Corruption Studies

ABSTRACT (written by Todd AI):
This Reply argues that the judgment below is void because the case lacked Article III standing at the moment of removal. Deutsche Bank never established it was a “person entitled to enforce” under RCW 62A.3-301, and the district court improperly shifted the removing party’s jurisdictional burden onto Plaintiffs by forcing merits litigation of §1983 issues to salvage federal jurisdiction. The Reply further contends that Washington’s non-judicial foreclosure scheme—specifically RCW 61.24.030(7)’s “penalty-of-perjury = sufficient proof” presumption—functions as state action under Lugar, warranting factual development at minimum. Finally, invoking Federalist No. 78, the paper frames the court’s exercise of power without jurisdiction as “treason to the structure of the Constitution,” undermining the appearance and reality of justice. Relief requested: vacatur under Rule 60(b)(4) and remand, or reopening for a limited evidentiary hearing.

Banditry has become a challenge and threat to national security. The level at which bandits operate within the landscape of Northern Nigeria has led to violent crimes such as kidnapping, raping, maiming, killing and destruction of properties and farmlands. It has also brought disruptions of socioeconomic activities and uncertainty, a situation that has become worrisome to the government and the citizenry. This paper therefore examines the causes and implications of banditry in the Northern region, which has emerged as a threat to national security. The paper adopted descriptive methodse, with the use of secondary source of data while the Situational Action Theory (SAT) was employed as a theoretical framework. This paper posited that the factors which drive the accelerating banditry in Northern Nigeria are high level of unemployment with its attendant poverty, a weak security system and arms proliferation. The paper concludes by recommending a combination of strengthened security measures, economic empowerment, border control, efficient disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) program, community-base moral and civic education to mitigate the phenomenon.

Streets on Fire: People’s Rage Against Corruption in Nepal, Indonesia, and the Philippines

This paper explores the political economy of corruption and protests in Nepal, Indonesia, and the Philippines. In these three countries, corruption has eroded public trust, weakened democratic institutions, and worsened inequality. Citizens—especially the youth—have taken to the streets to demand justice, transparency, and accountability. The protests highlight how corruption is not only an economic problem but also a political one, rooted in weak institutions, dynastic politics, and limited oversight. By analyzing the causes and consequences of these movements, this paper shows how state responses can either restore legitimacy or deepen instability. It also offers policy recommendations centered on strengthening accountability, ensuring transparency, and empowering citizens through legal means.

The nature of corruption lies in human nature and, in particular, in the low level of development of human consciousness. The problem of corruption should be solved through the implementation of a set of measures that provide for the upbringing, education and punishment of members of society with the aim of developing the consciousness of members of society.
Corruption slows down human development and prevents the realization of the meaning of human life. Corruption slows down the historical development of human society, which leads to a decrease in the level of competitiveness of society in relations with other societies and, as a consequence, to a decrease in the ability of society to maintain its independence in the context of ongoing globalization processes.

Haiti's anti-corruption watchdogs are government institutions and independent bodies legally mandated to prevent, investigate, and report on corruption, transparency, promote, and advocate for accountability in the public sector. They essentially serve as the "eyes and ears" and, in some cases, the "initial prosecutorial arm" of the state and public, aiming to detect, expose, and deter illicit activities involving public funds and power. While their *mandates* are clear, their *effectiveness* is heavily constrained by systemic issues in Haiti, including political interference, lack of judicial independence, resource limitations, and a pervasive culture of impunity. For the Republic of Haiti, the key examples include: Unité de Lutte Contre la Corruption (ULCC), which is the primary investigative and preventative anti-corruption unit. The Unité Centrale de Renseignements Financiers (UCREF), which is the financial intelligence unit, focusing on money laundering and financial crimes. And the Cour Supérieure des Comptes et du Contentieux Administratif (CSCCA), which is the supreme audit court responsible for overseeing government spending. In addition, the Commission Nationale des Marchés Publics (CNMP), which is the public procurement commission aimed at ensuring transparent government contracts. This in-depth analysis document is for general knowledge on the importance of having Anti-corruption watchdogs in the Republic of Haiti to promote accountability and to show its importance in the government.

This book presents the first monographic study dedicated to examining the impact of Philip III’s reign (Philip II of Portugal, 1598–1621) on Portuguese America. In 1618, this monarch divided the territory into two administrative units: the Estado do Brasil and the Estado do Maranhão.

Recent scholarship on the reign of Philip III has increasingly emphasized the significance of this period for the consolidation of the Habsburg monarchy. The outdated image of an indolent and disengaged king has been replaced by that of a reformist sovereign, committed to two principal objectives: preserving his paternal inheritance and defending, as well as expanding, the Catholic faith.

As this work demonstrates, the desire to reform and enhance the administration of justice, tax collection, and territorial defense was clearly evident among royal authorities and colonial officials in Portuguese America. In many ways, the so-called “Castilianization” of Portuguese governance can be seen in the wide array of measures implemented to transform the colonial reality of Brazil during this period.

Nevertheless, most of these initiatives faltered amid the contradictions inherent in a system where effective governance relied on a complex web of actors—some aligned with royal policy, others opposing it. The widespread incidence of “corrupt practices” also contributed to this failure, during a time marked by ambitious projects of territorial expansion and efforts to consolidate European influence along the western coast of the South Atlantic.

This paper investigates the relationship between age and experiences of corruption in Bhutan, revealing a significant negative correlation. Data from the 2022 National Integrity Assessment indicates that younger individuals are more likely to encounter or report corrupt practices, supported by a regression coefficient of 𝛽₁=-0.447 (𝛽=-0.372, p < .001) and a Pearson's correlation of r =-0.372 (p < .001). The findings suggest that older individuals typically exhibit stronger ethical standards and moral reasoning, contributing to a decreased likelihood of experiencing corruption. Theoretical frameworks, including Life Course Theory, Generational Theory, and Social Learning Theory, enhance our understanding of how demographic characteristics shape perceptions and experiences of corruption. Additionally, contextual factors such as socioeconomic status and cultural influences are identified as critical to the dynamics of corruption in Bhutan. The implications underscore the necessity for targeted anti-corruption strategies that address the specific vulnerabilities of different age groups. This study contributes to a nuanced understanding of Bhutan's integrity landscape, advocating for inclusive approaches to foster ethical behavior across generations.

Corruption in forestry services poses serious threats to sustainable forest management and biodiversity conservation, particularly in developing nations like Bhutan, where forests are vital to the environment and the economy. This study examines how technological tools such as the Online Forestry System (OFS) and the Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) have been used in Bhutan to enhance transparency and accountability. The primary data source was the Integrity Assessment of Forestry Services in Bhutan, conducted by the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) in 2024. The study collected data through 68 semi-structured interviews with service users and focus group discussions with 168 forestry officials across all 14 Divisional Forest Offices. An inductive, bottom-up method guided theory development, allowing insights to emerge directly from Short Research Article

La miscellanea raccoglie alcuni contributi in cui è pervenuta a perfettibile,
ma non trascurabile sedimentazione, la riflessione condotta fino a questo momento. Carlo Manunza ci farà così riscoprire le fonti bibliche che trattano della corruzione e la profonda unità che la Scrittura riconosce alla vita buona appunto come una vita-insieme. Gianmichele Marotta, per parte sua, investigherà il fenomeno corruttivo sul piano giuridico e proporrà soluzioni educative che possano fronteggiarlo. Giulio Parnofiello offrirà, poi, una panoramica degli interventi di papa Francesco sulla corruzione, una tematica tra le più care al magistero dell’attuale pontefice. Ancora Carlo Manunza, in collaborazione con Massimiliano Spano, darà conto dei risultati dei dialoghi che si sono intrapresi all’interno del liceo Euclide. In appendice, infine, Daniele Vinci ci condurrà in un originale esperimento didattico sul concetto di semplessità.

Professor Yitzhak Zamir, who was the Attorney General of Israel, met on March 31, 2025, with former Defense Minister, Major General (Res.) Yitzhak Mordechai, who was the commander of security forces during the hijacking of the bus on Line 300 in 1984. During that meeting, the two figures reached an agreement to publish the following statement:
Yitzhak Mordechai was grievously wronged in the Line 300 affair. The Office of the Attorney General and the State Attorney's Office were misled by the SHABAC, which attempted to shift responsibility for the deaths of the two terrorists who were captured alive. The SHABAC blinded the investigators and caused an accusing finger to be pointed at then-Brigadier General Mordechai. I, Yitzhak Zamir, personally regret the injustice caused to Brigadier General Mordechai. I understand his pain and empathise with him, as Brigadier General Mordechai acted properly in the Line 300 affair.

The goal of this study was to determine whether Russian and Ukrainian views on the acceptability of bribery were similar or significantly different. The most recent World Values Survey data were analyzed, and comparisons were made. The Russian and Ukrainian sample sizes were 3561 and 2825, respectively, and interviews were conducted throughout most or all regions of both countries, making it possible to arrive at some general conclusions. Overall, Russians were significantly less opposed to bribery than the Ukrainians. Russian men and women held basically the same view on the acceptability of bribery, and so did Ukrainian men and women. Thus, gender was not a significant demographic variable for either country. Older people were more opposed to bribery than younger people in both countries. Those with a higher education tended to be less opposed to bribery. Generally, the higher the income level, the less serious bribery was viewed by both the Russians and Ukrainians. Married people in both countries viewed bribery as more serious than did single individuals. The religious groups most opposed to bribery in Russia were the Orthodox and no religion groups. The Protestant group was least opposed. In Ukraine, Muslims were most opposed, and Catholics were least opposed. Regarding employment status, the disabled group showed the strongest opposition to bribery in Russia, while students showed the least opposition. In Ukraine, the unemployed showed the strongest opposition while students showed the least opposition. Between 1990 and 2017, Russian opposition to bribery has declined consistently. Ukrainian attitudes fluctuated between 1990 and 2020. Opposition to bribery declined at first, then increased. Regarding ethnicity, Iranians and Central Asians living in Russia showed the strongest opposition to bribery. Russian and Ukrainians living in Ukraine have similar views on bribery.

Nepal's current governance structure faces inefficiencies in cost, accountability, and stability due to the provincial model and weak leadership mandates. This proposal seeks to establish a democratic, efficient, and transparent governance system by abolishing costly provincial governments, ensuring direct executive elections, and empowering local bodies with strong oversight.

However, public sector corruption remains a persistent problem that hinders trust in public officials. This problem
stems from a number of key factors that impede the effectiveness of reforms, among which the often overlooked
underrepresentation of women in public office. This article argues that increasing the number of women in the
public sector, particularly in decision-making, is an innovative strategy that deserves close attention. In the history
of Uzbekistan’s development, corruption appears as one of the main social evils. However, in general, the situation
with combating corruption and the public narrative against it in the country is visible. Various stakeholders,
including business, civil society and the government, are making joint efforts to combat corruption. 
Today, corruption is a dangerous threat that affects the entire humanity, the basis of all societies, economic
development, violates the rule of law, severely weakens the people's confidence in state policy, and hinders the
development of democratic institutions. The article analyzes the factors and sectors that cause corruption in
Uzbekistan. The article presents an analysis of the current state of corruption in society and the effectiveness of
the anti-corruption policy of the UN, INGOs, the "Ijtimoiy fikr" research centre, and the mass media of Uzbekistan.
In the article, we would like to emphasize that the opinions of many foreign experts about the corrupt situation in
Uzbekistan are losing their power over time, major reforms are being implemented in the fight against it, and the
corrupt situation in the society is coming to a minimum.

The Malaysian government has taken several steps to combat corruption and nurture integrity in society, especially among civil servants. There are many key strategies aimed at fostering and enhancing a culture of integrity, thus, the Malaysian government has agreed to align all efforts on governance, dignity, and anti-corruption into a single integrated plan to strengthen anticorruption initiatives. The National Anti-Corruption Plan (NACP) was created and demonstrated to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-16) that focuses on Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of recent strategies and initiatives in managing integrity in Malaysia and to evaluate the integrity behavior among public sector employees. The online questionnaire surveys were distributed to collect the primary data. About 100 employees were randomly selected among civil servants in Malaysia, and yielded a response rate of 77% (77 respondents). The data was then analyzed using SPSS to achieve the objectives; thus, descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the study variables. The finding indicated that there is a significant relationship between anti-corruption plans and managing integrity among employees in Malaysia. This study will help policymakers to take necessary action to ensure the long-term continuity of the policies and action plans implemented to create a corrupt-free nation that values integrity. It will give value in achieving the SDG-16 goal to substantially reduce bribery and corruption in all their forms.

Sumario: I. Introducción; II. Corrupción y lavado en el contexto internacional; III. El “Caso Riggs” en Estados Unidos y los informes del Grupo de Acción Financiera Internacional en materia de corrupción; IV. Corrupción y lavado en Chile: 1. Delitos de corrupción como delito base de lavado en la Ley 19.913; 2. Otros delitos de la Ley 19.913 como delitos de corrupción (y otros delitos de gatekeepers, no base de lavado); V. Casos destacados originados por reporte de la Unidad de Análisis Financiero; 1. Caso “Fragatas – arista soborno trasnacional”; 2. Caso “Verde Austral”; y 3. Caso “Mega fraude a Fondo Nacional de Salud”; VI. Avances y desafíos del Sistema Nacional Antilavado en materia de corrupción.

Pokharel, Bhojraj, Rajju Malla-Dhakal and Adrian Morrice, Electoral Violence and Mitigation Report – Nepal, Electoral Commission, Nepal, and United Nations Development Programme, Kathmandu, November 2012, http://aceproject.org/ero-en/regions/asia/NP/electoral-violence-and-mitigation-assessment-nepal/view

Nepal is currently experiencing a period of Constitutional and political uncertainty, with an election having been called but not officially endorsed, and with no political agreement on the type of election, the body to be elected, or the electoral system to allocate seats. The leadership of the government and the Election Commission are in flux, or transition. It is in this context that the Election Commission, Nepal (ECN) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) initiated this electoral violence and mitigation assessment over three weeks from mid September 2012. The assessment was originally planned to review potential violence triggers and suggest mitigation measures for the first legislative elections following the approval of the Constitution by the Constituent Assembly (CA). However Nepal has taken a different and uncertain path in the last six months after the stalling of the Constitution-writing process.

The three-person team conducted 45 interviews and focus group discussions with 274 national and international election security experts and actors. A workshop with 62 of the interviewees allowed preliminary findings and recommendations to be validated and improved. The team also visited three districts which experienced significant electoral violence in the 2008 CA election: Dhanusa with equal fourth highest levels of pre-election political violence; Mahottari with the second highest number wounded overall; and, Dhading with the highest number of pre-election incidents and third highest wounded.

In the course of the assessment the team was told by interviewees of the urgency to begin national dialogue on the threats to a future election. In the event there was timely and comprehensive political agreement, and the electoral process was conducted in 120 days, there would still be very little time to put in place preventive measures. There would be even less time to make necessary changes to the legal framework, to mobilize a stronger criminal justice response to violent election acts, or to improve on the national information and security coordination architecture set-up for the 2008 CA election.

The article highlights the phenomenon in Nepal where the youth are fleeing while the elderly are holding positions of power, manifesting in both public roles and party politics. This trend not only impacts policy formation but also dampens hope, prompting a quest for alternative solutions. To secure a prosperous future and foster national development, it is imperative to address these issues. Emphasising the necessity of acknowledging and rectifying this disparity is crucial for ensuring a sustainable and inclusive trajectory for the country's advancement.

Las vinculaciones entre el ejercicio de cargos publicos y negocios privados es un tema que hasta la fecha la historiografia no ha tratado en profundidad. En esta aportacion, a partir de una escala de observacion microhistorica y de fuentes documentales notariales, analizamos el caso de un financiero y asentista, Juan Prieto Haedo, que compro el cargo de Contador Mayor del Consejo de Ordenes, y que se valio para sus negocios de dos mecanismos que no figuran entre los registros de las fuentes estatales relativas a los contratos con la monarquia: la formacion de sociedades mercantiles y el recurso a hombres de paja.

Questionable explanation of the term "secular" in the present constitution under Article 14, Part 1 debates with the declaration of Nepal as a Secular State in 4 th Jestha, 2063. However, what we all acknowledge is that Nepali society has been structured based on Hindu Religion. Therefore, it was natural for Nepali Legal System to be originally guided by Hindu Philosophy and Ideology. This paper dwells on the characteristics of existing Nepali Legal System with reference to Hindu Philosophy.

Corruption is a complex phenomenon which can appear in various forms and political corruption remains one of the most common forms.Political corruption further encompasses many forms, one of which is ethnic corruption. Ethnic corruption is one of form of corruption that involves giving certain ethnic groups privileges that other groups do not have. The purpose of these privileges is for the ruling political structure to stay in power. This type of corruption was common practice in the former Yugoslavia and the former Soviet Union, and continues in its successor, the Russian Federation.. Pronounced ethnic corruption remains prevalent in many countries across Asia and Africa. With an increasingly polarized voting base in the United States, new forms of ethnic corruption have started to appear. Because of its characteristics, ethnic corruption is one of the most challenging types of corruption to address.

This article explains the influence of Integrity Strengthening Plan (ISP) on ethical behavior among the Public Work Department (PWD) officials in Malaysia. The five pillars of ISP studied are compliance (C), punishment (P), ethical training and development (T), management (M), and the whistleblowing (W). The main question asked is whether these pillars have significantly influenced ethical behavior of the public officials in the PWD or otherwise? If the ISP have positively contributed toward ethical behavior, how much variances in the construct variables are able to explain the changes? Research data is collected through an instrument developed by researchers and distributed to 300 target population consisting of professional grade officers (ranked 54, 52, 48, 44, 41), and technical and support officers (ranked 36-29). Using SEM-PLS analysis, the findings show that the coefficient determination (R²) value for each exogenus variable toward endogenus variable is 0.377. The results means that all five pillars have significantly contribute to ethical behavior with a proportional variance in total of 37.70 percent. The result is considered to have a moderate to weak influence. To encourage ethical behavior at workplace, the organization can take steps to create a good ethical environment such as improving organizational monitoring, training and education mechanisms, and other reactive systems for reporting of unethical behavior instead of promoting a proactive employee voice system.

stand out as significant contributors, suggesting a need for targeted capacity-building efforts in these areas to enhance CSO governance. The study provides valuable insights for Confirmatory Factor Analysis and future longitudinal studies on the role of these factors in CSO governance.

This article explains the influence of Integrity Strengthening Plan (ISP) on ethical behavior among the Public Work Department (PWD) officials in Malaysia. The five pillars of ISP studied are compliance (C), punishment (P), ethical training and development (T), management (M), and the whistleblowing (W). The main question asked is whether these pillars have significantly influenced ethical behavior of the public officials in the PWD or otherwise? If the ISP have positively contributed toward ethical behavior, how much variances in the construct variables are able to explain the changes? Research data is collected through an instrument developed by researchers and distributed to 300 target population consisting of professional grade officers (ranked 54, 52, 48, 44, 41), and technical and support officers (ranked 36-29). Using SEM-PLS analysis, the findings show that the coefficient determination (R²) value for each exogenus variable toward endogenus variable is 0.377. The results means that all five pillars have significantly contribute to ethical behavior with a proportional variance in total of 37.70 percent. The result is considered to have a moderate to weak influence. To encourage ethical behavior at workplace, the organization can take steps to create a good ethical environment such as improving organizational monitoring, training and education mechanisms, and other reactive systems for reporting of unethical behavior instead of promoting a proactive employee voice system.

Радутний О.Е. Контроверсійні антикорупційні стандарти та кримінально-правові презумпції / Кримінально-правова протидія корупції у воєнній та повоєнній Україні : матеріали міжнар. наук. конф., м. Харків, 24 листоп. 2023 р. / редкол.: Ю. А. Пономаренко та ін. ; Коміс. з питань прав. реформи при Президентові України ; Нац. юрид. ун-т ім. Ярослава Мудрого ; НДІ вивч. проблем злочинності ім. акад. В. В. Сташиса ; Громад. орг. «Всеукр. асоц. кримін. права». – Харків : Право, 2024. 234 с. – с. 66 – 70


Radutniy O.E. Controversial anti-corruption standards and criminal presumptions

Census transfer within Gewog or Dzongkhag or Inter-Dzongkhag Census appeal cases (census Drop-Out cases (DO); Census Upgradation(UG); Absconded (AB); Emigrated (EM) Obtaining ownership certificate Obtaining clearance certificate for land mortgage Obtain approval for rural house construction Omission case services Registered land exchange with GRF Conversion of wet land to Khimsa Conversion of wet land to Kamzhing Lease of GRF land for Tsamdro and Sokshing Lease GRF land for commercial agriculture farm Leasing GRF land for mining activity Rural land transaction Land acquisition and substitution of registered land Approval of rural timber Approval of private and community forest Approval for sand and stone collection Approval for fire wood collection Approval for rural house construction Life insurance Loan assessment and approval Alternative dispute resolution (Mediation) School Admission Emergency response in case of disaster Livestock services Rural tax collection Community Information Center services (loan processing, loan repayment etc.) AFD Services Central School Service Central Schools (11) Admission in central schools Procurement of goods (uniform, shoes, beddings, etc.) Procurement of goods (mess items) Procurement of services (canteen, training of teachers) School mess management services Royal University of Bhutan Service Colleges (5) College mess management services AFD Services

One significant observation in a multilingual African society like Ghana, is the barrage of diverse music ensembles that are identifiable with a particular group. For instance, ensembles like Adowa, Adzewa, Ͻmpε, Asafo, Adenkum, Nwomkoro, Bᴐsoε and Sikyii are identified with the Akan while Kpalongo, Kolomashi, Kpatsa and Sunuu to the Ga and Damgbe. Agbadza, Bᴐbᴐᴐbᴐ are identified with the Ewe while Bamaya, Damba, Tᴐra are identified with Dagomba and some tribes in the northern part of Ghana. These ensembles, be it the dance, songs, and other aesthetic values it conveys have its unique roles in the lives of the people where ᴐmpε a traditional ensemble in Effutu is not an exception. Traditionally, songs play a major role in the lives of men. It serves as an avenue for expressing feelings and emotions. Largely, many people appropriate songs as a way to escape from the pain of life. It does serve such purpose however, it transcends past the relief of pain, reduction of stress and mere entertainment. In the world, the continent of Africa of which Ghana is not an exception, use songs in rituals and religious ceremonies to pass on the ethos of the society to its next generation. Rwafa (2010) asserts that songs carry values, norms, attitudes and beliefs of the people and that of individuals. Songs are then, an effective tool for communicating ideas and criticize behaviours that society abhors. Therefore, in the African societies, songs in its traditional sense have played an important role in the preservation and production of the African heritage strongly within and outside its borders. However, songs have its message to its intended audience. Songs are generally composed of two elements namely; sound, which is the primary element and lyrics, as its secondary component. This implies that lyrics or song text play a significant role in the performance of songs. This is because through the lyrics, the audience is able to understand and appreciate the meaning and the message the song carries. Dallin (1994) expressed that; Lyrics are written as a form of interaction between the writer and the listeners. Most of the times, they carry a message (whatever that might be) with the purpose of motivating the listeners, at least, to think about it. Such a purpose and form of interaction are embedded in the cultural context of these people, according to their preferences, time etc. By implication, every song has its message. The appeal and /or effectiveness of the song to the audience is predominately dependent on the lyrics. Again, the message contained in the song must reflect the cultural beliefs and ethos of the people to elucidate the appropriateness of the meaning to the audience and even the mode of delivery of the lyrics as well. Given the role of songs in the lives of traditional societies, it appears that in this contemporary time, performances from traditional ensembles such as the Ͻmpε, Nwomkoro and Adowa to mention a few, are losing its touch on its audience. The reason is that traditional songs seem to be looked at with disdain since it is not really of importance to the society and culture. That erroneous thought about music (songs) or the creative arts as not essential to the function of the society and

According to the latest PIF report on the protection of the financial interests of the European Union, in 2021 Romania reported to the European Commission fraud related to European projects worth 1.4 billion euros. The reported amount is quite impressive as it represents over 80% of the total amounts reported as being fraudulently obtained in 2021 by all member states, making Romania a true performer in this regard at the European level. Starting from these values, using descriptive statistics, the study analyzes the data reported by Romania in the last ten years, compared to the other EU member states, data extracted from the PIF Reports (2012-2021), trying to verify if Romania's status as a champion in terms of fraud with European funds is fully deserved or circumstantial. Although the numbers show that Romania is indeed a performer in this regard, both in terms of value and the number of reported cases, these values must be viewed in context, as they are influenced by a wide series of factors, including reporting errors, the capacity and willingness of member states to detect irregularities, as well as the particularities of the awarding procedures and contracting periods. Also, in the end, the paper presents some recommendations for strengthening efforts to combat the phenomenon of fraud related to EU funds in Romania.

This paper compares social network dynamics and related petty corrupt practices in East Africa. It highlights how the properties of structural and functional networks could serve as entry points for anti-corruption interventions. With a focus on the health sector in Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, the empirical findings from this research corroborate the role of social networks in perpetuating collective practices of petty corruption, including bribery, favouritism and gift-giving. The paper makes a case for designing a novel type of behavioural anti-corruption intervention, whereby the power of social networks is harnessed to elicit behavioural and attitudinal change for anti-corruption outcomes.

Due to the lamentable state of the nation regarding corruption, the Nigerian state had at various times come up with policies and programmes to curtail the problem. Among these is the creation of EFCC and ICPC. The proper analysed wither the antigraft war of EFCC and ICPC really served as an antidote to corruption in Nigeria. Data came from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data was through observation and interview conducted to a sample (339) of EFCC and ICPC personnel as well as MPA Students, while the secondary data was gotten from literatures. It was found that the failure of ACAs to effectively curtail corruption was due to low autonomy, ineffective punishment and low commitment on the part of personnel. It was recommended that ACAs should be fully autonomous; their staff be more committed; and punishments be reviewed and made more severe.

In the intricate structure of democratic governance, the role and accountability of a Prime Minister stand out as pivotal, serving as keystones for the system's health and stability. This overview delves into the nuanced dimensions inherent in a Prime Minister's accountability, emphasizing its critical role in upholding democratic values and ensuring the well-being of a nation. Effective leadership transcends routine governance; it demands the preservation of ethical standards, assurance of national security, and faithful representation of the democratic will. Citizens, in their democratic investment, expect Prime Ministers to embody integrity, transparency, and actions aligned with the public interest.

Corruption is a major concern all over the world. More research should be done to identify factors that may contribute to the effectiveness of corruption control. The purpose of this study is to look into the impact of law enforcement, incentives, and opportunities on the success of the anti-corruption programme in Malaysian government institutions. Questionnaires were provided to law enforcement agencies Department A, B, C and D. Based on the Fraud Triangle, a regression model was utilised to assess the relationship between law enforcement, motive, and opportunity, as well as the effectiveness of corruption control. The findings revealed that law enforcement and incentives have a major impact on the effectiveness of anti-corruption efforts. The findings could be used by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission as guideline in the fight against corruption. Future research may be done longitudinally and crosscountry. Second, in addition to surveys, other techniques of data collecting should include interviewing and observation. Third, a more comprehensive and larger sample size may be used.

Concerns about institutional child sexual abuse within Jewish communities have been documented in two recent national inquiries into child sexual abuse, in Australia, and England and Wales. Yet to date, there has been little analysis of how media reporting informs public awareness of these concerns, and potential program and policy responses. This paper examines media reports of the high profile case of ultra-orthodox Jewish school principal Malka Leifer who was found to have sexually abused several girls in her school in Melbourne, Australia. It draws on five Australian media publications (two specifically Jewish and three mainstream newspapers), from the initial committal hearing in September 2021 until the completion of her trial and conviction in July 2023. Our findings highlight the importance of child safety processes as being aligned with the specific religious and cultural context of faith-based communities in order to be effective in preventing institutional child sexual abuse.

Good governance is necessary to enable companies to operate more efficiently, improve access to capital, mitigate risk and safeguard stakeholders. Good governing practices will lead employees to behave with integrity. Currently, governance in the public and private sectors has been exposed to public criticism due to governance failure, fraud, corruption, bribery, and internal control. Thus, the main focus of this study is to determine the significant influence between good governance which comprised of fraud control, risk management, infrastructure and facilities, and quality performance and employee integrity. Besides that, this study also determines the level of good governance practices among employees. For this research, the researcher employed a quantitative method. For data collection, the survey method was used by constructing a self-administered questionnaire to collect data. The questionnaires were distributed among the employees of a local government office in a northern state of Malaysia and only 140 of the data were usable for analysis. The data analysis employed reliability test, Cronbach alpha, mean level, and regression analysis. The finding reveals that a significant influence exists between risk management and infrastructure facilities with employee integrity. However, the result indicates that there is no significant influence between fraud control and quality performance with employee integrity. Furthermore, it was also found that the level of good governance practices among employees is only moderately high. Therefore, in achieving a developed country status, Malaysia needs to strategize its approach to increase the level of good governance among local and public sectors.

Relief Requested:
Debtor and Adversary Plaintiff Agnes Niczyporuk (Appellant in BAP
appeals EW-23-1166, EW-23-1167, and EW-23-1201), Church of the Gardens (Appellant in BAP appeal EW-23-1201) and Ronald J. O’Donnell (Appellant in BAP appeal EW-23-1201 (hereby move to transfer those BAP appeals to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Washington pursuant to Article III and the Fifth Amendment to United States Constitution

Social protection is indispensable for poverty reduction, a dignified life, and a secure future. According to the concept of a socialist public welfare state, it is the responsibility of the state to provide social security to facilitate the lives of weak, disadvantaged, and vulnerable communities and to ensure quality, safe, and protected lives of all citizens. Thus, social protection agenda are intrinsically political in nature. This paper is based on review of manifestos of various political parties in Nepal for the local, provincial, and federal elections. It was noted that the provisions for education, health, infrastructural development, social protection allowances, shelter, rest homes, care centers, and drinking water among other topics, have been covered in the manifestos of the major political parties. However, the social protection provisions are vague and do not exclusively cover the most vulnerable populations, including children, youths, sexual and gender minority chil...

Harassment generally is the act of bothering or annoying someone in a constant or repeated way. This unkind and hostile pattern of behaviour has unfortunately found its way into cyberspace. While physical harassment may be easy to cope with by avoiding the cause or agent of the harassment or reporting to physical law enforcement agencies, cyber harassment has not been easy to deal with the same way. The possibility of anonymity in cyberspace and the availability of anonymizers have made the concept of cyber-harassment more difficult to handle. While the advanced nations have made moves to curb this, Nigeria and many African nations have not responded with the same zeal with which the technological advanced nations have confronted the menace even though a pocket of legislations have been enacted to curb the ill. Yet, the impact on the victims in this side of the globe is as damaging as it is in the advanced countries. This paper attempts to appraise the legislative framework addressing cyber-harassment in Nigeria with a view to making suggestions for improvement in the light of the practice in other jurisdictions. The paper concludes that beyond legislation, real practical steps should be taken to ensure that the menace does not take root in Nigeria.

Ethical leadership is one of the modern models applied to the management of organizations
and is the highest stage of transformational leadership. In particular, in recent years, the
interest of researchers in ethical leadership practices has increased due to the unethical
practices applied by certain executives in various organizations and companies (Lawton &
Páez, 2015; Yukl et al., 2013). Contemporary leadership theories examine the role of ethics in
the leadership practices of managers. In education, it began to appear in the 1990s to create
greater Social Justice, a concept that is important in the pedagogical process (Langlois,
2014). Attempts have been made from time to time to find a complete conceptual framework
that clearly defines the concept of ethical leadership. However, it remains vague, as its
definition depends on a variety of different elements such as personal values, conscious
intentions and freedom of choice (Yukl, 2009). The first attempt to define it was made by
Brown et al., (2005) who defined the ethical leader as the person who, with the appropriate
use of ethical behavior in personal actions and interpersonal relationships promotes this
behavior to subordinates through two-way communication, reinforcement and decisionmaking. In this context ethical leaders promote values such as inclusion, cooperation and
Social Justice. They make fair decisions about employees and promote the success of all
students (Ehrich et al., 2015).
The purpose of this paper is to describe the perceptions of secondary education principals
regarding the concept and characteristics of ethical leadership. In this context, initially, the
principals of school units tried to approach the term of leadership and in particular ethical
leadership. At the same time, the education officials described the actions and innovative
practices they implement in the pedagogical approach of students from lower economic and
social strata such as the Roma and immigrants and vulnerable social groups in general. For
instance, among the innovative actions for the inclusive education are included the head
teacher’s to organize a bazaar in cooperation with the local community or the creation of a
photography association. The survey was conducted from June to October 2020. The data
collected was qualitative and resulted from semi-structured interviews. The sample of the
research was 8 principals of secondary education school units who came from the Regional
115
Unit of Larissa. The interviews were carried out in face-to-face meetings or via telephone
during and outside school hours. Transcription was used to record the data and Content
Analysis was used. The results of the research showed that the ethical practices of managers
in the performance of their duties improve the educational and learning process. Ethical
executives act as a model of behavior for all members of the school community. At the same
time, participants largely emphasized their role as managers rather than leaders. Finally,
some leaders expressed the view that the pre-defined bureaucratic-legal management model
prevents them from developing ethical practices and flexible policies.

Ethical leadership is one of the modern models applied to the management of organizations
and is the highest stage of transformational leadership. In particular, in recent years, the
interest of researchers in ethical leadership practices has increased due to the unethical
practices applied by certain executives in various organizations and companies (Lawton &
Páez, 2015; Yukl et al., 2013). Contemporary leadership theories examine the role of ethics in
the leadership practices of managers. In education, it began to appear in the 1990s to create
greater Social Justice, a concept that is important in the pedagogical process (Langlois,
2014). Attempts have been made from time to time to find a complete conceptual framework
that clearly defines the concept of ethical leadership. However, it remains vague, as its
definition depends on a variety of different elements such as personal values, conscious
intentions and freedom of choice (Yukl, 2009). The first attempt to define it was made by
Brown et al., (2005) who defined the ethical leader as the person who, with the appropriate
use of ethical behavior in personal actions and interpersonal relationships promotes this
behavior to subordinates through two-way communication, reinforcement and decisionmaking. In this context ethical leaders promote values such as inclusion, cooperation and
Social Justice. They make fair decisions about employees and promote the success of all
students (Ehrich et al., 2015).
The purpose of this paper is to describe the perceptions of secondary education principals
regarding the concept and characteristics of ethical leadership. In this context, initially, the
principals of school units tried to approach the term of leadership and in particular ethical
leadership. At the same time, the education officials described the actions and innovative
practices they implement in the pedagogical approach of students from lower economic and
social strata such as the Roma and immigrants and vulnerable social groups in general. For
instance, among the innovative actions for the inclusive education are included the head
teacher’s to organize a bazaar in cooperation with the local community or the creation of a
photography association. The survey was conducted from June to October 2020. The data
collected was qualitative and resulted from semi-structured interviews. The sample of the
research was 8 principals of secondary education school units who came from the Regional
115
Unit of Larissa. The interviews were carried out in face-to-face meetings or via telephone
during and outside school hours. Transcription was used to record the data and Content
Analysis was used. The results of the research showed that the ethical practices of managers
in the performance of their duties improve the educational and learning process. Ethical
executives act as a model of behavior for all members of the school community. At the same
time, participants largely emphasized their role as managers rather than leaders. Finally,
some leaders expressed the view that the pre-defined bureaucratic-legal management model
prevents them from developing ethical practices and flexible policies.

The goal of this study was to determine whether Russian and Ukrainian views on the acceptability of bribery were similar or significantly different. The most recent World Values Survey data were analyzed and comparisons were made. The Russian and Ukrainian sample sizes were 3561 and 2825, respectively, and interviews were conducted throughout most or all regions of both countries, making it possible to arrive at some general conclusions. Overall, Russians were significantly less opposed to bribery than the Ukrainians. Russian men and women held basically the same view on the acceptability of bribery. So did Ukrainian men and women. Thus, gender was not a significant demographic variable for either country. Older people were more opposed to bribery than younger people in both countries. Those with a higher education tended to be less opposed to bribery. Generally, the higher the income level, the less serious bribery was viewed by both the Russians and Ukrainians. Married people in both countries viewed bribery as more serious than did single people. The religious groups most opposed to bribery in Russia were the Orthodox and no religion groups. The Protestant group was least opposed. In Ukraine, Muslims were most opposed and Catholics were least opposed. Regarding employment status, the disabled group showed the strongest opposition to bribery in Russia, while students showed the least opposition. In Ukraine, the unemployed showed the strongest opposition while students showed the least opposition. Between 1990 and 2017, Russian opposition to bribery has declined consistently. Ukrainian attitudes fluctuated between 1990 and 2020. Opposition to bribery declined at first, then increased. Regarding ethnicity, Iranians and Central Asians living in Russia showed the strongest opposition to bribery. Russians and Ukrainians living in Ukraine had similar views on bribery.

1. Introduction Developing economies are caught in the web of vicious cycle of poverty, as they manifest low income, low savings and low investments, which result in a number of economic and social problems, such as poverty and hunger, unemployment and social vices, corruption and insecurity. Among these, poverty and hunger are significant, and are 'Siamese twins', as they are inseparable conditions. From the Annual Abstract of Statistics(2016), it is obtainable that, these conditions are prevalent in Nigeria, particularly in the NorthWest , NorthEast and North-Central, recording 59%-77% of cases of being food poor, absolutely poor, relatively poor and dollar per day poor. Poverty could be said to be endemic in the Nigerian economy, as the situation has been existing for long. Take for instance, the publication of the Federal Office of Statistics (1996) reveals that, poverty has become so enormous and pandemic to the extent that, it has overwhelmed a significant proportion of the Nigerian population. Also, Abiola and Olaopa (2008) noted that, it is an incontrovertible fact that, poverty has been a socioeconomic menace in the Nigerian society. This condition results in hunger or food insecurity, malnutrition or malnourishment, disease or illness, low life expectancy or shortened life span, ignorance or illiteracy, lack of access to quality education and good health care, unemployment and social vices, and general level of human hopelessness and depression. Poverty and hunger, in the life of an individual, negatively affect his/ her performance in an organization, and lower organizational performances have undesirable effects on the economy of a nation. These conditions cause malnourishment, increase susceptibility to illness, bring inability to pay children's school fees, and worsen children's academic performance. Their effects on the organization include reduction in labour productivity, and reduction in the willingness to undertake risky but more profitable investments, which would, in turn, affect organizational financial performance. However, their effects on the nation include corruption, social vices, and insecurity (Sumiter, 2002; Otaha, 2013). Consequently, successive governments, in Nigeria, have come up with various programmes and policies, which aim at alleviating poverty from the land. These, among others, include agricultural development programmes and policies, microfinance policy, youth and women empowerment programmes. Prominent among these are agricultural development

Corruption is a terrible and endemic sickness of developing world; Nigeria inclusive Embezzlement, fraud, bribery, payoff, nepotism and extortion are so common in the activities of Nigerians since from colonial era to post independence, military and civilian regimes. The paper examined the problem of corruption in Nigeria with special reference on corrupt practices by different governments (1960-20013). Secondary source of data was employed in this study. The paper traced the background of corrupt practices in Nigeria which emerged since colonial era, then first indigenous elites as well as the military regimes (1966-1979) and (1983-1999), second and third republic down to the current democratic dispensation of fourth republic. The paper reveals that political corruption paved the way for the elites to institutionalize other forms of corruption such as bureaucratic, electoral, economic, judiciary and among others which has negative effect on national development. The paper recommended among others that the federal government should make a law for executing corrupt people as in the case of China as well as to strengthen its anti-graft agencies (i.e. EFCC and CPC) with fairness and equity to all tiers of government and private sectors.

It is common knowledge that there are a number of features about the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (hereafter, 'the Charter')' which have given cause for concern. 2 One of the principal sources of disquiet has been the fact that, more so than other comparable instruments, the substantive provisions of the Charter are equivocally phrased. 3 Extensive use is made of 'clawback' clauses (which permit 'in normal circumstances, breach of an obligation for a specified number of published reasons' 4) that seem to make the enforcement of rights dependent on municipal law, or at the discretion of the national authorities. 5 Article I 0(1) of the Charter is one such Adopted by the Eighteenth Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) at Nairobi in July 1981, entered into force on 21 October 1986, (1982) 21 ILM 58. See GJ Naldi (ed) Documenrs o{the Organi=ation (){African Unity (1992) 109. All of the OAU's fifty-three Member States have now ratified the Charter, seeR Murray 'Africa' (1999) 17 NQH R 350. For an analysis of the Charter. see EA Ankumah The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (1996) 111-177: GJ Naldi The Organization of African Unity 2ed (1999) 109-212; UO Umozurike The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (1997); E Bello 'The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights' (1985/86) 194 Hague Recuei/13; RM D'Sa 'The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: Problems and Prospects for Regional Action' (1981/83) 10 Australian Yearbook of International Law 101. 2 The Charter has been described as 'modest in its objectives and flexible in its means'. BO Okere 'The Protection of Human Rights in Africa and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: A Comparative Analysis with the European and American Systems' (1984) 6 Human Rights Quarterly 141, 158. For other sceptical assessments, see R Gittleman 'The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: A Legal Analysis' (1982) 22 Virginia J of International L 667; P Amoah, 'The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights-An Effective Weapon for Human Rights?' (1992) RADIC 226: G Robertson, Crimes Against Humanity (1999) 57-58. D'Sa (note I above) 107-8; Gittleman (note 2 above) 685. CA Odinkalu 'The Individual Complaints Procedures of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights: A Preliminary Assessment' (1998) 8 Transnational L & Contemporary Problems 359, 398 however expresses little concern, as he believes that the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights has been addressing this problem through its procedures and jurisprudence. 4 R Higgins 'Derogations under Human Rights Treaties' (1976-77) 48 BYIL 281. 5 It is interesting to note that, unlike other similar human rights treaties, the Charter does not contain a derogation clause that permits the suspension of certain rights and freedoms in strictly defined circumstances. See R Murray The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights and International Lall' (2000) 123-26 and generally DJ Harris, M O'Boyle & C Warbrick Law o{ the European Con\'ention 011 Human Rights (1995) 489-506. Thus, in Commission Nationale des Droit.1• de /'Homme et des Lihates I' Chad Communication No 74/92 (1997) 41HRR 94 (state of civil war led to serious and massive violations of human rights, including rights to life, prohibition of torture, inhuman and degrading treatment, and liberty and security of the person) para 21 the Commission observed that the Charter 'does not allow for States Parties to derogate from their treaty obligations during emergency situations. Thus, even a civil war in Chad cannot be used as an excuse by the State violating or permitting violations of rights in the

Cultivating integrity and fostering a hatred of corruption are important elements that must be emphasized in the national education system. Anti-corruption awareness must be instilled not only in school pupils and students of higher learning institutions but also in teachers and lecturers. They are important individuals who can shape the future of our young generation. Currently, programs on anti-corruption are jointly carried out by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC), the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), and the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE), based on the requirements of the National Anti-Corruption Plan (NACP) 2019-2023. Therefore, the objective of this article is to explain the definition of corruption in the context of Malaysian law; identify the main initiatives in cultivating integrity and anti-corruption through education, and analyze corruption cases related to the education sector. The research methodology employed is a case study, which looks at real cases of corruption involving educators. Findings show that educators' position is not immune from engaging in acts of corruption. Besides, corruption is a 'sharp thorn' that can damage the good name of the education sector in the country. Therefore, educators need to increase their knowledge of corruption crimes and appropriate preventive measures.

The nature of organisations has transformed greatly over recent years and contemporary organisations now have even greater responsibilities with the introduction of Big Data analytics. As a result, ethical concerns regarding the use of Big Data have emerged. One of these concerns, among many, is new ways in which employees can behave unethically in Big Data organisations. For example, with the introduction of new surveillance tools and data gathering techniques that provide detailed information about people, this creates an increased risk of employees finding ways to manipulate consumers' attention in order to influence their behaviour. This is often done by personalising customer profiling in an attempt to improve services offered by the organisation or to increase sales, in order to increase profit. This can result in unintended consequences, such as discrimination or violating privacy rights. The right to privacy is a fundamental human right and, as such, organisations, and its employees, should be committed to respecting it. This study evaluates what organisational tools can be used to promote ethical (or virtuous) behaviour in Big Data organisations, focusing on incentives. A literature review conducted on organisational incentives shows that people do what they are incentivised to do, therefore aligning rewards with ethical outcomes is a possible solution to ethical problems in Big Data organisations. Organisations already incentivise employees simply for doing what is expected of them, therefore, it makes sense that organisations ought to incentivise ethical behaviour of employees if ethical (or virtuous) behaviour is what they want to encourage. Incentives should not only be understood in terms of driving behaviour to achieve an outcome but also in terms of how these outcomes are achieved. The study thus provides an opportunity to evaluate if a moral theory, such as Virtue ethics, integrated into an incentive system, could provide a good framework as to how employees should conduct themselves in Big Data organisations. This study will explore a potential solution for motivating virtuous employees in Big Data organisations who can make responsible decisions founded on their strong character traits. The potential risks of incentivising ethical behaviour are also explored. The findings suggest that including an ethics measure in existing incentives in Big Data organisations can have a positive effect on ethical behaviour, and therefore virtuous behaviour should be incentivised with appropriate incentives, such as nonfinancial incentives, by rewarding virtuous employees, and appropriately coaching or disciplining unethical employees. Opsomming Die aard van organisasies het die afgelope jare baie verander maar met die opkoms en analise van "Groot Data", het hedendaagse organisasies nou 'n groter verantwoordelikheid as ooit. As gevolg hiervan, het kommer ontstaan oor die etiese gebruik van "Groot Data". Een bekommernis onder meer, is die nuwe maniere waarop werknemers oneties kan optree. Byvoorbeeld, met die bekendstelling van nuwe toesiginstrumente en tegnieke vir die insameling van data wat gedetailleerde inligting oor verbruikers bied, skep dit 'n verhoogde risiko dat werknemers maniere kan vind om die fokus van die verbruiker te manipuleer en sodoende hulle gedrag te verander. Dit word dikwels gedoen deur die verbruikersprofilering te personaliseer in 'n poging om dienste wat die organisasie bied te verbeter of om verkope te verhoog en sodoende wins te verhoog. Dit kan onbedoelde gevolge hê, soos diskriminasie, of tipies die skending van die reg op privaatheid. Die reg op privaatheid is 'n fundamentele reg en organisasies en sy werknemers moet daartoe verbind wees om dit te respekteer. Hierdie studie evalueer watter instrumente organisasies kan gebruik om etiese (of deugsame) gedrag in "Groot Data" organisasies te bevorder, maar met die fokus op aansporings. 'n Literatuuroorsig van organisatoriese aansporings toon dat mense se gedrag verander kan word in die rigting waarin hulle aangemoedig word, en daarom is beloning vir etiese uitkomste 'n moontlike oplossing. Organisasies moedig werknemers reeds aan om bloot te doen wat van hulle verwag word. Daarom is dit sinvol dat organisasies etiese gedrag van werknemers moet aanspoor as etiese (of deugsame) gedrag dit is wat hulle wil aanmoedig. Aansporings moet nie net verstaan word in die konteks van bestuursgedrag om 'n uitkoms te bereik nie, maar ook in terme van hoe hierdie uitkomste bereik word. Die studie bied dus die geleentheid om te bepaal of 'n morele teorie, soos Deugde-etiek, 'n goeie raamwerk kan bied vir hoe werknemers, met die regte aansporingsteikens, eties kan optree. Hierdie studie sal 'n moontlike oplossing ondersoek vir die motivering van deugsame werknemers in hedendaagse "Groot Data" organisasies wat deugsame besluite kan neem gebaseer op hul sterk karaktereienskappe. Die potensiële risiko's van aansporing van etiese gedrag word ook ondersoek. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat 'n etiese maatstaf wat by bestaande aansporings ingesluit word in "Groot Data" organisasies 'n positiewe uitwerking op etiese gedrag kan hê, en daarom kan deugsame gedrag aangespoor word met toepaslike aansporings. Nie-finansiële aansporings, byvoorbeeld, kan gebruik word om nie net deugsame werknemers te beloon nie, maar ook om die nodige afrigting aan of dissiplinering van onetiese werknemers te verskaf.

Bribery is an ancient form of corruption. It has been present in most societies over the past few thousand years. The present bibliography lists more than 100 studies that have been done on this topic. The bibliography is subdivided into the following categories: theoretical studies, country studies, demographic studies, religious studies, summaries and other. Links to some studies are also provided.