Code Compliance

Input Ratio (EIR) as a function of indoor and outdoor air temperatures, and dual range quadratic performance curves as a function of part-load-ratio for modeling part-load performance. These performance curves are generated directly from manufacturer's published performance data. The verification compared the simulation output directly to manufacturer's performance data, and found that the dual range equation-fit VRF heat pump computer model predicts the manufacturer's performance data very well over a wide range of indoor and outdoor temperatures and part-load conditions. The predicted capacity and electric power deviations are comparbale to equation-fit HVAC computer models commonly used for packaged and split unitary HVAC equipment.

Although automated rule-checking is often presented in the context of applying for licenses and permits, as a way to assess compliance with building codes, its most immediate application can be found in earlier stages of the design phase. The impact of design options on the performance of buildings in several domains can be assessed automatically using BIM tools. In this article, we discuss the advantages and challenges of adopting automated rule-checking procedure as a tool for design development and present examples of software solutions that can be used for this purpose.

In recent years highly glazed spaces and atrium buildings are seen as a sign of advanced technology. An atrium is the social center of a building where people gather for social activities and also is a significant element of passive building systems when well designed to provide user requirements. The study aims to accomplish a thermal performance simulation of an atrium building by specifying a prototype model of an office building in Istanbul. With the help of building simulation tools - EnergyPlus (Version 1.2.3), FLUENT (Version 6.2.16)- total energy consumption and air stratification of the atrium building is performed.

In recent years highly glazed spaces and atrium buildings are seen as a sign of advanced technology. An atrium is the social center of a building where people gather for social activities and also is a significant element of passive building systems when well designed to provide user requirements. The study aims to accomplish a thermal performance simulation of an atrium building by specifying a prototype model of an office building in Istanbul. With the help of building simulation tools-EnergyPlus (Version 1.2.3), FLUENT (Version 6.2.16)-total energy consumption and air stratification of the atrium building is performed.

This paper presents the design and optimization of a cooling system tailored for innovation building, focusing on maximizing energy efficiency while ensuring optimal thermal comfort for occupants. The proposed cooling system integrates several key components, including chillers, air handling units, distribution systems, and control mechanisms. The system utilizes a combination of centralized and decentralized cooling strategies to efficiently manage thermal loads across different zones within the building. Additionally, advanced control algorithms are employed to dynamically adjust cooling operations based on real-time data, occupant
preferences, and external environmental conditions. The optimization process involves comprehensive simulation studies and performance evaluations using building energy modeling software and an Hourly
Analysis Program (HAP). Various design parameters such as equipment sizing, layout configurations, air distribution patterns, and control strategies are iteratively refined to achieve the desired balance between energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and occupant comfort. The design and optimization of a cooling system for an Innovation building represents a critical step toward achieving sustainable and energy-efficient building
operations. By leveraging advanced technologies and innovative design approaches, this cooling system offers a viable solution for addressing the cooling needs of Innovation buildings while mitigating the environmental
impact associated with traditional HVAC systems. The proposed design was applied in a case study of an innovation building during the cooling seasons and the results of the optimization demonstrate significant
improvements in energy consumption, with substantial reductions in both electricity demand and greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional cooling systems. Furthermore, the proposed cooling system maintains consistent thermal conditions throughout the building, ensuring a comfortable indoor environment for occupants while minimizing the risk of thermal discomfort and overheating.

Short-term rental operations are a sharing-economy movement that has seen tremendous growth recently. Short-term rental operations bring positive impacts to the community such as housing value increases, tourism and local economic growth. As the movement continues, short-term rentals are becoming more common in residential neighborhoods which is causing adverse effects such as housing affordability issues, community stability issues, nuisance violations and tourism gentrification. The City of Dallas is no exception to the explosive growth of short-term rental operations which is creating adverse effects; therefore, city officials must find a legal way to restrict the growth and usage of short-term rentals in their community. This paper conducts a policy analysis using the Eightfold Path methodology to explore six policy alternatives for Dallas: 1) maintaining the status quo, 2) laissez-faire, 3) full prohibition, 4) limitation, 5) permit requirement, and 6) hybrid method.

Performance of two widely used air conditioning (AC) systems, variable air volume (VAV) and variable refrigerant flow (VRF), in an existing office building environment under the same indoor and outdoor conditions for an entire cooling season is simulated by using two validated respective models and compared. It was observed that the indoor temperatures could not be maintained properly at the set temperature by the VAV no-reheat boxes. However, it could be maintained by the VAV boxes with reheat with a significant energy consumption penalty. It was found that the secondary components (indoor and ventilation units) of the VRF AC system promised 38.0-83.4% energy-saving potential depending on the system configuration, indoor and outdoor conditions, when compared to the secondary components (heaters and the supply fan) of the VAV AC system. Overall, it was found that the VRF AC system promised 27.1-57.9% energy-saving potentials depending on the system configuration, indoor and outdoor conditions, when compared to the VAV AC system.

In this paper, the new capabilities of PowerDomus to simulate central HVAC systems combined to its whole-building hygrothermal model is presented. First, models for the primary (chiller, cooling tower, primary pumps and condensation pumps) and secondary (cooling and dehumidifying coil, humidifier, fan and mixing box) systems are presented. Those mathematical models have been integrated into the whole-building PowerDomus program. The program simulation environment is then presented and results show the usability aspects of the program in terms of energy consumption comparison between air-and water-cooled chillers. Influence of the moisture effects on the energy consumption calculation is also illustrated, showing that disregarding moisture may underestimate the cooling energy consumption.

Multi-zone HVAC designing is important as the considerable amount of the world's energy is used for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Hospitals are one of the most critical multi-zone buildings. So, proper designing of multi-zone building will lead toward high savings in energy in this sector. Most common types of configurations are; constant volume with reheat (CVHr), dual duct (DD), and variable air volume (VAV) system. The key objective of the current research is to investigate the impact of operational zoning and HVAC system operation strategies on energy performance of a hospital by maintaining the desired comfort conditions. The hospital building is divided into five zones including ward, pharmaceutical, office and OT. The building load is calculated for each zone and optimised for creating the multi-zone building that resulted 52 ton. Then after proper designing of central system based on absorption cooling system to achieve this load, different air distribution system configurations are designed for each zone to determine required air flow rate in terms of cubic fit per min (CFMs). Afterwards, energy simulations are used by developing different models in TRACE 700 for forecasting the best air distribution system for each zone. The results show that COP of absorption chiller is 0.78.

In tropical countries such as India, increasing the roof albedo helps to reduce the heat ingress through the roof. This further reduces airconditioning energy consumption in conditioned buildings and increases comfort in unconditioned buildings. In order to help users determine the benefits of high albedo roofs under varying conditions, a simple calculator has been developed. Parameters such as location, building type, roof area, and surface properties of the roof are taken as inputs. Annual EnergyPlus simulations are performed for the given parameters and the results are displayed in both graphical and tabular formats. It also calculates the simple payback by comparing a given base case roof albedo with the proposed roof albedo. The calculator can perform comfort simulations for unconditioned buildings and simulates measures including a radiant barrier system and under deck roof insulation. The calculator also runs a parametric simulation between insulation thickness and roof albedo to find an optimum roof insulation thickness based on Incremental Internal Rate of Return. This paper presents the features of the cool roof calculator and the type of analysis that can be performed using the cached results.

In tropical countries such as India, increasing the roof albedo helps to reduce the heat ingress through the roof. This further reduces airconditioning energy consumption in conditioned buildings and increases comfort in unconditioned buildings. In order to help users determine the benefits of high albedo roofs under varying conditions, a simple calculator has been developed. Parameters such as location, building type, roof area, and surface properties of the roof are taken as inputs. Annual EnergyPlus simulations are performed for the given parameters and the results are displayed in both graphical and tabular formats. It also calculates the simple payback by comparing a given base case roof albedo with the proposed roof albedo. The calculator can perform comfort simulations for unconditioned buildings and simulates measures including a radiant barrier system and under deck roof insulation. The calculator also runs a parametric simulation between insulation thickness and roof albedo to find an optimum roof insulation thickness based on Incremental Internal Rate of Return. This paper presents the features of the cool roof calculator and the type of analysis that can be performed using the cached results.

Most buildings constructed in Australia must comply with the Building Code of Australia (BCA). Checking for compliance against the BCA is a major task for both designers and building surveyors. This project carries out a prototype research using the EDM Model Checker and the SMC Model Checker for automated design checking against the Building Codes of Australia for use in professional practice. In this project, we develop a means of encoding design requirements and domain specific knowledge for building codes and investigate the flexibility of building models to contain design information. After assessing two implementations of EDM and SMC that check compliance against deemed-to-satisfy provision of building codes relevant to access by people with disabilities, an approach to automated code checking using a shared object-oriented database is established. This project can be applied in other potential areas-including checking a building design for non-compliance of many types of design requirements. Recommendations for future development and use in other potential areas in construction industries are discussed.

Fuel poverty is one of the global concerns affecting not only users' financial capacity or affordability for maintaining housing operation but also the occupants' health and wellbeing. Space heating and cooling require a relatively large amount of domestic energy use in housing. Therefore, this study was formed with the aim to propose an innovative approach to utilising free, clean renewable sources of energy applicable to the space heating and cooling of housing in both cold and hot regions. Accordingly, housing test facilities based in Melbourne, Australia, and Kuching, Malaysia, were selected and used for this study that examined the thermal performance of a proposed 'hydronic radiator' (HR) system through simulation and onsite measurements. The geothermal heat capacity of a 'vertical ground heat exchanger' (VGHE) installed in the house in Melbourne was examined previously by the authors and the VGHE measured data was also applied to this HR performance simulation. The water that circulates through the HRs is heated by sunlight and VGHE or cooled by night sky radiation. This study drew conclusions that the sole utilisation of renewable sources through these proposed HR space heating and cooling systems can provide thermally accessible or comfortable indoor living environments in both heating or cooling dominant regions. Thus, fuel poverty issues may be alleviated through HR system application. The HRs can remove a 'sensible' portion of metabolic heat, but they cannot effectively contribute to the 'latent' heat removal. Thus, the future potential use or effect of 'flow-through' HRs, which are integrated into a underfloor air distribution (UFAD) plenum, was also dsicussed in this study. In the test house located in Melbourne, the flow-through HR UFAD system is currently under development. Therefore, the performance will be measured once the system has come into operation for further testing.

Mixed-mode ventilation uses intelligent switching between natural and (partly) mechanical ventilation modes to find the best possible balance between indoor air quality, user comfort and energy consumption. It applies demandcontrol at the level of the operating mode depending on the constraints imposed by the building, its users and its surroundings. Although mixed-mode ventilation is said to have the potential to achieve a comfortable and healthy indoor environment while achieving significant energy savings, it is rarely used in practice. Both academia and practitioners state that a lack of dedicated simulation tools, capable of modelling the inherent complexity of mixedmode ventilation and its control algorithms, constitutes an obstacle. Also, case studies demonstrating the potential of mixed-mode ventilation in a residential context are scarce. A newly developed tool, VCVTB, is used to compare the performance of a generic mixed-mode ventilation system to a number of ventilation s...

This paper presents a method for controlling and operating a multi-chillers system: (1) Model-based control approach was used by MATLAB/SIMULINK to model a building containing two non-identical chillers depending on thermal loads. (2) ON/OFF all chillers alternately using the model reinforcement learning controller (RL-control) to select the appropriate chiller for the building conditioning process. The results were in terms of energy efficiency and performance of the enhanced learning control for the chiller, and a control unit signal (PID) was applied to make a comparison with the signals of energy, power, and temperatures. After comparison, it was found that the energy saving through the proposed controller is 45% of the traditional (PID) strategy, where can the proposed strategy control for the chiller appropriate for the building's conditioning process.

Mixed-mode ventilation uses intelligent switching between natural and (partly) mechanical ventilation modes to find the best possible balance between indoor air quality, user comfort and energy consumption. It applies demandcontrol at the level of the operating mode depending on the constraints imposed by the building, its users and its surroundings. Although mixed-mode ventilation is said to have the potential to achieve a comfortable and healthy indoor environment while achieving significant energy savings, it is rarely used in practice. Both academia and practitioners state that a lack of dedicated simulation tools, capable of modelling the inherent complexity of mixedmode ventilation and its control algorithms, constitutes an obstacle. Also, case studies demonstrating the potential of mixed-mode ventilation in a residential context are scarce. A newly developed tool, VCVTB, is used to compare the performance of a generic mixed-mode ventilation system to a number of ventilation s...

Energy performance of a university building is modeled and compared to the actual measured performance of the building. Two energy models are developed in this work: design model and as-built model. The design model is based on the input parameters calculated by a consulting company for LEED submission. The as-built model is built using different input parameters for envelope performance and occupancy. The impact of these parameters on the simulation results are reported and discussed.

This paper reports initial research findings exploring the assessment of regulatory requirements in the healthcare design process, using different levels of automation – code checking. The methodological approach is Design Science Research, with an empirical study undertaken in close collaboration with an institution responsible for Primary Healthcare buildings in the UK. The main findings include understanding that the design of healthcare projects is intrinsically subjective, which is also reflected by the way regulations for healthcare buildings are developed. Thus, automated approaches for design assessment will only be suitable for the healthcare context if such approaches enable the consideration of requirements subjectivity. In fact, this consists of a change in the way subjectivity is considered in code checking research, which has traditionally been seen as problematic for the design assessment process, due to individual biases and potential misunderstandings. This research...

This paper reviews architectural CAD in terms of its current use, development and status within the U.S. The characteristics of a new generation of architectural CAD system, called building modeling, are outlined. Criteria are developed for the evaluation of CAD systems that support building modeling. Some of the opportunities for universities growing out of building modeling are reviewed, including pedagogical implications and opportunities for research. 1. THE CURRENT CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND DRAFTING By the mid-1970s, the first generation of CAD systems had evolved into powerful drafting editors, supporting the layout of a range of graphic primitives, their composition into symbols, cells and layers, and the management of graphic information using the electronic equivalent of pin-registered overlay drafting. The object to represent within CAD systems were drawings; that is, the units of composition were lines and text. Application languages were later added, allowing procedural definition of common compositions. Initially, procedural capabilities were directed toward complex drawing entities, such as dimensions and crosshatching. Later, they were used to deal with non-graphic information such as bills of material and with rule checking. Reports and schedules could be extracted from the non-graphic data associated with a drawing. Tests could be applied to the data. Architectural applications were developed that included wall editors that merged adjacent wall segments and allowed insertion of doors and windows. Because of the continued emphasis on the

The Portuguese National Museum for Archaeology is undergoing an expansion and retrofitting. It is currently housed in one of the most important ancient monuments in Portugal: the Monastery of Jerónimos. The authorities responsible for the museum, taking advantage of this retrofitting, decided to promote a modern and integrated design of the future archaeological museum. The architectural design aims to combine, aesthetically, the old and the new building, promoting sustainable architecture and energy efficiency (concerning, essentially, indoor climate, lighting and acoustical requirements). This paper presents the energy study of the future museum. It shows the modelling process, the thermal simulation results for sizing and optimising the HVAC system and also an economical analysis of several possibilities for providing heating and cooling to the museum power plant, including conventional and renewable sources of energy. The results show that, once the building shell is optimised a...

At the Modelica 2009 conference, we introduced the Buildings library, a freely available Modelica library for building energy and control systems [16]. This paper reports the updates of the library and presents example applications for a range of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Over the past two years, the library has been further developed. The number of HVAC components models has been doubled and various components have been revised to increase numerical robustness. The paper starts with an overview of the library architecture and a description of the main packages. To demonstrate the features of the Buildings library, applications that include multizone airflow simulation as well as supervisory and local loop control of a variable air volume (VAV) system are briefly described. The paper closes with a discussion of the current development.

Supreme Source of all, to guide me and give me the strength to think, organize and write my project at every stage, as well as to keep me inspired and determined. To begin with, I would like to mention my sincere thanks to my honourable supervisor, Dr Tarek El Mekkawy, for his admired continuous guidance throughout master studies. His timely reminders to obtain the required targets. Indeed, he played a crucial role in completing this work within the specified timeframe. I am indebted to my Co-Supervisor, Dr Ahmad K. Sleiti, for his mentorship and, most of all, enthusiasm throughout my research study. His expert advice, relentless encouragement, and immediate support contribute a lot towards successful thesis completion. Words are not sufficient to express my obligation to the Hospital Engineering Leadership Executive Director Engr. Dhafi Rashid Al-Marri and Asst. Executive Director Engr. Habib Al Suleiman for their excellent contribution to Data collection and allowing me to keep going for the extra mile for its finalization. I would also like to pay my utmost thanks to Senior Facility Engr. Mustafa Fathy for encouragement and support during the research duration. Much appreciation to the Engineering team of the hospital, which includes all staff members and lead personalities Electrical Supervisor Mr. Md Shakil and Civil Supervisor Mr. Khawar Mustafa, for their continuous technical support.

Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems are one possible tool to meet the objective that all new buildings must be nearly zero-energy buildings by 31 December 2020. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a methodology that centralizes building construction project information in a digital model promoting collaboration between all its agents. The objectives of this work were to develop a more precise model of the VRF system than the one available in EnergyPlus version 8.9 (US Department of Energy) and to study the operation of this system in an office building under different climates by implementing the building energy simulation in an Open BIM workflow. The percentage deviation between the estimation of the VRF energy consumption with the standard and the new model was 6.91% and 1.59% for cooling and heating respectively in the case of Barcelona and 3.27% and 0.97% respectively in the case of Madrid. The energy performance class of the analysed building was A for each climatic zon...

EnergyPlus Testing ANSI/ASHRAE Std. 140  Envelope Tests 195-960  Comparative, building envelope  Building Simulation 2001 paper  HVAC Tests CE100 and CE200 series  Comparative and analytical, DX cooling systems  Building Simulation 2003 paper  HVAC Tests CE300 thru CE500 series  Comparative, further tests for DX cooling systems  SimBuild 2006 paper  HVAC Tests HE100 and HE200 series  Comparative and analytical, fuel-fired furnace systems  SimBuild 2006 paper

The EnergyPlus building energy simulation software has been tested using the IEA HVAC BESTEST E100-E200 series of tests. The Volume 1 final report for the International Energy Agency (IEA) Building Energy Simulation Test and Diagnostic Method for Heating, Ventilating, and AirConditioning Equipment Models (HVAC BESTEST), was recently published in January 2002. HVAC BESTEST is a series of steady-state tests for a single-zone DX cooling system. Cases range from dry to wet coil, low to high part load, and low to high temperatures. This published test suite includes three sets of analytical solutions and results from several other simulation programs for comparison. This test suite was initially used to test EnergyPlus beginning with beta versions prior to its official public release, and it is also applied as an ongoing quality assurance test. The application of these tests proved to be very useful in several ways: • Revealed input model shortcomings, which resulted in new user inputs being added. • Revealed reporting errors which were fixed. • Revealed algorithmic errors which were fixed. • Revealed algorithmic shortcomings which were improved or eliminated through the use of more rigorous calculations for certain components. • In later versions, caught newly introduced bugs before public release of updates. Overall, the application of this test suite has been extremely useful in debugging and verifying the DX cooling algorithms in EnergyPlus. This paper summarizes the difficulties encountered and the benefits gained in applying the tests.

Formal independent testing has been an integral component in the development of EnergyPlus, a new building energy simulation program. Testing to date has included analytical, comparative, sensitivity, range, and empirical tests. Published test suites which include reference results have been applied as much as possible in order to take advantage of the efforts of others to develop well-defined, reproducible tests. The results to date show good agreement with wellestablished simulation tools such as DOE-2.1E, BLAST, and ESP. Several testing utilities have been developed to help automate the task of assuring that each new version of the software is still performing properly. Selected test results are presented along with lessons learned.

Due to the lack of a building simulation program that can simulate in details the combined heat, vapor, and liquid transfer in porous elements and the HVAC (heating, ventilation and airconditioning) systems, a flexible computational algorithm has been elaborated in order to integrate models for both HVAC systems and multizone hygrothermal building model. In the algorithm, models for the primary system-composed of chiller, cooling tower, primary pumps, and condensation pumpshave been described. For the secondary system, models for the cooling and dehumidifying coil, humidifier, fan, and mixing box have been considered. Those mathematical models have been integrated into the whole-building PowerDomus simulation environment. The simulation environment is presented, and results show the usability aspects of the proposed computer environment by comparing air-and water-cooled equipment.

Mixed-mode ventilation uses intelligent switching between natural and (partly) mechanical ventilation modes to find the best possible balance between indoor air quality, user comfort and energy consumption. It applies demandcontrol at the level of the operating mode depending on the constraints imposed by the building, its users and its surroundings. Although mixed-mode ventilation is said to have the potential to achieve a comfortable and healthy indoor environment while achieving significant energy savings, it is rarely used in practice. Both academia and practitioners state that a lack of dedicated simulation tools, capable of modelling the inherent complexity of mixedmode ventilation and its control algorithms, constitutes an obstacle. Also, case studies demonstrating the potential of mixed-mode ventilation in a residential context are scarce. A newly developed tool, VCVTB, is used to compare the performance of a generic mixed-mode ventilation system to a number of ventilation s...

In this study efficiency factors measure the thermal energy performance for space heating. This study deals with the influence of control strategies on the efficiency factors of space heating and its distribution system. An adaptive control is developed and applied to two types of heating curves (linear and non-linear) for a low-energy building equipped with renewable energy sources. The building is modelled with a hybrid approach (law-driven + data-driven model). The model of the floor heating is calibrated and validated by assessing the uncertainty bands for flow temperatures and mass flow rate. Benefits and drawbacks of linear and non-linear heating curves are highlighted to illustrate their impact on space heating thermodynamic behaviour and on the efficiency factors of the space heating system. Practical application: The study reveals that applying commercial building energy simulation software is worthwhile to determine reliable energy performance predictions. Massless buildin...

Building designs need to be checked against related building codes and regulations. This control is mainly a manual process done by government professionals. Therefore, it takes enormous amount of time and may lead to many errors. A more sophisticated system is required for checking building codes and regulations. Automated code-checking systems and tools can be used to aid this process with the help of Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools and these systems are started to be used for efficient design checks against building codes. However, building codes are textual documents that contain complex rule structures. Therefore, developing a formal and computer-interpretable building code representation is a challenging task. This thesis describes a formal representation of building codes to help interpreting the rules in computer readable format. The proposed representation utilizes Solihin’s rule classification as a baseline, and further modifies it for thoroughly representing the...

A web-based Roof Savings Calculator (RSC) has been deployed for the United States Department of Energy as an industry-consensus tool to help building owners, manufacturers, distributors, contractors and researchers easily run complex roof and attic simulations. RSC simulates multiple roof and attic technologies for side-by-side comparison including reflective roofs, different roof slopes, above sheathing ventilation, radiant barriers, low-emittance roof surfaces, duct location, duct leakage rates, multiple substrate types, and insulation levels. Annual simulations of hour-by-hour, whole-building performance are used to provide estimated annual energy and cost savings from reduced HVAC use. While RSC reported similar cooling savings to other simulation engines, heating penalty varied significantly. RSC results show reduced cool roofing cost-effectiveness, thus mitigating expected economic incentives for this countermeasure to the urban heat island effect. This paper consolidates comparison of RSC's projected energy savings to other simulation engines including DOE-2.1E, AtticSim, Micropas, and EnergyPlus. Also included are comparisons to previous simulation-based studies, analysis of RSC cooling savings and heating penalties, the role of radiative heat exchange in an attic assembly, and changes made for increased accuracy of the duct model. Radiant heat transfer and duct interaction not previously modeled is considered a major contributor to heating penalties.

An operational strategy to optimize building operating energy costs for suppliers and consumers is an important challenge for electrical power utilities. There are various supply-side measures that utilities have to take to ensure continuous energy supply for building heating and airconditioning. During peak energy demand, utilities are often forced to use more expensive and less efficient generation, thereby increasing the cost of energy. However, some demand-side management practices behind the consumer meter can help in meeting this challenge. One such measure is the use of thermal storage for heating, ventilation, and airconditioning applications in commercial buildings. There is a gap of adequate knowledge of an optimal control strategy of cold storage operation in buildings adapting to applicable time of day tariffs to minimize annual energy use and annual energy cost of operation. There is also a need to use commercially available tools to avoid the use of complex mathematical models. This study demonstrates strategic controls with six operating modes for using thermal energy storage to shift peak electricity demand, using the time of day tariffs as a decision variable, and reducing operating costs, while also minimizing the size of the system. EnergyPlus was used to model a standard reference large office building for three thermal energy storage system cases: mixed chilled water storage, stratified chilled water storage, and ice storage. An annual average shifting of 25-78% of peak electricity was achieved from the simulation results. The strategy was able to achieve an annual 10-17% cost reduction for consumers using the time of use rates available from a local utility.

Energy efficiency of buildings is of paramount importance due to limited fossil resources, environmental issues, and increasing energy demand. Thus, in recent years building energy analysis using various programs has experienced a rapid growth. However, these programs are expensive and time consuming. In this study, mechanical engineering building of Tabriz University located in northwest of Iran is analyzed to attain a simplified building model that can reduce the computational time and effort. Therefore, 10 models are considered with distinctive design accuracies. EnergyPlus software has been employed to perform energy analysis of the building. The findings show that building materials, internal walls and zoning of the building are determining factors in thermal loads of the building. However, shadings, number of occupants, and electrical appliances have negligible impact. Thus, it can be concluded that the model in which a detailed envelope design is considered and interior walls, shades, electrical appliances, and duration of occupancy are omitted, has the optimum performance in terms of time saving and accuracy of load calculation. Moreover, to gain more reliable results, it is recommended to consider zones in model No.5. The difference between natural gas and electricity consumption of the first and last models is 20,302 m 3 (2200$) and 1157 kWh (90$) that indicates the significance of proper HAVC sizing. It is worth mentioning that all monetary units are presented in 2018 U.S. dollar.

The paper describes an hourly simplified model for the evaluation of the energy performance of heat pumps in cooling mode maintaining a high accuracy and low computational cost. This approach differs from the methods used for the assessment of the overall energy consumption of the building, normally placed in the so-called white or black box models, where the transient conduction equation is deterministically and stochastically solved, respectively. The present method wants to be the expression of the grey box model, taking place between the previous approaches. The building envelope is defined using a building thermal model realized with a 3 Resistance 1 Capacitance (3R1C) thermal network based on the solution of the lumped capacitance method. The simplified model evaluates the energy efficiency ratio (EER) of a heat pump through the determination of the hourly second law efficiency of a reversed Carnot cycle. The results of the simplified method were finally compared with those provided by EnergyPlus, a dynamic building energy simulation program, and those collected from an outdoor test cell in real working conditions. The results are presented in temperatures and energy consumptions profiles and are validated using the Bland-Altman test.

For the past decade, the non-residential portion of California's Title-24 building energy standard has relied on DOE-2.1E as the reference computer simulation program for development as well as compliance. However, starting in 2004, the California Energy Commission has been evaluating the possible use of Energy Plus as the reference program in future revisions of Title-24. As part of this evaluation,

The use of airconditioning systems is expected to increase as a consequence of global-scale and urban-scale climate warming. In order to represent future scenarios of urban climate and building energy consumption, the Town Energy Balance (TEB) scheme must be improved. This paper presents a new building energy model (BEM) that has been integrated in the TEB scheme. BEM-TEB makes it possible to represent the energy effects of buildings and building systems on the urban climate and to estimate the building energy consumption at city scale (∼10 km) with a resolution of a neighbourhood (∼100 m). The physical and geometric definition of buildings in BEM has been intentionally kept as simple as possible, while maintaining the required features of a comprehensive building energy model. The model considers a single thermal zone, where the thermal inertia of building materials associated with multiple levels is represented by a generic thermal mass. The model accounts for heat gains due to transmitted solar radiation, heat conduction through the enclosure, infiltration, ventilation, and internal heat gains. BEM allows for previously unavailable sophistication in the modelling of airconditioning systems. It accounts for the dependence of the system capacity and efficiency on indoor and outdoor air temperatures and solves the dehumidification of the air passing through the system. Furthermore, BEM includes specific models for passive systems, such as window shadowing devices and natural ventilation. BEM has satisfactorily passed different evaluation processes, including testing its modelling assumptions, verifying that the chosen equations are solved correctly, and validating the model with field data.

The objective of this study is to analyze the energy performance of two types of water-cooled air conditioning systems, variable air volume (VAV) and variable refrigerant flow (VRF), in terms of their cooling energy use through building simulation. These systems were designed to operate in an office building located in the city of Florianópolis, Brazil. The analysis involved the application of two building use schedules: a) constant and b) variable. Moreover, an analysis of the coefficient of performance (COP) and partial load ratio (PLR), and the percentage of operating hours for each range of cooling COP and PLR for each air conditioning system, allowed the system cooling efficiency to be assessed and the results to be related to the annual energy consumption. The coefficient of performance of VAV and VRF is 6.7 and 5.0, respectively, but the VRF system presented the lowest energy consumption for both schedules. The difference in the cooling energy consumption values for the VRF a...

Although automated rule-checking is regularly displayed within the setting of applying for licenses, to survey compliance with building codes, its most immediate application can be found in prior stages of the plan stage. The effect of design alternatives on the execution of buildings in a few spaces can be assessed automatically utilizing BIM apparatuses. In this article, we talk about the points of interest and challenges of adopting mechanized rule-checking strategy as an apparatus for plan improvement and present examples of program arrangements that can be utilized for this reason. The aim of this paper is to study the facility of sustainability compliance checking process, by focusing on inter-operability between existing methods of compliance checking and building information modeling. This research will discuss the advantages and challenges of adopting automated rule-checking procedure as a tool for design development and present examples of software solutions that can be used for this purpose. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the Egyptian market suffers from continuous losses at all levels as a result of lack of awareness of BIM in achieving comprehensive narratives in the field, which in turn led to government decisions towards E-Government. This is an important step in progress and expansion. In the field of construction, licensing and delay in such a step leads to huge economic losses compared to the experiences of the global in achieving positive results through the adoption of successful policies for expansion in this area.

In early 1980s, Tsinghua University has started to develop a new building simulation tool with the aims to benefit for teaching, research and practical use of HVAC related applications in China. With the concept of "base temperature" of a space, it provides a handy link between thermal behaviour of buildings and dynamic performance of HVAC systems. It emphases on finding the predicted ideal performance of a system and compare with the user selected design conditions of a space, ie the degree of satisfaction, rather than go straight to find the size and capacity of the system. This paper reviews the theory and main features of DeST.

Applied Materials -for presentation of the Applied Materials chiller retrofit Case Study Eric Concannon, Supersymrnetry -for presentation of the Applied Materials chiller retrofit Case Study Dave Barr, Black & Veatch Corp. -for presentation of the Motorola class 10,000 conversion Case Study Gary Shoenhouse, Genentech Corp. -for presentation of the Vacaville facility Case Study Peter Rumsey, Supersymmetry -for presentation of the STMicroelectronics Case Study Fred Gerbig, Gerbig Engineering Corp.measures and considerations in cleanrooms for a discussion of energy efficiency Dale Sartor, LBNL -for a presentation describing prior LBNL research activities and results. Mark Hoist, ATh!t~cosys -for describing the ATMU LBNL research and commercialization agreement. Dr. Michael Siminovitch, LBNL -for presentation of lighting technology concepts. Geoffery Bell, LBNL -for a demonstration of the ultra low flow fume hood. LBNL presented the activities in prior research for laboratory type facilities. Of note were the development of a design guide for laboratories, a design intent tool, a low airflow fume hood, airflow distribution design tools, and lighting concepts. Participants viewed demonstrations of "light tube" and fiber optic lighting concepts or a demonstration of the patented low flow fume hood developed at the laboratory. An agreement with ATMI was announced to develop additional applications of the fume hood technology for semiconductor manufacturing applications. Important initiatives are in progress through the Northwest Energy Efilciency Alliance, EPRI/Sematech, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and many firms operating cleanrooms. Cleanroom operators are beginning to benchmark and explore energy saving opportunities. Cleanrooms are utilized in a number of different industries and institutions . .

This paper presents the development of a computer model of an academic building using the EnergyPlus program and its calibration with monitored data. The new Concordia Sciences Building (CSB), located in Montreal, has a total floor area of 32,000 m 2 . The size and the complexity of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and heat recovery systems make the modeling process a challenge and an excellent opportunity to evaluate the capabilities and features of EnergyPlus in this particular context.

A main goal of hot water distribution research is to improve the system's efficiency, i.e., to fulfill hot water requirements while minimizing energy and water losses. Central domestic hot water (CDHW) systems represent an important part of current installations worldwide, e.g., hotels, hospitals, sports centers, social facilities, and multifamily residential or apartment buildings. The optimization of such systems claims for forecasting capabilities and context-aware enhancements are based on patterns of use. Thus, the level of uncertainty is reduced, and systems are not forced to operate using blind/oversized/generic assumptions. This paper presents a novel control strategy based on habit profiles for the management of a CDHW system. A simulated environment is utilized to compare the introduced strategy with habitual performances. Simulations are supported by real databases concerning users' behavioral patterns. Results are promising and point to place profile-based strategies as a suitable approach for an optimized water and energy management in future buildings. Index Terms-Building simulation, DHW control, energy profiling, habit-based control. I. INTRODUCTION T HE progressive integration of renewable sources in current and future energy systems gives an increasing prominence to district heating installations, i.e., centralized space and water heating systems [1]. Within this field, as far as research is concerned, domestic hot water distribution received little attention compared with, for instance, air conditioning equipment and delivery [2]. To emphasize the importance of savings in domestic hot water (DHW) is nowadays a truism, note the diverse policies that governments around the world are applying in recent times to improve sustainability in buildings. 1 In the referred official text, DHW accounts for 14% of overall energy consumption in European residences. A previous survey carried out by the United States government in the late 1990s considers that it is around 32% of energy used for existing multifamily units [3]. The low efficiency of DHW systems is well known by field practitioners. Experts complain about the lack of research to

A main goal of hot water distribution research is to improve the system's efficiency, i.e., to fulfill hot water requirements while minimizing energy and water losses. Central domestic hot water (CDHW) systems represent an important part of current installations worldwide, e.g., hotels, hospitals, sports centers, social facilities, and multifamily residential or apartment buildings. The optimization of such systems claims for forecasting capabilities and context-aware enhancements are based on patterns of use. Thus, the level of uncertainty is reduced, and systems are not forced to operate using blind/oversized/generic assumptions. This paper presents a novel control strategy based on habit profiles for the management of a CDHW system. A simulated environment is utilized to compare the introduced strategy with habitual performances. Simulations are supported by real databases concerning users' behavioral patterns. Results are promising and point to place profile-based strategies as a suitable approach for an optimized water and energy management in future buildings. Index Terms-Building simulation, DHW control, energy profiling, habit-based control. I. INTRODUCTION T HE progressive integration of renewable sources in current and future energy systems gives an increasing prominence to district heating installations, i.e., centralized space and water heating systems [1]. Within this field, as far as research is concerned, domestic hot water distribution received little attention compared with, for instance, air conditioning equipment and delivery [2]. To emphasize the importance of savings in domestic hot water (DHW) is nowadays a truism, note the diverse policies that governments around the world are applying in recent times to improve sustainability in buildings. 1 In the referred official text, DHW accounts for 14% of overall energy consumption in European residences. A previous survey carried out by the United States government in the late 1990s considers that it is around 32% of energy used for existing multifamily units [3]. The low efficiency of DHW systems is well known by field practitioners. Experts complain about the lack of research to