Dictionary User Research

El proyecto Women in Lexicography es simultáneamente un trabajo lexicográfico, didáctico y de revisión cultural, que se articula en tres grandes ejes: la figura de la mujer en la lexicografía, la propia disciplina y el entorno cultural y lingüístico. Mediante este diccionario en curso se pretende poner en valor la contribución de lexicógrafas de todo el mundo a la lexicografía y a la cultura local y global. La inclusión de mujeres de tradiciones lexicográficas muy diversas (pluralidad en cuanto a los países de origen, las lenguas de trabajo o los panoramas culturales) intenta romper con el centralismo occidental. El diccionario combina la lengua franca de nuestra era (el inglés) con una lengua minorizada (el gallego) y pretende visibilizar una realidad lingüística muy rica y diversa a través de las lenguas de trabajo de las diferentes lexicógrafas recogidas. De este modo, los idiomas no funcionan como fronteras o barreras y se convierten exclusivamente en portadores de riqueza y diversidad cultural. Todas las lexicógrafas que se dan cita en este trabajo se sirven de sus lenguas de origen o de acogida para salvaguardar sus patrimonios lingüísticos y con ellos la posibilidad de cuidar y preservar sus historias e identidades culturales.

In addition to the general English knowledge required for nearly any human occupation today, vocabulary competence has been especially focused on seeking to keep pace with boosting Englishes for Specific Purposes. Owing to the possibilities offered by contemporary software solutions, corpus linguistics has been able to answer some specific questions on the vocabulary demand of texts, as well as to provide concentrated vocabulary lists according to their frequency in real-life texts (corpora). Aiming to provide our target learners of English for marine engineering purposes with a practical vocabulary tool to help them reach an adequate reading comprehension text coverage of 95%, we developed a marine engineering word list of 337 word families, accompanied by a list of 73 transparent compounds, which were derived from the corpus of marine engineering instruction books with 1,769,821 running words. The list can be studied in university classes or training courses for seafarers, through various types of vocabulary exercises, but it might also assist in building technical glossaries and dictionaries. The methodology used and procedures applied in the paper should hopefully be of assistance to other authors and language instructors working on other areas of technical English.

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For

In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and its adverse impacts, classes were moved online, facilitating the use of computerized learning assistant tools. Online dictionaries, thus, have become even more widely used even though they were already popular in this digital era. This study aims to shed light on how English majors at a public universities in Hanoi used web-based dictionaries during Translation study as well as how they perceive their advantages and disadvantages. An online questionnaire survey was delivered to 182 third-year and fourth-year students who participated in Translation courses. The findings show that most students employed online dictionary with great frequency, mostly for checking lexical meanings and finding collocations, and expected a great number of examples of word use in contexts. The paper also reveals the students' perceptions of the effects of online dictionaries on their Translation study. On that basis, some recommendations for using web-based dictionary in teaching and learning Translation are put forward with a hope to allow instructors and learners to make the best use of the available resources. It is also hoped that the research results can provide a foundation for integrating a training course on using computer-aided translation tools in the curriculum.

The objective of this study is to investigate how learners of Italian as a second or foreign language search for new meanings in online Italian dictionaries. Using eye-tracking technology, we carried out experiments inviting users to do exercises on ‘combinations of words’ while they consulted various dictionaries, including De Mauro – Internazionale and Garzanti Linguistica. Results should suggest how to make digital dictionaries more efficient and thus more useful for learners of Italian as a second or foreign language.

The following issues are addressed in the paper: the user groups and competence of users of etymological dictionaries, typologies of etymological dictionaries based on the user profile, the influence of the user profile on the structural elements of the etymological dictionary and what web-based etymological lexicography can offer from the user perspective. In addition, some concepts of theoretical lexicography that can be conducive to making etymological dictionaries more user-friendly are pointed out.

Language varieties refer to the different forms of language used by various groups of people based on factors such as region, social class, and profession. These variations exist due to historical, cultural, and functional reasons. This document explores the historical background, key definitions, features, and types of language varieties, focusing on Jargon, Slang, Argot, and Style.

This article reports on an online cultural dictionary for learners of English as an Additional Language (EAL) in Australia. Potential users studying English for academic purposes in an Australian university pre-entry program informed each stage of the dictionary's creation. Consideration was given to the need for such a dictionary; terms to be included; information necessary for each entry (including audio and visual material); use of a limited defining vocabulary; example sentences; notes on each term's usage; and evaluation of user feedback once the dictionary had been launched online. Survey data indicate that users particularly value the dictionary's ease of use, example sentences, and specifically Australian content (including pronunciation given in an Australian accent). It is suggested that more entries be added, and that cultural dictionaries be created for other varieties of English, as well as for other languages. Opsomming: Koalas, kiwi's en kangaroes: Die...

In this paper, we make an attempt to identify, mark and analyse those linguistic expressions (including both single and multiword units) that have temporal implications in Bengali. We also try to investigate how these expressions are used in Bengali to serve the purposes of referring to time and time-induced aspects of events, situations, contexts and mental states in various intralinguistic and extralinguistic environments. Understanding these aspects, we believe, can help us develop a socio-cognitive interface that may help us interpret how these expressions often transgress the spheres of the referential (i.e., denotative) meanings to enter into the spheres of figurative senses. Another notable purpose of this study is to understand how temporal expressions, through semantic gradience (Leech, 1993), acquire polysemic identity to weave a different conceptual network rarely represented by their referential meanings. For this study, we analyse a large number of temporal expressions collected from some modern Bengali text corpora and we observe that the primary senses of these temporal expressions often percolate into a discourse to generate different senses to design a better scheme of communication among the interlocutors. We also investigate to understand how speakers use temporal expressions as a productive time-denoting strategy in their discourse of linguistic activities; what kinds of goals the language users achieve through the use of such expressions; and how such expressions act as strategic devices in understanding word meanings. This empirical study also allows us to address some of the questions that relate to how spatial expressions denote temporal information, how the concept of time differs between speech communities on ecolinguistic factors; and how the symbolic use of temporal expressions denotes movement of time and event in discourse. The theoretical importance of this study lies in understanding the cognitive strategies used in the conceptualization of time through temporal expressions in natural languages.

The most frequent source of the material included in dictionaries are written texts. Lexicographers tend to concentrate on words found in written data and to draw their examples from attested written evidence. The aim of the present paper is to try and evaluate spoken data as a possible source of evidence for lexicography. Is spoken language different from written language, and if so, does this fact matter to lexicographic practice? As is evident from my data, and as also reported in other studies (e.g. Hindle 1983), in conversational English there occur regular spoken forms which can be considered ungrammatical or marginally grammatical if we apply the same criteria of grammaticality to the spoken forms as to the written ones. However, such forms are regularly found in spoken materials. The forms and constructions characteristic of the spoken mode are manifested on several linguistic levels. They may be sentential constructions which do not occur in written language (examples (1)—(...

This paper argues in favour of an adapted, extended theory of lexicography to cater for the fast-growing e-lexicography practice. We believe that such a modern general lexicographic theory should be rooted in three fundamental phases of the development of lexicographic theory, i.e. the focus on linguistic contents – Zgusta, Wiegand’s focus on dictionary structures and Bergenholtz and Tarp’s emphasis on lexicographic functions with the user in focus. Although the linguistic contents and the functions of printed and e-dictionaries can be similar, the presentation differs and that demands innovative formulations of dictionary structures. Lexicographic theory is expanded by describing and taking cognisance of all innovative technological features enabled by the computer era, including data collection and processing and data representation and interface design, in order to respond to the different needs of the envisaged target users in an optimal way. Insights from the field of informati...

Students deal with a variety of issues that keep them from developing their English language proficiency. One of the most prevalent is their proficiency in vocabulary. The purpose of this study was to determine the challenges participants faced when acquiring vocabulary and the approaches they employed to overcome those challenges. In the second semester of 2024, the researcher gave a questionnaire to every male and female student enrolled in King Faisal University's Applied College in English 101 and 102 to find out about their most common vocabulary problems. The twentyquestion questionnaire covers a wide range of topics, including the respondent's difficulties with vocabulary learning and their approaches to overcoming such difficulties. According to the study, learning vocabulary can be hampered by a number of factors, including difficulty pronouncing and spelling English words correctly, difficulty building vocabulary, difficulty applying vocabulary correctly, and difficulty grasping its meaning.

In this short paper, I have made a humble attempt to address in brief the method of making a general monolingual reference dictionary. I have addressed some of the theoretical as well as practical issues, which are directly linked with the compilation of a general dictionary. I have tried to address the concept of 'lexicographic word', a technical term, which is believed to be a theoretical construct against our traditional notion of 'linguistic word'. I show how those linguistic items, which are not usually treated as words, can be included in a dictionary with equal attention and treatment. I address the question of identifying headwords for a dictionary with special reference to inflected words used in a language. I discuss the problems related to the spelling variation of headwords, representation of the pronunciation of headwords, and supplying etymological information of headwords in a dictionary. In the next few sections, I have discussed the relevance of grammar and morphology in understanding the form and function of headwords, the nature and load of semantic information to be presented with headwords in a dictionary, and the referential value of illustrative examples and citations in understanding the usage and lexicographic profile of the headwords included in a dictionary.

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. 1 Introduction Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

This study tries to shed light on the role of dictionary examples in the comprehension of word meanings. An experimental procedure has been devised whereby two groups of students with English as major subject at Kuwait University were asked to provide the Arabic equivalents for ten English headwords. The first group was given a list of entries for these words copied from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD) while the second group had to read the same list but without illustrative examples. Results indicate that the students' decoding performance was negatively affected by the presence of illustrative examples in the dictionary entry.

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. 1 Introduction Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

This research aims to investigating availability and usability with uses U-Dictionary as a tool for English-Indonesian Translation.This research will focus on the availability and usability U-Dictionary as a tool for English-Indonesian Translation of Computer-Assisted Translation. The process of translating text from one language to another with the use of computer software and tools is known as computer assisted translation by Stephen (2020). This research is a qualitative descriptive. In this research, there are around 26 English Education Department students the sixth semester from Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar will be involved. These students were selected from 40 students. The data collect via the use of qualitative methods It is conveyed via the use of words. Analyzing concepts, ideas, and memories is a great way to improve them all. The structure interview use PSSUQ (Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire) is an adaptation from Prokopi and Nikolaos (2023). It is hoped that this research can be a reference for the next researchers.

TIQXMMI" MTU O`qitish nazariyasi va metodikasi kafedrasi professori v.b.ped f.f.PhD B.R Samatova taqrizi asosida РАСПРОСТРАНЕННЫЕ ТРУДНОСТИ ПРИ ОСВОЕНИИ СЛОВАРНОГО ЗАПАСА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА (на примере Узбекистана) Аннотация В данной статье исследовательница провела исследование с целью выявления общих проблем и факторов усвоения английской лексики узбекскими студентами. Исследовательница использует описательные качественные и количественные методы для сбора и анализа данных. Исследовательница собирает информацию посредством тестов и интервью. Объектом исследования являются студенты и преподаватели факультета Английской Филологии Узбекского Государственного Университета Мировых Языков, г. Ташкент. Ключевые слова: Проблемы изучения языка, словарный запас английского языка, правописание, произношение, словосочетание, омофоны, идиомы, фразовые глаголы, L1, узбекские студенты. INGLIZ TILI SO`Z LUG'ATINI O'ZLASHTIRISHDA KO'P UCHRAYDIGAN QIYINCHILIKLAR (O'zbekiston misolida) Annotatsiya Ushbu maqolada tadqiqotchi o"zbek talabalarining ingliz tili lug"atini egallashdagi ko`p uchraydigan muammolari va ularni keltirib chiqaruvchi omillarini aniqlash maqsadida tadqiqot olib bordi. Tadqiqotchi ma'lumotlarni to'plash va tahlil qilish uchun tavsiflovchi sifat va miqdorga oid metodlardan foydalandi va u ma'lumotlarni testlar va suhbatlar orqali to'pladi. O'zbekiston Davlat Jahon Tillari Universiteti, Ingliz Filologiyasi fakulteti talabalari va o'qituvchilari tadqiqot subyektlari sifatida ushbu tadqiqotda qatnashishdi. Kalit so'zlari: Til o'rganish muammolari, ingliz tili lug'ati, imlo, talaffuz, birikma, omofonlar, idiomalar, frazemalar, L1, o'zbek talabalari. THE COMMON DIFFICULTIES IN LEARNING ENGLISH VOCABULARY (as the example of Uzbekistan) Annotation In this article, the researcher conducted a study to identify the common problems and factors in acquiring English vocabulary for Uzbek students. The researcher uses descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods to collect and analyze the data. The researcher gathers the information through tests and interviews. The subjects of the research are the students and teachers of English Philology faculty, at

This paper examines the semantic content of Hausa collocation. Collocation refers to the habitual juxtaposition of a particular word with another word with a frequency greater than chance. In other words, collocation alludes to words that generally go together, even though; it is possible to use other word combination. Some of the semantic features found in Hausa collocation include combinations that contain collocators with denotative meanings, exemplified by Bugā }wallō, collocators in which one is denotative the other register, exemplified by hanīnīyar dōki and collocators in which one is denotative the other a taboo, exemplified by }arfe gudā.

En los últimos años, los estudios lexicográficos de índole académica y universitaria están haciendo hincapié en la necesidad de investigar sobre grupos reales de usuarios de diccionarios. La iniciativa es loable y necesaria, aunque es una iniciativa que no deja de sorprender en el mundo de la lexicografía empresarial y comercial, donde no se abordaba ningún trabajo sin una investigación de mercado previa que avalara tanto la viabilidad económica del proyecto como el acierto a la hora de cubrir las necesidades de los clientes potenciales. Este artículo ofrece un repaso de tres investigaciones de mercado diferentes, realizadas en España en 1989, 2001 y 2010. El objetivo es demostrar cómo entonces el buen conocimiento del público objetivo (target) al que el diccionario iba dirigido incidía en la definición del producto lexicográfico (en la definición del continente y del contenido). Y cómo ahora, en cambio, la labor lexicográfica ya no es tanto desarrollar productos para usuarios concr...

En este trabajo presentamos una revisión del estado de la lexicografía digital y de los diccionarios digitales a través de un acotado análisis de cuatro aplicaciones de diccionarios. El objetivo de este estudio es poner de relieve los aciertos y las vías de mejora de una tipología de obras lexicográficas de reciente creación y proponer un nuevo modelo de crítica lexicográfica aplicada a diccionarios digitales. Incidimos también en el potencial de la interestructura y la iconoestructura para los nuevos diccionarios.

Raman spectroscopy is one of the experimental techniques more used in studying irradiated carbon nanostructures, in particular graphene, due to its high sensibility to the presence of defects in the crystalline lattice. Special attention has received the variation of the intensity of the Raman D-band of graphene with the concentration of defects produced by irradiation. Nowadays, there are enough experimental evidences about the non-monotonous character of that dependence, but the explanation of this behavior is still controversial. In the present work we developed a simplified mathematical model to obtain a functional relationship between these two magnitudes and showed that the non-monotonous dependence is intrinsic to the nature of the D-band and that it is not necessarily linked to amorphization processes. The obtained functional dependence was used to fit experimental data taken from other authors. The determination coefficient of the fitting was .

This study aims to examine the effect of dictionary type on reading achievement among Moroccan EFL high school students.Participants of the study were 120 randomly selected students withsimilar vocabulary level in three different high schools. The participants were divided into four groups; each group was required to read the same text and answer comprehension questionswith the help of one of the following dictionaries: a) English-English dictionary;b) English-Arabicdictionary; c) English-French dictionary; d)English-EnglishArabicdictionary. All the groups took the same reading comprehension test (the second year baccalaureate national examination 2014 devised for Science Stream students) in order to examine the differences among the groups’ scores using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. Results showed that there is a significant difference between dictionaries with Arabic translations and the others with English and French word equivalents. Both English-Arabic and English-Engl...

This study used an online correction task to explore the extent to which different types of warning notes in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online were heeded when users tried to correct errors in the use of L2 target words. The task was completed by 332 participants, yielding 1,819 answers produced after clicking on links to relevant entries. Warning notes were categorised in terms of their formatting features, but there were found to be inconsistencies in the way the dictionary associated different categories with different kinds of learner error. Participants judged warning notes with more visual enhancements to be more useful, but in the correction task the position of the warning notes also seemed to affect the degree to which the warnings were successfully applied. Different types of warning notes in learners’ dictionaries have not been examined previously in any depth, and the results suggest that some adjustments to formatting and placement might make them more e...

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. 1 Introduction Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. 1 Introduction Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

The lexicographic macrostructure is not merely the arrangement of lemmata, but a structure which applies to the dictionary as a whole. For descriptive purposes, one distinction between the macrostructure of dictionaries is simple and complex macrostructures. On the basis of empirical evidence, suggestions are made in respect of the degree of complexity of lexicographic macrostructures and the interrelationship between or among the macrostructural components.

This study used an online correction task to explore the extent to which different types of warning notes in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online were heeded when users tried to correct errors in the use of L2 target words. The task was completed by 332 participants, yielding 1,819 answers produced after clicking on links to relevant entries. Warning notes were categorised in terms of their formatting features, but there were found to be inconsistencies in the way the dictionary associated different categories with different kinds of learner error. Participants judged warning notes with more visual enhancements to be more useful, but in the correction task the position of the warning notes also seemed to affect the degree to which the warnings were successfully applied. Different types of warning notes in learners’ dictionaries have not been examined previously in any depth, and the results suggest that some adjustments to formatting and placement might make them more e...

The aim of this research was to examine the effect of task complexity instruction on EFL preintermediate learner's incidental learning of grammatical collocations through reading. To do so, the test of general English proficiency, OPT, was administered to 140 participants to homogenize subjects. Based on the mean score (X= 34.5) and standard deviation of students' scores (SD= 2.8), 90 subjects were selected, those scoring between half a standard deviation above and half a standard deviation below. They were assigned in three classes with 30 students in each. Each of these classes was randomly assigned to one of the three tasks (fill in the blank, sentence writing, and translation sentences). Then the pretest, based on fifty fill in the blank questions was administered. After ten treatment sessions, the post-test which was the same as pretest was given to the participants to measure their knowledge of grammatical collocations in the tasks. Paired samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and post-hoc tests were used to calculate for the productive and receptive knowledge of the students. The findings showed that there is significant main effect for all three groups. The result of this experiment is discussed in light of the involvement load hypothesis.

Dictionaries of false friends is a sphere of bilingual lexicography mainly addressing the needs of translators (interpreters) and language learners. The variety of false friends false friends proper (complete, partial, nuance-differentiated), accidental false friends, pseudo false friends determines the necessity to focus on specific false friends for specific groups of language users if dictionaries are to be user-friendly. This problem is also connected with the dictionary type basic, more expanded, detailed, learner's as the target groups need specific form of presentation. The author analyses the learners' and translators' expectations of false friends dictionaries and views pragmatic aspects of false friends usage and their dictionary reflection. Dictionaries of false friends (false cognates, faux amis, deceptive doubles, paronyms) reflect a sphere of linguistics where problems of translation, learning and contrastive semantic studies interface. After a relatively l...

This chapter focuses on the explanation of the different techniques, methods, and tools applied during the development of the generators described in chapter 1 of this volume. The combining methodology, generators and resources that support them are based on principles of sustainability, interoperability, and data feedback.

Este capítulo ofrece una visión panorámica de los genera
dores Xera, XeraWord, Combinatoria y CombiContext. En
el apartado 2 se explican los motivos que condujeron al
equipo de investigación del diccionario Portlex a explorar
una vía de trabajo hasta el momento desconocida para
nosotros: la generación automática de datos lingüístico-va
lenciales anotados semánticamente junto con sus ejem
plos. El apartado 3 sirve de descripción general de los
fundamentos de los generadores en su conjunto: aspectos
como su tipología, las estructuras de acceso a la infor
mación o los niveles informativos. Una breve sinopsis de
su estructura desde la perspectiva de su uso se encuentra
en el apartado 4.
Palabras clave: generadores automáticos del lenguaje natural, lexicografía, anotación valencial, interfaz sintáctico-semántica.

Advanced information tools using modern technologies that filter information to address individual needs are not necessarily easy to develop or easy to use. This paper emphasises the importance of both usability evaluation and information literacy, by looking at a case study of an e-dictionary that was developed using modern technology to tailor information to address only specific needs. The e-dictionary is a prototype developed based on modern lexicographical theory and uses advanced search and display options. These options allow a user to receive only information that is relevant to a specific situation. A heuristic evaluation and usability tests were done on the e-dictionary. The findings showed that not all users found the advanced search and display options easy to use.

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. 1 Introduction Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

Dictionaries, one of the oldest tools of language education, have continued to be a part of education although information technologies and concept of education has changed over time. Until today, with the help of the developments in technology both types of dictionaries have increased, and usage areas have expanded. Therefore, it is possible to find a dictionary of different types that are applicable to each situation, rather than a single dictionary for every situation. Determining this diversity and the preferences of users is very important in terms of the quality of the education to be given and the new dictionaries to be written. In this study, dictionary preferences of students learning English as a foreign language in Turkey, factors affecting these preferences, past dictionary experiences and trainings were discussed. For this purpose, a survey with 25 questions was collected from 83 students who were learning English in the preparatory classes of Gaziosmanpaşa University. The data obtained from the surveys was transferred to the SPSS program and frequency analyses were made. Numerical breakdowns and descriptive analysis of students' dictionary preferences and factors affecting these preferences were realized. The results revealed that the majority of the students learning English as a foreign language in Turkey did not receive any training on using dictionaries although they bought and used their first dictionaries at primary school. It was also found that language level had an important effect on dictionary usage and as students' level of language increased they considered dictionaries as easy tools. Besides, students with lower language skills found dictionaries as more informative sources than other students.

La presente tesis, desarrollada en el Dipartimento di Traduzione, Interpretazione e Interculturalita de la Universidad de Bolonia en cotutela con el Area de Traduccion e Interpretacion —Departamento de Lengua Espanola— de la Universidad de Valladolid, se enmarca dentro de la disciplina de Didactica de la traduccion y se centra en el estudio del error y su relacion con la competencia lexicografica en la traduccion inversa no especializada. Sus dos objetivos principales son, por un lado, obtener la tipificacion y la frecuencia de los errores de traduccion mediante un corpus compuesto por ejercicios presentados por estudiantes de Traduccion del italiano al espanol y, por otro, disenar una propuesta pedagogica en modalidad SPOC para desarrollar la competencia lexicografica del alumnado e implementar una prueba piloto en el aula para validarla. Por este motivo, la tesis se divide en dos partes. La primera, basada en el corpus TRADITES, consiste en su compilacion y analisis cuantitativo y...

This is a report of the findings of an exhaustive bibliographic search done on scholarly articles written over the past thirty years about learners' dictionaries. The completed annotated bibliography of over 460 academic articles on learners' dictionaries, both monolingual and bilingual, written in English, German, French, and Italian, reveals a number of truths about the field of lexicography in the 1990's. The findings revolve around the tension between two notions: lexicography as a science vs. lexicography as an art. Empirical findings, based on the compilation of all citations in a computer database, include, but are not limited to, the following: most often cited learners' dictionaries, most often cited bilingual dictionaries, and the most influential trends in learners' dictionaries over the past thirty years.

Vocabulary knowledge is considered essential in using a foreign language either in spoken or written forms. Therefore, it is common to hear language learners referring to their poor vocabulary knowledge when they fail to produce enough content in writing or speaking. As it is estimated that there are almost 20,000 million words in English, they mention it as a reason for their misuse of words, phrases and collocations. It is too ambitious to aim language learners to learn that many words to communicate effectively in English, yet because language is phrasal in its nature, awareness and knowledge of collocations, i.e. words that occur together, may help learners comprehend written and spoken discourse (Wray, 2002). This article focuses on the nature and formation of collocations and the issues in learning and teaching collocations especially in foreign language settings. In an attempt to raise awareness of collocations, some practical ideas are also suggested.

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. 1 Introduction Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. 1 Introduction Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. 1 Introduction Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

The article presents the results of a survey on dictionary use in Europe, focusing on general monolingual dictionaries. The survey is the broadest survey of dictionary use to date, covering close to 10,000 dictionary users (and non-users) in nearly thirty countries. Our survey covers varied user groups, going beyond the students and translators who have tended to dominate such studies thus far. The survey was delivered via an online survey platform, in language versions specific to each target country. It was completed by 9,562 respondents, over 300 respondents per country on average. The survey consisted of the general section, which was translated and presented to all participants, as well as country-specific sections for a subset of 11 countries, which were drafted by collaborators at the national level. The present report covers the general section. 1 Introduction Research into dictionary use has become increasingly important in recent years. In contrast to 15 years ago, new findings in this area are presented every year, e.g. at every Euralex or eLex conference. These studies range from questionnaire or log file studies to smaller-scale studies focussing on eye tracking, usability, or other aspects of dictionary use measurable in a lab. For an overview of different studies,

L2 learners may try to pick up the unknown word's meaning from a dictionary. Many different factors, such as how important the meaning of the word is in the passage, the number of unknown words, and the reason the students are working on it, etc., affect the frequency of the student's use of the dictionary for help. However, trying to guess the meaning of the unknown word from the context before consulting a dictionary is more beneficial since this may help the learners to pick the correct meaning relevant to the text. Using a dictionary should be limited to those unguessable words whose meanings can hinder the learner's understanding.

The pocket electronic dictionary (PED) has the potential to be a powerful language learning tool. At the same time, it may be seen as an obstacle to communication, a waste of classroom time, and a source of conflict between foreign-language learners and the teachers. This presentation will report an in-depth survey of three sets of people influenced by the widespread presence and use of the PED in the classroom: foreign-language students, teachers who share the native language of the students, and teachers who are native speakers of the target language. The survey, which takes into account the beliefs, attitudes, and expectations of Japanese learners of English and of their teachers regarding the PED, revealed important differences in their opinions about how and when the dictionary should be used, in the effect of dictionary use on foreign language vocabulary development, and regarding users' needs for training or guidance in the use of electronic dictionaries. The presentation...