Revisiting patent law paradigms: legal, economic, and ethical implications of AI-driven inventions in the biosciences: introducing the universal model of augmented invention, 2025
Introduces the universal model of augmented invention, recognizing AI-human co-created patents wh... more Introduces the universal model of augmented invention, recognizing AI-human co-created patents while preserving human accountability. • Operationalizes reform via AI-specific disclosure (Computational Traceability Report; Human-Machine Contribution Statement) and a patent-term adjustment model (PTA-AI). • Advances equity and safety through AI-tailored compulsory-licensing triggers and practical governance (IRB/REC review, change-control, post-market monitoring, auditability).
Emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and biotechnol... more Emerging technologies, including artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and biotechnology, hold immense promise to address critical global challenges such as climate change, public health crises, and resource depletion. However, their rapid development introduces pressing ethical, legal, and societal dilemmas, including data privacy concerns, algorithmic bias, intellectual property disputes, and the deepening of social inequities. This paper comprehensively explores these multifaceted challenges, underscoring the necessity of robust governance frameworks to mitigate associated risks. It advocates for adopting Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) principles to ensure technological progress aligns with societal values, ethical standards, and sustainability objectives. Through actionable policy recommendations and a comprehensive governance model, the paper emphasizes the importance of international collaboration and inclusive stakeholder engagement in shaping the responsible trajectory of technological innovation.
In the intricate structure of democratic governance, the role and accountability of a Prime Minis... more In the intricate structure of democratic governance, the role and accountability of a Prime Minister stand out as pivotal, serving as keystones for the system's health and stability. This overview delves into the nuanced dimensions inherent in a Prime Minister's accountability, emphasizing its critical role in upholding democratic values and ensuring the well-being of a nation. Effective leadership transcends routine governance; it demands the preservation of ethical standards, assurance of national security, and faithful representation of the democratic will. Citizens, in their democratic investment, expect Prime Ministers to embody integrity, transparency, and actions aligned with the public interest.
Comparative Political Economy: Social Welfare Policy eJournal, 2019
The correlation between medical innovation (concurrent with nutrition and sanitation) and increas... more The correlation between medical innovation (concurrent with nutrition and sanitation) and increase in life expectancy in the past one and a half century is apparent. ‘Innovation-Driven Health Economy’ is directly proportional to the advancements in medicine and health expenditures. However, we should distinguish between the effect of medical innovation on life expectancy and health, and the effect of medical expenditures, or health financing, on life expectancy and welfare.<br><br>The growth in human population and aging populations affects all people through its impact on the economy and environment. It coincidentally brings forth serious economic implications and significant burden to human well-being. Indeed, all countries face difficult challenges and choices in financing their health systems.<br><br>Evidently, large and medium pharmaceutical companies will continue to bear the costs of the development of new pharmaceuticals, based on and arising from bas...
During the acute phase of periodontal disease, as many as 60% of the cells of the junctional epit... more During the acute phase of periodontal disease, as many as 60% of the cells of the junctional epithelium may be accounted for by polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs). It is generally accepted that these cells play a dominant role in the destruction of connective tissue by virtue of the proteinases they release and the free oxygen radicals they generate. Modulation of the proteolytic activity and free radical production seems to be essential for the inhibition of tissue destruction. We have therefore studied the effect of chlorhexidine on the generation of free oxygen radicals and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL) by stimulated human PMNs. Nontoxic chlorhexidine concentrations (0.1-1 microgram/ml) were found to inhibit superoxide production but did not affect LDCL. We therefore suggest that in addition to its antiseptic effect, chlorhexidine may also modulate the generation of free radicals by activated PMN cells in the inflamed gingiva.
Continuous Transdermal Delivery of L-DOPA Based on a Self-Assembling Nanomicellar System
Pharmaceutical Research, 2017
When levodopa (L-DOPA) is administered orally, it is eliminated from the body very quickly result... more When levodopa (L-DOPA) is administered orally, it is eliminated from the body very quickly resulting in a series of sharp fluctuations in its blood concentrations. These frequent changes in blood levels are considered to be responsible for the development of late motor complications and dyskinesias, which are troubling clinical and treatment issues in Parkinson&amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s disease. Transdermal drug delivery is a patient-compliant method for delivering therapeutics into the systemic circulation in a continuous and controlled manner. Transdermal delivery of L-DOPA can achieve continuous dopaminergic stimulation (CDS), thus reducing motor fluctuations. However, there are two technical difficulties in the development of a transdermal patch for L-DOPA: (a) L-DOPA is poorly soluble in most pharmaceutically-acceptable solvents, and (b) L-DOPA has a limited permeability through the skin even from saturated solutions. We have, therefore, investigated the transdermal delivery of L-DOPA using an innovative self-assembling nano-micellar system (SANS), loaded with 2% L-DOPA and 1% carbidopa. In vitro testing as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic studies (multiple-dose regimen) in rabbits have demonstrated for the first time a significantly increased percutaneous permeation and systemic absorption of L-DOPA. It has therefore been proposed that either a once-daily or a twice-daily regimen could be therapeutically effective depending on the severity of the disease.
The collagenase is like tissue collagenases in that it cleaves collagen at a single site. The col... more The collagenase is like tissue collagenases in that it cleaves collagen at a single site. The collagenase which has a molecular weight of about 50 k daltons, specifically inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation, with substantially no effect on platelet count or size, and may be used alone or together with another platelet aggregation inhibitor. The latter may also be a leech-derived biochemical, such as an apyrase, or an inhibitor of the release of platelet aggregation factor by leucocytes.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology, 1987
1. Leech saliva inhibits platelet aggregation induced by collagen, ADP and epinephrine. 2. Leech ... more 1. Leech saliva inhibits platelet aggregation induced by collagen, ADP and epinephrine. 2. Leech saliva inhibits superoxide production by neutrophils stimulated by tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate or polyhistidine. The effect is due in part at least to eglin. 3. Reputed anaesthetic effects of leech saliva were not detected.
Submission of a paper will be held to imply that it contains original unpublished work and is not... more Submission of a paper will be held to imply that it contains original unpublished work and is not being submitted for publication elsewhere. Papers must be in English. All articles submitted to JEMI for publication are subject to a double-blind peer review that provides an independent assessment of the article's quality and relevance with respect to JEMI standards.
Systemic delivery of insulin via the nasal route using a new microemulsion system: In vitro and in vivo studies
Journal of Controlled Release, 2010
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the nasal absorption of insulin from a new micr... more The main purpose of this study was to investigate the nasal absorption of insulin from a new microemulsion spray preparation in rabbits. The bioavailability of insulin lispro via the nasal route using a W/O microemulsion was found to reach 21.5% relative to subcutaneous administration, whereas the use of an inverse microemulsion as well as a plain solution yielded less than 1% bioavailability. The profile of plasma glucose levels obtained after nasal spray application of the microemulsion (1IU/kg lispro) was similar to the subcutaneous profile of 0.5IU/kg at the first 90min after application and resulted in a 30-40% drop in glucose levels. The microemulsion system was characterized by DLS, TEM, viscosity measurements, and by construction of pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The average droplet size of an insulin-unloaded and insulin-loaded microemulsions containing 20% aqueous phase (surfactants-to-oil ratio=87:13) was 2nm and 2.26nm in diameter, respectively. In addition, the effect of the microemulsion on FITC-labeled insulin permeation was examined across the porcine nasal mucosa in vitro. The permeability coefficient of FITC-insulin via the microemulsion was 0.210±0.048cm/h with a lag time of 10.9±6.5min, whereas the permeability coefficient from a plain solution was 0.082±0.043cm/h with a lag time of 36.3±10.1min. In view of the absorption differences of insulin between 20%, 50% water-containing microemulsions and an aqueous solution obtained in vitro and in vivo, it has been concluded that the acceleration in the intramucosal transport process is the result of encapsulating insulin within the nano-droplet clusters of a W/O microemulsion, while the microemulsion ingredients seems to have no direct role.
Non-State Actors and International Humanitarian Law: Ethical and Legal Dilemmas in Asymmetric Warfare, 2024
This article explores the ethical and legal challenges posed by asymmetric warfare to Internation... more This article explores the ethical and legal challenges posed by asymmetric warfare to International Humanitarian Law (IHL) 1. Asymmetric conflicts involving non-state actors, such as the October 7, 2023 operations by Hamas and Hezbollah against Israel, blur the lines between combatants and civilians, complicating adherence to IHL principles. The study examines case studies like these, highlighting the difficulties in enforcing IHL amidst civilian populations. It also discusses the complexities of using civilians as human shields and the challenges of holding both state and nonstate actors accountable under international law. The evolving nature of warfare necessitates robust legal frameworks and accountability mechanisms to mitigate humanitarian impacts and uphold human rights in conflict zones.
Hezbollah’s Persistent Violations of UNSC Resolution 1701: UNIFIL’s Role Amidst Escalating Regional Tensions, 2024
This paper critically examines Hezbollah's continued defiance of United Nations Security Council ... more This paper critically examines Hezbollah's continued defiance of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1701 and the evolving role of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in managing escalating tensions between Hezbollah and Israel. Despite the resolution's aim to establish a sustainable ceasefire following the 2006 Israel-Lebanon war, Hezbollah's military entrenchment, violations, and growing capabilities have rendered it ineffective in securing long-term peace. This analysis explores Hezbollah's strategic objectives, expanding military capabilities, and regional alliances, highlighting how these factors have undermined international efforts to enforce demilitarization. The study also assesses UNIFIL's operational challenges and its limited capacity to curb Hezbollah's influence and enforce compliance. In light of the 2023 Israel-Hezbollah conflict, triggered by the Hamas invasion of Israel, this paper underscores the broader geopolitical implications of Hezbollah's actions, the risk of further regional escalation, and the urgent need for a reassessment of international peacekeeping strategies, including the disarmament of Hezbollah and the establishment of a sovereign Lebanese government.
Abducted Civilians by Hamas Terrorist Organizations: Legal Insights and Varied Perspectives under the Fourth Geneva Convention, 2023
Hamas is considered a terrorist organization by a number of countries and organizations, includin... more Hamas is considered a terrorist organization by a number of countries and organizations, including Israel, the United States, the European Union, Canada, and others. In response to the barbaric attack on innocent civilians on October 7, 2023, by Hamas terrorists on Israel, resulting in the tragic loss of over 1400 lives and the abduction of 230 children, elderly individuals, women, and men, this note aims to explore the complex issues of abductions. It primarily focuses on the treatment, legal status, and protection of abducted civilians under the Fourth Geneva Convention 2. I will also explore the intricate aspects of securing their release. By examining these elements, we can gain a more nuanced perspective on the principles of international humanitarian law that govern these unbearable humanitarian tragedies.
Exploring the Multifaceted Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Junior High School Education: A Thoughtful Reflection, 2023
In this article, I provide an insightful analysis of the multifaceted impact of Artificial Intell... more In this article, I provide an insightful analysis of the multifaceted impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on junior high school education. Through a careful examination, I explore AI's capacity to enhance curiosity, expand knowledge acquisition, and enable personalized learning. The article also highlights the refinement of writing skills, ethical considerations, and the evolving role of educators in the context of AI integration. Rooted in my personal reflections and guided by thoughtful deliberation, this work contributes to the ongoing conversation about the benefits and challenges of AI in education, making it a valuable resource for educators, policymakers, and researchers.
Unveiling the Vulnerable Paradox: “Nakedness”, Forbidden Fruits, and the Intricacies of Artificial Intelligence, 2023
This essay builds upon my previous exploration of the profound connections between artificial int... more This essay builds upon my previous exploration of the profound connections between artificial intelligence (AI) and the symbolic narrative of the forbidden fruits. In my earlier work, flections on AIs Connection to the Forbidden Fruits: Exploring Parallels between Artificial Intelligence and the Biblical Narrative 1 ", I studied the complex dynamics of the forbidden fruits, unraveling their fascination and examining their implications within the context of AI. Now, I aim to deepen our understanding by focusing on the complex interaction between "nakedness", the forbidden fruits, and the captivating world of AI. Through unraveling these connections, we can shed light on the ethical implications and philosophical considerations that arise from AIs impact on human existence. "Nakedness", in its broader sense, encompasses more than mere physical exposure; it symbolizes vulnerability and challenges societal norms. In the era of AI, the interplay between "nakedness", the exploration of its intriguing aspects, and the complexities of AI takes on enhanced significance. By embracing the concept of "nakedness" within the context of AI, we open ourselves to new perspectives and avenues for development.
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Papers by Haim V . Levy
progress aligns with societal values, ethical standards, and sustainability objectives. Through actionable policy recommendations and a comprehensive governance model, the paper emphasizes the importance of international collaboration and inclusive stakeholder engagement in shaping the responsible trajectory of technological innovation.
Drafts by Haim V . Levy