Combustion Engine

The development of biofuels for compression ignition engines is heading primarily to utilization of vegetable oils. Combusting of 100% vegetable oil in unmodified CI engine is usually not possible due to higher viscosity of the vegetable oil. In order to use 100% vegetable oil in CI engine the oil needs to be preheated, esterified or hydrotreated. Alternatively, in order to use raw vegetable oil in CI engine without preheating it is possible to use vegetable oil diesel fuel blends or vegetable oil butanol diesel fuel blends in order to lower the viscosity of the fuel. The contribution focuses on comparison of the effect of sunflower and rapeseed vegetable oils on operational parameters of the turbocharged compression ignition engine, especially on production of solid particles. The measurement was carried out according to standardized NRSC test cycle. 5% and 20% concentration of vegetable oils in diesel fuel were used as a test fuels for the measurement while the diesel fuel was used as a reference. The count and size of solid particles were measured by means of EEPS particle analyser. Based on the measured values it can be stated that the slight increase of performance parameters occurred with strong effect on emissions production, especially on production of solid particles.

The transport industry has encountered vital transformations in recent years, in response to the developing environmental issues and global fuel dependence. The emergence of hybrid vehicles is a particularly vital innovation. These vehicles are automobiles powered by an electric motor and an internal combustion engine. They are rapidly becoming the necessary bridge between traditional internal combustion engine vehicles and fully electric vehicles (EVs). Such positioning is due to their environmental and economic benefits and the elimination of green transportation problems.
For the purpose of this report, a hybrid vehicle (HV) integrates two power sources: electricity and gasoline to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and enhance fuel efficiency.
The project is vital because hybrid vehicles may play a primary role during the worldwide transition towards carbon-free transportation. Since the transport sector contributes about 25% of the total greenhouse gas emissions, analyzing the behavioral and technological motivators of hybrid adoption is essential.
The report aims to evaluate the potential of hybrid vehicles in supporting sustainable transport via enhanced fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and greater consumer attraction. The report shall first answer how hybrid vehicles reduce pollution and increase fuel efficiency. It shall then compare the environmental and economic effects of traditional, hybrid, and electric vehicles. Lastly, the report shall explore the primary factors driving hybrid vehicle adoption, such as governmental policies, consumer attitudes, and sufficient infrastructure.
The report shall argue that hybrid vehicles accrue a crucial transitional function in the journey towards carbon-free transport and are a practical solution until the complete optimization of electric vehicle infrastructure and affordability is achieved.

The geometric configuration of the intake manifold assumes a crucial function in influencing the aerodynamic behavior and combustion efficacy of internal combustion engines (ICEs). This comprehensive review amalgamates both computational and experimental investigations to assess the influence of manifold design parameters on engine performance metrics, volumetric efficiency, and emission profiles. A systematic literature review was executed utilizing the Scopus database, employing Boolean search operators to identify 18 significant studies published between 2008 and 2025. The methodologies encompassed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, empirical validations, and performance indicators such as torque, fuel consumption, and pollutant emissions. The principal findings indicate that variable-length manifolds can enhance volumetric efficiency by 8-15% by tuning Helmholtz resonance, albeit at the expense of increased cost and complexity. Fixed-geometry configurations yield 5-7% torque improvements at resonant frequencies, yet they exhibit suboptimal performance beyond their specified operational ranges. This study accentuates the necessity for application-specific designs that harmonize performance, cost, and emissions. Future investigations should delve into adaptive geometries that utilize additive manufacturing techniques and enhance transient-state modeling to overcome existing challenges. This review establishes a framework for engineers to refine intake manifold designs, highlighting the intricate relationship between geometry, fluid dynamics, and combustion efficiency.

En este trabajo se presenta la evaluación de los efectos causados por variaciones de la relación de compresión, el material de la culata y la composición del combustible sobre la velocidad del motor, el consumo de combustible, el tiempo de calentamiento y las emisiones de un motor de encendido por chispa enfriado por aire, bajo una metodología de diseño de experimentos. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido determinar la sensibilidad de las respuestas del motor operando en vacío, así como la combinación óptima entre los parámetros mencionados. De los tres factores evaluados bajo los límites de las pruebas realizadas, la relación de compresión es el factor que ha ejercido la mayor influencia sobre el desempeño del motor bajo el régimen de marcha en vacío. Las temperaturas de estado estacionario del motor bajan con el aumento de la relación de compresión, con la mayor conductividad del material y con el mayor contenido de etanol.

The paper presents investigation of the influence of the friction force calculation method on the results of simulations run with the use of the model of gas flow from the combustion chamber to the crankcase and piston rings motion in the grooves. The first series of simulations was run using the gas flow and ring motion model in which the friction force was calculated from the empirical equation. The second series was run with the use of the gas flow and ring motion model fully integrated with the ring lubrication model. In that case the friction force was derived from the hydrodynamic model of ring lubrication. Comparison of the results obtained in the first and second series of simulations indicated that despite the fact that the friction forces calculated with these two methods differed considerably, the method of friction force calculation had insignificant effect. This refers to the quantities determined in the simulations which are most important from practical point of view ...

The hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engine represent a promising solution to the issues of global warming, fossil fuel break point and environmental protection. The development of a hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engine for heavy-duty truck has been being carried out at Hydrogen Energy Research Centre (HERC) of Musashi Institute of Technology and National Traffic Safety and Environment Laboratory (NTSEL) since FY 2005 in the Next-Generation, Low-Emission Vehicle Development - Practical Implementation Project (EFV21) of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT). As the most important key technology, the development of the common-rail type electronic high pressure hydrogen injectors is performed. Now the development of a hydrogen fuelled engine with 6 cylinders, the total displacement of 7.7 litters, direct injection and spark ignition is about to start. In this paper, the development concept, the characteristics of the injectors, some performance in the engine

The paper presents investigation of the influence of the friction force calculation method on the results of simulations run with the use of the model of gas flow from the combustion chamber to the crankcase and piston rings motion in the grooves. The first series of simulations was run using the gas flow and ring motion model in which the friction force was calculated from the empirical equation. The second series was run with the use of the gas flow and ring motion model fully integrated with the ring lubrication model. In that case the friction force was derived from the hydrodynamic model of ring lubrication. Comparison of the results obtained in the first and second series of simulations indicated that despite the fact that the friction forces calculated with these two methods differed considerably, the method of friction force calculation had insignificant effect. This refers to the quantities determined in the simulations which are most important from practical point of view ...

Outdoor air conditioning systems (ACS) are used as autonomic systems as well as in combined outdoor and indoor ACS of the variable refrigerant flow (VRF) type, with variable speed compressors (VSC) as their advanced version. Methods for determining the optimal value of refrigeration capacity and providing the maximum rate of the summarized annual refrigeration energy generation increment, according to its needs at minimum compressor sizes and rational values, are applied to reveal the reserves for reducing the designed (installed) refrigeration capacity, thus enabling us to practically achieve maximum annual refrigeration energy generation as the primary criterion at the second stage of the general design methodology previously developed by the authors. The principle of sharing the total thermal load on the ACS between the ranges of changeable loads for outdoor air precooling, and a relatively stable load range for further processing air are used as its basis. According to this principle, the changeable thermal load range is chosen as the object for energy saving by recuperating the excessive refrigeration generated at lowered loading in order to compensate for the increased loads, thereby matching actual duties at a reduced designed refrigeration capacity. The method allows us to determine the corresponding level of regulated loads (LRL) of SRC and the load range of compressor operation to minimize sizes.

To simulate the physical and chemical processes inside combustion engines is possible by appropriate software and high performance computers. For combustion engines a good design is such that it combines a low fuel consumption with low emissions of soot and nitrogen oxides. These are however partly conflicting requirements. In this paper we approach this problem in a multi-criteria setting which has the advantage that it is possible to estimate the trade off between the different objectives and the decision of the optimal solution is postponed until all possibilities and limitations are known. The optimization algorithm is based on surrogate models and is here applied to optimize the design of a diesel combustion engine.

Diplomová práce se zabývá koncepčním návrhem čtyřtaktního, 2 válcového přeplňovaného motoru. Navrhovaný motor je konstruován jako součást pohonné jednotky pro hybridní vozidlo. Hlavním cíle práce byl návrh klikové soustavy, hlavy motoru a bloku motoru. Práce také obsahuje rešeršní část zabývající se popisem konfigurace hnacího ústrojí hybridních vozidel. Výpočtová analýza je primárně zaměřena na pevnostní kontrolu ojnice. Výpočtová analýza, modelování a výkresy byly provedené v prostřední programu SIEMENS NX 10.ObhájenoThe diploma thesis deals with a conceptual design of a 4- stroke, 2 cylinder in-line turbocharged engine for an hybrid electric vehicle. The main purpose of this work is the design of a crankshaft assembly, a cylinder head and an engine block. Thesis includes a background research of the various HEV powertrain configuration. Calculation analysis is mainly focused on the connection-rod stress analysis. The numerical analysis, modeling and drawing were performed in SIEM...

High-speed Chemical Species Tomography (CST) using near-IR absorption has recently been demonstrated in a multi-cylinder gasoline SI engine running on retail fuel. Many of the inherent advantages of the CST technique would be even more marked in CI engines, for example in HCCI engines where mixture preparation involves residual species, and in diesel engines where gross inhomogeneities over large spatial scales are the norm. On the basis of practical experience of CST in engines and in laboratory systems, this paper explores the potential for these applications of the technique.

When a force is applied on a hydrodynamic journal bearing of combustion engines under operating conditions, the journal axis moves with relation to the bearing center. This displacement can be determined by the eccentricity factor and the attitude angle α. Initially, it is necessary to calculate the dynamic forces that act on the bearing during actual operation. Based on the force and the bearing characteristics, it is then possible to design and implement a mathematical algorithm that calculates the journal orbit as a function of the crank angle. The algorithm is based on the solution of an algebraic system of force equilibrium under transient state. The hydrodynamic force at each time step is obtained by the solution of the Reynolds equation via the Finite Element Method. This paper analyzes the journal orbit of combustion engine bearings using the Newton-Euler and the traditional pseudo-dynamics approaches for the load calculation.

Computer simulation and bench tests of components and full-scale structures of internal combustion engine are performed in order to evaluate discrete and continual strengthening technology. The contact pressure distributions, friction coefficients, wear, roughness and hardness of the contacting surfaces of the tested machine parts were determined. The numerical characteristics that determine the effectiveness of such combined strengthening method are established. Conceptual fundamentals of discrete continual strengthening have been developed. Positive effects in the "loadcontactfrictionwear" chain were found due to the proposed strengthening method. The positive effect of the coordination of micro and macroscale processes and states of loaded parts, which are strengthened by the discrete and continuous method, is also established. It is confirmed that the entire set of tribo-mechanical characteristics is improved with such strengthening, in contrast to traditional methods, an application of which results in improvement in some characteristics at the cost of the others.

berada di bawah Yayasan tersebut yang terletak di Kelurahan Cibubur , Kecamatan Ciracas Jaktim Provinsi DKI merupakan sebuah lembaga pendidikan keagamaan yang telah lama berdiri. Pondok ini menampung siswa-santri dari masyarakat sekitar dan ada juga yang datang dari luar kota Jakarta. Setiap hari para santri belajar ilmu agama Islam. Selain itu ada juga kegiatan majlis talim bagi para bapak dan ibu yang diadakan seminggu sekali.Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh para santri adalah timbulnya rasa bosan karena setiap hari yang dipelajari hanya ilmu agama Islam saja.Mereka menginginkan ada pelajaran lain sebagai ekstra kurikuler yang menarik sehingga tidak membosankan dan berguna suatu saat kelak setelah lulus dari pesantren. Setidaknya mereka mempunyai keterampilan lain untuk menunjang kegiatan utamanya sebagai da'i. Pimpinan Pondok sangat merespon akan hal ini dan gayungpun bersambut. Tim Dosen dari Fakultas Teknik UPN Veteran Jakarta segera menawarkan Program Pelatihan Teknik Otomotif 4 T (Sepeda Motor/mobil). Pelatihan dilaksanakan setiap hari sabtu dan minggu selama dua bulan yang tidak full karena diselingi dengan kegiatan majlis talim. Kegiatan ini diikuti oleh 60 orang yang terdiri dari siswa santri 50 oraang dan para bapak dan para jamaah majlis talim sebanyak 10 orang. Tujuan dari pelatihan ini adalah agar para santri dan jamaah majlis talim dapat mengetahui tentang cara merawat mobil/motor 4 T agar kondisinya tetap seperti baru sehingga bertahan lebih lama/awet. Adapun metoda yang diberikan adalah dengan pemberian teori dan praktek tentang power motor 4T bensin (kosntruksi silinder,power,transmisi,kopling,rem hidrolik, pelumas dan pendingin) dan diesel (power injection/nozel,transmisi dll.) beserta semua permasalahan dan solusinya. Hasil dari kegiatan tersebut para santri dan jamaah majlis talim merasa senang karena diberi ilmu yang bermanfaat berupa ilmu pengetahuan praktis yang mudah dipelajari. Setelah diamati dampak dari pelatihan ini ternyata sangat positip. Hal itu dibuktikan dari rasa percaya diri para santri dan jamaah majlis talim semakin tinggi dalam belajar dan bekerja sehingga ada yang bercita-cita ingin membuka bengkel /servis kendaraan.

The current environment is having an all pervasive need for the equipment's which are non-detrimental to the present ambience. Green automobiles are those that are having a more environment friendly manifestation. Indian automobile industry in the current scenario is engaged in the process of providing the type of vehicles that are having the green concept promoting technology. This paper is an empirical study of the awareness level among the consumers towards the green automobiles. This paper would help proclaim a picture of the present mental setup of the masses which would help the automobile industry visualize the acceptability of the green automobiles. This paper would also help how far the different technology is preferred among the consumers.

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The paper describes standard methods of diagnosing of the AMV (the Rosomak) drive unit technical condition used in daily operation in military missions in Afghanistan. Main rule of the method of diagnosing of the vehicle technical condition is using an external diagnosing system. This system is connected to the vehicle at the time of checking of operation of the powertrain control system configuration of the drive unit to permit the diagnosis, including examination of the engine and gearbox. Enhanced diagnostic system is connected to the OBD system with using standard PC computer with appropriate software. Stored examples of the results of the operation of such system are included in the paper. Measuring was led on a dynamometer stand to perform research of a propulsion unit in work condition. Measurements of the engine parameters were led in steady state and transient engine operating conditions. Unsteady-state condition studies were carried out using the method of free-range accel...

The new control algorithm for the valve timing in camless combustion engine is presented in the article. The magnetoelectric actuators have been used in the valve timing for analyzed popular combustion engine. Each titanium valve has been connected with the coil of actuator. Such coil can move in the magnetic field, generated in magnet circuit containing sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets, the core, pole shoes and air gaps. The movement of coil can occur when current flows in the coil winds and then electrodynamic force is generated. The nonlinear curves of generated electrodynamic force versus displacement of coil-valve assembly and vs. current in the coil have been computed using FEM method and presented in the article. The new mathematical model has been elaborated to calculate valve lift vs. coil lift for different coil currents and dynamic parameters of the coil. The values of current in coil should be controlled by the elaborated algorithm with the feedback. This algorithm has been based on tracing of position points of valve, during valve movement. The modelled course of valve lift vs. time has been first elaborated, for the needed rpm of engine. Next the first approximated current pulse train has been generated, the movement of the coil-valve assembly could be obtained. The calculated position of valve has been compared with the valve position from modelled course of valve lift vs. time. Basing on obtained difference of valve lift, the next current pulse train has been corrected in such a way, to obtain in any moment the closest position of valve to the one from modelled course. The obtained courses of valve lift vs. time for different modelled courses of valve lift vs. time and vs. rpm of engine have been presented in the article.

The new control algorithm for the valve timing in camless combustion engine is presented in the article. The magnetoelectric actuators have been used in the valve timing for analyzed popular combustion engine. Each titanium valve has been connected with the coil of actuator. Such coil can move in the magnetic field, generated in magnet circuit containing sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets, the core, pole shoes and air gaps. The movement of coil can occur when current flows in the coil winds and then electrodynamic force is generated. The nonlinear curves of generated electrodynamic force versus displacement of coil-valve assembly and vs. current in the coil have been computed using FEM method and presented in the article. The new mathematical model has been elaborated to calculate valve lift vs. coil lift for different coil currents and dynamic parameters of the coil. The values of current in coil should be controlled by the elaborated algorithm with the feedback. This algorithm has been based on tracing of position points of valve, during valve movement. The modelled course of valve lift vs. time has been first elaborated, for the needed rpm of engine. Next the first approximated current pulse train has been generated, the movement of the coil-valve assembly could be obtained. The calculated position of valve has been compared with the valve position from modelled course of valve lift vs. time. Basing on obtained difference of valve lift, the next current pulse train has been corrected in such a way, to obtain in any moment the closest position of valve to the one from modelled course. The obtained courses of valve lift vs. time for different modelled courses of valve lift vs. time and vs. rpm of engine have been presented in the article.

In implementing competence based curriculum it needs support of resources, one of them is laboratory equipment. Mechanical engineering students should understand how the engine run, what its components and how is ignition work. Theoretical study could not make them fully understood, whereas to mount and dismount an engine block is time consuming and costly. The moderate way to understand them is by observing a model of gasoline engine. The project aim is to design and to manufacture a used 4-stroke block engine motorcycle being a model. Design considerate that the model should able to show how is an engine works, how the work of ignition, and what are components of transmission. Manufacturing consideration is that the engine block should not machine the bearing and supporting posts. Manufacturing of engine block was carried out at machining laboratory by an-5mm end mill. Assembling the component to the machined block shows that the model can fulfill the requirements.

Flammability limits and flame speeds of dilute-lean fuel mixtures of hydrogen (H2) and acetylene (C2H2) premixed with oxygen (O2) and nitrogen (N2) were examined with a detailed kinetics model. These mixtures are used in a preburn in a constant volume combustion vessel to create elevated temperatures and pressures with gas compositions that represent the thermodynamic state in a diesel engine combustion chamber at fuel injection and autoignition. A mixture of hydrogen and acetylene with combined atomic hydrogen to carbon ratio (HCR) of 1.85 was used to match that of typical diesel fuel and results are shown in comparison to a previously used mixture with a HCR of 1.17. The lower flammability limit (LFL) of the HCR1.85 fuel mixture was found at an equivalence ratio of 0.235, while flame speed and adiabatic combustion temperatures were also predicted for post preburn product oxygen levels between 0 and 21 percent. Flame speeds were shown to decrease with a reduction in oxygen concentr...

Fuel consumption and NOx emissions of different Diesel-Electric hybrid powertrains, equipping a midsize European passenger car were evaluated in this paper through numerical simulation. Different degrees of hybridizations, from micro to mild hybrids, and different architectures and power sources management strategies were taken into account, in order to obtain a preliminary assessment of the potentialities of a Diesel-Electric hybrid system for the European passenger car market. Both regulated driving cycles, such as NEDC, and "real-world representative" driving cycles, such as Artemis cycles, were evaluated, in order to obtain not only an estimate of the impact of hybridization on type-approval CO 2 and NOx emissions, but also an assessment of the impact of these technologies from the vehicle owner's perspective. Finally, the effects of internal combustion engine downsizing was also considered.

Social media has become a part of practically everyone's life in India. Customers' purchasing behaviour is influenced because they prefer to use social media to get information about products before making a purchase. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effect of social media influence on purchasing behaviour through cognition. Design/methodology/approach: The total sample size for this study was 400 Indians. This quantitative study used an online Google form to collect data from a questionnaire. Indians between the ages of 20 and 40 were the target population. The descriptive analysis was utilized to describe the demographic and social media activity features of the respondents. Finally, the link between the independent and dependent variables was determined using Structural Equation Model (SEM). Findings: The study's findings revealed that social media has a significant impact on purchasing decisions. Social media is extremely important for customer buying behaviour through cognition. The study also highlighted that control variables such as gender and monthly income had an insignificant impact on buying behaviour. Practical Implications: This study will assist marketers in focusing more on social media as a venue for exhibiting their products, which will eventually alter buyer cognition. Furthermore, client buying behaviour will be influenced by cognition. As a result, marketers will be able to better understand customer desires or requirements and develop the appropriate strategy to attract and retain more customers.

To simulate the physical and chemical processes inside combustion engines is possible by appropriate software and high performance computers. For combustion engines a good design is such that it combines a low fuel consumption with low emissions of soot and nitrogen oxides. These are however partly conflicting requirements. In this paper we approach this problem in a multi-criteria setting which has the advantage that it is possible to estimate the trade off between the different objectives and the decision of the optimal solution is postponed until all possibilities and limitations are known. The optimization algorithm is based on surrogate models and is here applied to optimize the design of a diesel combustion engine.

Data from a web survey, which was conducted in 2012 among 1421 owners of a new internal combustion engine car and 372 new battery electric car owners in Norway, were used to test an adapted version of the comprehensive action determination model to explain private consumers' purchase of fuel-efficient cars. It was first examined whether the average fuel efficiency differs among internal combustion engine car classes. Consequently, with battery electric cars being regarded as the most fuel-efficient group, five car groups ordered by fuel efficiency were retained. The results of subsequent structural equation modelling show that intention to buy a fuel-efficient car, brand loyalty, number of cars and driver's license holders in the household, household size, and household income had significant direct effects on choosing a more fuel-efficient car. Normative processes had a mediated impact on behaviour. Implications for design and implementation of interventions are discussed.

Fuel consumption and NOx emissions of different Diesel-Electric hybrid powertrains, equipping a midsize European passenger car were evaluated in this paper through numerical simulation. Different degrees of hybridizations, from micro to mild hybrids, and different architectures and power sources management strategies were taken into account, in order to obtain a preliminary assessment of the potentialities of a Diesel-Electric hybrid system for the European passenger car market. Both regulated driving cycles, such as NEDC, and "real-world representative" driving cycles, such as Artemis cycles, were evaluated, in order to obtain not only an estimate of the impact of hybridization on type-approval CO 2 and NOx emissions, but also an assessment of the impact of these technologies from the vehicle owner's perspective. Finally, the effects of internal combustion engine downsizing was also considered.

En este trabajo se presenta la evaluación de los efectos causados por variaciones de la relación de compresión, el material de la culata y la composición del combustible sobre la velocidad del motor, el consumo de combustible, el tiempo de calentamiento y las emisiones de un motor de encendido por chispa enfriado por aire, bajo una metodología de diseño de experimentos. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido determinar la sensibilidad de las respuestas del motor operando en vacío, así como la combinación óptima entre los parámetros mencionados. De los tres factores evaluados bajo los límites de las pruebas realizadas, la relación de compresión es el factor que ha ejercido la mayor influencia sobre el desempeño del motor bajo el régimen de marcha en vacío. Las temperaturas de estado estacionario del motor bajan con el aumento de la relación de compresión, con la mayor conductividad del material y con el mayor contenido de etanol.

When a force is applied on a hydrodynamic journal bearing of combustion engines under operating conditions, the journal axis moves with relation to the bearing center. This displacement can be determined by the eccentricity factor and the attitude angle α. Initially, it is necessary to calculate the dynamic forces that act on the bearing during actual operation. Based on the force and the bearing characteristics, it is then possible to design and implement a mathematical algorithm that calculates the journal orbit as a function of the crank angle. The algorithm is based on the solution of an algebraic system of force equilibrium under transient state. The hydrodynamic force at each time step is obtained by the solution of the Reynolds equation via the Finite Element Method. This paper analyzes the journal orbit of combustion engine bearings using the Newton-Euler and the traditional pseudo-dynamics approaches for the load calculation.

The main goal of this study is to analyze the consumer perception of electric vehicles in India. It has been observed since 2015 that EV companies have taken a major step toward economic and environmental factors while producing their vehicles. In the current dynamic scenario, consumers are constantly looking for better eco-friendly products along with cost-efficiency to it. This study takes a quantitative approach (survey) to know the perception of the consumers to accept electric vehicles as a legitimate substitute for petrol/diesel vehicles. This research throws light on the positive and negative factors which affect the consumer’s perception when approaching electric vehicles in India.

The trigeneration plants for combined cooling, heating, and electricity supply, or integrated energy systems (IES), are mostly based on gas reciprocating engines. The fuel efficiency of gas reciprocating engines depends essentially on air intake temperatures. The transformation of the heat removed from the combustion engines into refrigeration is generally conducted by absorption lithium-bromide chillers (ACh). The peculiarity of refrigeration generation in food technologies is the use of chilled water of about 12 °C instead of 7 °C as the most typical for ACh. This leads to a considerable cooling potential not realized by ACh that could be used for cooling the engine intake air. A refrigerant ejector chiller (ECh) is the simplest in design, cheap, and can be applied as the low-temperature stage of a two-stage absorption-ejector chiller (AECh) to provide engine intake air cooling and increase engine fuel efficiency as result. The monitoring data on gas engine fuel consumption and po...

Hydrogen fuel constitutes an attainable alternative strategy, which can be implemented in the long term. This strategy can avoid the risk of commodity supply dependency (rare earths and copper) and can delay the still open decisions on e-mobility. Hydrogen internal combustion engines represent a doable and less expensive solution for using hydrogen than purchasing a new car equipped with a hydrogen fuel cell. Conventional piston engines can be switched to gas operation with relatively little change. This approach is environmentally more viable, as in a short time most vehicles can be switched to emission-free operation. Also, it can avoid the risk of commodity supply dependency (rare earths and copper) and can delay the still open decisions on e-mobility.

The processing of ambient air by vapor compression and exhaust heat conversion refrigeration machines with heat removal from them to atmosphere by the circulating cooling systems are studied. Ambient air cooling is conducted by using different types of refrigeration machines: absorption lithium-bromide refrigeration machine (ARM), utilizing the exhaust gas heat of gas engine, combined absorption-ejector refrigeration machine (AERM) and electrically driven vapor compression refrigeration machine (VCRM). The data on current thermal loads on refrigeration machines of different types and their circulating cooling systems with dry cooling towers (air condensers in the case of VCRM) for different their project thermal loads were obtained through modelling their current loading in accordance with actual climatic conditions. The efficiency of performance of refrigeration machines of different types (ARM, combined AERM and VCRM) to provide the target temperatures of cooled air is estimated by annual production of refrigeration according to ambient air conditioning duties. It was shown, that the most energy-efficient refrigeration machine is the ARM, while the most energy-consuming was VCRM.

The efficiency of deep cooling air at the inlet of gas turbine unite to the temperature of 10 °С by waste heat recovery combined absorption-ejector chiller was analyzed in climatic conditions at Kharkov site, Ukraine, and Beijing site, China, and compared with the moderate cooling to the temperature of 15°C  in  traditional absorption lithium-bromide chiller. The  refrigerant  ejector chiller is chosen  as the most simple and  reliable in operation chiller. It  was used as the low-temperature stage for subcooling the air precooled in absorption lithium-bromide chiller to the temperature about 15 °C. Both waste heat recovery absorption  lithium-bromide chiller and ejector chiller use the  heat of  gas turbine unite exhaust gas to produce a cooling capacity. Air cooling at the inlet of gas turbine unite  was investigated for varying climatic conditions during the year.  The current values of  temperature depression with  cooling  ambient air to different temperatures of 10 °C and 15 °...

India, which ranks third in terms of carbon emissions, has nowadays actively been involved in reducing emissions by promoting public transportation, biofuels, and infrastructure upgrades and subsidies to accommodate electric vehicles (EV). Its policies, however, are rarely formed in response to citizen's perceptions of how other countries are run. In this context, extensive research is vital to understand the pros and cons to overcome challenges by implementing a positive change in the EV policies. This study is intended to investigate how the selected Indian electric car (EC) companies can benefit their clients, who are already feeling the heat because of the current upsurge in fossil fuel prices, as well as to identify a macro and micro depiction of these industries through PESTEL and SWOT analysis by providing discussion points to assist EC policymakers in determining whether their policies are effective for evaluating their performance.

A fuel efficiency of a ship engine increases with cooling inlet air. This might be performed by the chillers, which transform the heat of engine exhaust gas and scavenge air for refrigeration. The effect gained due to cooling depends on the intake air temperature drop and the time of engine operation at decreased intake air temperature. Thus, the cooling degree hour (CDH) number, calculated as air temperature depression multiplied by the duration of engine operation at reduced intake air temperature, is used as a primary criterion to estimate the engine fuel efficiency enhancement due to intake air cooling over the ship routes. The engine intake air cooling potential is limited by its value, available according to engine exhaust heat and the efficiency of heat conversion to refrigeration in the chiller, evaluated by the coefficient of performance (COP). Therefore, it should be determined by comparing both the needed and available values of CDH. The ejector chiller (ECh) was chosen f...

Tato bakalářská práce se zabývá problematikou motorů HCCI. Z důvodu pozdější potřeby znalosti základních principů je začátek práce věnován historii spalovacích motorů, principu jejich fungování a rozdělení těchto motorů podle základních kritérií. Další část obsahuje popis zážehových a vznětových motory z hlediska principu tvorby směsi a jejího spalování se zdůrazněním jejich výhod a nevýhod. V hlavní kapitole práce, která je zaměřena na motory HCCI, jsou popsány způsoby tvorby směsi a její zapálení. Dále jsou motory HCCI popsány z hlediska vzniku emisí a jsou zahrnuty koncepty a současná řešení. Závěrem je pak úvaha o budoucnosti spalovacích motorů a případných alternativních pohonech.This bachelor thesis deals with the problematics of HCCI engines. Due to later required knowledge of fundamental principles, the beginning of the thesis is devoted to the history of combustion engines, the principle of their function and their division by basic criteria. The following section consists ...

Technology forcing is a strategy where a regulator specifies a standard that cannot be met with existing technology, or at least not at an acceptable cost. Using the 1970 U.S. Clean Air Act for controlling automobile emissions as a baseline example, we demonstrate the importance of the regulatory implementation process if regulations are to foster technological change. The 1970 legislation required steep emissions reductions for new 1975 and 1976 automobiles, which presented automakers with major technical and economic challenges. Nevertheless, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency successfully forced the adoption of two marquee control technologies-the catalytic converter in 1975 and the three-way catalyst in 1981. We focus on three factors critical to the implementation process: agency credibility to enforce standards, competitive pressures to drive industry research and development, and uncertainty about technological development.

Meter size irregularities are routinely studied with radars in the equatorial and low latitude regions. In both instances echoes from the E-region (90 to 120 km altitude) are a common occurrence. The resulting echoes are labeled as so-called Type I or Type II according to their spectral signature. In this paper we show that the phase velocity of Type I echoes increases with decreasing altitude owing to thermal feedback effects taking place in the growth process. We also show that Type II echoes can be influenced by atmospheric neutral winds to the point of revealing the presence of Kelvin-Helmholtz billows, as shown by a recently studied example taken from the Gadanki radar in India.

India, which ranks third in terms of carbon emissions, has nowadays actively been involved in reducing emissions by promoting public transportation, biofuels, and infrastructure upgrades and subsidies to accommodate electric vehicles (EV). Its policies, however, are rarely formed in response to citizen's perceptions of how other countries are run. In this context, extensive research is vital to understand the pros and cons to overcome challenges by implementing a positive change in the EV policies. This study is intended to investigate how the selected Indian electric car (EC) companies can benefit their clients, who are already feeling the heat because of the current upsurge in fossil fuel prices, as well as to identify a macro and micro depiction of these industries through PESTEL and SWOT analysis by providing discussion points to assist EC policymakers in determining whether their policies are effective for evaluating their performance.

When a force is applied on a hydrodynamic journal bearing of combustion engines under operating conditions, the journal axis moves with relation to the bearing center. This displacement can be determined by the eccentricity factor and the attitude angle α. Initially, it is necessary to calculate the dynamic forces that act on the bearing during actual operation. Based on the force and the bearing characteristics, it is then possible to design and implement a mathematical algorithm that calculates the journal orbit as a function of the crank angle. The algorithm is based on the solution of an algebraic system of force equilibrium under transient state. The hydrodynamic force at each time step is obtained by the solution of the Reynolds equation via the Finite Element Method. This paper analyzes the journal orbit of combustion engine bearings using the Newton-Euler and the traditional pseudo-dynamics approaches for the load calculation.

High-speed Chemical Species Tomography (CST) using near-IR absorption has recently been demonstrated in a multi-cylinder gasoline SI engine running on retail fuel. Many of the inherent advantages of the CST technique would be even more marked in CI engines, for example in HCCI engines where mixture preparation involves residual species, and in diesel engines where gross inhomogeneities over large spatial scales are the norm. On the basis of practical experience of CST in engines and in laboratory systems, this paper explores the potential for these applications of the technique.

The lightweight valves are more and more commonly used in cam and camless valvetiming in combustion engine. They can be made as drilled steel valves or as full but of TiAl alloys or of ceramic material. They usually can mate with the same valve guides and seat inserts made of cast iron, as in case of the standard full steel valves. Sometimes in the high speed engine, the valve insert should be made of chromium steel and valve guides of phosphorous bronze. The one of sources for wear and for resistance of motion for valve is a friction contact area between the valve tip and the surface of rocker arm or of cam follower. To minimize the wear the valve tip should be hardened or have a special hard cup, which makes greater mass of the valve. To avoid the wear and friction resistance in such contact area the mentioned friction contact can be eliminated. Such friction contact type can be replaced by a noncontact couple loaded by magnetic field force. Such solution requires introducing the ...

Práca rešeršnej povahy je primárne zameraná na zvyšovanie výkonu a dosiahnutie vysokého plniaceho tlaku už pri nízkych otáčkach motora. V práci sú uvedené trendy preplňovania, ktoré zatiaľ neboli využité v masovej aplikácií v automobilovom priemysle, ako napríklad systém variabilnej geometrie lopatiek tzv. VGT, ale boli zatiaľ použité iba na niekoľkých modeloch automobilov, alebo v závodných vozidlách.The thesis of a search character is primary focused on boosting and reaching the highest level of boost pressure from lower revolutions of the engine. In this thesis are listed trends of turbocharging that have not been massively applied in car industry yet, e.g. variable geometry turbochargers so called VGT but it has been used in a few car models or race cars.

En este trabajo se presenta la evaluación de los efectos causados por variaciones de la relación de compresión, el material de la culata y la composición del combustible sobre la velocidad del motor, el consumo de combustible, el tiempo de calentamiento y las emisiones de un motor de encendido por chispa enfriado por aire, bajo una metodología de diseño de experimentos. El objetivo del trabajo ha sido determinar la sensibilidad de las respuestas del motor operando en vacío, así como la combinación óptima entre los parámetros mencionados. De los tres factores evaluados bajo los límites de las pruebas realizadas, la relación de compresión es el factor que ha ejercido la mayor influencia sobre el desempeño del motor bajo el régimen de marcha en vacío. Las temperaturas de estado estacionario del motor bajan con el aumento de la relación de compresión, con la mayor conductividad del material y con el mayor contenido de etanol.

High-speed Chemical Species Tomography (CST) using near-IR absorption has recently been demonstrated in a multi-cylinder gasoline SI engine running on retail fuel. Many of the inherent advantages of the CST technique would be even more marked in CI engines, for example in HCCI engines where mixture preparation involves residual species, and in diesel engines where gross inhomogeneities over large spatial scales are the norm. On the basis of practical experience of CST in engines and in laboratory systems, this paper explores the potential for these applications of the technique.

To simulate the physical and chemical processes inside combustion engines is possible by appropriate software and high performance computers. For combustion engines a good design is such that it combines a low fuel consumption with low emissions of soot and nitrogen oxides. These are however partly conflicting requirements. In this paper we approach this problem in a multi-criteria setting which has the advantage that it is possible to estimate the trade off between the different objectives and the decision of the optimal solution is postponed until all possibilities and limitations are known. The optimization algorithm is based on surrogate models and is here applied to optimize the design of a diesel combustion engine.

The multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions positions established firms (incumbents) as defenders of existing technologies at the "regime level". By contrast, it positions new entrants at the niche level, as promoters of new technologies. This paper challenges the positioning of firms as actors on either regime or niche levels. Based on a comparative analysis of technology strategies in the heavy vehicle industry, the paper shows that established firms are active at both levels, developing several technology alternatives simultaneously. This means that incumbents' technology strategies determine important parts of the required niche-regime interactions. The paper also shows how incumbents may pursue contrasting technology strategies. While some adopt a dualistic approach, keeping regime and niche level activities technologically and commercially separate, others develop integrated strategies where niche activities are leveraged to impact upon the regime level. The cases studied illustrate how the success of these integrated strategies depends on the emergence of bridging policies. Such policies are relevant both for linking early niche markets to broader regime-level markets, and for supporting the further technological advancements of niche markets.