded and then analyzed using a behavioral assessment checklist. Results suggested a relationship between personality and behavior within the domain of agreeableness. Based on these findings, the researchers discuss implications for the construct known as the virtual self, as well as the inclusion of psychological systems design into the overall game design process.

La identidad digital es la piedra angular de la transformación digital de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Es un aspecto cada vez más relevante en el sistema de identidad de las personas, cuyos cimientos son los registros civiles de calidad. Conforma un instrumento esencial para la inclusión y la reducción de costos de transacción en toda la economía, contribuyendo así a mejorar la calidad de los servicios tanto del sector público como del privado. Este documento brinda un panorama general de la identidad digital, mostrando costos/beneficios y ventajas/desventajas de las distintas alternativas de implementación. En particular, se incluye una mirada profunda de dos experiencias bastante distintas, la de Estonia y la de España.

This study explores the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and the computer-use profile of 1241 school students in Flanders, the northern region of Belgium. More specifically, the article examines whether varying patterns of computer access, attitudes, competencies and uses can be seen as constituting differences in cultural capital. Additionally, gender was included in the survey as an important background characteristic in digital divide research. Path analysis was used to model the complex relationships between the influencing factors upon the ICT-related variables. What emerged from the analyses was that SES affects the computer-use profile only moderately. No relationship between SES and computer ownership was found. Moreover, the acquisition of ICT competencies can no longer be attributed to computer ownership. Apart from a small effect on ICT use (a higher SES tends to be associated with more ICT use), SES does not seem to affect the computer-use profile of young people in Flanders.

Considerable scholarly discussion has been given to the idea that we are moving toward a state of “posthumanism.” This essay examines some possible implications of a posthuman existence, specifically as it relates to that most basic of human needs—sexuality. I explore the spiritual aspects of sexuality to see what is lost and what is gained in technologically mediated forms of sexuality. To that end, I consider the interplay between sexual behavior and our conceptions of the sacred, how technologies are changing our views of—and realities concerning—our bodies, and the potential for a sacred posthuman sexuality.

This report deals with the question of how to guarantee trust and privacy in order to power the digital economy. Although the world continues to embrace digitalization and digital solutions, trust in these solutions is decreasing, potentially limiting or even damaging the promise of the global digital economy. The report provides an outline of the value and the functioning of the digital economy, as well as requirements and considerations in terms of ICT and privacy regulation. It argues that in order to ensure continued and sustained growth, there needs to be more focus on privacy and security. In order to achieve the full potential, private actors, governments and regulators will need to work together to address the many challenges faced in creating an environment of trust and confidence in the digital economy.

The report helps leaders, policy makers and regulators identify the main aspects that need to be addressed in terms of securing consumer privacy, trust and security.

This report was prepared for the International Telecommunications Union, in cooperation  with, and under the supervision of, the ITU/BDT Regulatory and Market Environment Division.

Suggested citation:  Powering the Digital Economy: Regulatory Approaches to Securing Consumer Privacy, Trust and Security, International Telecommunication Union, 2018. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a painful psychological condition that is largely limited in psychosocial theory. This exploratory paper examines Borderline Personality Disorder through the theoretical lens of social, anthropological, and critical theory. First I will discuss the important psychomedical conceptualizations and explanations regarding Borderline Personality Disorder. Second, these dominant discursive thoughts regarding Borderline Personality Disorder will be dissected and deconstructed through social, anthropological, and critical theory. Third I will be using Internet ethnography, narrative analysis, and discourse analysis to analyze the narratives of individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder as they engage in Internet communication and in virtual communities. The goal of this exploratory paper is to critically analyze the construct of Borderline Personality Disorder and the degree of its validity as a psychological classification.

KEYWORDS: Borderline Personality Disorder, Narrative Analysis, Critical Psychology, Subjectivity, Identity Disturbance, Lived Experience, Pain and Suffering, Late-Modernity, Sociology, Anthropology

MLA Citation:
Li, John. 'On The Borderline: An Exploratory Study On The Narratives Of Borderline Personality Disorder And The Contestations Of Psychomedical Discourse And Power'. Master's Thesis. The University of Chicago, 2013.

Contact:
johnmhli@berkeley.edu
916 623 5512

In early 2012, Nielson announced its latest label for persons aged 18-34:  “Generation C,” for “Connected.” Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter have revolutionized how we converse, consume, play, and protest.  Mobile devices allow us to carry the Internet with us wherever we go, which provides us with instantaneous connectivity to personal or professional networks and endless sources of information that influence our everyday realities. Media forms overlap and converge and digital media surround us almost every waking hour. 

“Digital experience,” as a title for this paper, can include almost any social activity, from the most obviously digital—such as immersive virtual worlds where people interact with others in avatar forms, to less obvious everyday moments, like riding on a bus full of people tethered to their (our) mobile phones, individually connected to immense global networks, perhaps blithe to the one in which they’re physically located, or as Sherry Turkle recently writes, “alone together.”

Through convergence, mobility, and always-on patterns of use, ‘digital’ frames for experience grow more transparent and ever more powerful mediators of everyday life. What challenge does this pose for a dramaturgic perspective? What differentiates digital or Internet-mediated contexts from other earlier mediating technologies, such as language, writing, and electronic media such as telephones, radios, televisions and fax machines? What’s different about how we conceptualize and experience self, identity, and social experience, given the ubiquity of digital media in our everyday lives? 

The strength of the dramaturgic approach is that it focuses on how meaning is constructed interactively. Theoretically, the framework is well suited to grapple with the intricate overlapping layers of action that comprise digital contexts. Methodologically, dramaturgic approaches are challenged to grapple with unprecedented layers and flows of global, networked information, which complicate research practices that were developed for and remain entrenched in the study of traditional, physically situated social environments.

In this paper, I address some of these challenges and questions: First, I outline key characteristics of digital interaction to illustrate how these influence presence, self-presentation, and sociality. I argue that digital media heighten dramaturgical awareness because of the need to deliberately write self into being, an activity that requires both technical skills and reflexivity about what is required to enact embodiment. Second, I discuss how certain unique aspects of virtual and networked practice complicate and blur conventional dramaturgic categories such as the individual, the interaction, and the situation. I suggest that that these shifts in everyday enactments pose significant methodological challenges to the researcher. Finally, I conclude by discussing the importance of continuing to develop creative and innovative research practices that resonate with contemporary networked social contexts.

Electronic technology that developed out of the 20th century and culminated into the cultural prevalence of mass media, first in the form of cinema and television and later digital media, has provided cultural researchers and philosophers with complex new frontiers to explore. Marshall McLuhan in ‘The Gutenberg Galaxy’ (1962) and Martin Heidegger in ‘The Question Concerning Technology’ (1954) discussed the idea of media and technology as an extension of man, and sought to understand technology in its cultural as well as philosophical context.

Reading academic publications is a key scholarly activity. Scholars accessing and recording academic publications online are producing new types of readership data. These include publisher, repository, and academic social network download statistics as well as online reference manager records. This chapter discusses the use of download and reference manager data for research evaluation and library collection development. The focus is on the validity and application of readership data as an impact indicator for academic publications across different disciplines. Mendeley is particularly promising in this regard, although all data sources are not subjected to rigorous quality control and can be manipulated.

Social networks have become popular communication and interaction environments recently. As digital environments, so as ecosystems, they have potential in terms of networked learning as they fulfill some roles such as mediating an environment for digital identity formation and providing social and emotional presence. Based on this phenomenon, the importance of identity formation as a sociological and psychological process was explained throughout this study. Following that, social networks as digital social ecosystems and learning environments in which self-actualization, self-presentation, and self-disclosure of the individuals were discussed and their necessity as well as their potential for social and emotional presence was explained to better understand social networks. Besides, social networks and “Facebook” as a case were examined. Within this perspective, the purpose of this study was to explore online social networks with an emphasis on learning; to put forward its educational premises; and to analyze digital identity formation, social presence, and emotional presence in social networks.

Thinspiration images, meant to inspire weight-loss, proliferate online through platforms that encourage the circulation of user-generated content. Despite numerous alarmist critiques in mass media about thinspiration and various academic studies investigating ‘pro-anorexia’ sites, surprisingly little attention has been given to the processes of creation and the symbolic potential of thinspiration. This thesis analyzes the formal hybridity of thinspiration, and its use as an expressive medium. The particularities of thinspiration (including its visual characteristics, creative processes, and exhibition) may be considered carefully constructed instances of self- representation, hinging on the expression of beliefs regarding the mind and body. While these beliefs are deeply entrenched in popular body management discourse, they also tend to rely on traditional dualist ideologies. Rather than simply emphasizing slenderness or reiterating standard assumptions about beauty, thinspiration often evokes pain and sadness, and employs truisms about the transcendence of flesh and rebellion against social constraints. By harnessing individualist discourse and the values of mind/body dualism, thinspiration becomes a space in which people struggling with disordered eating and body image issues may cast themselves as active agents—contrary to the image of eating disorders proffered by popular and medical discourse.

The proliferation of social media has led to an abundance of self-expression online in the form of identity narratives. The online cultural phenomena of digital identity has been explored using many different methods, one of these methods is through the analysis of digital narratives.1 ‘Digital identity narratives’ is a term used to analyze identity narratives that are presented on social media platforms such as weblogs and social networking websites.

The #WalkMyWorld project was an open, social media experiment developed to provide preservice and in-service teachers and K–12 students with an opportunity to focus on developing media literacies and civic engagement in online spaces. The study employed a basic interpretative qualitative study approach (Merriam, 2002) to examine how online social environments can be used as a vehicle to engage educators in the creation and sharing of online content, as it relates to multimodal meaning making, social scholarship, and identity construction. For this study, identity construction was identified as visually representing an aspect of an individual’s life using any preferred medium, and sharing it through Twitter using the #WalkMyWorld hashtag. Results suggest three different categories in which participants viewed the activity of identity construction: (a) embraced similar identities, (b) established separate identities, or (c) resisted creating an online identity. As educators engage students with reading and writing digital content within social and connected learning environments, it is important to consider the creation and curation of an individual’s digital identity in social scholarship practices.

This research paper is accompanied by a PowerPoint presentation that was presented at Trinity College Dublin in 2018. This research study explores representations of race and identity politics in contemporary media practices, with specific reference to the representations of minorities in meme and Internet cultures in the U.S. This paper seeks to educate and contribute to building more positive and diverse representations.

This paper received First Class Honors at Trinity College, Dublin.
Vanessa graduated with Distinction in B.A. English Literature and Media Studies.

This study wishes to describe some of the key components of an art educational domain entitled ground<c>, which is being developed specifically for three dimensional online builder’s worlds, also called the metaverse. This undertaking takes its trajectory from ‘the Groundcourse’, a revolutionary art educational strategy, based on Cybernetics, developed and implemented in England during the 1960’s. A description of the Groundcourse’s learning strategies, as well as the underlying cybernetic principles will be undertaken. Approaches for adapting these founding theories, through a consideration of what the novel affordances of a three dimensional online builder’s world may bring to bear on such an endeavor, will also be deliberated upon.

The uptake of blogs proves that reports of the death of the author are greatly exaggerated. The Author is alive and well, and has a blog.

In the speculative era of cyberculture criticism in the early 1990s, many authors claimed electronic text would destabilise the institution of authorship (Poster 2001; Landow 1994; Bolter 2001). They argued changes of material form of writing would decrease the power of the author. They connected this claim with critics such as Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault who had questioned conventional assumptions about authorship, and speculated on the possibilities of texts without authors. While the claims of these electronic writing advocates were contested theoretically (Grusin 1994), the popularity of blogs empirically demonstrates the persistence of authorship, and how progress often works backwards.

Authorship is so familiar it’s almost invisible, and so flexible it cannot be defined. Certain elements of a text attribute it to a source: an author’s name on the book cover, a newspaper by-line, or the author information in a blog. The Author emerged in the West alongside a range of economic, technological, social, political and legal changes associated with the rise of individualism, capitalism, rationalism, democracy and rule of law. Authorship functions as a boundary abstraction that connects each of these discourses. It gives authors the legal protection of copyright, economic connections with the printing and publishing industries and provides the key field to locate books on the shelves of booksellers and libraries. In silent reading, it provides a persona for the reader to imagines, completing a text’s meaning. Canons of authors provide symbolic figures whose names become shorthand for concepts and stories. The convention of reading a text with reference to its author is ingrained, even if this institution is only 500 years old. Blogs have succeeded because they are less innovative than other online forms.

Far from dissolving authorship, blogs perpetuate, coexist with, and transform it. Authorship re-emerges in proportion to the distance that a text moves from its context. Specific features of blogs allow them to invoke Foucault’s author-function more effectively than static personal home pages: the inverted narrative structure of the archive, the consistent voice, the time stamp that positions posts in a reference to a temporality shared with readers. However, the practices associated with blogs also do transform authorship. The reader’s capacity to give feedback through comments compensates for the conversational mode of writing. Many blogs’s authority comes from positions outside institutions.

Blogs gravitated towards two discourses that reflect the conventional split between public and private domains: the political polemic blog, and the confessional diary. Media events that brought certain blogs into the public sphere in 2003 and 2004 followed standard scripts for each side of this split. The role of political blogs in discrediting Dan Rather’s report on Bush’s war record was generally celebrated as evidence that blogs were legitimate players in the public domain. On the other hand, the most high profile personal diaries were those that presented narratives of transgressive sexuality: Muzimei in China, the London Callgirl in the UK, and Washingtonienne in the US. By contrast with the political bloggers, these authors who brought the private sphere to the public were subject to a moralistic collective tribunal.

This study examines novel data-driven models of governance emerging from the Global South, specifically India and China, enabled by Net-based technologies. The first model, the biometric identity scheme or ‘Aadhaar’ project in India consolidates citizens’ digital identities to enable access to government services such as welfare benefits. The second model is China’s Social Credit System. By combining the citizens’ financial records, online shopping data, social media behaviour and employment history, the system will produce a personal score for each citizen. This rating system will be used to measure the citizens’ trustworthiness. This research unpacks these value-embedded systems posited as digital innovations to strengthen citizenship through new forms of political participation, inclusion and representation. In doing so, we are confronted with what constitutes as “democracy” in this datafied and global era, beyond the universalisms that are on offer today.

Several factors contribute to an individual’s experiences in computer-based environments. Previous research shows one such factor, the degree to which users feel connected to a virtual environment, influ- ences the actions of individuals within the environment (Banos et al., 2008; Welch, 1999). Additional factors, such as people’s personality and the personality of their avatar, influence behaviors in virtual environments (McCreery, Krach, Schrader, & Boone, 2012). The current study focused on the role of presence as it affects behavior within the virtual environment. Presence has been defined as the psychological state where virtual experiences feel authentic. However, the degree to which presence acts as a mediating variable in virtual environments is not well understood. The current study employed a combination of survey instruments and direct observation to explore the relationships among personality of self and avatar, presence, and behaviors within a virtual environment. Findings indicated that participant scores in the domain of agreeableness were a significant predictor of agreeable behavior in the virtual environment. However, with the exception of negative effects (e.g., dizziness), presence does not appear to influence behavior. Overall implications for these findings are discussed.

Pour mieux planifier son développement, et articuler efficacement ses politiques nationales et stratégies organisationnelles, tout gouvernement doit recenser distinctivement les personnes qui composent sa population, autant qua la cartographie de son territoire et de toutes ses ressources s’impose. Les cycles électoraux doivent être préparés et organisés avec un fichier électoral tiré du recensement administratif et de l’identification de la population. La République démocratique du Congo (RDC), quant à elle, est confrontée à d'importants problèmes d'identification de la population aujourd'hui. C’est l’un des rares pays au monde à ne pas être en mesure de connaître sa population, tant au niveau individuel qu’au niveau des agrégats statistiques, en dehors des estimations approximatives. L’état actuel des choses a des conséquences non seulement sur l’efficacité des fonctions administratives de l’État, mais aussi sur le processus démocratique lui-même. Ne pas être en mesure de prouver son identité dans son propre pays a des conséquences négatives pour les titulaires de droits comme pour les détenteurs d’obligations.

En effet, la capacité de prouver son identité est la base de la participation à la vie sociale, politique et économique moderne. Ce résumé exécutif présente une vue d'ensemble de la problématique de l'identité en RDC, détaillé dans un document de cadrage, dans la perspective d'aider les parties prenantes ainsi que les organisations d'aide et de développement à comprendre la situation actuelle, les défis et les options pour y faire face.

Une identification national efficace nécessite un registre civil universel fiable. Le système doit pouvoir émettre des formes d’identité fiables et acceptées (telles que les cartes d’identité nationales), qui donnent accès aux services et aux avantages. Un registre d'état civil sert de base à l'identification individuelle de la naissance au décès, grâce à la délivrance de documents d'identité légaux. L’acte de naissance est considéré comme le document de base de tous les autres systèmes d’identité et, en tant que tel, a plusieurs objectifs. Le certificat de décès autorise le retrait de personnes de la population et d'autres registres, tels que les listes électorales, les retraites et les mécanismes de sécurité sociale.

Malgré les avantages potentiels de « l’identité numérique » pour le développement, les efforts visant à mettre en place des systèmes d’identification officiels peuvent être confrontés à de nombreux défis, comme nous l’avons vu en analysant l’historique de l’identification de la population en RDC, notamment la complexité politique, l’absence de cadre juridique actualisé et les problèmes liés à la protection des données, à la confidentialité, aux coûts et à la durabilité. Afin de créer et de maintenir des systèmes efficaces, sûrs, robustes et fiables, l’ONIP et tous les acteurs parties prenantes doivent s’efforcer de réduire ces risques. Afin de résoudre ce problème, les autorités compétentes doivent déterminer quelle approche stratégique suivre sur la feuille de route pour une solution globale. Au plus haut niveau, il est recommandé d’effectuer un recensement biométrique de la population : inscrire la population à partir de rien, créer un nouveau registre; délivrer une carte d'identité nationale et traiter les arrangements institutionnels.

RESUMEN

Pretendemos, por medio de esta investigación, unificar diversos ejes relacionados con un conjunto de tematizaciones de interés antropológico. Nuestra investigación intenta ahondar en la esfera de lo religioso en tanto eje de construcción identitaria, a través de la indagación de las mitologías, memorias y narrativas posibles en el marco de la memoria colectiva y social de un grupo específico: la comunidad rural denominada San Javier (Departamento de Río Negro, Uruguay). La matriz religiosa de esta Colonia se afinca en su propio proceso fundacional: San Javier fue fundado en el año 1913, en el Uruguay, por un grupo de inmigrantes rusos pertenecientes a la “Comunidad Nueva Israel” (Novo Israilskaia Obchina), corriente religiosa escindida de la Iglesia Ortodoxa Rusa a mediados del siglo XVIII. A través de esta investigación tratamos de profundizar en las narrativas de los habitantes de San Javier, estudiando las diferentes temporalidades que atraviesan a las mismas y las fragmentaciones espacio-temporales sobre las cuales estas narrativas se construyen. En el espacio de la temporalidad que relaciona religión y memoria – y que señalan el declino de Nueva Israel, religión fundadora de San Javier- , ingresan un conjunto de fragmentaciones que construyen varios Otros en un proceso de alteridad interna a la propia Colonia . Sumado a esto, las relaciones de la Colonia San Javier con la sociedad nacional uruguaya y con la Unión Soviética, y particularmente, las temporalidades del Terror vividas por los habitantes de San Javier bajo la influencia del estalinismo en la URSS y la dictadura militar en el Uruguay, hacen que esa producción del Otro adquiera diversas modalidades, y que el espacio pluralizado y fragmentado donde conviven religión y memoria, se encuentre poblado por narrativas conflictivas, estableciéndose una tradición de la temporalidad sanjavierina basada en y para el conflicto.

Abstract

This research study is intended as a unifying link for a variety of topics that relate to a number of anthropological subject-matters. The research is aimed at an indepth analysis of the religious aspect as the central theme in building an identity. The study investigates mythologies, memories and narratives that can possibly be part of the collective and social memory of a specific group: a rural community known as San Javier (in the Department of Rio Negro, Republic of Uruguay). The religious mold of this colony is a result of its very own founding process. San Javier was founded in 1913 by a group of Russian immigrants who were part of the “New Israel Community” (Novo Israilskaia Obchina), a religious current that broke away from the Russian Orthodox Church in the mid 18th century. In order to attentively study the narratives of the people of San Javier, our work considers, in ample detail, their various temporalities, and the spatial and temporal fragmentations upon which such narratives have been created. A number of fragmentations that constitute several Others as part of an internal alterity process of the colony, are included in the space of the temporality that relates religion and memory – pointing at the decline of New Israel, the religion responsible for the founding of San Javier. Also, such production of the Other assumes a variety of forms, by virtue of the relations of the San Javier colony with Uruguayan society and with the Soviet Union; and in particular, due to the temporalities of Terror experienced by the inhabitants of San Javier during Stalin’s influence in the USSR and during the military dictatorship in Uruguay. In addition to this, the pluralized and fragmented space where religion and memory coexist becomes filled with controversial narratives, determining a tradition of the San Javier temporality, based on and toward conflict.

Although researchers have discussed the existence of a virtual self, or embodiment of human characteristics within an avatar, little known about how the virtual self influences a player’s behavior within a virtual environment. To better understand this relationship, World of Warcraft game players were asked to complete personality-rating scales for both themselves and their avatars. In addition, in-world behavior was recorded and then analyzed using a behavioral assessment checklist. Results suggested a relationship between personality and behavior within the domain of agreeableness. Based on these findings, the researchers discuss implications for the construct known as the virtual self, as well as the inclusion of psychological systems design into the overall game design process.► We examine the relationship between personality and behavior in a virtual environment (VE). ► The emergence of a virtual self as a psychological component of VE software appears to exist. ► Results indicate a relationship along the domain of agreeableness.

Light Blue Optics’ holographic laser projection
technology is uniquely suited as a light engine for
automotive head-up display (HUD) applications, providing
high brightness images with low speckle contrast and wide
colour gamut whilst being robust and fault-tolerant. This
paper describes the operation of the technology and its
advantages, demonstrating – for the first time – the
operation of a full-colour, laser-based automotive HUD
which is capable of displaying both symbology and night
vision virtual imagery. The ability of the projector to
correct for distortion introduced by the windshield
curvature is demonstrated, showing significant progress
towards a ‘one-size-fits-all’ HUD.

‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺤـﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻝﺴﻭﺴﻴﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ 465 ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺤـﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻝﺴﻭﺴﻴﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ 466 ‫ﻭﺒ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺴـﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋـل‬ ، ‫ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻝﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻅـﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، . ‫ﺍﻝﻅـﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺤـﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺘﻜـﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺤـﻭل‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ " ‫ﺍﻹﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺕ‬ " ‫ﻭ‬ " ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺔ‬ " ‫ﺍﻹﻝﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺌﻥ‬ 1 ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺎﺀﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺼـﺎﺌﺹ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﺒﺤـﺙ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺔ‬ . 2008 ‫ﺹ‬ ، 151 . 1 ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺤـﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻝﺴﻭﺴﻴﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ 467 ‫ﻴﺘـﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺜﺒﻴﻁﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻴﺢ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻝﻸﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺨﺼـﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺜﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ‬ 2 3 digital.ahram.org.eg/articles.aspx%3F... ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺤـﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻝﺴﻭﺴﻴﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ 468 ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺸـﻜﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨﺒﺜـﻕ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ‬ : -‫ﻤﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻨﺘﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺤـﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻭﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﺌﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻝﺴﻭﺴﻴﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬

This article provides an overview of the literature surrounding emerging markets and the global paradigm shift taking place towards the development of digital economies. It provides a review of recent practices in the government sector. The article promotes the concept of developing a government based identity management infrastructure to support the progress en route for building the digital economy. In light of increasing informa¬tion security threats in today’s interconnected world, the article emphasizes that only through identification and authentication capabilities, emerging markets can maintain sustainability.

We analyze profiles and associated comments on social network sites following the death of the user to suggest two novel approaches to death and computing. Using the dead as examples of “extreme users”, we develop recommendations for design of Web2.0 applications that consider the importance of intersubjectivity in online identity construction and management, and the ubiquity of technospiritual practice.

Research concerning computer hackers generally focuses on how to stop them; far less attention is given to the texts they create. Phrack, an online hacker journal that has run almost continuously since 1985, is an important touchstone in hacker literature, widely read by both hackers and telephone and network security professionals. But beyond its instantiation as a compendium of illicit technical knowledge, Phrack was, above all, a rhetorical publication. The files in each issue of Phrack created a shared rhetorical vision concerning the place of the hacker underground within society and in relation to law enforcement officials, as well as what it means to be a hacker. This essay examines two important events in the evolution of the hacker movement through the lens of Phrack—Operation Sundevil and the arrest of Kevin Mitnick. How these events were framed in Phrack both shaped and reflected emerging shifts in hacker collective identity.