Commercial/ Contract Archaeology

Just north of Varberg's city centre, the small town of Getakärr was established in the early Middle Ages. Getakärr was one of Varberg's predecessors and existed until 1578 when it lost its privileges. A large infrastructure projectstruction work all around the site. This provided a great challenge, further compounded by the uncertain fate of the shipwrecks post excavation. Should they be conserved and exhibited or discarded? If conserved, who would be willing to take on such a long term and massive economical as well as managerial responsibility?
The paper will give an overview of the excavation and documentation of the two cogs and the conservation of the finds as well as discuss the assessments undertaken and decisions made during the excavation in the hope of conserving the shipwrecks. It will highlight the problems that arise when streamlined contract archaeology meets a slower political processstruction work all around the site. This provided a great challenge, further compounded by the uncertain fate of the shipwrecks post excavation. Should they be conserved and exhibited or discarded? If conserved, who would be willing to take on such a long term and massive economical as well as managerial responsibility?
The paper will give an overview of the excavation and documentation of the two cogs and the conservation of the finds as well as discuss the assessments undertaken and decisions made during the excavation in the hope of conserving the shipwrecks. It will highlight the problems that arise when streamlined contract archaeology meets a slower political process – a new train station as well as a railroad tunnel in the old, now infilled, harbour outside Getakärr – called for archaeological excavations to be conducted between 2019 and 2022.
In the spring of 2022, the wrecks of two cogs from the middle of the 14th century were found. The Varberg Cog 1 consists of the port side with part of the rigging preserved while the Varberg Cog 2 consists of the lower forward section of the hull. Finds such as spare parts for the ships as well as utensils and personal belongings of the crew were found in both shipwrecks.
The excavation and documentation had to be carried out within a short and constricted space of time, with construction work all around the site. This provided a great challenge, further compounded by the uncertain fate of the shipwrecks post excavation. Should they be conserved and exhibited or discarded? If conserved, who would be willing to take on such a long term and massive economical as well as managerial responsibility?
The paper will give an overview of the excavation and documentation of the two cogs and the conservation of the finds as well as discuss the assessments undertaken and decisions made during the excavation in the hope of conserving the shipwrecks. It will highlight the problems that arise when streamlined contract archaeology meets a slower political process.

American Archaeology is currently faced with two interrelated problems: 1) the high demand for Cultural Resource Management (CRM) professionals to support efficient compliance with U.S. heritage management laws; and 2) the cuts to resources for Anthropology and Archaeology programs within institutions of higher education. This article, an outgrowth of the Airlie House Revisited: Visioning Future Directions in CRM Archaeology workshop (Banks et al. 2025), suggests that both of these problems can be addressed by creating or modifying existing education programs to be more CRM-focused, which was suggested by Altschul and Klein (2022). We argue that aligning programs with professional industry needs and standards ensures that archaeologists achieve relevant competencies, broaden their informed entry into archaeological professions, and meet the spirit and intent of disciplinary ethical standards, such as the Society for American Archaeology Principles of Archaeological Ethics. This article has two goals: 1) to arm proponents of CRM-oriented archaeological education with an argument for why these programs are needed within the current structure of higher education, and 2) to map various strategies to prepare students for careers in CRM.

Before redevelopment, trial trenching and watching brief during demolition, identified the basic plan of the Augustinian Abbey of St James, Northampton. The abbey has been preserved beneath the new development. Most of a lay cemetery was excavated, with 295 burials recovered. To one side of the cemetery a chapel contained the tomb of a knight, with a single fragment of his effigy recovered. The cemetery included several graves with roof tile lined grave, and many others were partially stone-lined. Four phases of cemetery use have been defined: 1) Ordered rows; 2) additional rows and infilling of original rows; 3) Row system abandoned, graves cluster around a stone coffin burial (a priest?), and possible family group cluster elsewhere (Black Death?); 4) in the NE corner of the cemetery, a new row structure develops, but with much intercutting.

The Öggestorp area in south central Sweden has been subject to a fair amount of rescue archaeological
excavations. It is one of the most excavated parishes in northern Småland. The remains are mostly
from the Preroman and Roman Iron Ages. The distinguishing features are graves and agricultural
remains. Agricultural remains are notoriously difficult to date in a convincing way. When recently
carrying out a major excavation the dating of agricultural remains was one of the focuses. OSL
dating of entrapped sediments was carried out with fairly convincing results. Two major phases can
be identified in the use of the agricultural remains at Öggestorp. The first was the establishment and
primary use in the Preroman and Roman Iron Ages. The second occurs in Medieval times and the
Renaissance. A short discussion on the issue of conditions in rescue archaeology with special emphasis
on methodological development is also carried out.

Com o fim da ditadura Franquista, iniciou na Espanha um processo sem precedentes de democracia compactuada com as elites políticas e econômicas. A novidade neste contexto de transformação estava na introdução de uma série de instituições democráticas que amparavam um modelo econômico desenvolvimentista que garantia o acesso ao consumo das massas e a maiores níveis de igualdade e liberdade, através da formula do livre mercado. A associação entre liberdade democrática e econômica neste contexto de transformação assentou as bases cognitivas que se relacionam com determinadas formas de “verdade” e “poder”. Madri, como comunidade pioneira na instauração da denominada arqueologia comercial ou de contrato, fundamentada na liberação do solo para a construção, é um caso paradigmáticodeste processo de transformação. Neste contexto, as contradições associadas ao modelo econômico que possibilitou o desenvolvimento da arqueologia comercial e do marco legal que a amparou, são aqui expostos como f...

An archaeological watching brief was undertaken at Ilkley Sewage Treatment Works by Archaeological Research Services Ltd (ARS Ltd) on behalf of Ward and Burke Construction and Yorkshire Water during February and March 2024. The purpose of the watching brief was to record any archaeological and palaeoenvironmental remains that survived on the site according to the Written Scheme of Investigation prepared for this work.
Ground investigations in the form of resonance (sonic) drilled boreholes and geotechnical test pits were monitored within the operational boundary of the sewage treatment works (STW) and on land to the north of the River Wharfe. Apart from a 19th or early 20th century wastewater pipe, no archaeological remains were encountered. The potential for preservation of organic archaeological material is limited to the easternmost end of the premises of the STW, where fibrous plant remains were found in a clayey deposit. An analysis of the deposits confirm the British Geological Survey’s model of superficial deposits as floodplain and river terrace deposits but also identified localised bodies of standing water in abandoned channels.

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The later Neolithic period saw the emergence of Grooved Ware pottery within Britain and Ireland. The three styles are often associated with henge monuments, pit groups or passage graves and accompanied by unusual or complex deposits. However, it is not clear whether the depositional practices of all three styles of Grooved Ware pottery followed the same pattern, or were treated differently. In the Upper Thames Valley many of the known Grooved Ware sites are situated on the lower gravel terraces and although this distribution may be a reflection of where developer-led archaeology has occurred, it does not help to explain why they were placed there initially and why other areas were avoided, such as the large henge monuments within the Upper Thames Valley. This thesis analyses the depositional contexts of all three styles of Grooved Ware pottery within the Upper Thames Valley and evaluates these from a landscape perspective, to determine whether all three styles were deposited in similar contexts to each other. Their distinctive decorative designs are also examined in an attempt to ascertain whether they held any iconological significance, thereby influencing how the pottery was treated and therefore governing both choice of location and manner of deposition iii to Dr Paul Middleton, a source of inspiration

The ongoing change that characterizes the landscape as a result of the development of the society as a whole is the basis for this thesis. Even though the Scanian landscape still is dominated by arable land, other values such as biological diversity, cultural heritage and economical aspects, has all been ascribed the landscape as more and more important factors and in some respects, compete with the farming industry about the right to the landscape. Our demand of more and more space, will of course also affect the landscape. Huge amount of land are used to build external malls and single-family houses, which gives rise to an increasing need for an extended transport system that also is land consuming. It all comes down to: how the municipalities deal with non built areas - the green structure. Do the municipalities have separate programs describing their vision and objectives concerning the green structure? Literature studies, an inventory made of the municipality programs in the we...

Radiological examination of the shoulder joint is a method used to determine age by analyzing the skeletal changes that occur in the joint with aging. This study investigates the effectiveness of this technique in estimating age within the population of western Kenya. The study focused on examining variations in sex and laterality in the ossification process of the proximal epiphyseal plate of the humerus among individuals aged 14 to 25 years in western Kenya. The study was conducted in western Kenya, with data sourced from Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (JOOTRH), located in Kisumu city along the Kisumu-Kakamega Road. A retrospective cross-sectional research design was utilized, targeting 864 chest radiographs of individuals aged 14 to 25 years taken within the past year. A sample size of 273 chest X-rays was estimated, and data were obtained through purposive sampling. A data collection form was designed and employed to gather information. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, with the findings presented through tables, charts, and graphs. Most females (29.8%) achieve complete fusion of the proximal epiphyseal plates at 16-17 years, while males (25.4%) reach it at 18-19 years. Partial fusion and non-fusion are observed at 14-15 years. Females fuse earlier than males, correlating closely with age and stages of ossification. This variation aligns with biological differences in skeletal maturation.

En este texto desplegamos una serie de tesis hacia una crítica materialista del patrimonio cultural, mediante una constelación de argumentos que a) parten de la tesis de que una crítica a la categoría del patrimonio cultural debe analizar su papel en el proceso de la acumulación capitalista; b) vinculan las prácticas asociadas al patrimonio cultural con el proceso reproductivo del capital, y c) como consecuencia, derivan la forma del patrimonio cultural a partir de las relaciones sociales de la sociedad mercantil. Desde esta perspectiva, encontramos un proceso al que nombramos cercamiento monumental y que está constituido por dos mecanismos estrechamente vinculados: primero, la desaparición de la dominación de clase bajo el ámbito inocente de la memoria y, segundo, la pérdida de la vida cotidiana tanto por la valoración jerárquica del pasado sobre el presente como por la escisión del espacio vinculado con el pasado y su transformación en mercancía.

Abstract. In this text we discuss a series of
theses towards a materialist critique of cultural
heritage, forming a constellation of arguments
that a) begin from the position that we must
analyse cultural heritage as part of the process
of capitalist accumulation, highlighting its role
in the reproductive process of capital b) relate
the practices of cultural heritage to the expansion
of capital and c) as a consequence, derive
the form of cultural heritage from the social
relations of capital. Based on this position, we
identify a process, which we call monumental
enclosure, constituted by a twofold mechanism:
First, the disappearance of class domination
under the «innocent» realm of memory.
Second, the elimination of «everyday life» both
through the hierarchical prioritisation of the past
over the present, and through the segregation
of spaces linked to the past and their transformation
into a commodity.

Laburpena. Testu honetan, ondare kulturalaren
kritika materialista egiteko zenbait tesi azaltzen
ditugu. Horretarako erabili ditugun argudioek
honako ezaugarri hauek dituzte: a) ondare kulturalaren
kategoriari kritika egiteko, ondasunen
pilatze kapitalistaren prozesuan ondareak nolako
eginkizuna duen aztertu behar dela dioen
tesitik abiatzen dira; b) ondare kulturalarekin
zerikusia duten jardunbideak kapitalaren erreprodukzio
prozesuarekin lotzen dituzte; eta c)
horren guztiaren ondorioz, ondare kulturalaren
forma eratortzeko, gizarte merkantilaren erlazio
sozialetan oinarritzen dira. Ikuspegi horretatik,
hesitze monumental izendatu dugun prozesu
bat gertatzen da, eta lotura estua duten honako
bi mekanismo hauez dago osatua: batetik, klase
menderakuntza desagertu egiten da memoriaren
esparru inozentearen azpian; bestetik,
eguneroko bizitza galdu egiten da iraganari orainaren
gaineko balorazio hierarkikoa egiten zaiolako,
eta iraganarekin lotutako espazioa zatitu
eta merkantzia bihurtzen delako.

This study is concerned with the skills shortages and gaps that currently exist within Britain's Built Heritage sector. Specifically, the research explores how perceptions, image and culture affect the number of young people entering into professional roles in building conservation. Qualitative research and a constructivist grounded theory approach were used to collect data through a series of in-depth interviews with a selective sample of young professionals in building conservation, career advisors and university course providers. Detailed analysis through a systematic process of coding, categorisation and theoretical development led to a second phase of data collection in the form of a case study based in a secondary school with year 9 students. The analysis led to findings that are grounded within the experiences of the interviewees and school students. These findings have highlighted that the sector lacks both visibility and identity which significantly affects the promotio...

Hösten år 2021 genomförde Blekinge museum en arkeologisk undersökning
i Lösen, Karlskrona. Undersökningen genomfördes i samarbete med
Arkeologerna vid Statens historiska museer, Museiarkeologi
Sydost/Kalmar läns museum och Sydsvensk Arkeologi. Anledningen till
undersökningen var att väg E22 skulle byggas om.
Under stora delar av stenåldern låg den undersökta platsen vid stranden
på en udde i en innerskärgård. Resultaten visar att det har legat en
hydda där som var bebodd under äldre stenålder, för cirka 8000 år sedan.
Hyddan verkar ha använts vid ett par tillfällen, eftersom det fanns
många rester av eldstäder i den, och även spår av ombyggnader i form av
flyttade eller bytta stolpar. Troligen har hyddan främst använts under vintern,
eftersom den innehöll flera eldstäder och golvytan var nergrävd.
På flintredskap från hyddan fanns mikroskopiska slitspår från bland
annat kötthantering. I kombination med det strandnära läget talar det för
att man bland annat har ägnat sig åt fiske och kanske säljakt. Läget bör ha
varit utmärkt för detta, inte minst med ett mindre sund intill.

The final version of this review will appear in The Archaeological Journal 170 for 2013. A BIOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF MEDIEVAL BURIALS ON THE SITE OF ST MARY SPITAL: EXCAVATIONS AT SPITALFIELDS MARKET, LONDON EI, 1991-2007. By Brian Connell, Amy Gray Jones, Rebecca Redfern and Don Walker. Pp. xx and 303, Illus 250. Museum of London Archaeology (MoLA Monograph, 60). Price: £28.00. ISBN 978 190758 611 8.

How can archaeologists do archaeology in an anti-colonial way within Cultural Resource Management (CRM)? We explore this theme by first explaining why decolonial theory and practice is not enough, and then defining what we mean by anti-colonial practice, specifically within in CRM in British Columbia, Canada. All practitioners of archaeology must acknowledge many elements of Western archaeological practice which perpetuate harm to Indigenous communities. It is not enough to be intentionally decolonial in our approaches. Instead, we advocate for an anti-colonial practice: a mix of both seen and unseen work that archaeologists, whether Indigenous or not, can do to centre Indigenous heritage, the Ancestors and descendant communities. This practice requires a conscious effort and commitment to consistently critique our innate colonial bias present in day-today CRM. This paper proffers tangible constructive advice for archaeologists with the hope of engendering new, daily practices.

Twenty years ago, the remains of an early medieval cemetery were found in a small village of the Portuguese littoral, Maiorca. During construction works, human bones become exposed some of which were destroyed by the landscaping machines. As a consequence, part of the ...

International commercial archaeology presents a complex landscape for digital field recording, due to a large number and variety of contexts, practices, teams and contractors requirements. It appears almost impossible to set up a single, standardized protocol for data collection in that context. However, because data and reports often need to be produced within short deadlines, with team members dispersed all over the world, the interest of digital field data collection is widely recognized, as it fastens and optimizes work from the field.

Part of the Eveha Group, Eveha International, a company providing heritage and archaeological management services in 32 countries so far, has conducted projects from
extensive 40 square kilometers surveys to smaller-scale rescue excavations during which it faced challenges related to the adaptability of digital field collection practices. The company addresses these challenges through a multifaceted approach that balances standardization with adaptability. This poster explores Eveha International's practices, highlighting the importance of adaptability and diverse technology adoption in ensuring efficient and adaptable data collection across a range of contexts and project requirements.

Eveha International recognizes the importance of attribute data standardization for research and reuse purposes.  As much as possible, Eveha International utilizes standardized glossaries and data structures to enhance consistency across projects. Yet, flexibility remains crucial to adapt to diverse contexts, teams and contractors. For attribute data collection, Eveha International utilizes mobile Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with standardized and customizable forms to capture qualitative information, while surveying equipment (GNSS and/or Total Stations) ensures accurate measurements. Mobile applications like QField (opengis.ch) and ArcGIS Survey123 (ESRI) facilitate direct integration of GPS/GNSS and archaeological data. Originally, the Eveha Group policy was to use open source software. Thus, QGIS, and its mobile application QField, have first been favored by Eveha International for its field projects. However, the widespread adoption of ESRI softwares in the archaeological community led the company to also use ArcGIS Survey123 to produce data that collaborating teams and contractors could easily work with. This flexible approach enables leveraging the most appropriate technology for each project. Data acquired onsite is integrated into a central multi-relational online database, such as PostgreSQL/PostGIS or ArcGIS online, to ensure data integrity and real-time data synchronization among team members. Depending on project requirements, photogrammetric surveys and UAV flights capture additional spatial information, generating 3D models and orthomosaics, later integrated to GIS projects. While digital tools offer many advantages, some archaeological drawings are still done manually by Eveha International team members. A balance between digital and manual drawing techniques is adopted in the field, a decision made after carefully considering the resources needed to acquire equipment and train team members against the time required to digitize hand drawings after fieldwork campaigns

Eveha International's multifaceted approach to digital field recording demonstrates the importance of adaptability in international commercial archaeology. Despite its apparent rigidity, field data collection enables archaeologists working in such contexts to efficiently produce high-quality data when standardized digital practices are combined with a flexible technology toolbox and open communication strategies.

Com o fim da ditadura Franquista, iniciou na Espanha um processo sem precedentes de democracia compactuada com as elites políticas e econômicas. A novidade neste contexto de transformação estava na introdução de uma série de instituições democráticas que amparavam um modelo econômico desenvolvimentista que garantia o acesso ao consumo das massas e a maiores níveis de igualdade e liberdade, através da formula do livre mercado. A associação entre liberdade democrática e econômica neste contexto de transformação assentou as bases cognitivas que se relacionam com determinadas formas de “verdade” e “poder”. Madri, como comunidade pioneira na instauração da denominada arqueologia comercial ou de contrato, fundamentada na liberação do solo para a construção, é um caso paradigmáticodeste processo de transformação. Neste contexto, as contradições associadas ao modelo econômico que possibilitou o desenvolvimento da arqueologia comercial e do marco legal que a amparou, são aqui expostos como f...

This paper offers an account of contract archaeology in Ithaca based on the author’s experience over two decades. The first part recounts the history of archaeology in Ithaca, highlighting how the quest for Odysseus has shaped the formation of the published archaeological record. The second part provides an overview of rescue fieldwork undertaken under contract, and discusses the results in their local and regional context.

Linear earthworks of a monumental character are an enigmatic part of the British landscape. Research in Britain suggests that such features range in date from the early 1st millennium BC to the Early Middle Ages. While the  roles of these monuments in past societies cannot be understated, they remain a relatively under-researched phenomenon. This article introduces the Leverhulme Trust-funded ‘Monumentality and Landscape: Linear Earthworks in Britain’ project, which aims to provide a comparative study of linear earthworks focusing on those dating to the Iron Age and early medieval period. This contribution reviews our approach and shares preliminary results from the project’s first year, identifying wider implications for the study of linear earthworks.

The reconstruction and subsequent rescue archaeological excavation in the baroque chapel of St Barbara in the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Přeštice has resulted in the discovery of one atypical burial in a small bricked vault. The vault contained skeletal remains in a very poor state of preservation. The discovery of the skeletal remains in the chapel was unexpected given the absence of any signs of a grave being present. In this article we describe the attempt to identify the person to whom
the skeletal remains belong. Based on anthropological analysis, these remains were interpreted as probably female over 50 years of age. By combining archaeological context, anthropological analysis and historical sources, the skeleton was interpreted as the remains of Marie Anna Lindauer, a resident of Pilsen and the mother of Josef Ondřej Lindauer, the dean in Přeštice and the bishop in Budweis.

V roce 2007 byla zahájena stavba pokládky elektrického kabelu v poloze Zahořice na k.ú. Hříměždice. Jednalo se o základní zasíťování 13 stavebních parcel na ploše knovízského sídliště, situovaného v blízkosti bývalého, dnes zatopeného Kujalova lomu (obr. 1). Při kontrole výkopu byly zjištěny dva objekty a kulturní vrstva obsahující nálezy. Následně byl proveden záchranný archeologický výzkum malého rozsahu. Soubor předmětů je uložen v HM Příbram pod přírůstkovým číslem 134/2007.

The revisions to the Aboriginal Heritage Act 2006 (Vic.) in 2016 gave sponsors of Cultural Heritage Management Plans (CHMPs) the ability to amend their CHMP post-approval for the first time. This legislative change
followed lobbying from the development industry and others who argued that not being able to amend CHMPs was unnecessarily bureaucratic and costly. Since then, hundreds of CHMP Amendments have been approved,
but no data have to date been published to assess the effectiveness of the changes to the legislation. Major Road Projects Victoria (MRPV) has recently collated data on its 174 CHMPs, including 61 CHMP amendments.
This paper analyses how MRPV has used amendments, the length of time and cost to amend a CHMP, and the challenges of attempting to amend a CHMP for complex linear projects more than once. It concludes by highlighting some factors worth considering when deciding whether to amend a CHMP or commence a new CHMP.

This piece explores thoughts on the need for and application of ethical guidelines in osteoarchaeology; how they can be helpful and constructive, but also how there might be differences in opinion amongst populations in different parts of the world. As for all areas of science, we need a robust set of ethics for how we should study and interpret excavated skeletal material to avoid fraudulent publications or misleading claims from unsound methodology or fabricated data. However, the elements of ethics that apply to human osteoarchaeology go far beyond those of some other branches of the sciences, when the focus of that osteoarchaeological research is the remains of our own species. Regarding osteoarchaeology, ethical views associated with human remains are generally distinct from those held about the study of non-human animals. The perspective that the remains of our own species are different and more important to us than are the remains of those of other mammals is one that is found in many different populations.

In recent years, our knowledge of leprosy in the past has substantially been enriched. Nonetheless, much still remains to be discovered, especially in regions and periods from where no written sources are available. To fill in some research gaps, we provide the comparative analysis of eight Avar-period leprosy cases from the Danube-Tisza Interfluve (Hungary). In every case, to reconstruct the biological consequences of leprosy, the detected bony changes were linked with palaeopathological and modern medical information. To reconstruct the social consequences of being affected by leprosy, conceptualisation of the examined individuals' treatment in death was conducted. In every case, the disease resulted in deformation and disfigurement of the involved anatomical areas (rhinomaxillary region, feet, and/or hands) with difficulties in conducting certain physical activities. These would have been disadvantageous for the examined individuals and limited or changed their possibilities to participate in social situations. The most severe cases would have required continuous support from others to survive. Our findings indicate that, despite their very visible disease and associated debility, the examined communities did not segregate leprosy sufferers but provided and cared for them, and maintained a strong enough social network that made their survival possible even after becoming incapable of self-sufficiency.

Rapportserien innefattar rapporter inom länsmuseets verksamhetsområden arkeologi, bebyggelsehistoria, byggnadsvård, kulturmiljövård, etnologi, konst-och kulturhistoria. Du kan själv ladda hem rapporter i PDF-format från länsmuseets hemsida www.lansmuseetgavleborg.se Rapporter, böcker och mycket annat kan du köpa/beställa i länsmuseets butik

Bohusläns museum och Kontoret för Keramiska Studier presenterar här en genomgång av keramik från Bohuslän. Närmare 40 000 skärvor från över 80 förhistoriska fyndplatser har registrerats. För första gången presenteras en samlad bild över den förhistoriska keramiken i Bohuslän.

The focus of this thesis is on Historic Period Native American villages within the Middle Rock River. For the purpose of this thesis, the Middle Rock River is the portion of the Rock River Valley in north central Illinois. There are very few sites in the Middle Rock River dating to the time when both Native Americans and Europeans/Euro-Americans occupied it. This is contrary to the several Native American villages recorded in historical documents. Why have these villages not been found archaeologically? Using historical documents, previous archaeological research and my own original research, I explore three explanations 1.) The sites: to ephemeral, 2.) reoccupation destroyed the sites, and 3.) the area has not been researched enough. Additionally, I use historical documents to answer questions of ethnicity, behavioral patterns and culture contact, all of which could be used in future research to create a predictive model to locate Historic Period Native American sites.

" X-rays are a cornerstone in diagnosing fractures and bone-related diseases. They provide clear images that help distinguish between different types of fractures, such as simple, compound, or stress fractures, allowing for accurate treatment plans. In addition to their role in detecting fractures, X-rays are essential in identifying bone diseases like osteoporosis, arthritis, and bone tumors. They also play a crucial part in assessing bone density and detecting early signs of conditions such as metabolic bone disorders. The ability of X-rays to reveal subtle abnormalities makes them an indispensable tool in modern orthopedic and medical imaging practices. "

Since the 17th century, archaeological evidence for dental prosthetics and restorative dentistry has constantly increased. Artificial dentures first appeared in central Europe among the upper classes; however, they were mainly used for aesthetic reasons. It was not until the 19th century that the raw material of hard rubber made it possible to manufacture a functional dental prosthesis in which porcelain teeth were inserted. With the development of synthetic plastics, dentures became a mass product. Based on burials from Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the paper traces the most important steps in the development of dental prosthetics and presents, in addition to the materials used, other technical aspects concerning the anchoring of the teeth and the attachment of the prosthesis in the mouth. The interplay of these parameters can contribute to a dating of a burial in the sense of a terminus post quem. At the same time, based on our sample we discuss the availability and affordability of such measures for different social classes. Using our database we explore the potential of the typo-chronological and social classification of dental appliances between the 17th and the mid-20th century.

The purpose of this paper is to present the challenges and problems we face at a national level in utilising the existing aerial photographic resource and the roles that computer applications play in maximising the potential for aerial survey. This includes the collections of aerial photographs, approaches to mapping, interpretation, as well as the presentation and dissemination of results.

While tuberculosis was likely endemic in pre-Columbian populations in Peru, new case studies identify other skeletal vertebral lesions not consistent with TB. Two individuals were interred within a cliff-tomb at the site of Diablo Wasi in the Chachapoyas region (~1350–1450 AD). Both are adult males approximately 25 to 40 years of age. Individual A presents with significant kyphosis at T12 with medium to large coalescing focal lesions on the anterior bodies of T6-T12. Differential diagnosis suggests paracoccidioidomycosis. Individual B demonstrates systemic osteopenia and osteoporosis. Bone surfaces demonstrate a proliferation of smooth-edged macroporosity and reticulating perforations especially of the ribs and vertebra. Incompleteness and complex etiology limited diagnosis, but an endocrine disorder, or neoplastic/hyperproliferative condition like leukemia are suggested. These mummified remains advance our understanding of the range of conditions present and support the need for paleopathological rigor as tuberculosis may not always be the cause of spinal osteomyelitic lesions.

V roce 2020 byl společností ARCHEO Sever a ARCHAIA Jih realizován záchranný archeologický výzkum před výstavbou průmyslového parku na k. ú. Hradiště u Chebu. Zájmové území o ploše 4,5 ha bylo situováno na malé ostrožně ohraničené ze SZ a Z směru meandrem řeky Ohře, s mírným svahem exponovaným k jihu. Podložím jsou terciérní zelenošedé navětralé jílovce střídající se místy s písčitými štěrky. Nadmořská výška lokality je kolem 450 m n. m. a přibližně tato niveleta je také průměrnou hodnotou pro celou Chebskou pánev.

Forensic Services, UK T his presentation will focus on the applications of forensic anthropology and related sciences in complex cases. A review of recent developments in the field currently being utilized in UK forensic casework will be provided and a number of research projects aimed at improving knowledge in areas which will assist with criminal investigation will be summarized. These include the identification of small burnt fragments of bone using multiple techniques and the post-mortem preservation of human remains in a confined space. Three recent case studies will be presented. Two of these generated research projects which are currently ongoing and one utilized a number of scientific techniques, including anthropology which strengthened the evidence for the prosecution.

With the purpose of confirming the "kraal index" created by , a group of stone-walled structures in the Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve were selected for study. Confirming this involved testing for livestock presence in the inner enclosures of Group III stone-walled complexes. Phosphate testing of the inner enclosures revealed the absence of evidence showing the presence of livestock occupation. This may be because of the phosphate testing method used. It may also be because of different culture factors involving the recycling of dung as fuel and kraal maintenance. The probability of each hypothesis is weighed up against the supporting data captured by the phosphate analyses. Introduction .

This short essay aims to address the question of whether the separation of three different stages of archaeological work is needed, or if these stages are even viable. Firstly, the focus will be on an overview of archaeological fieldwork, then on several definitions and explanations of each stage to distinguish between them. Secondly, I will go on to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the complete separation of these stages. Followed by alternative solutions to the problems faced as a result of this separation of stages during excavation, finally coming to a balanced and considered conclusion on the topic.