Cultural Heritage Law

This is the author-accepted version of the article, which has been peer-reviewed and accepted for publication in Frontiers of Architectural Research. The article is currently in press and the DOI will be provided once available.
Abstract
This study investigates the transformation of Ottoman classical-period mosque architecture as it moved from its centralized, geometrically codified form in 16th–17th century Istanbul to the Anatolian provinces, where diverse local conditions fostered typological and representational innovations. Rooted in field-based architectural documentation and comparative typological analysis, the research centers on the Köprülü Mehmet Pasha Mosque in Vezirhan—a distinctive structure combining a domed front portico with a timber-roofed prayer hall, integrated within a roadside külliye complex. The following key findings emerge from the study: (1) A classification of four principal mosque typologies in provincial Anatolia: central-tized domed, single-unit domed, timber-roofed, and hybrid plans; (2) The identification of the Vezirhan Mosque as a paradigmatic hybrid structure, which exhibits (i) a hybrid spatial configuration, (ii) a departure from canonical domed schemes through the use of a timber-roof interior, and (iii) material choices grounded in regional construction traditions, such as rubble masonry and lime-based mortars; (3) An emphasis on how architectural materials and techniques shaped both structural solutions and aesthetic expressions in the provinces; (4) A comparative framework that situates Ottoman provincial mosques within broader center–periphery differentiation models, drawing parallels with cases from the Italian Renaissance, French Gothic/Renaissance, Safavid Iran, and Mamluk Egypt. Ultimately, the study argues that such provincial mosques are not derivative reflections of imperial models but original architectural expressions embodying local identity, regional resourcefulness, and cultural meaning—contributing actively to the transregional historiography of Ottoman architecture. © 2025 The Author(s). Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Higher Education Press and KeAi. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).

In this article we will study the expansion of the olive grove in andalusia throughout the modern period, putting it in relation to political, social and economic circumstances. olive oil was a product dedicated to trade, mainly in the outside and linked to the wool market, and therefore its demand depended on the development of national and foreign draperies, and the circumstances of foreign policy. The sectors involved in the trade will be responsible for financing most of this expansion, the formation of larger units of exploitation, and the building of mills and constructions which often become interesting buildings.

Autoria de Bruna Aparecida Silva de Assis e Manoela Rufinoni.
Resumo: A Igreja de São Gonçalo, situada na região central da cidade de São Paulo (SP), foi tombada em nível federal em 1938 e destombada em 1953, com base em argumentos que evidenciam a subjetividade de critérios e normativas no ato de reconhecimento de um bem cultural naquele momento histórico. Contudo, em 1971 o edifício foi protegido pelo Conselho de Defesa do Patrimônio Histórico, Arqueológico, Artístico e Turístico do Estado de São Paulo e, em 1991, pelo Conselho Municipal de Preservação do Patrimônio Histórico, Cultural e Ambiental da Cidade de São Paulo, corroborando sua caracterização como bem cultural nas instâncias estadual e municipal. Diante desse quadro, o artigo discute as ambiguidades e disputas simbólicas envolvidas na legitimação de um bem edificado como patrimônio cultural, a partir da análise dos processos de tombamento da Igreja de São Gonçalo.

Cultural heritage stands as one of the fundamental characteristics that define the national and cultural identity of a particular people, while also possessing a universal component that belongs to all of humanity. The preservation of cultural heritage represents a core value within the social order of the Republic of North Macedonia (RNM). Multiculturalism is an integral element and value upon which social interaction in Macedonian society has historically and currently relied. The country's location in the heart of the Balkan peninsula contributes to its exposure to various cultural influences. Historically, the territory of the RNM. has been a crossroads for different cultures and spheres of influence, whose material legacies command great interest. Each has left its mark on the material and spiritual culture of the Macedonian nation and the ethnic communities residing in this territory. The history of the RNM, with its multinational and multireligious social structure, ensures the protection of cultural heritage within these frameworks. The safeguarding of cultural heritage in the country is carried out within the constitutional and legal provisions, as well as in accordance with the obligations undertaken through the ratification of international agreements on cultural heritage protection. This paper primarily analyzes the constitutional framework for the protection of cultural heritage. The highest legal act in the RNM. elevates cultural heritage to a constitutional category, establishing it as a foundation for the development of economic relations. The next category of analysis in our paper is the administrative protection of cultural heritage. The analysis includes a general assessment of the administrative bodies directly involved in ensuring the protection of cultural heritage, their powers, and the methods by which this protection is implemented. The comparative method employed in the paper offers an overview of the degree of harmonization of the legal framework with the international standards that the RNM has committed to respect. A special focus of the paper is dedicated to the protection of cultural heritage in the event of natural disasters. In the conclusion, an evaluation of the existing legal protection of cultural heritage is provided, along with proposals and solutions for improving the legal framework and its implementation, with the goal of achieving greater compliance with international protection standards.

El Parque Nacional Bosques Petrificados de Jaramillo (PNBPJ) es un área protegida localizada en un sector del Macizo del Deseado que fue originalmente creada para resguardar importantes yacimientos paleontológicos, principalmente bosques de araucarias petrificadas de edad Jurásica. En este trabajo se presentan tanto los fundamentos empíricos como los teóricos que permiten dar cuenta de la riqueza y potencial arqueológicos de este paisaje. En este sentido, se presentan los avances de los trabajos de campo sistemáticos realizados en la localidad, como las preguntas arqueológicas más importantes que dirigen las investigaciones actuales con la finalidad de contribuir a la puesta en valor del paisaje arqueológico como patrimonio cultural.

Città che si adattano? / Adaptive Cities? a cura di / edited by Rosa Tamborrino Quest'opera è distribuita con Licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione -Non commerciale -Condividi allo stesso modo 4.0 Internazionale. Per leggere una copia della licenza visita il sito web o spedisci una lettera a Creative Commons,

The essay examines the typological characteristics of sponsorship under
Italian Law. The paper assesses the compatibility of the sponsorship contract with the advertising exploitation of functional facilities for restoration. Finally, the issue of the public evidence procedure applicable to such operations is examined, when public assets are involved.

Museums and archaeology are forever entrenched in the legacy of American colonialism. Early American anthropologists established their careers by studying American Indian songs, stories, kinship systems, food, material culture, languages, and bodies. Established in 1901, the University of California, Berkeley's anthropology department began funding archaeologists' excavations of California Indian graves against Native American requests. But the1960's saw an emergence of social justice activism including the Native American Repatriation Movement (NARM), demanding the return of all Native ancestors and cultural objects stored at museums nationwide. As a result of NARM and the work of Native American and Indigenous activists, lawyers, students and allies, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed in 1990. Working collaboratively with tribes for decades, the UCLA Fowler Museum is widely regarded as the premier example of a successful repatriation approach within the University of California (UC) system. To date, the Fowler has repatriated nearly all Native American human remains in its collection, and continues to work to bring the last ancestors to their communities. In this thesis I use archival research to explain the history of repatriation at the UC, California Indian resistance and how UCLA differs from other UC's in its repatriation approach. I examine two NAGPRA case studies at the Fowler Museum to explain how UCLA and the Fowler took a different approach to NAGPRA, bringing more ancestors home than any other UC. ii The thesis of Sedna Villavicencio Padilla is approved.

Author(s): Villavicencio, Sedna | Advisor(s): Goeman, Mishuana R | Abstract: Museums and archaeology are forever entrenched in the legacy of American colonialism. Early American anthropologists established their careers by studying American Indian songs, stories, kinship systems, food, material culture, languages, and bodies. Established in 1901, the University of California, Berkeley’s anthropology department began funding archaeologists’ excavations of California Indian graves against Native American requests. But the1960’s saw an emergence of social justice activism including the Native American Repatriation Movement (NARM), demanding the return of all Native ancestors and cultural objects stored at museums nationwide. As a result of NARM and the work of Native American and Indigenous activists, lawyers, students and allies, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed in 1990. Working collaboratively with tribes for decades, the UCLA Fowler Muse...

This report is based on research conducted between 2023 and 2025 and provides the first assessment of human and ancestral remains from colonial contexts in Swiss museums and collections. These contain at least 4,175 skulls and other skeletal parts, but very little is known about their origin and how they were acquired. This figure is remarkable, as it places Switzerland on a similar footing to former colonial empires. Twenty-six Swiss institutions (out of 34 contacted) collaborated with us on this inventory. In the report's conclusions, we formulate four recommendations to strengthen joint efforts in the areas of research, financial support and restitution.

This report – in French, German, Italian and English – is based on research conducted between 2023 and 2025 with colleagues Bernhard C. Schär and Ahmet Köken and provides the first assessment of human and ancestral remains from colonial contexts in Swiss museums and collections. These contain at least 4,175 skulls and other skeletal parts, but very little is known about their origin and how they were acquired. This figure is remarkable, as it places Switzerland on a similar footing to former colonial empires. 26 Swiss institutions (out of 34 contacted) collaborated with us on this inventory. In the report's conclusions, we formulate four recommendations to strengthen joint efforts in the areas of research, financial support and restitution.

The legal nature of digital assets and the applicable law for digital assets have been debated in recent years in many legal systems, including Turkish law. The inability to reach a definite conclusion on evaluating the legal nature of digital assets in Turkish law makes it difficult to determine the applicable law to proprietary issues on digital assets in private international law. In the context of conflict of laws rules, determining the applicable law for rights over digital assets depends more on the medium in which the asset is recorded than its function. National legislators and legal institutions are seeking new connecting factors beyond the traditional lex rei sitae principle, given that digital assets predominantly exist in electronic environments. Therefore, our study aims to address how to bridge the gap in Turkish private international law concerning the applicable law for digital asset proprietary issues by drawing on comparative law developments.

This article explores the complex relationship between archaeology and intangible cultural heritage, emphasizing the role of communities in shaping and sustaining heritage practices. The authors argue that archaeology is not solely concerned with material remains but also functions as a field of intangible heritage, contributing to identity formation at local, national, and global levels. Drawing on theoretical frameworks and case studies—particularly the municipality of Eura in Finland—the article examines how archaeological heritage work involves both tangible and intangible dimensions, and how various actors, including professionals, amateurs, and local communities, participate in heritage creation.

The study highlights the historical evolution of Finnish archaeological practice, from its roots in antiquarian traditions to its current integration with democratic cultural heritage governance. It critiques the dichotomy between tangible and intangible heritage, especially in legal and administrative contexts, and calls for a more inclusive understanding that recognizes the lived experiences and identity work of all communities. The authors also analyze the impact of international frameworks, such as the Faro Convention and UNESCO's heritage policies, on Finnish heritage legislation and practice.

Ultimately, the article advocates for a participatory and community-centered approach to archaeology, where intangible heritage is acknowledged as a vital and dynamic component of cultural heritage work.

Messina's urban planning history was strongly influenced by the violent earthquake of 28 December 1908. The experience of the Baraccato Plan, the Borzì Plan and subsequent plans has favored residential expansion that has extended land consumption, leading to widespread
fragility of the territory. Messina is currently first in the list of projects selected for the National Innovative Programme for Housing Quality (called P.N.R.R.) with projects financed to the tune of 129 million euro.

Por darme la posibilidad de alcanzar mis metas y concederme salud para continuar con el noble propósito de servir, además por su infinita bondad, misericordia y amor. A mi madre María Isabel Álvarez de Basto. Por su apoyo incondicional hasta el final, por sus consejos, sus valores, por la motivación constante que me ha permitido ser una persona de bien, pero más que nada, por su amor. A mi padre Arnulfo Basto Ocampo (QEPD) A mis familiares. A mis hermanas, alba patricia, Luz Marina, Martha Elena y Ruby Esperanza por ser el ejemplo de hermanas mayores y quienes aprendí aciertos en momentos difíciles; a todos mis sobrinos a mis tíos y a todos aquellos que participaron directa o indirectamente en la elaboración de esta tesis. ¡Gracias a ustedes! A mis amigos. Que me motivaron para que me formara profesionalmente y que seguimos siendo amigos: Juan Carlos Sierra Ayala, Oscar Castilla Alarcón, Ludwing barajas Mendoza por haberme ayudado a realizar este trabajo. Finalmente a mi amigo y director de la tesis el doctor Alberto Prada Galvis, a mi gran amigo el doctor Jorge Hernán Silva Besil rector y a la doctora

Diplomová práca na tému Environmentálne spolky, ich právne postavenie a úlohy v spoločnosti má za cieľ popísať vybrané aspekty environmentálnych spolkov demonštratívne overené v praxi reprezentatívnym združením a to od postavenia a oprávnenia zasahovať do vecí životného prostredia, až po ich súčasné postavenie s výhľadom do budúcna, a to s prihliadnutím na ich úlohu ochrany verejného záujmu životného prostredia. Práca hneď v úvode reflektuje výsledky najnovšej aplikačnej praxe pretavené do teoretických postulátov ohľadne environmentálnych spolkov ako aj popísanie a analýzu vplyvu Európskej únie ako ju v praxi zohrala. Práca rozoberá samotný charakter environmentálnych spolkov, pričom rozoberá aj interdisciplinárny vplyv iných odvetí nielen environmentálne spolky ale aj na životné prostredie ako také s plynulým prechodom na právne ukotvenie postavenia environmentálnych spolkov tak vo vnútroštátnom práve ako aj v práve medzinárodnom. Práca je uzavretá návrhmi autora de lege ferenda vo vzťahu k právam a povinnostiam environmentálnych spolkov. Práca ako celok popisuje postavenie environmentálnych spolkov, objasňuje ich práva na zásah v konaniach vo veciach životného prostredia a navrhuje posun vo problematike environmentálnych spolkov a to kombináciou právnej a spoločenskej analýzy na podklade rozhodovacej praxe orgánov verejnej moci.

Our Treasures in the Ground-The Journey of Roșia Montană to the UNESCO World Heritage List In this study, I seek to answer the question of what lessons can be drawn from the acceptance of the Roșia Montană Mining Landscape to the UNESCO World Heritage List, and how the present situation of cultural heritage in Romania can be assessed on this basis. The natural and cultural heritage of Roșia Montană, a two-thousand-year-old mining village, became endangered, when a new mining project, the Roșia Montană Gold Corporation (RMGC) was launched, from the cooperation of the Canadian Gabriel Resources and the Minvest Romanian state company in 1997. The RMGC planned to use cyanide technology to extract precious metals from the area, and because of the Romanian state's constantly changing position on the issue, civil society groups launched a movement to save Roșia Montană. The case reveled the main problem regarding the protection of cultural heritage in Romania: authorities chose responsible management only under social pressure.

The practice of intentional destruction of cultural heritage has represented a scourge of humanity throughout all of its history. The unlawful destruction of the world’s most cherished antiquities has rarely been an end in itself. There are different reasons why cultural property has been deliberately targeted and they all underlie the existing link between the destruction of cultural heritage and commission of mass atrocity crimes.

The deliberate destruction of cultural heritage is often carried out with the specific and discriminatory intent to target individuals and groups on the basis of their specific shared characteristics such as the cultural, ethnic, or religious background. It is often perpetrated in the sheer will to erase entire communities through the eradication of their historical traces and symbols, and therefore their culture and identity. This is why it can constitute evidence of a ‘cultural genocide’ or ‘cultural cleansing’, namely actions undertaken to destroy ethnic groups' culture through a spiritual and cultural demolition.

This thesis explores the connection between the deliberate destruction of cultural heritage and mass atrocities in the attempt to develop a conceptual framework for meeting the challenge of protecting cultural heritage against war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and ethnic cleansing.

The terrain is fraught and complex but the subject is certainly worthy of a great deal of discussion, not only because cultural heritage represents ‘the rich and diverse legacy of human artistic and engineering ingenuity, but also because it is intertwined with the very survival of a people as a source of collective identity. This is why defending cultural heritage is more than a cultural issue; it is a security imperative that cannot be separated from the protection of human lives.

Expedient per a l'exercici, per part de la Diputació Provincial d'Ourense, de les activitats econòmiques d'estudi, de promoció i d'execució d'activitats urbanístiques (promoció immobiliària d'habitatges i de sòl empresarial, actuacions de rehabilitació i qualsevol altra activitat urbanística o immobiliària d'interès social).

Expedient per a l'exercici, per part de la Diputació Provincial d'Ourense, de les activitats econòmiques d'estudi, de promoció i d'execució d'activitats urbanístiques (promoció immobiliària d'habitatges i de sòl empresarial, actuacions de rehabilitació i qualsevol altra activitat urbanística o immobiliària d'interès social).

The following English translation presents Law 4858/2021 ‘Ratification of the Code of Legislation for the Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General’. Law 4858/2021 organises and updates its predecessor, Law 3028/2002, by bringing its content together with dispersed provisions from subsequent reforms and related acts to form a single, structured text. The reason for producing this current translation is that, to the best of the author’s knowledge at the time of writing (2025), there was still no official or unofficial English renditions available for Law 4858/2021. Seeking to provide a temporary remedy to this absence of an English version of the law, this unofficial translation has been prepared for academic purposes. It is genuinely hoped that the translation which follows is readable and – one trusts – enjoyable, and that it proves genuinely useful to all who wish to consult it.

This research explores the transformative role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage. With a focus on leveraging advanced AI technologies, the study investigates how machine learning, computer vision, and predictive modeling can be applied to restore damaged artworks, digitize extensive cultural collections, and reconstruct lost or ancient artifacts. By integrating AI into conservation workflows, the research aims to enhance the accuracy, efficiency, and accessibility of heritage preservation efforts. The study employs case-based and experimental methodologies, evaluating existing AIdriven tools used in museums and heritage archives worldwide. It further proposes innovative frameworks for developing AI models capable of analyzing historical data, simulating artistic styles, and filling in missing or deteriorated portions of cultural assets. The potential for AI to bridge the gap between physical and digital conservation is also examined, particularly through high-fidelity digitization and virtual reconstruction of artifacts. Applications of this research extend to museums, heritage institutions, and conservation laboratories, offering new pathways for sustainable preservation, educational engagement, and cultural continuity. Ultimately, the study highlights AI's capacity not only as a tool for restoration but as a catalyst for reimagining the future of cultural heritage management in the digital age.

La préservation in situ, première option (Règle 1) L'exploitation commerciale (Règle 2) Limiter les impacts (Règles 3 et 4) Les restes humains et lieux sacrés (Règle 5) La nécessité d'une réglementation (Règle 6) Le principe du partage de connaissances (Règle 7) La coopération internationale (Règle 8) II. LE DESCRIPTIF DU PROJET La fonction, la soumission et la disponibilité du descriptif du projet (Règle 9) Le développement et l'évaluation d'un projet (Règle 10) Le suivi et l'adaptation du descriptif du projet (Règles 11 et 12) Le descriptif du projet en cas d'urgence (Règle 13) III. LES ETUDES PREALABLES L'évaluation du site (Règle 14) Les études de base (Règle 15) Inventorier le patrimoine culturel subaquatique IV. LES OBJECTIFS, LES METHODES ET LES TECHNIQUES Accorder les objectifs avec les méthodes et les techniques (Règle 16) Les méthodes et les techniques de travail V. LE FINANCEMENT La planification financière (Règle 17) La collecte de fonds (Règle 18) La planification des événements imprévus (Règle 19) VI. LA DUREE DU PROJET -LE CALENDRIER Le calendrier du projet (Règle 20) La durée du projet Le plan d'urgence (Règle 21) VII. LES COMPETENCES ET LES QUALIFICATIONS Les spécialistes de l'archéologie subaquatique (Règle 22) L'équipe du projet (Règle 23) Assurer le plaisir du public VIII. LA PRESERVATION ET LA GESTION DU SITE La préservation (Règle 24) La gestion du site (Règle 25) IX. LA DOCUMENTATION Le programme de documentation (Règles 26 et 27) Les techniques de documentation Les observations sur site X. LA SECURITE Le plan de plongée du projet (Règle 28) XI. L'ENVIRONNEMENT La politique environnementale (Règle 29) La vie marine, les sites archéologiques, la gestion de sites et les politiques de l'environnement L'impact des activités offshore et de la pêche sur le patrimoine culturel subaquatique XII. LE RAPPORT Les considérations générales sur les rapports (Règle 30) La structure d'un rapport (Règle 31) Les directives de rédaction de rapports XIII. LA CONSERVATION DES ARCHIVES DE PROJET Les considérations générales sur les archives de projet (Règle 32) La composition des archives du projet (Règle 33) Les directives d'archivage (Règle 34) L'accès professionnels et du public aux archives du projet XIV. LA DIFFUSION Informer le public (Règle 35) La synthèse finale (Règle 36) REGLES REFERENCES AUTEURS 1 Le statut des ratifications peut être vérifié à l'adresse www. unesco.org/en/underwater-cultural-heritage. Le contexte légal  © UNESCO. Siège de l'UNESCO à Paris, France.  © U. Guérin / UNESCO. Vente d'objets issus d'une épave vietnamienne à Portsmouth, Royaume-Uni.  © Ships of Discovery. Le Dr. Margaret Leshikar-Denton cartographie avec soin une caronade incrustée de coraux provenant d'un brick de la marine américaine, le Chippewa, échoué en 1816 près des îles Turques & Caïques, Territoires britanniques d'outremer, Royaume-Uni.

A widely accepted view in the cultural evolutionary literature is that culture forms a dynamic system of elements (or ‘traits’) linked together by a variety of relationships. Despite this, large families of models within the cultural evolutionary literature tend to represent only a small number of traits, or traits without interrelationships. As such, these models may be unable to capture complex dynamics resulting from multiple interrelated traits. Here we put forward a systems approach to cultural evolutionary research—one that explicitly represents numerous cultural traits and their relationships to one another. Basing our discussion on simple graph-based models, we examine the implications of the systems approach in four domains: (i) the cultural evolution of decision rules (‘filters’) and their influence on the distribution of cultural traits in a population; (ii) the contingency and stochasticity of system trajectories through a structured state space; (iii) how trait interrel...

Turizme ilişkin faaliyetlerin kültürle bağlantılı olması ve turizmin de bir kültür unsuru olması nedeniyle turizm ve kültür arasında yoğun bir etkileşim söz konusudur. Kültür turizminin yaygınlaşması, toplumsal kullanım ve miras kavramlarının hızlı bir şekilde dönüşümüne neden olmuştur. Bu dönüşümün etkisiyle kültürel varlıklar yeniden tanımlanmış ve destinasyonların gelişimi için önemli kaynaklar olarak değerlendirilmeye başlanmıştır. Somut kültürel miras, bir tarihe veya döneme tanıklık etmiş tüm insanlık için evrensel değeri bulunan ve gelecek nesillere bozulmadan aktarılması için koruma gerekliliği bulunan doğal, tarihi, arkeolojik ve kültürel varlıkları ifade etmektedir. Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras (SOKÜM) kapsamında, toplulukların, grupların ve kimi durumlarda bireylerin, kültürel miraslarının bir parçası olarak tanımladıkları uygulamalar, temsiller, anlatımlar, bilgiler, beceriler ve bunlara ilişkin araçlar, gereçler ve kültürel mekânlar yer almaktadır. Somut ve somut olmayan kültürel miras ögelerinin gelecek nesillere aktarılması için turizm itici bir güç olarak değerlendirilebilmektedir. Kültürel miras turizmi; koruma bilinci ve sürdürülebilir turizm anlayışı ile yürütüldüğünde hem kültürel mirasın korunmasına katkıda bulunmakta hem de ziyaretçiler için eşsiz deneyimler sunma fırsatları yaratmaktadır. Aksi durumda, kültürel miras değerleri, bir yandan dünya genelinde daha fazla ilgi gören çekicilikler niteliği kazanırken, öte yandan birer tüketim malı haline gelmektedir. Kültürel miras unsurlarının turizme kazandırılmak adına uygun olmayan biçimlerde kullanımı, dünya tarihinin tanıkları olan ve dünya kültürünün eşsiz parçaları olan kültürel miras değerlerinin telafisi olmayacak biçimde zarar görmesine ve gerçekliğinin kaybolmasına neden olabileceği için kültürel miras turizmi çok boyutlu planlamalar ve etkin yönetişim ile gerçekleştirilmelidir.

Il Codice delle Valutazioni Immobiliari 2025 è stato oggetto di profondo aggiornamento in considerazione della specifica regolamentazione nazionale ed europea, e della evouzione degli standard internazionali (IVS). La nuova edizione comprende sezioni originali inerenti: (i) Principi di stima del valore di mercato e del valore prudenziale; (ii) Rilevazione delle Caratteristiche ESG e dei dati immobiliari; (iii) Qualità dei dati; (iv) Procedimenti di stima; (v) Valutazione degli immobili ai fini della concessione del credito garantito da ipoteca; (vi) Valutazione degli immobili a garanzia di crediti deteriorati (Npl); (vii) Valutazione economica dei progetti (Studio di Fattibilità); (viii) Misurazioni Immobiliari; (ix) Riesame delle valutazioni (anche mediante il supporto dell'AI); (x) Real Estate Risk Assessment e Rating ESG.
*** The Codice delle Valuatazioni Immobiliari = Italian Property Valuation Standard (2025), addresses the following topics: • the general framework of valuation standards and the applicable regulations for valuers (chapter 1); • the real estate market and its segmentation (chapter 2); • market values and other values (chapter 3); • the principles for estimating market value and prudential value (chapter 4); • ESG factors and economic-valuation characteristics (chapter 5); • the collection of ESG characteristics and real estate data (chapter 6); • data quality (chapter 7); • appraisal procedures (chapter 8); • valuation methods (chapters 9, 10, 11); • the valuation of properties for the purpose of granting mortgage-backed loans (chapter 12); • the valuation of properties used as collateral for non-performing loans (NPLs) (chapter 13); • economic evaluation of projects (feasibility study) (Chapter 14); • Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors (Chapter 15); • large-scale appraisals (Chapter 16); • agricultural property appraisal (Chapter 17); • measurement of real estate area (Chapter 18); • the contents of the appraisal report (Chapter 19); • the appraiser's code of ethics (Chapter 20); • appraisal reviews (Chapter 21); • appraisal of common areas of the building (Chapter 22). • Real Estate Risk Assessment and ESG rating (Chapter 23).

The contribution explores the challenges and opportunities related to open data in the cultural heritage sector, with a focus on the humanities and archaeological research. Drawing from the experience of an ERC-funded project, he highlights critical issues such as data heterogeneity and volume (e.g., 3D point clouds), the difficulty of integration and sharing, and the long-term preservation of both raw and processed data. The lack of national platforms for the storage of data from Italian research projects (such as PRIN) is identified as a major concern, threatening the reusability of valuable data according to the FAIR principles.
The text also discusses legal and administrative barriers, especially the conflict between public research’s open access requirements and restrictions imposed by the Ministry of Culture on publishing and commercially reusing images of state-owned cultural assets. The initial Ministerial Decree 161/2023, highly restrictive and complex, was later partially revised by Decree 108/2024, which still retains cumbersome procedures. Article 108 of the Cultural Heritage Code remains a structural obstacle to full visual data openness.
Finally, Liverani emphasizes that despite the more open approach of the National Digitalization Plan (PND), there is still a lack of concrete legislative measures to harmonize regulations and truly foster open science in the field of cultural heritage.

This report provides an analysis of the different elements that compose the Abu Dhabi visual arts ecosystem. In addition, it presents recommendations to inform the development of policies and policy implementation levers to strengthen and advance that ecosystem. The analysis is firstly aligned with the approach of the EU Horizon-2020 DISCE project (2022) to establish the areas for the Abu Dhabi visual arts ecosystem assessment. This methodology was developed to respond to the weakness of traditional policy frameworks and to reveal more fluid and integrated characteristics of cultural ecosystems. It also places a stronger emphasis on interpersonal relations as the fundamental resource fuelling the ecosystem, an issue traditional cultural policy ignores. The second policy context and framework for the report is drawn from the five Action Areas derived from the Culture in Times of COVID-19: Resilience, Recovery and Revival Report (2022). The report proposes an integrated policy framework which reimagines and repositions culture as a foundation for a more inclusive, diverse, and sustainable society and economy. The report also set out a proactive and strategic framework which identified five Action Areas designed to build a more resilient and sustainable culture sector.

Open Internet is an open source science data analytics qualitative research on the public and private nature of the internet and its due rule of law (RoL) regulatory compliance to the United Nations Universal (UN), under its 'Declaration of the Human Rights (UDHR)' and 'Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)', open standards for social solidarity economy (SSE). It is being developed through years of cooperation with the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Internet Governance Forum (IGF), and Creative Commons (CC) and published due to a request of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) World Summit on Information Science (WSIS) during eWeek. Its purpose is the development of an open internet welfare state.

Copyright c by Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Per altre informazioni si veda Licenza d'uso L'articolo è messo a disposizione dell'utente in licenza per uso esclusivamente privato e personale, senza scopo di lucro e senza fini direttamente o indirettamente commerciali. Salvo quanto espressamente previsto dalla licenza d'uso Rivisteweb, è fatto divieto di riprodurre, trasmettere, distribuire o altrimenti utilizzare l'articolo, per qualsiasi scopo o fine. Tutti i diritti sono riservati.

Il contributo presenta obiettivi e metodologia di sviluppo del progetto europeo DIGICHer, dedicato alla revisione delle linee guida per la digitalizzazione del patrimonio culturale delle minoranze etniche in Europa. In collaborazione con la comunità Sámi, ladina ed ebraica, grazie ad un approccio altamente multidisciplinare, il progetto mira a costruire una metodologia per affrontare un processo di transizione digitale dei beni culturali che si confronti con il tema dell’etica e della sostenibilità.

This article investigates the gaps and problems in heritage policymaking in the Philippines. It examines how national heritage, as encoded in the 2009 National Cultural Heritage Act (Republic Act No. 10066) and enacted in practice, yields unintended dissonant consequences. It argues that heritage management in the Philippines aligns with the UNESCO World Heritage Convention and has been shaped by the dominance of the Authorised Heritage Discourse (AHD) – an international heritage discourse that prioritises tangible, scientific, and nationally defined values. This approach has generated friction with local communities and stakeholders, whose understandings of heritage often emphasise lived practices, oral traditions, and place-based meanings. However, the dissonance between the AHD and local realities has also prompted shifts within national policy, making it more responsive to intangible cultural heritage. By examining these tensions – both between national and local actors and within state institutions – the article reveals how official heritage discourse is being reshaped in practice.

In the summer of 1935, a well-known legal academic and a young anthropologist ventured together to the Tongue River Reservation in Lame Deer, Montana, to study the legal culture of the Cheyenne. Through the recollections of the elder members of the tribe, the two scholars came to understand how the Cheyenne resolved their social disputes and how they "cleaned up the messes" of homicide, theft, adultery, and the like. The lawyer and anthropologist, having analyzed over 50 "trouble-cases," were astonished by the "juristic beauty" and "legal genius" of Cheyenne dispute resolution. Studying the legal processes of the non-Western "other" exemplified for them the role of law in channeling human behavior and maintaining social cohesion. The Cheyenne had-or so it appeared to the two observers-the unique, problem-solving ability to reconcile general notions of law with the particular dictates of individual justice. The legal academic in charge of the study was Karl N. Llewellyn, the Betts professor of jurisprudence at

S. Kowalska, Skarby dziedzictwa piśmienniczego w oczach prawodawcy, [in:] Bogumiła Celer, Marcin Mikołajczyk (eds.), Kultura książki. Ludzie. Miejsca. Prace ofiarowane Profesor Ewie Andrysiak, Kaliskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk, ISBN 978-83-66777-59-0, Kalisz 2025, pp. 553-571

The author advocates the use of the phrase “intangible culture” instead of “intangible cultural heritage”. The word “heritage” implies a certain fixity and immutability, and assumes that authorities have identified and proclaimed heritage. Dealing with intangible culture would provide the opportunity for the deflection of the UNESCO model of preserving intangible cultural phenomena, whose application has brought some problems. The author illustrates this in practice with the example of bell-ringers, who are included on the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

The article attempts to analyze the meaning of legal regulations developed in the field of cultural heritage protection in the years 1944-1989. It has been argued that these years were markedly different in terms of law in the sphere of cultural heritage protection than the period between 1918 and 1939 analyzed by the author in another article. The author decided to refer to legal acts and literature in the form of elaborations and magazines in the field of monuments protection. The specificity of the chosen subject and problem required the choice of a scientific method in the form of legal acts analysis, supported by literature review. The presented information shows that the period between 1944 and 1989 was characterized by a different approach of the Polish authorities towards the issue of cultural heritage protection in comparison to the years 1918-1939. The mentioned protection had an instrumental character and was one of the political-ideological tools influencing the society....

Resumo A edificação de obras reais e construções particulares nos séculos XVII-XVIII incentivaram a exploração de pedreiras e fornos de cal no arquipélago da Madeira, em parte associados aos crescentes rendimentos da vitivinicultura. Os afloramentos calcários no ilhéu de Baixo e nas ilhas do Porto Santo e Madeira cobriam apenas parcialmente as necessidades locais, pois que se continuava a importar cal do continente português. O número de fornos de cal duplicou entre aquelas centúrias, sem contabilizarmos os fornos de campanha que eram implantados, por questões económicas, nas imediações das obras. No final do século XVIII, a proibição de usar madeira para calcinar o calcário modificou a tipologia dos fornos de cal, os quais passaram a funcionar a carvão mineral importado e foram estabelecidos em zonas periféricas ou nas imediações das pedreiras. A cal era muito valorizada para a composição de diferentes argamassas usadas na construção e manutenção de edifícios. Para todos os efeitos, a cal importada tinha idênticas propriedades à cal fabricada com matéria-prima local.

Compared to other European countries with a colonial past, Italy has shown limited engagement in the ongoing international debate over the restitution of cultural heritage looted during colonial rule. The lack of a coherent legal framework and the absence of structured governmental initiatives have contributed to a significant delay when compared to countries such as France, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands, all of which have adopted targeted legal instruments and proactive policies in recent years. While Italy carried out a few highprofile restitutions in the early 2000s, including the Venus of Cyrene and the Obelisk of Axum, the momentum has since stalled. Only recently, following the establishment of a specialised ministerial Working Group on Colonial Collections in 2021 and the emergence of some independent initiatives by museums and cultural institutions, has the issue begun to re-emerge in public and academic discourse. Nevertheless, these developments remain fragmented and have yet to produce tangible regulatory outcomes. This paper offers a comparative legal and policy-based analysis of the approaches adopted by other European states, with a particular focus on the distinction between bottom-up initiatives led by cultural institutions and governmental strategies. By exploring paradigmatic models in France, Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands, the paper seeks to identify patterns that could inform a more coherent and comprehensive Italian response and potentially be applied in practice. The paper briefly examines Italy's engagement at the international level and reflects on the case of the Cotton Zemí, a Taíno idol held in the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography in Turin, whose temporary loan to the Dominican Republic exemplifies a cautious and fragmented stance on colonial restitutions. Ultimately, the paper argues that, despite the reactivation of discourse and some modest developments, Italy still lacks a systematic and legally grounded approach to the restitution of colonial looted cultural property.

International Cultural Duties Standards of Care, parts from researches on the United Nations (UN) 'Universal Declarations of Human Duty (UDHD)', to analyze how states and public agents may implement public policymaking procedures for cultural legislations, cultural rights, and cultural diplomacy on the due regulation of cultural industries and cultural markets, an utmost necessity for the field's labor force and users alike. This Open Justice Study is being developed by a request of fellow scholars of the René Cassin Foundation International Institute for Human Rights (IIDH) Summit in Buenos Aires. It Researches Policymaking Good Practices for the public international law (PIL) rule of law (RoL) review of doctrines in regulatory compliance with the public international law (PIL) rule of law (RoL), especially the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) along other guidelines and recommendations of the United Nations (UN). Responsibility to Protect (R2P), Duty to Care, and Standards of Care are some of the pivotal concepts used in this inquiry of the minimum requirements of common universal principles, juridical public participation, and constitution development. So to Safeguard and Promote Culture through their due mandatory legislativity and technical standards semantic web ontology (SWO) interontological alingment secure operations development (DevSecOps).

Funkcja społecznego opiekuna zabytków istnieje w polskim systemie prawnym od ponad 70 lat. Stanowi ona ważny element ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego. Artykuł omawia debaty na temat społecznych opiekunów zabytków toczone obecnie w środowiskach naukowych. Zostały w nim uwzględnione zarówno krytyczne oceny, jak i argumenty
za uznaniem tej funkcji za ważny element trzeciego filaru systemu ochrony zabytków. Szczególny nacisk położono na zróżnicowane doświadczenia społecznych opiekunów zabytków oraz na postulaty dotyczące ich profesjonalizacji i lepszego wykorzystania w systemie ochrony dziedzictwa. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono propozycję zmian
legislacyjnych służących zwiększeniu efektywności instytucji społecznych opiekunów zabytków, co mogłoby się przyczynić do skuteczniejszej ochrony zabytków i budowania społecznej świadomości w tym zakresie.

The first conservation and enhancement campaign at Tell Beirut in March 2024 marked a pivotal step in preserving Beirut’s heritage. This project, a collaboration between the Lebanese University, University of Bologna, and the Directorate General of Antiquities, aimed at surveying, conserving, and enhancing public engagement with the site. Efforts centered on at-risk sectors BEY003, BEY013, and BEY020, originally excavated by H. Sader, U. Finkbeiner, , L. Badre, and N. Karam and conserved in 2004 by Y. Makaroun. These sectors, featuring fortifications dating from the early Middle Bronze Age to the Hellenistic period, had suffered from neglect and were largely invisible to the public. Utilizing GPS and 3D modeling, the team successfully mapped and documented critical structures, providing a detailed understanding of the site’s fortification systems.
Conservation efforts, including clearing debris and stabilizing structures, enabled the reopening of the Tell Beirut Archaeological Park for public viewing and access. Public engagement was enhanced through informational panels and a 3D model of the site’s glacis on Sketchfab, expanding access and sparking research interest in Beirut’s ancient history. The project’s success underscored the importance of interdisciplinary efforts and sustainable management in heritage preservation, establishing Tell Beirut as a model for urban archaeological conservation initiatives.

This PDF is a simplified version of the original article published in Internet Archaeology under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY) Unported licence. Enlarged images, models, visualisations etc which support this publication can be found in the original version online. All links also go to the online original.

As space commercialization and strategic competition intensify, international legal frameworks governing outer space are under increasing pressure. This thesis examines two critical and evolving areas of space law: property rights in outer space and liability for orbital debris. Drawing on legal instruments such as the 1967 Outer Space Treaty and the 1972 Convention on Liability for Damage Arising from Activities on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, as well as contemporary frameworks like the Artemis Accords and the Hague Building Blocks, the study evaluates how national legislation and soft-law initiatives are reshaping global governance. Using a qualitative legal analysis and comparative methodology, the research highlights the legal fragmentation caused by unilateral approaches to resource extraction and the insufficiency of current mechanisms to address orbital congestion. The findings reveal an urgent need for multilateral legal reform, stronger enforcement systems, and inclusive policy design to ensure space remains a sustainable and equitable domain. The thesis concludes with recommendations for treaty modernization, regulatory harmonization, and expanded international cooperation, positioning the United States as a pivotal actor in building a more coherent space law architecture.