Constructional Grammar

This paper analyses the domain of verbs of anger and closely related emotions in order to implement a formalised lexical constructional account. Through a detailed analysis of psych-verbs, this research explores their syntactic and semantic specifications. By investigating the roles of experiencers and stimuli arguments either as syntactic subject or object when causing changes in psychological states, the study attempts to shed light on the syntactic and semantic properties of anger and related verbs and the constructions in which they occur. Drawing on constructional and lexical templates for argument structure, this study provides a detailed mapping of how language lexicalises verbal predicates of anger. Overall, this research offers an insight into their formalised representation, relying on the general principles of the Lexical Constructional Model (LCM) (Ruiz de Mendoza

En este trabajo se examina el fenómeno de polisemia de estado y cambio de estado en el guaraní paraguayo. Para ello se presentan los resultados de un relevamiento de 75 raíces de dos clases semánticas, los conceptos de propiedad (CP) y los estados resultantes (ER), prestando atención a las diversas subclases que las componen. Se analiza evidencia favorable, además, para la hipótesis de Beavers y Koontz-Garboden (2020) de que mientras que las raíces de CP solo pueden introducir un elemento de cambio a través de operadores de la estructura eventiva, las raíces de ER  poseen un entrañamiento de cambio en su denotación. Pese a estas diferencias, los resultados del relevamiento muestran que la pauta de polisemia se extiende a través de la gran mayoría de las raíces de CP y ER y sus varias subclases. Estos hallazgos, a su vez, son comparados con los de las tendencias tipológicas reveladas por Beavers y otros (2017, 2021), que señalan que las lenguas lexicalizan los estados de los CP y codifican sus cambios de estado con formas morfológicamente marcadas e, inversamente, los ER lexicalizan los cambios de estado y codifican los estados con formas marcadas. Debido a la notable extensión de la pauta
polisémica en su léxico, el guaraní claramente se aparta de esas  tendencias. Se muestra, sin embargo, que posee los rasgos tipológicos que se han aducido como críticos para tal comportamiento en otras lenguas.

This thesis examines the impact of Data-driven learning (DDL) or classroom concordancing on a group of adolescent students in Greece seeking to investigate the degree of motivation to learn grammar when involved in DDL a nd the effectiveness of DDL in the teaching and learning of grammar. The study introduced concordance-based grammar materials to the experimental group, whereas a conventional grammar book was used with the control group, examining common grammar items and patterns. The analysis of classroom data gathered during DDL sessions offered insights into the improved noticing skills of the participants but also into the difficulties when involved in DDL with regard to unknown vocabulary and the Key Word in Context (KWIC) concordance format, which underlined the need for considerable teacher guidance. The qualitative evidence drawn from questionnaires and interviews suggested that the majority of the participants acknowledged the contribution and potential of corpora, but the degree of motivation to study g rammar further varied. M ost learners also expressed their preference for concordance-based learning, rather than their previous mostly passive learning experience, and further access to corpora, but without total abandonment of the conventional grammar book. The qualitative evidence was supplemented with analysis of test performances of the two groups, according to which more participants of the experimental group scored higher than those of the control group in each test. All these findings pointed to important gains and represent a preliminary step in the development of corpusbased grammar teaching to EFL adolescent learners. As the pre-electronic corpora were applied in lexicography, grammatical studies, dialect and language education (see section 2.2) the current expanded forms of second generation of corpora have even greater potential in additional fields, such as language variation and translation. However, an analysis of lexicography and issues regarding language teaching and learning follows as being related to the present study. Corpus-based dictionaries give a lot of very useful information, such as syntactic patterning, collocation, phraseology. A s mentioned earlier, prior to the introduction of computer corpora in lexicography, all of this information had to be collected manually, which resulted in years of dictionary creation. Nowadays, all information is available in computer-readable form and using concordancing software many stages can be automated, such as word frequency, detecting prefixes, suffixes, irregular forms, sorting words by lemmas and in the case of a tagged corpus, the part of speech of each word can be automatically determined. Corpus-based dictionaries include new meanings which were considered previously to be unimportant but which come to light owing to the results of frequency analysis. The dictionary definitions are typically prioritised, using information from tagged corpora, according to the frequency of use of meanings and sub-senses. The Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English based on British National Corpus includes words that are frequent in spoken and written English and compares their frequency in the two modes, while a large corpus of third wife Suzanne Acosta, 34, is expecting their first child. [p] Th in a phenomenally good Christmas and is expecting to have to make a large number of profit Nylex, its Australian subsidiary. The City is expecting further sales, with the most likely

The problem of equivalence between se faire/hacerse + adjective is not new. In fact, these verbs are false friends. In this paper, we want to outline the convergence and divergence of these two verbs. We will base on the analysis of Spanish and French corpus semantically/lexically and from the morfosintax point of view.

This entry provides a concise introduction to the way concepts pertaining to the semantics-pragmatics interface have been integrated and developed within Construction Grammar. Particular attention is given to the features of conceptual-dependence and truth-conditionality, previously identified as key criteria in distinguishing between semantics and pragmatics. It is shown that in recent years Construction Grammar has aptly operationalized these two dimensions which are now central elements of the theory.

Este capítulo objetiva discutir de que modo, dentro do continuum da
transitividade, a voz verbal se manifesta em contexto multilíngue. Os dados
de análise provêm do corpus CBFlor-PBLH, corpus de produções orais de
crianças de faixa etária entre os 5 e 13 anos, todas falantes de herança e
ítalo-brasileiras, residentes na região Toscana, Itália. As análises têm como
suporte a Linguística Funcional Baseada no Uso, teoria cognitivo-funcional
(Bybee, 2016; Tomasello, 1999) cujo modelo teórico-metodológico assume
conceitos específicos a respeito da transitividade do Português Brasileiro
(Furtado da Cunha, 2009; Lucena, 2016). Além disso, os fundamentos
da Gramática de Construções (Goldberg, 1995, 2006) e da Gramática
de Construções Diassistêmica (Höder, 2014, 2018) são arrolados nessa
pesquisa, ao compreender a relevância do conhecimento linguístico
do falante de herança, como um inventário de construções gramaticais
formado por uma entidade de duas faces: a forma e o significado. Os
dados de análise revelam graus de transitividade com padrão multilíngue
específico nos discursos em português em contato com a língua italiana.

O presente capítulo revisita pesquisas sociofuncionalistas e construcionistas sobre a ordenação vocabular verbo-sujeito (VS) no Português do Brasil (PB) e focaliza uma trajetória histórica de trabalhos diacrônicos sobre o ponto, culminante em pesquisas contemporâneas no âmbito da Gramática de Construções Baseada no Uso (GCBU). Na discussão são enfatizadas investigações ligadas à Construção Monoargumental VS de Focalização no PB, representada pelo esquema [(X)VSN]FOC. O intuito da revisão é mostrar como diferentes estudos sobre a cláusula VS apontam para sua associação a aspectos relativos à informatividade e como tal tendência é incorporada a estudos no campo da GCBU para a descrição linguística do PB. Ainda, são apresentadas características idiomáticas dos subesquemas [(X) CORRER SN] e [(X) CHEGAR SN] e exercícios que salientam aspectos do uso que refletem a natureza da representação gramatical em perspectiva construcional.

RésuméLa présente contribution porte sur tourner et virer, deux verbes attributifs (p. ex. elle a viré/tourné folle) qui ne sont pas encore reconnus pleinement par la tradition grammaticale normative ni dans les travaux des linguistes. Elle vise à établir le profil distributionnel / collocationnel de ces deux verbes qui semblent opérer dans le même domaine sémantico-fonctionnel, afin de mettre à nu les subtiles divergences au niveau de leur profil sémantique. Celles-ci sont rattachées à la sémantique de base du verbe lexical, laissant entrevoir dans ces emplois grammaticalisés des effets dus à la « persistance lexicale » (lexical persistence). Afin d'objectiver au maximum les profils distributionnels des deux verbes (et partant leur profil sémantique), les outils statistiques offerts par la méthode collostructionnelle (Stefanowitsch et Gries 2003; Gries et Stefanowitsch 2004) sont mis à profit. En outre, la combinaison de l'approche collocationnelle et de l'analyse morph...

This paper offers a corpus-based study of two evidential (semi-)copular verbs in French. It deals with their degree of synonymy and the extent to which they are grammaticalized as semi-copulas. First, the study of subcategorization and semantic restrictions of both the direct and indirect (marked) construction with comme, completed by the careful scrutiny of contextual elements, shows that both verbs exhibit slight meaning differences with respect to the inferential process involved in the encoding of indirect inferential evidentiality (Willet 1988) : "results" (se révéler) vs "reasoning" (s'avérer). Second, both verbs fit quite well in the paradigm of copular verbs, although s'avérer seems slightly more 'transparent' , that means less selective. Crucially, the uses of se révéler with nominal predicates quite often exhibit lexical persistence, while in the adjectival domain both verbs are almost twins as shown by a distinctive collexeme analysis.

1. Ne connaissant pas la langue source (qui peut d'ailleurs être une autre langue, l'anglais, par exemple), nous ne pouvions nous fi er à ce corpus. 2. http://davies-linguistics.byu.edu/personal/; http://www.frantext.fr/. 3. Le corpus Davies, à la différence de Frantext, comporte des écrits provenant d'Amérique du Sud qui diffèrent, dans certains cas, de l'usage qui en est fait dans la péninsule ibérique. Pour sa part, Frantext contient surtout des textes littéraires avec ce que cela implique: fi gure de style, métaphore, etc., donc forcément des interprétations diverses. Il faut ajouter que nous avons éliminé tous les exemples oraux de Davies, car Frantext n'en contient pas. 4. Ou encore semi-copules (Hengeveld 1992, Lamiroy et Melis 2005) ou pseudo-copules (Porroche 1990).

This paper offers a corpus-based study of two evidential (semi-)copular verbs in French. It deals with their degree of synonymy and the extent to which they are grammaticalized as semi-copulas. First, the study of subcategorization and semantic restrictions of both the direct and indirect (marked) construction withcomme, completed by the careful scrutiny of contextual elements, shows that both verbs exhibit slight meaning differences with respect to the inferential process involved in the encoding of indirect inferential evidentiality (Willet 1988) : “results” (se révéler) vs “reasoning” (s’avérer). Second, both verbs fit quite well in the paradigm of copular verbs, althoughs’avérerseems slightly more ‘transparent’, that means less selective. Crucially, the uses ofse révélerwith nominal predicates quite often exhibit lexical persistence, while in the adjectival domain both verbs are almost twins as shown by adistinctive collexeme analysis.

Empirical and theoretical arguments are presented against a framesemantic grounding of construction grammar and thus against a holistic unification of meaning and world knowledge. A modular conception is the basis of the interplay between construction and projection in Goldberg (1995). Goldberg's attempt to include frame semantics is at odds with this foundation and must be considered a failure. The same is true for the continuation by Boas (2003). The argumentation is supplemented, among other things, by the reference to the contrast of a perceptual system and a linguistic system of cognition in cognitive psychology and by the necessity to take a modular concept as a basis in the area of syntactic-semantic ambiguity of sentences. 1 Einleitung 2 Konstruktion und Projektion und das modulare Verhältnis von Bedeutung und Weltwissen 2.1 Grammatiktheoretische Grundlagen 2.2 Konstruktion, Projektion, Coercion 2.3 Semantic Parsimony versus Framesemantik bei Goldberg (1995) 2.4 Weltwissen bei Boas (2003) 2.5 Fazit 3 Sprachliches und perzeptives System der Kognition 4 Ausblick, Weiterungen 4.1 Syntaktisch-semantische Ambiguitäten

I propose an output constraint that filters syntactic structures at the interface between syntax and semantics. This constraint requires the situation the sentence describes to be construed as located at a point of time included within an interval of time directly or indirectly defined by the speech act. A universal syntactic T(ense)-Chain places a situation at a point of time, linking the Reference time associated with the Complementizer node to the Event time associated with the Tense node. In Logical Form, the situation which vP describes is predicated of the point of time which T denotes. It is less straightforward, however, to place an event within an interval of time. To do this, the event time morpheme in T must merge with an aspect morpheme. I propose that aspect has nothing to do with the internal structure of events, as is often assumed. Rather, aspect pluralizes the point of time T denotes, deriving a series of points, or interval, of time. In Ancient or Modern Greek, both tense and aspect are realised as grammatical morphemes affixed to the verb. But other languages lack either perfective or imperfective aspect morphemes, or both. English, for example, lacks imperfective aspect while French lacks perfective aspect. A grammar with defective aspect must develop compensatory mechanisms which allow it to satisfy the output constraint on temporal interpretation mentioned above. English grammaticalized the possessive lexical verb HAVE, deriving an imperfective auxiliary verb. French and other languages raise a perfect participle from a lower syntactic domain to the higher, tense, domain where it functions as a perfective temporal form defining a bounded time interval in T. I argue that if the same verb can be construed as either lexical or grammatical, like English HAVE, or the same grammatical suffix can be construed as either an aktionsart morpheme which bounds an event or as an aspect morpheme which bounds a tense interval, like the French participial suffix, it is because the sentence structure is divided into two syntactic domains, vP and TP/CP, associated with distinct semantic construals.

Este artigo busca delinear a trajetória diacrônica de uma construção idiomática com VÊ/VEJA SE S (como em “Vê se me liga” e “Vê se não se atrasa”) no português brasileiro. Tomando como base o arcabouço teórico
da Gramática de Construções Baseada no Uso e o modelo de mudança proposto por Traugott e Trousdale (2013), buscamos fornecer explicações acerca do surgimento dessa construção na língua. Do ponto de vista
metodológico, recorremos a uma análise quantitativa e qualitativo-interpretativa de dados extraídos do Corpus do Português. Em síntese, o que os resultados demonstram é que essa construção idiomática, especializada na função de dirigir uma cobrança ao interlocutor, surge no século XIX a partir de um mecanismo de neoanálise de construtos de uma construção de imperativo com complemento oracional.

Isabela Maria Gonçalves Albernaz a  RESUMO O artigo apresenta um estudo sobre a rede taxonômica [(X) CHEGAR SN] FOC no Português do Brasil (PB) e as relações de herança mantidas entre o esquema [(X)VSN] FOC, o subesquema [(X) CHEGAR SN] FOC e microconstruções [(X) CHEGAR SN] FOC com propriedwades próprias de forma e sentido. O trabalho se desenvolve a partir do modelo da Gramática de Construções Baseada no Uso (GCBU), associado à Linguística Cognitivo-Funcional, que defende a emergência da gramática como processo resultante da experiência com o uso da língua e da atuação dos Processos Cognitivos de Domínio Geral. Argumentamos a favor de uma representação em rede de microconstruções [(X) CHEGAR SN] FOC-de sentido apresentacional de tempo, evento e referentes inespecíficos-, ligadas ao esquema [(X) CHEGAR SN] FOC-de sentido introdutório/apresentacional-, por sua vez, ligado ao padrão mais abstrato [(X)VSN] FOC-de natureza pragmática fortemente associada

The results of 32 tests on bolted T-stub connections made up of welded plates are presented and discussed. Although T-stubs have been used for many years to model the tension zone of bolted joints, the research was mainly concentrated on rolled profiles as T-stub elements. To extend this model to the case of welded plates as T-stub elements, a test programme was undertaken at the Delft University of Technology and is reported in this paper. It provides insight into the behaviour of this different type of assembly, in terms of resistance, stiffness, deformation capacity and failure modes, in particular. The key variables tested include the weld throat thickness, the size of the T-stub, the type and diameter of the bolts, the steel grade, the presence of transverse stiffeners and the T-stub orientation. The results show that the welding procedure is particularly important to ensure a ductile behaviour of the connection. Most of the T-stubs failed by tension fracture of the bolts after significant yielding of the flanges. However, some of the specimens have shown early damage of the plate material near the weld toe due to the effect of the welding consumable that induced premature cracking and reduced the overall deformation capacity. A solution to this problem is given by setting requirements to the weld metal to be used.

This study analyzes a so far neglected part of the constructional behavior of Levin's (1993) entity-specific change-of-state verbs. More specifically, we discuss the integration of verbs from this lexical class into the intransitive-resultative construction. We base our analysis on the

One of the main challenges posed in front of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) teachers in developing syllabi at higher education level is the choice of vocabulary to be taught. This issue is particularly prominent in technical English, which apart from being abundant in nouns, requires students to learn the other highly frequent noun-based structures such as multi-word lexical units (MWLUs). Learning how to cope with these condensed structures both in reading and writing, will make the students competent and self-confident ESP users. The choice of lexical items is usually left to teachers' intuition. This paper intends to assist teachers in avoiding addressing the issue by making such intuitive decisions, offering the model of incorporating the corpus-based vocabulary findings into their ESP syllabi instead. Thus, the research questions addressed in this paper are: Can a computer software extract all the nouns, MWLUs and multi-noun lexical units (MNLUs) with 100% certainty? What is their precise number in the pedagogical corpus of English for Traffic and Transport Purposes (ETTP)? The paper approaches the issue from the analytical point of view, i.e. by instructing the teacher-researcher step by step in analysing the pedagogical specialized corpora, including the possible problems they might encounter using irreplaceable, yet not completely accurate computer software for the purpose. The paper proposes original solutions to overcome the encountered imperfections in order to get accurate and evidence-based lists of most frequent nouns, MWLUs and MNLUs, making some extra effort by manually complementing the computer-based analysis. By applying the methodology proposed by this paper teachersresearchers will no more have to wonder which nouns and MWLUs and MNLUs to teach, since they can create accurate lists by themselves. Furthermore, a specialized pedagogical corpus analysis provides a valuable basis for creating glossaries and specialized minimum dictionaries, serving as a source for creating syllabi and lexis oriented exercises, as well as for designing language tests-all of it with the ultimate scope of improving students' lexical competencies in a specific field of study.

In present-day French, speakers often express their personal inclination towards a referent by means of a syntactic construction involving a human subject + être ‘be’ + adverbial modifier + bare noun (= a noun without determiner), like in Je suis très fromage ‘I am very much into cheese’. Two hypotheses about the origin of this ‘affective construction’ are explored in this paper: derivation from a directional construction involving a participle like in X est très (porté sur le) sexe ‘X is very (oriented towards) sex’; a by-product of the homonymic similative construction, le décor est très théâtre ‘the scene is very theater-like’, which expresses a resemblance based on stereotypical association with that noun.  It is shown that there is no evidence to support the first hypothesis, while the second hypothesis seems the more plausible.
Detailed qualitative analysis of the first attestations showed several bridging contexts in which analogy in behavior (= similative) also entails ideological orientation. This metonymic link seems to have broadened the scope of the similative construction towards characterization based on (ideological) preferences, restricting it by the same token to animate subjects. A similar evolution has been detected for a third construction expression the abstract content of a spatial/temporal container. It is also shown that this extension yielded some very rare conventionalized uses in which a noun converted into an genuine adjective expresses an orientation (e.g. flirt), an observation which lead us to nuance our previously publish synchronic work (Lauwers 2014).
Finally, the hypothesis is corroborated by independent evidence coming from the Dutch affix -achtig, which combines the same senses after having undergone a similar diachronic process of meaning extension. This analogy is not that surprising, since many syntactic category shifting mechanisme correspond to morphological processes in Dutch, as we showed in a recent paper (cf. Lauwers & Van Goethem 2019).

The results of 32 tests on bolted T-stub connections made up of welded plates are presented and discussed. Although T-stubs have been used for many years to model the tension zone of bolted joints, the research was mainly concentrated on rolled profiles as T-stub elements. To extend this model to the case of welded plates as T-stub elements, a test programme was undertaken at the Delft University of Technology and is reported in this paper. It provides insight into the behaviour of this different type of assembly, in terms of resistance, stiffness, deformation capacity and failure modes, in particular. The key variables tested include the weld throat thickness, the size of the T-stub, the type and diameter of the bolts, the steel grade, the presence of transverse stiffeners and the T-stub orientation. The results show that the welding procedure is particularly important to ensure a ductile behaviour of the connection. Most of the T-stubs failed by tension fracture of the bolts after significant yielding of the flanges. However, some of the specimens have shown early damage of the plate material near the weld toe due to the effect of the welding consumable that induced premature cracking and reduced the overall deformation capacity. A solution to this problem is given by setting requirements to the weld metal to be used.

In the last two decades, many studies have reported the effectiveness of Experimental Modal Analysis and Finite Element Model Updating in mechanical and aerospace engineering, where they represent useful tools for Structural Health recognition and can provide an information base for detection, assessment and quantification of structural damage due to exercise actions and exceptional events. The applications of Damage Detection techniques to civil constructions left some still not well clarified points, due to the great variety of structural typologies, material properties, boundary conditions and possible damage patterns, as in the case of seismic damage. In order to design post-earthquake rehabilitation interventions, in fact a careful knowledge of the damage distribution and residual structural capacity is obviously needed and this can be very expensive and time consuming. However, the application of vibration based damage identification techniques to high ductile structures designed according to seismic capacity approach can improve the feasibility, reliability and efficiency of these methods. In the present study, Finite Element Model Updating procedures based on vibration measurements were used to detect, assess and quantify the structural damage of a high ductile steel-concrete composite frame subjected to increasing seismic damage by means of pseudo dynamic and cyclic test at the Joint Research Centre (Ispra, Italy). The updating process, repeated for three damage levels, has been applied to different finite element structural models (addressing different modelling strategies), allowing a comprehensive description and quantification of the progressive degradation of beam-to-column joints, devoted to dissipate the seismic energy by design.

The proposed article is devoted to describing the specifics of the frame formation "social activity to achieve the goal" represented by the verbal tokens (achieve, accomplish, attain, gain, succeed in, obtain, manage, strive, etc.) with the corresponding meaning and revealing the dependence of the modification of their meaning on the intrasystem and extra system restructuring of the proper frame.

Concrete filled tubes are suitable choices for columns of low to medium rise commercial buildings. However, lack of access to the inner surface of these sections prevents connections with conventional bolts. To overcome this problem, blind bolts that can be installed only from one side can be used. A new type of blind bolt, the headed stud anchored blind bolt, has been developed at the University of Melbourne in collaboration with Ajax Fasteners. This type of blind bolt, in addition to bearing on the tube wall, is anchored in the infill concrete which results in improved stiffness and strength when it is subjected to tensile force. The pull-out behaviour and strength of headed stud anchored blind bolts as individuals or groups of two and three are studied in this research. The study shows that the tension connections made using groups of blind bolts potentially have sufficed strength and stiffness to be used in moment resisting connections within low to medium rise buildings in low to moderate seismic areas such as Australia.

Empirical and theoretical arguments are presented against a framesemantic grounding of construction grammar and thus against a holistic unification of meaning and world knowledge. A modular conception is the basis of the interplay between construction and projection in Goldberg (1995). Goldberg's attempt to include frame semantics is at odds with this foundation and must be considered a failure. The same is true for the continuation by Boas (2003). The argumentation is supplemented, among other things, by the reference to the contrast of a perceptual system and a linguistic system of cognition in cognitive psychology and by the necessity to take a modular concept as a basis in the area of syntactic-semantic ambiguity of sentences.

This study proposes a methodology to disambiguate verb meaning in terminographic resources. To this end, the underlying approach used for verb entries description in the environmental knowledge base EcoLexicon has been applied (Buendía, Montero and Faber 2014; Faber and Buendía 2014). The description is based on three parameters: (i) the nuclear meaning of the verb (i.e. its lexical domain, as proposed by the Lexical Grammar Model (Faber & Mairal 1999); (ii) its meaning dimension (i.e. the lexical subdomain); (iii) its predicate-argument structure highlighting the semantic categories of the arguments. Our study proves that a verb can activate different meaning dimensions in different lexical domains, depending on the semantic categories, or different roles (Van Valin 2005) of its arguments. This way of describing verb meaning according to lexical domains and subdomains, semantic roles and semantic categories helps to disambiguate verbs and represent their meaning in specialized reso...

Leseprobe

Manche Sammelbände haben eine wechselvolle und durch einige Brüche markierte Entstehungsphasedas gilt für den nun vorliegenden Band Wandel im Sprachgebrauch in besonderem Maße. Er geht auf die Tagung Historische Konstruktionsgrammatik: Konvergenzen und Divergenzen im Sprach-und Konstruktionswandel zurück, die 2015 in Düsseldorf stattgefunden hat, und vereint verschiedene Perspektiven auf die (sprachgebrauchsbasierten) Konstruktionsgrammatiken einerseits und auf die Modellierung spezifischer sprachgeschichtlicher Phänomene andererseits. Für die Verschiebung gibt es gute und weniger gute Gründe, die wir als Herausgeber aber allein zu verantworten haben. Sicher neigen wir beide dazu, eher zu-als abzusagen, was nach der Berufung auf Lehrstühle (2016 in Düsseldorf und 2017 Dresden) mehr Kapazitäten gebunden hat, als wir uns vorstellen wollten oder konnten. Unsere optimistischen Pläne, zumindest 2020 den Band veröffentlichen zu können, waren dann mit den erforderlichen Priorisierungen in der Pandemie (2020-2022) nicht mehr realistisch. Umso mehr freuen wir uns, dass der Band nun erscheinen kann. Für die Geduld der Autor:innen und vor allem für die Ruhe und Unterstützung von Brigitte Narr und ihrem Verlagsteam können wir uns daher nur umso herzlicher bedanken. Wir wissen das Vertrauen sehr zu schätzen. Etwaige Fehler in der Druckfassung verantworten wir allein. Für die Einrichtung bedanken wir uns ganz herzlich bei den Teams in Kiel (bis 2017), Düsseldorf und Dresden.

The phrase “Koto-tsukuri”, which is known to be a unique, original expression in Japanese, is supposedly one of the most important keywords in terms of TRAFST’s focus. Nonetheless, the phrase shows considerable ambiguity, and thus, TRAFST is in need of an unequivocal definition of the phrase. In this paper, we inquire how to redefine the phrase by illuminating the conceptual difference between “Mono” and “Koto” in ordinary use. We conclude that the contrast between “Mono” in “Mono-tsukuri” and “Koto” in “Koto-tsukuri” should be characterized in light of the relation between means and event or phenomena it brings about. Keywords– Koto, Mono, Redefinition, Koto-tsukuri, Mono-tsukuri

The current fatigue evaluation procedures in Europe and North American bridge codes do not account for the degree of uncertainty in load and resistancemodels. However, the variability of cycling loading and material properties have a significant influence on fatigue safety verification. A fatigue verification is contingent on the accumulated load cycles and the fatigue category; which, in turn, depends on member type and its connections. Assessment of structural safety can be evaluated more completely using probabilistic methods that provide fatigue prediction in terms of the probability of crack initiation. This method provides more information about the expected performance of a structural component; therefore, the structure can be used in service for a significantly longer time. In this article, the comparison of fatigue evaluation is presented using Eurocode, North American Standard – AREMA, and the new approach using the probabilistic method. These methods are demonstrated on t...

The article aims to suggest a new classification of modern English causative verbs, namely those meaning “to kill”. The author suggests classifying these verbs according to three features – with reference to some instrument/tool (pointing to the use of a tool in the definition), with reference to some cause (pointing to the cause of the murder) and with reference to the manner (pointing to the way the murder was performed).

The thesis is a qualitative corpus-based analysis focusing on three single uncomplemented adjectives, namely available, responsible and possible in their pre- and post-head position, and analysing features determining the two adjectival positions. The analysis is based on the syntactic and semantic properties proposed by Cinque (2010), which are applied to corpus examples with the intention of attesting or not these properties, namely deictic/generic meaning of adjectives, non- /restrictiveness, stage-/individual-level interpretation, and non-/specificity-inducing character of adjectives. The analysis also employs analyses from other theoretical studies by Bolinger (1952), James (1979) and a corpus-based study by Blöhdorn (2009). The abovementioned properties were attested as relevant in the examples of pre- and postmodifying available and responsible, while the adjective possible showed unclear results. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the quantification, reference, ...

In conventional design and analysis, the common assumption is that connections of steel frames are fully rigid or frictionless pinned. However, today, the accepted notion is that the connections of members of a steel structure exhibit semi-rigid characteristics. Semi-rigid connections as well as damage cause changes in the dynamic characteristics of the structures. This study presents an investigation into the determination of the quality of the semi-rigid connections when considering changes in dynamic characteristics of steel structures. The investigations involve three scaled models: columns with box cross-sections, columns with rectangular cross-sections, and a 2D frame. The investigation algorithm first calculates natural frequencies and mode shapes from theoretical modal analyses by assuming the supports and joint connections are fully rigid. Secondly, experimental measurements on the models are performed to obtain natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal damping ratios. Thirdly, to reduce differences between theoretical and experimental results, linear elastic rotational springs are used on supports and joint connections of the analytical model. Finally, the connection percentages of both support and beam-to-column connections are determined using an approach improved depending on the rotational spring stiffness.

V úvodní kapitole je představeno téma práce, nominální fráze v mluveném a psaném odborném monologu. Kapitola nás seznamuje s cílem práce, kterým je analýza a komparace celkově 300 příkladů nominálních frází (150 z mluveného korpusu a stejný počet ze psaného). Kapitola dále informuje, jaké zdroje byly použity při sestavování oddílu teoretické části. Druhá kapitola nesoucí název Teoretický úvod se věnuje obecně teoretickému pohledu na problematiku frází v anglickém jazyce a zvláště pak frází nominálních. Je strukturována do několika podkapitol: Syntaktické role a struktura frází, Nominálné fráze, a nakonec Rozdílnost psaného a mluveného projevu. Podkapitola Syntaktické role a struktura frází zběžně pojednává o typech a funkcích frází v anglickém jazyce obecně, aby pak bylo možné snadněji přistoupit k detailnějšímu popisu nominální fráze jako takové. Nominální frázi rozebírá nasledující podkapitola. Nejprve se detailněji věnuje jejím syntaktickým rolím, načež systematicky rozebírá stru...

As its subtitle suggests, Natural Syntax is intended for an audience with little or no background in the study of emergence or its possible relevance to the understanding of language. The chapters are divided into three main groups. Chapters 1 through 3 focus on matters of history and methodology that should make for easy reading. The next six chapters (4 through 9) examine properties of fairly basic syntactic phenomena – word order, wh questions and coreference, all of which should be familiar to most readers, including those with a relatively modest background in linguistics. Chapters 10 through 12 examine the differences between accusative and ergative languages with regard to case, agreement and filler-gap dependencies. The book comes to a close with two chapters on language acquisition, followed by some brief concluding remarks on the roots of natural syntax. An appendix seeks to shed light on the ‘that-trace effect,’ one of the most baffling phenomena in all of language.

RésuméLa présente contribution porte sur tourner et virer, deux verbes attributifs (p. ex. elle a viré/tourné folle) qui ne sont pas encore reconnus pleinement par la tradition grammaticale normative ni dans les travaux des linguistes. Elle vise à établir le profil distributionnel / collocationnel de ces deux verbes qui semblent opérer dans le même domaine sémantico-fonctionnel, afin de mettre à nu les subtiles divergences au niveau de leur profil sémantique. Celles-ci sont rattachées à la sémantique de base du verbe lexical, laissant entrevoir dans ces emplois grammaticalisés des effets dus à la « persistance lexicale » (lexical persistence). Afin d'objectiver au maximum les profils distributionnels des deux verbes (et partant leur profil sémantique), les outils statistiques offerts par la méthode collostructionnelle (Stefanowitsch et Gries 2003; Gries et Stefanowitsch 2004) sont mis à profit. En outre, la combinaison de l'approche collocationnelle et de l'analyse morph...

The results of 32 tests on bolted T-stub connections made up of welded plates are presented and discussed. Although T-stubs have been used for many years to model the tension zone of bolted joints, the research was mainly concentrated on rolled profiles as T-stub elements. To extend this model to the case of welded plates as T-stub elements, a test programme was undertaken at the Delft University of Technology and is reported in this paper. It provides insight into the behaviour of this different type of assembly, in terms of resistance, stiffness, deformation capacity and failure modes, in particular. The key variables tested include the weld throat thickness, the size of the T-stub, the type and diameter of the bolts, the steel grade, the presence of transverse stiffeners and the T-stub orientation. The results show that the welding procedure is particularly important to ensure a ductile behaviour of the connection. Most of the T-stubs failed by tension fracture of the bolts after significant yielding of the flanges. However, some of the specimens have shown early damage of the plate material near the weld toe due to the effect of the welding consumable that induced premature cracking and reduced the overall deformation capacity. A solution to this problem is given by setting requirements to the weld metal to be used.

In the last two decades, many studies have reported the effectiveness of Experimental Modal Analysis and Finite Element Model Updating in mechanical and aerospace engineering, where they represent useful tools for Structural Health recognition and can provide an information base for detection, assessment and quantification of structural damage due to exercise actions and exceptional events. The applications of Damage Detection techniques to civil constructions left some still not well clarified points, due to the great variety of structural typologies, material properties, boundary conditions and possible damage patterns, as in the case of seismic damage. In order to design post-earthquake rehabilitation interventions, in fact a careful knowledge of the damage distribution and residual structural capacity is obviously needed and this can be very expensive and time consuming. However, the application of vibration based damage identification techniques to high ductile structures designed according to seismic capacity approach can improve the feasibility, reliability and efficiency of these methods. In the present study, Finite Element Model Updating procedures based on vibration measurements were used to detect, assess and quantify the structural damage of a high ductile steel-concrete composite frame subjected to increasing seismic damage by means of pseudo dynamic and cyclic test at the Joint Research Centre (Ispra, Italy). The updating process, repeated for three damage levels, has been applied to different finite element structural models (addressing different modelling strategies), allowing a comprehensive description and quantification of the progressive degradation of beam-to-column joints, devoted to dissipate the seismic energy by design.