Cultivated Food Plants

The worldwide spread of chili peppers (genus Capsicum) is a striking example of human receptivity to new useful plants. We can ask many questions on this subject: the answers will illustrate the history of medicine, food history, ethnobotany, and cultural and social history more broadly. But the first question must be, When, exactly, did the geographical spread take place? This is what I aim to clarify for the first 100 years after Columbus's voyage to the New World.
I quote verbatim and in chronological order the sources that successively add information on the spread of chilies in the first century after Columbus, adding my translations and commenting on what each text contributes to the picture.

In ancient Indo-European languages, the infinitive arises from the grammaticalization of a deverbal noun as a part of the verbal paradigm (Kuryłowicz 1964: 158-170; Bauer 2000: 337-349; Ramat 2002; Kapović 2017: 104; Lundquist & Yates 2018: 2110). This process is somehow completed in some languages (Latin, Ancient Greek, Balto-Slavic), where the infinitive shows the accusative government (Lat. mulcere dedit fluctus ‘(he) allowed (you) to rule the sea’ Verg. Aen. 1.66; Gk. líssom’ Akhillêï methémen khólon ‘I beg (you) to let go (your) anger against Achilles’ A, 283), while still ongoing in others (Vedic, Avestan), where it shows both genitive and accusative government (Ved. kó […] gāt práṣṭum etát ‘who will go to ask it? R̥V. 1.164.4d’; dhánānām sātáye ‘for the conquering of wealth’ R̥V. 1.4.9c). As a result, the infinitive has acquired a consistent number of verbal categories in Greek and Latin (namely, tense, aspect and diathesis: Fabrizio 2018a-b-c), unlike in Vedic (García Ramón 1995, 1997, 2009; Lazzeroni 2012): as such, it is conceivable as an action noun (Comrie & Thompson 1985) and cross-linguistically as an Action-Argument (in Croft’s terms: Croft 2001).
This contribution aims at: 1) investigating the morphological encoding of the Action-Argument correlation in three ancient Indo-European languages: Early Latin, Homeric Greek, and R̥gvedic Sanskrit; 2) giving an account of the process of word-class change that the infinitive undergoes.

The páramos are ecosystems between 3,2000 and 4,900 meters above sea level. Currently, in Boyacá, the páramos are undergoing mining, deforestation, cattle ranching, and conservation of various plant species, as well as the declaration of nature reserves that strengthen nature ecotourism. The objective of the research was to characterize trees,
shrubs, and vines of native fruit tree species, as well as to record the status of the use of fruit-type plant species and the knowledge held by the community in the department of Boyacá. Transect methodologies were applied, with the creation of square plots according to the type of forest and shrub cover. Additionally, an inventory of fruit tree species was conducted, along with photographic records with identification by expert taxonomists and specialized botanical catalogs. As a result, 48 species were recorded in 14 botanical families among the identified plants. The most diverse family in number of genera and species is Ericaceae with 12 species, Rosaceae with 8 species, Solanaceae and Passifloraceae with 3 species, Myrtaceae with 2 species and 6 families with one species. Likewise, the categorization and community information processes were systematized in categories of ethnobotanical use, for example: medicinal,
tinctures, juices and conservation. Other species with nutritional functions were identified, for which a descriptive photographic botanical catalog was prepared. Conclusion: It is important to educate the community, as well as organize paramo rangers, to allow the conservation, diversification and use of products and by-products of the páramo.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a commercially valuable crop cultivated for its aromatic properties. Oleoresin and oil extracted from ginger are high-value, low-volume products with significant demand. Varieties characterised by lower fibre content, higher dry matter recovery, and high levels of oil and oleoresin demonstrate substantial potential for export in international markets. The pungency of ginger is attributable to gingerol; hence, greater emphasis should be placed on selecting such varieties for organic cultivation. The production of ginger under organic production systems enhances the quality of the product, as well as its high market preference. The selection of a site free from any history of soil-borne pathogen incidence, and seed selection from disease-free and organically produced certified seeds, along with other cultural management practices such as the correct weeding, earthing up, nutrition, water management at critical stages, and intercropping as per the norms of organic systems, are crucial steps in successful ginger cultivation.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo central examinar la relación milenaria entre la economía indígena, la planta del maguey pulquero y la vida de los nativos me soamericanos, en particular la de los grupos que habitaron y habitan en los altiplanos centrales de México. A lo largo de esta exposición se estudiarán las características básicas de la economía indígena del altiplano relacionadas con la diversidad del medio Maguey pulquero. Valle de Toluca (fotografía del autor).

The cataloging of the vascular plants of the Americas has a centuries-long history, but it is only in recent decades that an overview of the entire flora has become possible. We present an integrated assessment of all known native species of vascular plants in the Americas. Twelve regional and national checklists, prepared over the past 25 years and including two large ongoing flora projects, were merged into a single list. Our publicly searchable checklist includes 124,993 species, 6227 genera, and 355 families, which correspond to 33% of the 383,671 vascular plant species known worldwide. In the past 25 years, the rate at which new species descriptions are added has averaged 744 annually for the Americas, and we can expect the total to reach about 150,000.

ABSTRACT: Medicinal plants can be an important element in the treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases involved in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The objective of this work was to evaluate the knowledge of medicinal plants with antidiabetic, antihypertensive and slimming properties used by the populations of the N’Zi Region. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in this region with 554 households and 17 healers using a questionnaire. This study made it possible to inventory a total of 69 medicinal plants used against the components of MetS. With 33 species used in households and 56 species used by healers. Spondias mombin (FC= 5.68%), Bambusa vulgaris (FC= 4.55%) and Citrus limon (FC= 4.55%) are the best known among healers. Among the households visited, Persea americana (FC= 23.50%) and Phyllanthus amarus (FC=9,29%) was the best known. The results obtained in this study show that Ananas comosus, Citrus limon and Parkia biglobosa are used both in healers and in households to treat hypertension, type 2 diabetes and obesity. These results show that these plants could be used as improved traditional medicines and could be used in the treatment of certain components of MetS such as diabetes, hypertension and obesity.
KEYWORDS: Ethnobotanical survey, Medicinals plant, Metabolic syndrome, Côte d’Ivoire.

Metabolic and cardiovascular diseases are implicated in the occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Edible plants may be an important alternative in their prevention. The objective of this work is to assess the knowledge of the populations of the N'Zi region in the central-eastern part of Côte d'Ivoire. These different food plants have a health benefit on type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension and obesity. The ethnobotanical surveys conducted in this region, involving 554 people, using a survey questionnaire, using a survey questionnaire, identified 24 food used in households against these components of MetS. Among them, Moringa oleifera (36.90%) and Parkia biglobosa (25%) are the most cited and most consumed. There is greater agreement on their use (ICF=0.91) to treat nutritional and metabolic endocrine diseases (type 2 diabetes and obesity). The plants identified in this study could be used as functional foods in the prevention of type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension and obesity.

Introduction: Charring process affects the preservation potential of seeds, resulting in limited perceptions of crop assemblages recovered from archaeological layers. Therefore, the specifics of the charring process deserve further investigation. Colloquially referred to as the “Five Grains” (五谷), bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), rice (Oryza sativa), and soybean (Glycine max) represent a set of four major cultivated cereals and a pulse constituting crucial staple food in Chinese history and the most frequently discovered crops at archaeological sites in China

Methods: This paper aims to understand the changes in size, volume, and weight loss of grains under variable aerobic charring conditions. The size and weight were measured for the untreated specimens and the specimens heated at different temperatures and over different time-periods.

Results: We found that temperature and exposure time directly affected the grain size. Specifically, the grains of most species shrank at lower temperatures and expanded rapidly at higher temperatures.

Discussion: Among the “Five Grains”, soybean was the type least affected by charring, followed by wheat, rice, and millet. Volume and weight can be used as conversion factors to minimize the bias in quantitative representation due to varied charring preservation potential. For rice, wheat and soybean, the variation in volume is smaller. For millet, both volume and weight can be used as the control to understand the consequences of charring for the assemblage. Further experiments and comparisons of ancient samples are needed in future studies to investigate other factors that affect the preservation of charred plant remains.

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo documentar, caracterizar y analizar los componentes, función e importancia de los sistemas de terrazas agrícolas en cinco comunidades del Valle de Toluca, con el propósito de conocer la distribución geográfica y situación actual de estos sistemas mesoamericanos. En la investigación se utilizaron métodos antropológicos, como el etnográfico, recorridos de área, entrevistas y observación directa, además del uso de GPS. Los datos obtenidos se representaron cartográficamente a través del software Arc Map 10, lo que permitió hacer un análisis espacial de estos sistemas. Los resultados obtenidos muestran diferencias entre los componentes de las terrazas de las cinco comunidades. Las más destacadas son la forma de construcción de los muros, la presencia o ausencia de zanjas, la existencia de vegetación arbustiva y arbórea, y el cultivo de maíz. El acervo cultural y el conocimiento del ambiente por parte de los campesinos coadyuvan al manejo del suelo, agua, vegetación y las condiciones topográficas, para producir alimentos destinados a la subsistencia familiar y para los mercados nacionales. Palabras clave: ambiente, campesinos, cultivos, terrazas agrícolas, IntRoduccIón E l valle de Toluca es una región importante para los estudios arqueológicos, históricos y contemporáneos acerca de los asentamientos humanos, el manejo de los recursos lacustres, la disputa por la tierra, el cambio en el modo de vida de los habitantes, el impacto del desarrollo industrial, las políticas hidráulicas, la desecación de las lagunas

El agua representa el recurso más importante dentro de la actividad agrícola, sin embargo en las últimas décadas dicho recurso se ha visto limitado debido a diversas causas, como son: crecimiento poblacional, deforestación, descarga directa de aguas residuales y agroquímicos, entre muchas otras. Este trabajo se centra en conjuntos de producciones agrícolas individuales con recursos básicos y medios familiares de sustento y con diversas estrategias de desarrollo. Se presentan los casos de La Ciénega de Zimatlán, Santa Catarina Quiané y San Nicolás Quialana, en el distrito de Zimatlán de Álvarez, Oaxaca, comunidades que cuentan con más del 70% de hogares agrícolas. La investigación se realiza con la finalidad de identificar los factores que determinan la disponibilidad de agua para riego, así como reconocer las características del sistema agrícola de la región. El análisis estadístico básico se realiza con datos secundarios y datos primarios, recabados a través de entrevistas dirigida...

The investigation at the experimental farm at Fruit Research Station Kuthulia (F.R.S.) Rewa (M.P.) was carried out during the Kharif season of 2009-10 under the edaphic and climatic condition of Rewa (M.P.). Significant variation was observed in growth and yield attributes are use interaction effect of various planting methods i.e. Flat bed, ridge and furrow and spacing methods 30x20 cm, 45x20 cm. and 60x20 cm. Growth attributes i.e. plant height, number of leaves per plant, length of leaves, breadth of leaves, no of clumps per plant, length of clumps per plant were recorded periodically at 30 days intervals up to 150 days of planting all these parameters were significantly higher with spacing 60x20 cm and ridge bed method of planting. The increasing spacing between rows up to 60x20cm and planting method ridge method encouraged the weight of primary rhizomes, weight of secondary rhizomes per plant and the fresh weight of rhizomes per plant up to significant extent. The maximum weigh...

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Stable isotopes are a core method for assessing crop growing conditions in different climatic and soil environments and, thereby, for understanding past agricultural practices. However, isotopic values in plants are altered depending on distinct forms of preservation, including degrees of charring. To investigate this issue in two cereals, common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) and foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv.], we conducted experimental charring to address key questions in millet agriculture and archaeological grain preservation. The results of the experiment under relevant and controlled conditions of charring establish that the relevant temperatures for well-preserved millets occur between 230°C and 250°C and through short-term exposures of up to 6 h of charring. The data confirm that charring increases δ13CVPDB and δ15NAIR values in both common millet and foxtail millet. Husked grains had consistently lower δ13C values than huskless grains, indicating a differential effect of charring on husks and grains, whereas δ15N values are similar regardless of husks. Stable carbon isotope values are relatively similar in uncharred and charred grains, whereas the effects of charring on stable nitrogen isotope values are greater and need to be taken into account when interpreting the values of archaeological grains and palaeodietary analysis in conjunction with human and faunal values. This study significantly advances the understanding of the isotopic effects on archaeological charred grains of common and foxtail millet within their optimal heating preservation window.

como requisito previo para optar por el título de: INGENIERO AGRÓNOMO TEMA: "Validación del sistema de herramienta circular de toma de decisiones para el control del Tizón tardío de la papa (Phytophthora infestans) en el sector de Canchaguano, Provincia del Carchi

Sloth bears are one commonly implicated conflict prone animals in agroforest landscape in India. To determine their diet, and understand the possible use of cultivated food, a study was conducted using faecal analyses in an agroforest landscape of northern Odisha, India. In total, 399 scat samples of sloth bears were collected between 2014 and 2016 covering all the seasons. Scats were analysed by their frequency of occurrence, volumetric and their importance values. Diversity indices and trophic niche breadth was also calculated to estimate the seasonal food species richness and similarity in the diet. Sloth bears consumed 15-22 taxa per season, including a number of insects and plant species. Termites were found to be the most consumed and important feed item throughout the year (Importance Value: 21.34-33.94%). Among plants, Ziziphus mauritiana was the important food source during winter (23.33%) and summer (20.29%). Cultivated plants were also consumed throughout the year; higher in monsoon (20.08%) than winter (11.7%) and summer (6.59%). The feed species richness and broader trophic niche breadth were higher during summer and winter respectively. Overall, sloth bears consumed a wide range of feed categories throughout the year and this large spectrum of feed species in the diet confirmed the nature of sloth bears as opportunistic and generalist species. Therefore, management of sloth bear population in an agroforest landscape is dependent on availability of sufficient natural habitats and food species as well as to minimize their dependence on cultivated food.

Trees of the Neotropical genus Crescentia produce hard-shelled fruits used to manufacture bowls. In this work we analyze the role played by these vessels in the material culture of Mesoamerican peoples through archaeological, ethnohistorical (including 19 works and three tribute lists), and linguistic evidence (including 40 native languages). The earliest archaeobotanical record of Crescentia was found in Belize, estimated at least 2400 BP, whereas the first European description was made by Fernández de Oviedo in 1526. Historical texts written from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries tell that the main use of these vessels was as drinking cups (especially for cacao). Current ethnographic evidence reveals the validity of a close association between Crescentia bowls and traditional beverages based on cacao. Terms for designating these trees in 29 indigenous languages from eight linguistic families, with the oldest ones from the Amuzgo-Mixtec and Mixe-Zoquean lineages, confirm that Crescentia vessels constitute an entity clearly distinguishable from Lagenaria. New areas of ethnobotanical, ethnographic, and archaeological research are highlighted for understanding the role played by these vessels in utilitarian and symbolic aspects and the factors that support their persistence among Mesoamerican peoples up to the present.

Sediment cores from Bichelsee and Hüttwilersee, two lakes in the canton of Thurgau,
Switzerland, were studied by an interdisciplinary team of researchers from the
University of Basel, EAWAG Dübendorf, the University of Bern, ETH Zurich and the
Canton of Thurgau’s Office of Archaeology between 2019 and 2023. Based on various
scientific analyses of the lake sediments the research aimed to reconstruct past environmental changes and the influence of human activity on ecosystems and
landscapes in the Canton of Thurgau. The research project «Climate, Environment,
Man in Thurgau» (KUMIT) was financed by the Walter-Engist-Fund.
The sediment cores, up to 13 metres long, provided a complete sedimentary sequence
from the end of the Würmian glaciation to the present day at both lakes and
together covered the past 16,000–17,000 years. A total of 201 radiocarbon dates,
137Cs/210Pb analyses in the upper sections and evidence of the Laacher See Tephra
layer were available to constrain the age of the sediments and enabled high-resolution
depth-age modelling for the sequences. The analyses provided new insights
into the terrestrial and aquatic environmental history and allowed the comparison
of archaeological and historical data with the palaeoecological analyses: The results
indicate, for example, Neolithic and Bronze Age settlement phases at the two lakes
that have not yet been documented by archaeological finds. They reveal phases of
land opening and changes in the agricultural use of the landscape in the vicinity of
the lakes over millennia. They further document the immigration and the changing
importance of various tree species in the forests around the lakes, but also, for example, that certain trees, such as European spruce, were not as common at these
sites as one would expect based on archaeological wood from building surveys in
the Lake Constance region. The spread of neophytes and the influence of modern
agriculture on the lakes and their surroundings can also be recognised based on
analyses of the youngest sections of the records. Aquatic indicators show how the
lake ecosystems of Bichelsee and Hüttwilersee have changed over long time scales,
indicate when, from today’s perspective, undesirable conditions (e.g. oxygen depletion,
high nutrient concentrations) became established and document when the
lakes have changed as a result of human activities, but also how they recovered after
these have subsided or as a result of lake restoration measures. From a lake history
perspective, the very early human influence on the ecosystem of Hüttwilersee,
with a pronounced eutrophication phase as early as the Neolithic period, and the
early establishment of at least seasonally low-oxygen conditions in the deep water
of both lakes from the early to mid-Holocene onwards, are of particular interest.
The recent eutrophication phases and the rising levels of soot particles in the 20th
century that are clearly visible in both profiles show how increasing human pressure
led to negative impacts on our environment and ecosystems. At the same time,
the recovery of the lakes from this eutrophication and the stabilisation or decrease
in soot particles in the uppermost sediment layers also demonstrate how environmental policy, social debate and environmental legislation and measures have led to a recovery of the lake ecosystems and improvements in air quality.
The KUMIT research project has significantly improved the information on the environmental history of the canton of Thurgau, and particularly provided information
on the long-term, off-site development of ecosystems, i.e. at locations that have not
been investigated in detail by archaeological excavations, but represent the largescale
development of the landscape, vegetation and lake ecosystems. It is expected
that future comparisons with comparable data sets from the western Central Swiss
Plateau, the southern German Alpine foothills and Upper Austria will provide exciting
new insights into the supra-regional environmental development of this region.

An experiment was conducted at two locations of Sylhet district of Bangladesh with seven hybrid rice genotypes of Bioseed India Ltd (Bio-404, Bio-453, Bio-543, Bio-460, Bio-648, Bio-649 and Bio-650) to evaluate their yield potentials. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results indicated, Bio-649 produced the highest yield with short duration and less disease infection. The maximum grain yields of Bio-649 were 9.1 and 10.46 t ha-1 , respectively at Sylhet Agricultural University (SAU) farm and farmer's field, Khadimnagar. These yields were higher than the two check varieties at both locations. The lowest grain yields of the hybrid rice genotype Bio-648 were 4.23 and 7.16 t ha-1 , respectively at SAU and farmer's fields. The results revealed, Bio-649 is suitable for Aman season and can be considered to proceed with further research at several locations of Bangladesh.

Índice de graficas Capítulo II. El eje del sistema milpero: el kool en los siglos XVI y XVII Gráfica 1. Nombre de testadores y el número de milpas heredadas con los mecates de cada una de ellas………………………………………60 Gráfica 2. Total de mecates de milpas testados en los testamentos de Cacalchen………………………………………………………..64 Gráfica 3. Porcentaje de mecates de milpa sembradas por vecinos e "indios" de los Beneficios Bajos…...…………………………………………70 Capítulo III. Actividades complementarias a la milpa Gráfica 4. Tipos de milpa y el número de cada una de ellas…………...……119 Capítulo V. Tecnología de la milpa maya Gráfica 5. Dinámica de la población en la Colonia……………….........197 Gráfica 6. Porcentaje de milpa realizada por "indios" y vecinos de todos los partidos en el año de 1727...…………………………...207 Índice de mapas Capítulo II. El eje del sistema milpero: el kool en los siglos XVI y XVII Mapa 1. Partido de los Beneficios Bajos………………………………...67

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is used mainly as natural food-coloring agent and coloring material in the textile industry. The experiment consisted of three rhizome types (mother, finger and mixed rhizomes), three drying materials (cement, ground and wire mesh) and three drying thicknesses (4, 6 and 8cm) laid out in 3*3*3 factorial Design with three replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS version 9.2 and significant means were separated using Least Significant Difference (LSD). Accordingly, the interaction among rhizome types, drying materials and drying thicknesses revealed significant effect (P<0.05) on curcumin, essential oil, oleoresin, total viable count, total dry matter and moisture content of turmeric, but did not affect weight loss, color value, color of whole dried rhizome and color of powdered turmeric (P>0.05).

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicación de estiércol de ovino (EO) en el rendimiento de papa (Solanum tuberosum), para determinar la dosis adecuada a aplicar en el cultivo de papa variedad “canchan” en Acobamba, Huancavelica. Ante la problemática de que no se tiene una dosis óptima para cubrir la demanda de nutrientes para una mejor producción de papa en la aplicación de enmiendas orgánicas de EO, toda vez que la papa requiere alta cantidad de nutrientes, ya que absorbe 20, 240, 220, 60 y 20 Kg ha-1 de P, K, N, Ca y Mg, respectivamente, se trabajó en cinco tratamientos con tres repeticiones mediante el diseño DBCA, realizando el ANVA con la prueba de Duncan. Los tratamientos: T1 = 0 kg EO/planta, T2 = 0, 25 kg EO/planta, T3 = 0,50 kg EO/planta, T4 = 1 kg EO/planta y T5 = 1, 5 kg EO/planta, correspondiendo el mayor rendimiento al T5 con 20, 31 ton/ha, no hay diferencia estadística entre el T4 con 18,29 ton/ha con el T3 con 17, 06 ton/ha, con el T2 se obtuvo 14, 40 ton/ha, ...

What is Ecotourism? By definition and international practice, eco-tourism is the responsible travel to natural areas that sustainably conserves the environment, as it encourages the mutual interaction of the many species of life. Agro tourism can be defined as the utilization of the ecological landscape and all of its diversities of avian species, mammals, crops, waterways and microorganisms. The benefits of forests can be summarized by contributing positively to climate change, conservation of water resources, providing food sources for humans and wildlife, medicine creation and maintaining the ecological and social balance for humans.

is added to the list of Challenges Numerous challenges, including dwindling arable land availability, the consequences of climate change, including more frequent flooding and droughts, labour shortages, and competition from importers, are posing a threat to agricultural production in the Caribbean. One of the biggest risks to agricultural output is farm theft, which is sometimes underreported and underappreciated (called praedial larceny in the Caribbean). It encompasses the theft of farm equipment as well as agricultural products, including crops, animals, and fisheries. This kind of theft is incredibly difficult to control, which is one of the main reasons it poses such a concern. In the unlikely event that offenders are apprehended and successfully prosecuted, the punishment is usually little or not as severe as it should be. This article highlights the current state of farm theft in the Caribbean, looks at some of the major contributing factors, examines some of the tactics used in the region and elsewhere in the world, and offers several recommendations for developing a more secure food supply. The debate emphasizes that government-led initiatives in the areas of updated laws, modernized regulations, and increased enforcement operations bear the primary responsibility for mitigating losses from praedial theft, even while it calls on food producers to take a number of best practice actions.

In Pakistan, Sorghum can be a good domestic source of high-quality fodder and feed, because of its high protein and sugar contents. Location-specific adaptation of lines/varieties as found in the current study evidently implies that location-specific breeding needs are more importance than concentrating on wider adaptability. Another point of consideration is that it is essential to recognize location-specific cultivars over location and multi-year data for their consideration before commercial release for the sake of stability of the cultivar. This is important not only to sorghum only but also in other crops as well. The G × E interaction of six Pakistani experimental sorghum lines produced by Pedigree method and two check cultivars were evaluated for days to 50% flowering, stalk weight, grain yield and Brix value along with their stability and/or adaptability across two locations and two years, under randomized complete block (RCB) design. Three replications were used for each tr...

productoras de aguacate: el caso del municipio de Tetela del Volcán, Morelos Factors that prevent the associations´possibility of increasing the effectiveness in the production of avocadoes. The situation in the municipality of Tetela del Volcán, Morelos.

ABSTRACT: The compost from the waste of pharmaceutical industries, such as guava leaves (GL) and neem seeds (NS) is used in organic agriculture. Curcuma zanthorrhiza RoxB. is a widely recognized herbal medicine that grows natively in Indonesia. Curcuminoids and xanthorrhizol are the primary bioactive components of C. zanthorrhiza. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of GL and NS compost on the growth and bioactive yields of C. zanthorrhiza. Treatments consisted of cow manure, GL compost, NS compost, GL+NS compost, or a no compost control, at 2 and 4 kg per plant. Results demonstrated that the NS and GL+NS compost applied with 4 kg per plant had increased fresh rhizome yield compared with the other treatments. Composted NS at 2 kg per plant increased the plant height and pseudo stem diameter traits compared with the control treatment. The compost application of GL+NS at 2 and 4 kg per plant significantly increased the leaf length and number of shoots. All treatments showed...

Specialty fragrant rice is sold at a premium price in both local and international trade because of its superior grain qualities. In this research, 40 advanced fragrant rice accessions were evaluated in different environments. The primary objective was to identify genotypes with high grain yield and high stability using multivariate (GGE biplot) and univariate analysis (regression slope, deviation from regression, Shukla’s stability variance, Wricke’s ecovalence, and Kang’s stability statistic). The field experiment trials were laid in a randomized complete block design in three replications. The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences among genotypes, locations, seasons, and the interactions between genotype, locations, and seasons. The environment significantly explained about 43.32% (37.01 and 6.31% for locations and seasons) of the total sum of squares. Based on average ranking generated from multivariate and univariate stability measured, rice accessions were...

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań teoretycznych i eksperymentalnych nad metodyką statystyczną oceny stopnia szerokiej adaptacji odmian. Celem badań teoretycznych było przedstawienie koncepcji stopnia szerokiej adaptacji odmian oraz wyprowadzenie nowych miar statystycznych, a także opis miar standardowych, tj. miary Kanga i średniej genotypowej plonu. Natomiast, celem badań eksperymentalnych było zastosowanie i zbadanie przydatności tych miar, jako kryteriów do selekcji odmian o możliwie dużym stopniu szerokiej adaptacji. W pracy wykorzystano dane dla plonu ziarna z 3 serii doświadczeń przedrejestrowych z pszenicą ozimą, przeprowadzonych w latach 1994, 2000 i 2006. Stwierdzono, że nowe miary, tj. wskaźnik niezawodności plonowania odmian Ri(d = 0) i średnia wartość funkcji niezawodności plonowania MRi najbardziej adekwatnie, wśród badanych parametrów, oceniają stopień szerokiej adaptacji odmian. Miara porządkowa Kanga YSi także dobrze odzwierciedla relatywny stopień szerokiej adaptac...

According to Persian Medicine (PM), humors that can replace the consumed body compounds, while contributing to health maintenance, is called ‘fine humor’ (khelt-e saleh). However, a limited number of foods and beverages have been mentioned as the producers of fine humor. These substances are particularly important in maintaining health in vulnerable populations including pregnant women, lactating mothers, the elderly, infants and children. They also play an important role in certain treatment plans during illness and injury and after recovery. The present study was designed to investigate properties of fine-humor producing materia medica, as described by PM resources. Based on the search performed in PM textbooks, 63 substances were found to have this property. The most frequent Mizaj types were hot-wet (33.34%), hot-dry (19.05%), and cold-wet (17.47%). The highest organ tropism belonged to kidneys and bladder, brain, liver, sex organs, stomach and lungs respectively. Examining drug...

In Romania, the sweet potato is recently cultivated, especially in the SouthWest region. This region has a temperate continental climate that is characterized by the lack of water in the soil and atmosphere and by a diversity of soil types, very important factors for the cultivation of this species. The lack of information about the real effects of the environmental factors on the nutritional quality and the production of sweet potatoes grown in this area led to this study. Therefore, the present paper aims to evaluate the nutraceutical content of 5 sweet potato genotypes, such as: TSS (total soluble substance), total carotene, reducing sugars, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (determined by DPPH and ABTS) grown in the specific climatic conditions of this region. There was found a differentiated nutritional quality depending on the genotype, so that genotype 5 was rich in carotene (59.29 μg/g FW) and vitamin C (36.56 mg/100 g FW). The data presented in this study also refer to the total number of roots/plant, the average weight/root, the total production/ha, the biomass production/ha and the production index. Regarding these elements, genotype 3 recorded a biomass production of 39.5 t/ha and a total tuber production of 50.3 t/ha. The results presented in this study indicate that the production of this species is climate dependent, which influences important metabolites in tubercles, that plays an essential role in organoleptic properties.

Recopilación de información / Information gathered by Caseríos del distrito de Chugay / Villages in the district of Chugay Henry Sánchez García Humberto León Chilón Cláusula. Los conocimientos colectivos que se incluyen en el presente catálogo son propiedad intelectual exclusiva de los proveedores originales de la información, es decir, de las comunidades campesinas y caseríos que proporcionaron dicha información, de acuerdo a lo dispuesto por la Ley 27811 de la República del Perú (*), tal como lo especifi ca el consentimiento informado previo fi rmado entre las comunidades o caseríos de San Juan,

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