Commodity Trading

Open Access (CC BY-NC 4.0) Jakub KNUREK, Aleksandra BUCHAJ, Monika GARBACZ 1 Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie, Zakład Biochemii i Biotechnologii ul. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin e-mail: jakubknurek@umlub.pl 2 Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Zakład Botaniki ul. Akademicka 19, 20-400 Lublin 3 Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Zakład Fizjologii Roślin ul. Akademicka 19, 20-400 Lublin

In my thesis, "The Genesis of Neural Capitalism: An Interdisciplinary Exploration," I define Neural Capitalism as a novel economic framework that integrates neuroscience and economics, positioning consciousness as a valuable asset within economic systems. By adopting an interdisciplinary approach that encompasses philosophy, ethics, and various economic theories, I examine how this integration transforms traditional economic models and decision-making processes. I explore the ethical considerations tied to the commodification of consciousness and present potential applications, including neuroeconomics and the Quantum Consciousness Marketplace. This work highlights the necessity of ethical leadership and appropriate regulatory frameworks for the responsible implementation of Neural Capitalism, ultimately suggesting pathways for future research and practical advancements in this innovative field.

The Post Office savings bank is the oldest and the largest banking system in India. Savings are vital factors for the growth and improvement of the economy of the country. In India, Post Office savings scheme provides a secure, risk free and attractive investment option for the small investors. Post office savings schemes are one of the modes for them to save their valuable earning. Post offices offer various saving schemes like Savings Bank Account, National Savings Certificate Account, Post Office Monthly Income Scheme, Senior Citizen Scheme, Recurring Deposit, Sukanya Samriddi Account, Ponmagan podhuVaippu nidhi and so on. In this study we mainly focus on the saving schemes for children. This study is conducted to analyze the perception of parents toward Post office saving schemes in Palayamkottai. This study is particularly conducted among the parents because they save major part of their salary for their children's education and marriage. The primary data is collected by developing a well structured questionnaire mainly taking into consideration the objectives of the study. The questionnaire is circulated among 80 respondents and 78 were collected back and 8 were found incomplete. So the sample size is restricted to 70. Simple random sampling method was adopted. While analyzing the primary data, statistical tools such as percentage analysis, Garrett ranking, weighted average method, chi square and t test techniques are used in this study. It is concluded that that parents are highly interested and satisfied in depositing their savings in Post Office Savings scheme.

Today's Indian facing various dangerous problems concern to sustainable and inclusive development due to increate manmade as well as natural hazardous like climate change, storms, tsunami, land sliding, snow avalanches and drought. But today, our most of countries part covered by natural calamity of drought; Drought is a feature of climate that is defined as a period of belowaverage rainfall sufficiently long and intense to result in serious environmental and socioeconomic stresses, such as crop failures and water shortages, in the affected area. Droughts can occur in any climatic region, but their characteristics vary considerably among regions. What droughts in all climatic regions have in common is their gradual onset, which-in contrast to other natural hazards-makes their beginning and end difficult to identify. Defined primarily as natural phenomena, droughts have not received much attention in the social sciences. Only since the 1990 with the increasing appreciation of the linkages between the environment and society, have droughts begun to be viewed as an issue of interest also for the social sciences. Concluding, I have tried to explain and find out impact of drought on Shivaji University campus through using some important various variables, besides how to minimize worst conditions through using my suggestions.

Donald Trump ha aperto un nuovo fronte di guerra: la Federal Reserve. Con il suo stile assai poco diplomatico, il Presidente Usa sembra pronto a sfidare l'istituzione che, da oltre un secolo, regola la politica monetaria statunitense. È solo una divergenza di vedute sulla corretta gestione della crisi economica/finanziaria oppure è l’inizio di una lotta contro l’élite finanziaria di Wall Street?

This article, written in early 2020, explored the potential repetition of the 2008–2011 gold price pattern through both technical chart analysis and fundamental reasoning. The analysis anticipated a significant rally in gold driven by central bank liquidity injections and by systemic, cyberfinancial, and geopolitical tensions. While the projection of higher long-term targets proved conceptually and technically correct, the forecast was premature in terms of timing: the price consolidation phase lasted longer than expected before the subsequent rally unfolded.

Commodity prices that are increasingly determined on global commodity derivative markets are important for economic and social development. The historically unprecedented commodity price boom - combined with high volatility - since the early-2000s has led to a debate about the functioning of commodity derivative markets. In the context of an international political consensus on the necessity to reduce excessive speculation, the EU has introduced several reforms. They include important measures on improving transparency, limiting market power and strengthening regulatory authorities but their effectiveness will strongly depend on the implementation rules that are currently discussed. More interventionist regulations that address the fundamental problems of these markets and limit the dominance of financial investors were only marginally addressed.

Most historians agree that quarantine practices in the Mediterranean Sea played a pivotal role in the disappearance of plague from Western Europe. Although maritime quarantine originated in the Middle Ages, its importance increased during the seventeenth and eighteenth century when centralising states, guided by ‘populationist’ ideas of statecraft doctrines like mercantilism, began to develop and enforce isolation periods more elaborately. While extensive scholarship has explored maritime quarantine in Mediterranean port cities, little attention has been paid to the harbours of northwestern Europe. This study aims to fill this gap by examining maritime quarantine practices in the Austrian Netherlands during the eighteenth century. I survey measures taken in the region’s coastal area between 1715 and 1795 and examine if these precautions were influenced by theories of statecraft or prophylactic policy evolutions in the Mediterranean world. I argue that central involvement in maritime quarantine increased during the eighteenth century, driven by the growing influence of populationism in government circles as well as a heightened focus on commercial development.

Qual a conexão entre um consumidor de bioetanol ou açúcar "verde" na União Europeia e as condições de trabalho dos cortadores de cana no Brasil? Como uma certificação pode mudar a percepção de sustentabilidade de uma cadeia do agronegócio? Este livro traz as respostas por meio de uma compreensão sociopolítica da governança e interconectividade moral e pragmática dos indivíduos e atores do mercado em face dos riscos atrelados à produção.

Por meio de um estudo de caso da inserção e administração que a certificação Bonsucro desenvolveu no setor sucroalcooleiro, desenvolve-se uma tese surpreendente de como esquemas de certificação criam uma nova configuração de governança transnacional híbrida entre público e privado, mostrando tensões e conexões entre instituições tradicionais do Estado, trabalhadores, agricultores, industriários, sociedade civil, intermediários e usuários finais.

Os capítulos do livro convidam estudantes, pesquisadores e interessados no assunto a explorar um quebra-cabeça envolvendo a cadeia comercial global da cana-de-açúcar, os biocombustíveis, a governança por meio de standards, a política de energias renováveis da União Europeia, a estrutura e prática da Bonsucro como trajetória para trazer luz a um aprendizado mais amplo sobre gestão da sustentabilidade globalizada e seus resultados cosmopolitas para quaisquer commodities.

Derivatives are innovative financial instruments in the 21st century to help the market participants in mitigating the risk. In India, derivatives are introduced at first on index and followed by securities and commodities phase wise for the betterment of the markets and the price discovery. Aftermath of the derivatives introduction on commodities, the market of commodities derivatives started moving with colours and helped a lot the economy. Indian commodity derivatives market has been rationalized in 2003 and futures contracts trading has seen upturn in terms of volume and value surge with very swift growth during that decade. It raised itself to compete in the global market with international giants, such as NYMEX, CBOT, LME, etc., and became the top fifth exchange in terms of number of contracts in gold, second in silver, copper and natural gas. It is found that the trading in commodity derivatives is about three times more than in physical market, whereas, it is more than ten times in advanced economies. In spite of reaching global standards, the market is facing the challenges due to lack of infrastructure, warehousing, inadequate risk mitigating instruments, etc. If the regulators take cognizance of these issues, Indian commodity derivatives market will become definitely an icon among the world commodity derivatives market. At present 6 national level exchanges working in the country, these exchanges are under the regulatory system of SEBI. In previous time it comes under Forward Market Commission (FMC), Government of India. By and large, the market has staged a spectacular growth of trading in terms of volume and value of commodity trading. It is very clear through the statistics that 53 commodities notified and permitted for futures trading in 2003 by Forward Market Commission moved to 113 in agricultural and non-agricultural commodities futures contracts. On the other hand, the market has registered a significant growth in terms of value, which was Rs.12.9364 billion in 2003-04 and augmented to Rs. 1812.6104, 1704.6840 and 1014.4795 billion during the last three years, i.e., 2010-11, 2012-2013 and 2013-14 respectively. This paper examines the performance of Indian commodity derivatives market by evaluating the growth of the market in terms of number of commodities permitted for trading, volume and value of the commodity derivatives traded. The performance of the commodity market found through the volume and value of market has been growing at average compounded growth by 15 and 29 percent respectively and it is found that the growth between volume and value is non-linear as far as their estimated and actual growth is concerned. This paper shows percentage participation of different exchanges in commodity trading and challenges faced by Indian commodity market.

Thanks are due to Ken Clements for his support and valuable comments and to Juerg Weber for very useful comments on an earlier draft. Views expressed are those of the authors alone and in no way represent those of their respective institutions.

Many of the world's major financial markets are electronic, in the sense that all communication among traders and internal record-keeping at exchanges is entirely mediated and executed by digital computer systems and associated communications networks; and many such markets are also highly automated, in the sense that they are heavily populated by automatic algorithmic trading system which have largely replaced human traders at the point of execution in many spot markets. This has created significant demand for people skilled in writing and managing algorithmic trading systems. To provide a complete education and training in this field it is highly desirable to allow students/trainees to study the operation of their own algorithmic trading systems running live on a real financial exchange, interacting dynamically with other automated traders. This paper describes the Bristol Stock Exchange (BSE), a simulator designed and developed to meet that need. BSE provides a full implementation of the Limit Order Book (LOB) at the heart of modern financial exchanges, and includes reference implementations of several well-known leading algorithmic trading systems. BSE allows users to submit a variety of order-types including market, limit, fill-or-kill, timeto-live, immediate-or-cancel, iceberg; orders for specific actions at market-open and market-close; and linked pairs of contingent orders. BSE can be configured to allow empirical studies of issues in order routing between multiple exchanges and the performance of cross-market arbitrage trading algorithms. BSE also has provision for varying the exchange's fee structure, including implementing maker-taker and takermaker pricing models, The Python source-code for BSE, which has been under ongoing development and extension since 2012, along with extensive documentation, is freely available on the GitHub online public repository, and can be used as a publicdomain platform for teaching and research.

A trader-useful macroeconomic intelligence summary based on the most recent official reports from the ECB, Bundesbank, BIS, IMF, and others ... This includes monetary policy posture, inflation conditions, macroeconomic signals, and key risks-all translated into actionable trader insight.

Updated (or new version) monthly.

Agricultural marketing plays a pivotal role in shaping the production and productivity of the agriculture sector. An optimally functioning agricultural marketing system employs innovative marketing strategies that result in heightened agricultural productivity and output. The current study aims to assess the performance of the current agricultural marketing system and the role of intermediaries in selected districts of Odisha. Additionally, the present study also investigated the determinant of the method of agricultural product disposal, as well as the challenges and potential opportunities agricultural farmers face. The research revealed that the farmers were exploited by intermediaries and private traders, resulting in their inability to receive a fair and profitable price for their agricultural output. Farmers in Odisha faced the challenge of inadequate marketing facilities, resulting in the sale of their produce to village traders at a low price. There has been a lot of discussion in the government about the massive increase in the prices of agricultural product but the farmers share in consumer's rupee is very less. It is a fact that higher consumer prices do not guarantee that farmers will also get higher prices. Farmers buy a lot of food. So, it's not just the consumers suffering but also the farmers. Who is responsible for these farmers?

Given shipping's pivotal role in global trade, this study investigates interdependencies between the Baltic Dry Index and various financial and commodity markets, including equities, bonds, real estate, currency, bitcoin, crude oil, natural gas, gold, silver, copper, and zinc. Using the R2 decomposed connectedness approach for the period 1/1/2012–1/31/2025, the analysis reveals moderate volatility spillovers, notably amplified by geopolitical conflict more than the health crisis. Key findings identify gold and equities as primary shock emitters, while currency and bonds function as major receivers. Shipping generally displays neutral behavior within the network. Portfolio analysis shows that most sampled assets significantly reduce risk for shipping investors. Conversely, shipping effectively minimizes risk for bitcoin and natural gas portfolios. Significant heterogeneity in hedging effectiveness is documented across distinct crisis episodes. These results underscore the imperative for shipping investors to employ tailored hedging strategies and offer policymakers insight into shipping's contained systemic footprint on contagion dynamics.

This study critically evaluates India's progress toward SDG 9 over the decade 2014–2024, with a focus on fostering resilient infrastructure, inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and innovation capacity. Using secondary data from national indices, policy documents, and academic sources, the research analyzes trends across key indicators—such as rural road connectivity, manufacturing value added, and state-level innovation performance. The findings reveal significant disparities: while states like Karnataka, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu lead in infrastructure readiness and innovation, others such as Bihar, Jharkhand, and Assam lag behind, constrained by structural deficits in access, investment, and institutional capacity.
The study further examines the impact of flagship programs like Make in India, Startup India, Digital India, and the National Infrastructure Pipeline, highlighting their uneven reach and regional concentration. Cross-SDG linkages are explored, particularly with SDGs 4, 8, and 11, emphasizing the systemic nature of inclusive industrial development. Ultimately, the paper argues that achieving SDG 9’s objectives requires decentralized policy interventions, state-specific planning, and a strong focus on equity and regional inclusion. Without these, national progress risks masking deep-seated subnational disparities that could undermine long-term development goals.

The present study has examined the investor"s perspective on commodities derivative trading in India. The aim of the study was to find whether the Commodities Futures Market are effective tool for "Investment Hedge" or not and what would be the factors fostering or impeding the investor"s participation in CFM. The paper is analytical in nature. Primary data has been collected from the investors using structured questionnaire and the responses has been analysed using Factor analysis and the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to assess and confirm the factor structure of the investor questionnaire which resulted from Exploratory Factor Analysis. There are two factors which resulted from the Factor Analysis. The factors which were found to be fostering from investor"s perspective were "Leverage", Ease of Liquidity", "M to M", "Investment Hedge", "Diversification" and the impeding factors were "Transaction Cost", "Brokerage Fees", and "Contract Size". Few investors suggested transaction tax and lot size should be reduced, and were not happy with very low initial margin and very high volatility.

Purpose:
This study investigates the impact of digital payment adoption—accelerated by the COVID-19
pandemic—on financial inclusion in India. It analyses multi-platform trends across UPI, AEPS,
mobile wallets, and FASTag; identifies regional and demographic disparities; and assesses the
relationship between digital transaction growth and the Reserve Bank of India’s Financial Inclusion
Index (FII).
Design/Methodology/Approach:
Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the study draws on secondary data from the RBI,
NPCI, PMJDY, and the World Bank’s Global Findex. It employs indexed trend comparisons (pre-
vs. post-COVID), platform-wise growth analysis, and a multiple linear regression model (2021
2024) to evaluate directional linkages between digital payment usage and financial inclusion.
Findings:
The study finds exponential growth in UPI usage (CAGR: 64.6%), stable adoption of mobile
wallets, and a plateau in AEPS-assisted services—with FASTag showing steady infrastructure-led
growth alongside app-based platforms. Regression results indicate that UPI and wallet transactions
positively influence FII scores, while AEPS exhibits a negative association, reflecting its declining
marginal impact. However, disparities persist across rural–urban, gender, and literacy lines,
signaling the need for inclusive design.
Research Limitations:
Given the limited availability of annual FII data (n = 4), the regression findings are directional
and exploratory rather than statistically conclusive.
Practical Implications:
The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including digital literacy initiatives,
strengthened fraud protection, regional-language platforms, and inclusive financial design to
ensure equitable digital participation.
Originality/Value:
This paper offers a novel triangulation of descriptive trend analysis, empirical regression, and
policy framing to assess post-pandemic digital financial inclusion in a lower-middle-income
context. It provides empirical insights and strategic recommendations relevant to scholars, fintech
innovators, and policy stakeholders.

This paper develops a theoretical and simulation-based framework to evaluate the systemic implications of interoperability agreements between central counterparties (CCPs) in the CDS market. While interoperability improves netting efficiency and reduces collateral burdens, the model shows that it also introduces new channels of contagion, particularly through price feedback and inter-CCP linkages. Interoperable systems amplify price dispersion across CCPs and create heterogeneous pricing for identical contracts due to fragmented information and strategic behavior. The model introduces novel contagion dynamics, showing that predatory traders are disciplined endogenously via margin feedback loops, enhancing systemic resilience. Quantitative simulations reveal that CCP interoperability attenuates fire-sale contagion and improves surplus outcomes for dealers while reducing the profitability of predation. These findings support regulatory efforts to refine interoperability frameworks and highlight the importance of dynamic, network-aware clearing design.

Jim Jarmusch'un Paterson (2016) filmi, New Jersey'deki Paterson şehrinde yaşayan ve şehirle aynı adı taşıyan bir otobüs şoförü ve şairin basit hayatına odaklanmaktadır. Film, özellikle Baudelaire'in flâneur kavramı, Amerikan Beat edebiyatının temel karakteristikleri ve bir hediye olarak sanat ile meta mübadelesi arasındaki zıtlık merceğinden bakıldığında, oldukça verimli bir felsefi inceleme için zengin bir metin olarak kristalleşmektedir. Bu makale, Paterson'u bu teorik çerçeveye yerleştirerek Jarmusch'un eserinin felsefi temellerini aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Paterson'un Kıta Avrupası'ndan Amerika'ya uzanan felsefi, estetik ve kültürel süreklilikleri nasıl yansıttığına dair içgörü ayrıntılı bir sinefilozofik inceleme yoluyla elde edilecektir. Sanatın, bireysel varoluşun ve günlük rutin yaşamın doğası üzerine bir düşünüm mahiyetindeki çalışma, filmin kahramanı Paterson'un, sonunda, armağan olarak sanat ile meta değişimi arasında sağlam bir denge/köprü kurmayı başarabildiğini gösterecektir.

Data: 3.07.2025 Niniejszy raport stanowi opis obserwacji indywidualnego przypadku i nie jest badaniem klinicznym. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie subiektywnych wrażeń po zastosowaniu eksperymentalnej nanoformulacji propolisu, w warunkach niekomercyjnych i nieinterwencyjnych.

We replicate De Bondt and Thaler's (1985) seminal study on stock market overreaction using data from the 21st century. Using monthly returns of 338 Fortune 500 stocks from 2000 to 2021, we evaluate whether long-term return reversals persist. Our results reveal that both "winner" and "loser" decile portfolios earn strong forward 36-month returns, but the return differential between them is minimal. This contrasts with the original finding of significant mean reversion, suggesting that overreaction effects may have weakened in more recent decades, potentially due to increased market efficiency and evolved investor behavior.

This article reconstructs the process of land accumulation carried out by the United Fruit Company in the banana-growing area of Magdalena (Colombia), and analyzes the emergence and evolution of the land market between 1880 and 1930, the period of formation and expansion of the banana agricultural frontier in this region. Based on an exhaustive data mining of notarial sources, the results show that land acquisition occurred at specific moments, based on the relationships established with members of the regional elite. Regarding the land market, the junctures in which price bubbles occurred are identified and the logic followed by prices in this particular historical context is explained. In this way, the article deepens our knowledge on the transformations of agrarian structures in the Caribbean, in the context of growing imperial power exercised by the United States in the region.

This study develops a computationally efficient and interpretable model for predicting volatility in multicommodity exchange (MCX) markets. It addresses the limitations of complex black-box models by proposing a finite-state automaton framework that represents market volatility as discrete states and model transitions based on key market indicators. The methodology involves collecting real-time and historical MCX commodity data, extracting technical indicators, such as the Relative Strength Index (RSI) and Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD), and designing a finite-state machine where state transitions are governed by threshold-based rules. The model was implemented in Python, calibrated using historical data, and validated using unseen real-time data. Experimental results demonstrate that the finite-state automaton framework achieves competitive accuracy in forecasting volatility with enhanced interpretability and reduced computational overhead compared to traditional statistical and machine learning approaches. The rule-based model provides transparency and adaptability, rendering it suitable for practical use in real-time trading environments. In conclusion, this study illustrates the viability of applying the finite automata theory to commodity market volatility prediction, offering a novel, transparent, and efficient alternative to existing methods.

The retrospective analysis of the Ukrainian exchange market since the establishment of the first stock exchanges till nowadays has been carried out in the article. The factors which influenced the development of each period of the stock exchange activity establishment on the territory of Ukraine have been researched. The concrete vision of the state of organized market on the present day stage of development, taking into account its advantages and disadvantages has been obtained as the result of application of the trend analysis as well as complex estimation method. Проводиться ретроспективний аналіз біржового ринку України від моменту утворення перших бірж до сьогодення. Досліджуються фактори, які вплинули на розвиток кожного з періодів становлення біржової діяльності на теренах України. В результаті застосування трендового аналізу та методу комплексної оцінки отримано конкретизовану картину стану організованого ринку на даному етапі розвитку, враховуючи як позитивні так і негативн...

This volume considers the long twentieth century from a Central African vantage point and pursues a twofold agenda. First, it provides a curated overview of the current state of research on power in the macro-region across the humanities, fostering productive dialogues between anthropology, history, historical linguistics and cultural studies. Second, the book recentres Central Africa as an important laboratory to study the many guises taken by ‘modern’ forms of power, and to understand how they were shaped by vernacular, long-standing practices and uses. In doing so, it proposes a critique of the epistemic legacy of Frederick Cooper’s and Ann Laura Stoler’s introduction to Tensions of Empire (1997), and its lasting impact on colonial studies, including of European domination in Africa. By joining these two perspectives, Textures of Power sketches out new directions for future research in the (post)colony along four main directions: the importance of gender, sexuality, body politics, and libidinal economies in understanding state policies and the pos- sibility of intimate and collective agency; the mystical and nocturnal side of power; the new dynamics opened by global connectivities and digital technologies; and, finally, the potential of research on ‘more-than-human’ forms of power.

We test for the presence of low-dimensional chaotic structure in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) Index. While we find strong evidence of nonlinear dependencies, the evidence is not consistent with chaos. Our test results indicate that ARCH-type processes generally explain the nonlinearities in the data. We also show that employing seasonally adjusted index series contributes to obtaining robust results via some of the existing tests for chaotic structure.

We test for the presence of low-dimensional chaotic structure in the Stock Exchanges of Indonesia and Malaysia. While we find strong evidence of nonlinear dependencies, the evidence is not consistent with chaos. Our test results indicate that ARCH-type processes generally explain the nonlinearities in the data. We also show that employing seasonally adjusted index series contributes to obtaining robust results via some of the existing tests for chaotic structures.

This paper investigates the daily volatility spillovers between crude oil prices and a select group of agricultural staples. Empirical findings confirm that the price series under study exhibit nonlinear dependencies which are inconsistent with chaotic pattern. The Johansen-Juselius cointegration test rules out long-run equilibrium relationships between the crude oil prices and the commodities under study. The dynamic conditional correlations (DCC) suggest that the association between agricultural commodities and the crude oil varies over time. The spectral and cross spectral analyses confirm that volatilities in crude oil prices are associated with volatilities in the agricultural products in the sample. Bivariate EGARCH model and the Granger causality tests confirm this relationship.

We test for the presence of low-dimensional chaotic structure in the Stock Exchanges of Indonesia and Malaysia. While we find strong evidence of nonlinear dependencies, the evidence is not consistent with chaos. Our test results indicate that ARCH-type processes generally explain the nonlinearities in the data. We also show that employing seasonally adjusted index series contributes to obtaining robust results via some of the existing tests for chaotic structures.

We test for the presence of low-dimensional chaotic structure in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) Index. While we find strong evidence of nonlinear dependencies, the evidence is not consistent with chaos. Our test results indicate that ARCH-type processes generally explain the ...

We conduct tests for the presence of low-dimensional chaotic structure in the futures prices of four important agricultural commodities. Though there is strong evidence of non-linear dependence, the evidence suggests that there is no long-lasting chaotic structure. The dimension estimates for the commodity futures series are generally much higher than would be for low dimension chaotic series. Our test results indicate that autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)-type processes, with controls for seasonality and contract-maturity effects, explain much of the non-linearity in the data. We make a case that employing seasonally adjusted price series is important in obtaining robust results via some of the existing tests for chaotic structure. Finally, maximum likelihood methodologies, that are robust to the non-linear dynamics, lend strong support to the Samuelson hypothesis of maturity effects in futures price changes.

Esta tese trata da constituicao da propriedade privada em duas regioes de fronteira no seculo XIX: o sudeste bonaerense e o oeste paulista. De uma perspectiva comparada aborda: a legislacao argentina e brasileira sobre terras, uma serie processos civis e administrativos que oferecem evidencia e iluminam as praticas no processo de constituicao da propriedade privada. Tambem se aproxima da relacao terra-trabalho atraves da normatizacao de uma serie de praticas no meio rural que atentavam contra a constituicao do mercado de trabalho livre Abstract

Abstract
This chapter explores the historical trajectory of Gabon from early Bantu migrations to its eventual independence from France in 1960. It examines the region’s strategic encounters with Portuguese, Dutch, and particularly French colonial powers, with emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural transformations induced by European influence. The chapter traces the consolidation of French colonial authority through treaties, missionary activities, and military expeditions, leading to Gabon's integration into French Equatorial Africa. It highlights the emergence of nationalist movements led by Léon Mba and Jean-Hilaire Aubame, the transition to autonomy within the French Community, and the relatively peaceful declaration of independence. Post-independence political instability, including the 1964 coup and France’s continued intervention, underscores Gabon's enduring neocolonial ties. The chapter further assesses Gabon’s postcolonial development under President Albert-Bernard Bongo, characterized by resource-driven economic growth, centralized governance, and entrenched Franco-Gabonese relations. Finally, it analyzes the complexities of Gabonese identity, nationalism, and the dual embrace of both indigenous traditions and French cultural legacies, revealing a nuanced postcolonial experience marked by stability, inequality, and evolving sovereignty.

generó conflictossocialesentre éstos y los aborígenes -•••• [americanos. Buena parte de estos conflictos descansó en la resistencia que desplegaron los indios frente a las formas de ~~~~dominación hispana; la resistencia iba desde los actos más simples de la vida cotidiana hasta los movimientos armados de grandes dimensiones. Algunos grupos indígenas lograron mantenerse por las estrategias que adoptaron frente a las políticas de dominación, otros estuvieron condenados a su a desaparecer. En cuanto a los primeros Serge Gruzinski destaca el proceso de resistencia desplegado por los indios de México entre los siglos XVIy XVIII, analizando rigurosamente las fuentes con ayuda de disciplinas como la pictografía y la semiótica, tratando en lo posible de mostrar la visión india del conflicto. Esa visión que trata de rescatar Gruzinski de los documentos primarios, esos reflejos, como él los llama, siguen siendo testimonios excepcionales que

In today’s world, Women are financially independent and willing to pool their Savings in a profitability way to maximize their wealth. Nowadays women are participating more in investing activity as it is important for the well-being of an individual and also for the economic development of a nation. Investing money is complex take as it depends up on numerous terms and conditions and the risk involved in it. As the investment in same avenues are subject to high risk the investors have to analyze the various alternative investments in terms of risk and returns associated with them. There are numerous such as investments avenues such as savings account, fixed  deposits, Government Securities, Corporate Bonds , Insurance policies, Real estates, Commodities, Shares and Mutual Funds, Chit Funds and Gold and Silver are available Investments in various avenues depends up on the investors attitude. While taking Investments decision the behavioural aspects awareness level of investors, risk attitude investments habits and common understanding of market play on important role in making a sound investment decision. The present study intends to present the detailed overview of previous Studies on investments behaviour  and patterns of women

N as últimas décadas, o Brasil tem buscado investir em megaprojetos de infraestrutura que articulam capitais nacionais e transnacionais. Analisando o estado do Rio de Janeiro, desde a década de 1970, o crescimento econômico foi decorrente principalmente da exploração e produção de petróleo e gás extraídos da plataforma continental offshore. Contudo, a partir da década de 2000, houve uma série de investimentos voltados para a construção de portos e terminais portuários privados, destacando-se o Complexo Logístico e Industrial do Porto do Açu (CLIPA). Por esse motivo, o presente capítulo propõe um estudo sobre o processo de desapropriação de áreas para a instalação do Porto do Açu, localizado no 5º Distrito de São João da Barra. O município está situado na Região Norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro, com área de unidade territorial de 452.396 km 2 e população correspondente a 36.573 habitantes, segundo o Censo 56 Este capítulo é resultado da pesquisa empreendida durante o doutoramento de ambos os autores, por isso contém partes na íntegra da tese de doutorado já defendida por Raquel Cezario, intitulada "Desapropriações como Expropriação de Terras para o Complexo Logístico e Industrial do Porto do Açu", e partes do estudo ainda em andamento empreendido por Guilherme Pereira.

Gold has long stood as one of Africa's most treasured natural resources, playing a vital role in strengthening the continent's economies through employment generation, foreign exchange growth, and industrial development. Countries like Ghana, Zimbabwe, and Sudan are among Africa's top gold producers and exporters, contributing substantially to the continent's global presence in the gold trade. However, beyond just production, several internal and external factors influence how gold is exported. These include transport methods, gold form types, price variations, as well as international demand and logistical challenges that shape export trends. The primary aim of this study is to analyze Africa's gold export dynamics through an interactive Power BI dashboard, focusing on three key aspects. First, transportation methods, which are crucial for cost-efficiency and secure delivery, with air transport dominating by value due to its speed and reliability. Second, a yearly analysis to trace trends and identify correlations with external economic factors showing a significant surge post 2019 with a peak of 7,749 tonnes in 2022. Lastly, the form of gold exported, classified into Unwrought, Semi manufactured, and Powder form, reveals that semi manufactured gold leads in total trade value, while unwrought gold remains a common form across exporters. Collectively, these insights establish a comprehensive view of how African nations position themselves within the global gold trade ecosystem.

Salmon bones (waste) were deodorized by washing with aq. solns. of H 2O2 (cone. 5%), citric acid (5%) and EtOH (85%) and tested for odor by gas-chromatog., mass spectrometric and olfactometric anal, of headspace gases. The odors were tested by 3 independent panelists. The highest odor mitigation efficiency was detd. for H2O2 and citric acid treatment of the bones.