Cobalt chloride

School of Material Science and Technology, <em><sup>!'</sup></em>Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, India <em>E-mail : </em>ab0205 @rediffmail.com <em>Fax : </em>91-033-4137121 <em>Manuscript received 22 August 2001. revised 19 December 2001, accepted 25 April 2002</em> The kinetics of chlorination of CoO and CuO were studied using thermogravimetric technique. The kinetic results were analyzed by a suitable computer solftware involving various kinetic laws of gas-solid reaction to find the mechanism and activation energy and have further been substantiated by reduced time plot analysis. The mixed mechanisms of chlorination—contracting geometry and diffusion control—were observed for CuO whereas chlorination of CoO showed single diffusion control. The activation energies of chlorination of copper oxide and cobalt oxide are respectively 6.5 and 95 ki mol<sup>-l</sup>.

Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride ([Co(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 ) was investigated for its antineoplastic role in relation to tumor marker enzymes, drug metabolizing enzymes, oxidative stress-related parameters, and histopathological analysis of liver and lung tissues of mice. Initiation was performed using a single intraperitoneal injection of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) at a carcinogenic dose of 90 mg/kg body weight. The cobalt complex supplementation at a dose of 100 ppm in drinking water was given ad libitum throughout the experimental period of 14 weeks. In comparison to lung, the cobalt complex supplementation was found to reverse DENA-induced biochemical changes more effectively in liver. Histological examination of liver and lung from DENA-initiated and cobalt-complex-supplemented mice showed considerable protection in the case of liver compared to that of lung. The involvement of the [Co(NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 in modulating several factors associated with carcinogenesis induced by DENA thus showed its anticarcinogenic potential against chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of chickpea, Cicer arietinum cv. GG 2 to cobalt sulfate and cobalt chloride at 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1,600 g ha À1 . At three leaf stage chickpea seedlings were fertigated with both cobalt sources and levels. Both cobalt sources at the higher level (400 to 1,600 g ha À1 ) were found injurious to chickpea. All growth, yield, and quality parameters were adversely affected by cobalt sulfate at every level; however, cobalt chloride has given appreciable result up to 100 and 200 g ha À1 over no application of cobalt. Cobalt content in plant and soil increased linearly with increases in cobalt concentration, which reduced chickpea yield linearly. Cobalt sulfate was apparently more harmful than cobalt chloride. The study suggests cobalt chloride has not shown any toxicity up to 100 g ha À1 and can be used for higher productivity of chickpea.

Previous studies have shown that the exposure to an open elevated plus maze (oEPM, an EPM with all four open arms) elicits fear/anxiety-related responses in laboratory rodents. However, very little is known about the underlying neural substrates of these defensive behaviors. Accordingly, the present study investigated the effects of chemical inactivation of the amygdala [through local injection of cobalt chloride (CoCl2: a nonspecific synaptic blocker)] on the behavior of oEPM-exposed mice. In a second experiment, the pattern of activation of the basolateral (BLA) and central (CeA) nuclei of the amygdala was assessed through quantification of Fos protein expression in mice subjected to one of several behavioral manipulations. To avoid the confound of acute handling stress, 4 independent groups of mice were habituated daily for 10days to an enclosed EPM (eEPM) and, on day 11 prior to immunohistochemistry, were either taken directly from their home cage (control) or individually expos...

The abdominal cerci of the wood cricket, Nemobius sylvestris, are covered by a variety of hair-like sensilla that differ in length, thickness, and articulation. Fillings from the cercal nerves with cobalt chloride and fluorescent dyes revealed the projection of sensory axons into the terminal abdominal ganglion of the ventral nerve chain. Two projection areas on each side of the terminal abdominal ganglion midline could be identified: a posterior cercal glomerulus and an anterior bristle neuropil. Axons from some cercal sensilla ascend through the connectives to reach the metathoracic ganglionic mass. As their axons pass through each segmental abdominal ganglion, they project medial arborization. Cross-sections of the terminal abdominal ganglion and retrograde fills with cobalt chloride and fluorescent dyes from connectives revealed several small cells and seven pairs of giant ascending interneurons organized symmetrically. Giant somata are located contralateral to their axons (diameters between 20 and 45 lm). The cercal projections overlap extensively with the dendritic fields of the giant interneurons. In the terminal abdominal ganglion, we identified nine longitudinal tracts, two major tracts, and seven smaller ones. The functional implications of the neuranatomical organization of the system are discussed on a comparative basis.

Introduction: Characterization and elucidation of the differentiation mechanism of stem cell in the skin is important for understanding the differentiation of epithelial cells and hair follicle morphogenesis. Recently, it is thought that the Wnt signaling pathway is critical for regulating a number of basic cell functions, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, leading to morphogenesis and organogenesis, and we have already reported that the Wnt signal is important for hair reconstitution and hair growth. In this study, we performed cell sorting of mouse murine skin epithelial stem/ progenitor cells (CD34 + CD49f + cells) and examined the effects of Wnt-3a on those in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods: CD34 + CD49f + cells were prepared using FACS and cultured for 10 days in the presence or absence of Wnt-3a. At the end of that culture period, the cells were collected and sequentially cultured with Wnt-3a. Results: CD34 + CD49f + cells cultured with Wnt-3a formed large colonies and showed proliferation of cuboid-shaped cells, whereas no colony formation was seen in cultures with medium alone. Following sequential cultures with Wnt-3a, CD34 + CD49f + cells remained, while that population disappeared after a single culture with medium alone. A reporter assay using a pTOPFLASH plasmid carrying the TCF-binding consensus sequence demonstrated the involvement of canonical signaling in CD34 + CD49f + cells cultured with Wnt-3a. In addition, expressions of mRNAs of classical markers for bulge stem cells were maintained following sequential cultures of CD34 + CD49f + cells with Wnt-3a, as well as complete capability of trichogenesis and hair growth in reconstituted skin of nude mice. Conclusion: Our results suggest that Wnt-3a plays an important role in maintenance of epithelial stem/progenitor cells in skin.

The sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are key regulators for sterol homeostasis in most fungi. In the citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum, the SREBP homolog is required for fungicide resistance and regulation of CYP51 expression. In this study, we identified another SREBP transcription factor PdSreB in P. digitatum, and the biological functions of both SREBPs were characterized and compared. Inactivation of PdsreA, PdsreB or both genes in P. digitatum reduced ergosterol contents and increased sensitivities to sterol 14-α-demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) and cobalt chloride. Fungal strains impaired at PdsreA but not PdsreB increased sensitivity to tridemorph and an iron chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl. Virulence assays on citrus fruit revealed that fungal strains impaired at PdsreA, PdsreB or both induce maceration lesions similar to those induced by wild-type. However, ΔPdsreA, ΔPdsreB or the double mutant strain rarely produce aerial mycelia on infected c...

The results show that the treatment with As(III) supposes a downregulation of IL1␣, IL1␤, TNF␣, IL10, and IL13 and a significant increase of IL6 and IL8 expression at 48 h with respect to the cells non-treated. The co-exposure As(III)/LPS varies the inflammatory response of differentiated Caco-2 cells compared with the individual exposure to As(III). In the co-exposure a generalized upregulation of the cytokines is observed, being especially relevant the increase of TNF␣ expression.

Patch testing is a very effective mean to investigate causes of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), but results obtained in different countries is usually hard to compare due to reading of patch tests. The aim of the study was to examine the prevalence of contact allergy to substances present in the Swedish baseline series and to compare results between the clinics in Vilnius and Sweden when the patch test procedure is similar in both countries. Consecutive patients with suspected ACD were tested with the Swedish baseline series at the university hospitals in Malmö, Sweden, and Vilnius, Lithuania in the years 2010-2012. Positive patch test reactions to at least one allergen was observed in 115 (53.7%) in Lithuania and in 237 (55.4%) in Sweden. The top 5 most frequent allergens (and respective prevalence rates) in Lithuania were as follows: nickel sulphate (25.7%), methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) (10.3%), cobalt chloride (7.5%), potassium dichromate (6.1%), formaldehyde (6.1%). The most prevalent positive patch tests reactions in Sweden were to nickel sulphate (18.9%), cobalt chloride (6.3%), M. pereirae resin (5.6%), MCI/MI (4.9%), Amerchol L 101 (4%). Statistically relevant differences were seen in sensitization to preservatives (3.7% in Lithuania and 1.8% in Sweden, p<0.001) and metals (13.1% in Lithuania and 9.3% in Sweden, p<0.03). In conclusion, this multicenter study provides some information on the prevalence of contact allergy to the most common contact allergens in two countries, although it is not possible to establish if the different prevalence was due to the difference in atopic background or allergen exposure. This should be further investigated.

Polyvinyl alcohol-polypyrrole (PVA/PPY) composite polymer films were prepared by chemical polymerization. Cobalt chloride CoCl 2 AE6H 2 O was used at different concentrations as doping (x = 0.2-1.0 g). The produced films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optical properties of all produced films were studied, where the optical absorption of the prepared films decreases with increasing the x value of CoCl 2 AE6H 2 O in both VIS (500-700 nm) and UV (200-400 nm) regions. The calculated energy gaps (E g1 and E g2) were found to decrease as the CoCl 2 AE6H 2 O concentration increases. While Eg 3 tended to be constant as CoCl 2 AE6H 2 O content increases.

The influence of ultraviolet radiation (l=254nm) on thin PVC films modified by addition of 1-5%(wt.) iron (III) chloride or cobalt(II) chloride is reported. The photoinduced degradation, oxidation and dehydrochlorination were studied using Gel Permeation Chromatography, viscometry, UV-Visible and FTIR absorption spectroscopy. The photocrosslinking yield was estimated by separation of insoluble gel. Sample morphology was observed by optical microscopy. It was found that both salts change the course of photochemical reactions in PVC. These changes depend on salt type and content as well as on time of UV-irradiation. FeCl 3 and CoCl 2 hinder main chain scission in PVC in the initial stage of irradiation (after 1 h) but accelerate this reaction during prolonged exposure (10-30 h). Photodehydrochlorination is retarded in doped PVC (with the exception of PVC+1%CoCl 2). PVC photocrosslinking is less efficient in the presence of additives after longer period of degradation. The influence of salts on photooxidation is different-Fe chloride slightly decelerates whilst Co chloride accelerates the formation of carbonyl groups in PVC. The differences of both salts on photooxidative degradation in PVC are caused by their varying chemical nature and by differences in sample morphology.

BackgroundIn Sweden, cobalt chloride 0.5% has been included in the baseline series since the mid‐1980s. A recent study from Stockholm showed that cobalt chloride 1% petrolatum (pet.) was more suitable than 0.5%. Cobalt chloride at 1.0% has been patch tested for decades in many European countries and around the world.ObjectivesTo study the suitability of patch testing to cobalt 1.0% vs 0.5% and to analyze the co‐occurrence of allergy to cobalt, chromium, and nickel.ResultsContact allergy to cobalt was shown in 90 patients (6.6%). Eighty (5.9%) patients tested positive to cobalt 1.0%. Thirty‐seven of the 90 patients (41.1%) with cobalt allergy were missed by cobalt 0.5% and 10 (0.7%) were missed by cobalt 1.0% (P &lt; .001). No case of patch test sensitization was reported. Allergy to chromium was seen in 2.6% and allergy to nickel in 13.3%. Solitary allergy to cobalt without nickel allergy was shown in 61.1% of cobalt‐positive individuals. Female patients had larger proportions of po...

Cobalt is an essential co-factor in red blood cell production and function and its deficiency may produce clinical signs in sheep. Thus, present study was designed to evaluate the effect of cobalt nano-particles on serum biochemical factors and histopathological changes in liver and kidnies of lambs. Study was carried out in 3 groups of lambs (4 lambs per group). One group of lambs was kept as control group. Second and third group respectively received cobalt nano-particles and conventional cobalt chloride suspension daily for a period 25 day. Blood sample and then serum was collected before and at the end of study. Activity of ALT,AST, ALP and level of BUN, creatinine and vitamin B12 were measured in serum of lambs. Tissue sections of liver and kidney were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined by light microscopy. Activity of ALT, BUN and vitamin B12 was significantly increased by cobalt nano-particles and conventional cobalt chloride. Fatty change of hepatocytes occured ...

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is a predatory fish species native in Southeast Asia and Australia. Based on the geothermal potentiality of Hungary the high market potential warm-water fish barramundi can be produced economically. Living nourishment organisms such as Artemia nauplii play an essential role in the larval rearing of barrramundi. However, zooplanktons in natural aquatic enviroments contain minerals in a higher concentration than the usually fed newly hatched Artemia. Therefore the goal of recent study was to investigate the effect of cobaltchloride on the larval growth and survival of barramundi when fed individually and combined with Zn and Mn supplemented Artemia. In our experiment a 24 hours period was used for the enrichment of newly hatched Artemia nauplii with cobalt chloride in itself, as well as in combination with zinc sulphate and manganese chloride. A total of 1900 barramundi larvae from 15–30 day post hatching were fed with supplemented Artemia in 9 groups of ...

Objective To monitor cobalt concentrations in urine, red blood cells and plasma after chronic parenteral administration of cobalt chloride evaluate these results against the current International Federation of Horseracing Authorities thresholds for detecting cobalt misuse. Design Eight mares were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, with two mares in each group: Group 1control group, Group 2-25 milligrams cobalt intravenously as CoCl 2 weekly, Group 3-50 milligrams cobalt intravenously as CoCl 2 weekly, and Group 4-25 milligrams cobalt intravenously midweek and at the end of the week. Urine and blood samples were collected before each weekly administration so that trough levels were assessed. In the group receiving two doses per week, urine and blood were collected prior to the dose given at the end of each week. Samples were initially collected at time zero then weekly for 10 weeks. Three further collections of urine and blood were made at days 81, 106 and 127. Methods Urine creatinine measurements to assess horse hydration status were performed by the Jaffe reaction method. Cobalt determinations in plasma, blood and urine were by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Haematocrit concentrations, used to calculate red cell cobalt levels, were performed using a microhematocrit centrifuge. Statistical analyses were conducted in Genstat (v17, VSNi). Results Marked cobalt accumulation was evident with increasing cobalt concentrations for all sample matrices in specimens collected immediately prior to cobalt administration. Correlation between the sample matrices improved when urine cobalt concentration was adjusted for creatinine level. Red cell cobalt levels remained elevated for at least 12 weeks after cessation of administration, consistent with the lifespan of the red cell. There was no significant change in haematocrit concentrations for the duration of the study. Conclusion The current urine cobalt threshold was only effective at detecting acute cobalt exposure while the plasma cobalt threshold was able to consistently identify chronic high-level cobalt exposure and potential cobalt misuse. The threshold values legislated for urine cobalt do not correlate with those set for plasma. The acute nature of urinary cobalt excretion provides a relatively small window through which cobalt administration is detected. Plasma and red cell cobalt concentrations can provide a clearer picture of potential cobalt misuse.

BackgroundIn Sweden, cobalt chloride 0.5% has been included in the baseline series since the mid‐1980s. A recent study from Stockholm showed that cobalt chloride 1% petrolatum (pet.) was more suitable than 0.5%. Cobalt chloride at 1.0% has been patch tested for decades in many European countries and around the world.ObjectivesTo study the suitability of patch testing to cobalt 1.0% vs 0.5% and to analyze the co‐occurrence of allergy to cobalt, chromium, and nickel.ResultsContact allergy to cobalt was shown in 90 patients (6.6%). Eighty (5.9%) patients tested positive to cobalt 1.0%. Thirty‐seven of the 90 patients (41.1%) with cobalt allergy were missed by cobalt 0.5% and 10 (0.7%) were missed by cobalt 1.0% (P &lt; .001). No case of patch test sensitization was reported. Allergy to chromium was seen in 2.6% and allergy to nickel in 13.3%. Solitary allergy to cobalt without nickel allergy was shown in 61.1% of cobalt‐positive individuals. Female patients had larger proportions of po...

h i g h l i g h t s No study has been found to detect cobalt chloride as a soil pollutant in earthworms. Cobalt is a toxic chemical and earthworms are considered as potential model organism to monitor soil pollutants. Earthworms were exposed to different series of cobalt chloride concentrations to find genotoxicity. Higher number of DNA and chromosomal damage was observed in Eisenia hortensis earthworms coelomocytes. Comet assay and micronucleus tests are sensitive tests to evaluate environmental pollutants in terrestrial ecosystems.

The kinetic of the homogeneous liquid phase synthesis of an analog of jojoba oil in a stirred tank reactor using cobalt chloride as catalyst has been studied at different temperatures, concentrations of the catalyst, and acid/alcohol molar ratios. A mathematical model that predicts quite well the experimental results has been developed.

In this paper the novel green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4NPs) from cobalt chloride (CoCl2) using Mappia foetida leaf extract was investigated. The characterization of the Co3O4NPs was done by using UV – Vis spectroscopy, EDX, XRD and SEM analysis techniques. Comparative antibacterial study was done against gram positive and gram negative bacteria by well diffusion method in which results revealed that the biologically synthesized Co3O4NPs showed relatively similar antibacterial potential as chemically synthesized Co3O4NPs and higher antibacterial potential than that of positive control.

Repeated injections of cobaltous chloride destroy neuronal somata while sparing fibers-of-passage. This effect is dose-dependent and excess cobalt destroys fibers-of-passage as well as somata. By manipulating the concentration and volume of cobaltous chloride injected into rat lateral geniculate nuclei, we defined a range of parameters producing highly selective destruction of somata for regions 1 mm in diameter or smaller.

Mutual diffusion coefficients (interdiffusion coefficients) and molar electrical conductivities have been measured for cobalt chloride aqueous solutions in the absence and the presence of saccharose at different concentrations (from 0.01 to 0.3 mol dm −3) and 298.15 K. The diffusion coefficients were measured by using the conductimetric method. For these aqueous solutions, limiting molar conductivity values have been calculated. The value of 0 (Co 2+) = 105.36 × 10 −4 S m 2 mol −1 , obtained at 298.15 K in pure water solution, agrees well with that reported in the literature. The Nernst diffusion coefficient values derived from diffusion (1.301 × 10 −9 m 2 s −1) and from conductance (1.295 × 10 −9 m 2 s −1) are also in good agreement. The dependence of diffusion coefficients and electrical conductivity of CoCl 2 on the concentration of saccharose is discussed by considering the effect of the carbohydrate on the electrolyte dehydration, as well as on the ion-pairs and complexes (CoCl 2-saccharose and ions-saccharose) formation.

Primary cilia are non-motile sensory organelles that project from cells in many tissues. The role of renal primary ciliumbased signalling in regulating epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation is highlighted by studies showing that defects of the cilium lead to epithelial de-differentiation, over proliferation and polycystic kidney disease. Recent studies show that renal primary cilia may also play a role in controlling epithelial differentiation during renal repair. After injury, renal cilium length increases dramatically and then undergoes a normalization that coincides with structural and functional repair in both human patients and mouse models of renal injury. These changes in cilium length are likely to modulate cilium-based signalling, but the injury-related factors that influence renal primary cilium length have yet to be determined. Here, we investigated the effect of three factors commonly associated with renal injury on renal cilium length in an in vitro setting. MDCK (Madin Darby canine kidney) cell cultures bearing primary cilia were treated with BSA to simulate albuminuria, cobalt chloride to simulate hypoxia and the inflammation-related cytokine tumour necrosis factor a. Primary cilium length was only increased in cultures treated with cobalt chloride. Our results suggest a role for hypoxia and the induction of HIF-1a (hypoxia-inducible factor 1a) in increasing renal primary cilium length following renal injury.

Recebido em 10/12/04; aceito em 27/7/05; publicado na web em 3/2/06 KINETIC STUDIES OF trans-[Co(en) 2 Cl 2 ]Cl AQUATION. The trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride was synthesized in an undergraduate laboratory and its aquation reaction was carried out at different temperatures. This reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and the rate constants, determined

Although cobalt is an essential trace element, it is toxic in high concentrations. Long-term exposure to cobalt chloride (CoCl2) significantly increases Co(II) ions in blood serum, spleen and liver of treated immature mice compared to controls and induces changes in the iron (Fe) content. Spleen and liver show different sensitivity to Co(II) administration but increase iron storage. The three experimental groups of immature mice - day 18-, 25- and 30, used in the experimental design, show different sensitivity to the metal. This suggests that the stage of development is also an important marker that should be considered.

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In this retrospective study, patch test results of 542 patients (303 female and 239 male), referred to our clinic between June 1996 and July 1999, were evaluated. All patients were patch tested with 32 allergens of an extended European standard series, 140 patients were tested with supplemental series, and 246 patients with their own substances. 280 (51.7%) patients had 1 or more positive results but allergic contact dermatitis, according to clinical relevance, was diagnosed in only 190 (67.9%) of these. Nickel sulfate was the most frequent sensitizer (19.1%), followed by potassium dichromate (11.8%), palladium chloride (9.4%), cobalt chloride (8.5%), and thiuram mix (7.7%). Frequencies of contact allergy to fragrance mix (5.5%), balsam of Peru (Myroxylon Pereirae resin) (2%), quaternium-15 (0.6%), and Kathon CG (methylchloroisothiazolinoneπmethylisothiazolinone) (0.2%) were relatively low, while no positive reactions were obtained to paraben mix in any case. Current clinical relevance to the present dermatitis was most frequently seen with carba mix (96.2%), thiuram mix (95.2%) and potassium dichromate (78.1%), whereas this rate was low for nickel (37.5%). In 85.8% of patients with allergic contact dermatitis, the responsible allergen was detected by testing with the extended standard series alone (18.4% identified by testing with the additional 10 allergens), in 11.6% by testing with the patients' own substances, and in 2.6% by testing with the supplemental series. Occupational contact dermatitis was diagnosed in 77 of the patients with positive reactions (27.5%), most of these being construction workers and house painters who showed relevant sensitizations to potassium dichromate, cobalt chloride, thiuram mix and carba mix. There was no statistically significant difference in the total contact sensitization rate between atopics and non-atopics, but contact sensitivity to nickel sulfate and palladium chloride was significantly higher among atopics. MOAHL index in % was: 44.1/14.2/24.9/ 54.4/2.4. In conclusion, we believe that similar large series of patients would be helpful to delineate the exact profile of contact dermatitis in Turkey.

The true prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in children remains unknown. Our aim was to compare the results of patch tests in children with suspected ACD between two different periods of time and identify possible changes in emerging allergens. We compared contact allergens, gender, age distribution, and personal history of atopic dermatitis (AD), in correlation with the positivity of patch tests, between two equal periods of time (232 children tested during 1980-1993, period A, and 255 children during 1994-2007, period B) in the same region and in the same institution. Patch test positivity was 47.8% in period A, and 60% in period B (p = 0.083). The most common allergens in period A were: nickel sulfate (16.3%), cobalt chloride (8.6%), fragrance mix (7.3%), potassium dichromate (4.3%), and thimerosal only (1.7%). In period B, the allergen distribution was as follows: nickel sulfate (21.56%), thimerosal (18.03%), cobalt chloride (12.9%), potassium dichromate (9.4%), and fragrance mix (4.7%). Girls were more likely to have a positive patch test compared with boys, with reactions in 53% of girls and 39% of boys in period A (p = 0.003), and 61% of girls and 58% of boys in period B (p = 0.691). Twenty-nine per cent of patients with positive results had a personal history of AD in period A and 44% in period B (p = 0.015). Differences in the positivity of allergens between different time periods reflect changes in habits, of allergens exposure or preventive measures.

Objectives: The periosteum plays an indispensable role in both bone formation and bone defect healing. The aim of this project is to produce tissue engineered periosteum for bone defect treatment. Methods: In this study we constructed an artificial in vitro periosteum by incorporating osteogenic differentiated bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2)-treated BMSCs. The engineered periostea were implanted both subcutaneously and into skull bone defects in SCID mice to investigate ectopic and orthotopic osteogenesis and vascularisation. After two weeks in subcutaneous and four weeks in bone defect areas, the implanted constructs were assessed for ectopic and orthotopic osteogenesis and vascularisation by micro-CT, histomorphometrical and immunohistochemical methods. Results: The results showed that CoCl2 pre-treated BMSCs induced higher degree of vascularisation and enhanced osteogenesis within the implants in both ectopic and orthotopic areas. Conclusion: This st...

Recebido em 10/12/04; aceito em 27/7/05; publicado na web em 3/2/06 KINETIC STUDIES OF trans-[Co(en) 2 Cl 2 ]Cl AQUATION. The trans-dichlorobis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) chloride was synthesized in an undergraduate laboratory and its aquation reaction was carried out at different temperatures. This reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics and the rate constants, determined

Background: Kathon CG, a combination of methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone, is widely used as preservative in cosmetics, as well in household cleaning products, industrial products such as paints and glues. It has emerged as an important sensitizing agent in allergic contact dermatitis. Objectives: This study evaluated the reactivity to this substance in patients subjected to patch tests at the Dermatology Institute in Bauru, São Paulo from 2015 to 2017 and its correlation with other preservatives, the professional activity and location of the lesions. Methods: The patients were submitted to standard series of epicutaneous tests, standardized by the Brazilian Group Studies on Contact Dermatitis. Results: Out the 267 patients tested, 192 presented positivity to at least one substance and 29 of the patients (15.10%) presented reaction to Kathon CG, with predominance of the female gender (n = 27); main professional activity associated with Kathon CG sensibilization was cleaning (17.24%), followed by aesthetic areas (13.79%) and health care (10.34%). The most prevalent sensitizations among the substances tested were nickel sulphate (56.3%), followed by cobalt chloride (23.4%), neomycin (18.2%), potassium dichromate (17.7%), thimerosal (14.5%), formaldehyde (13.2%), paraphenylenediamine (9.3%), and fragrance mix (8.3%). Study limitations: We do not have data from patients that were submitted to patch test a decade ago in order to confront to current data and establish whether or no sensitization to Kathon CG has increased.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of chickpea, Cicer arietinum cv. GG 2 to cobalt sulfate and cobalt chloride at 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1,600 g ha À1. At three leaf stage chickpea seedlings were fertigated with both cobalt sources and levels. Both cobalt sources at the higher level (400 to 1,600 g ha À1) were found injurious to chickpea. All growth, yield, and quality parameters were adversely affected by cobalt sulfate at every level; however, cobalt chloride has given appreciable result up to 100 and 200 g ha À1 over no application of cobalt. Cobalt content in plant and soil increased linearly with increases in cobalt concentration, which reduced chickpea yield linearly. Cobalt sulfate was apparently more harmful than cobalt chloride. The study suggests cobalt chloride has not shown any toxicity up to 100 g ha À1 and can be used for higher productivity of chickpea.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of chickpea, Cicer arietinum cv. GG 2 to cobalt sulfate and cobalt chloride at 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1,600 g ha À1. At three leaf stage chickpea seedlings were fertigated with both cobalt sources and levels. Both cobalt sources at the higher level (400 to 1,600 g ha À1) were found injurious to chickpea. All growth, yield, and quality parameters were adversely affected by cobalt sulfate at every level; however, cobalt chloride has given appreciable result up to 100 and 200 g ha À1 over no application of cobalt. Cobalt content in plant and soil increased linearly with increases in cobalt concentration, which reduced chickpea yield linearly. Cobalt sulfate was apparently more harmful than cobalt chloride. The study suggests cobalt chloride has not shown any toxicity up to 100 g ha À1 and can be used for higher productivity of chickpea.

Background: Kathon CG, a combination of methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone, is widely used as preservative in cosmetics, as well in household cleaning products, industrial products such as paints and glues. It has emerged as an important sensitizing agent in allergic contact dermatitis. Objectives: This study evaluated the reactivity to this substance in patients subjected to patch tests at the Dermatology Institute in Bauru, São Paulo from 2015 to 2017 and its correlation with other preservatives, the professional activity and location of the lesions. Methods: The patients were submitted to standard series of epicutaneous tests, standardized by the Brazilian Group Studies on Contact Dermatitis. Results: Out the 267 patients tested, 192 presented positivity to at least one substance and 29 of the patients (15.10%) presented reaction to Kathon CG, with predominance of the female gender (n = 27); main professional activity associated with Kathon CG sensibilization was cleaning (17.24%), followed by aesthetic areas (13.79%) and health care (10.34%). The most prevalent sensitizations among the substances tested were nickel sulphate (56.3%), followed by cobalt chloride (23.4%), neomycin (18.2%), potassium dichromate (17.7%), thimerosal (14.5%), formaldehyde (13.2%), paraphenylenediamine (9.3%), and fragrance mix (8.3%). Study limitations: We do not have data from patients that were submitted to patch test a decade ago in order to confront to current data and establish whether or no sensitization to Kathon CG has increased.

Cobalt chloride (CoCl 2) is a well-known hypoxia mimetic mediator that induces hypoxia-like responses. CoCl 2 , a mediator confirmed to alleviate hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), has been associated with a variety of hypoxic responses. HIF-1 is the foremost transcriptionfactor that is particularly activated during hypoxia and regulates various genes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the cellular and molecular responses of the co-cultured cells under the influence of the CoCl 2induced hypoxic condition. Mono-and co-cultured C2C12 and 3T3-L1 cells were exposed to CoCl 2 , and a significant induction in HIF-1, reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidase and a reduction in glutathione and catalase were observed. The expressions of proapoptotic genes like Bax, p53, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were notably increased, whereas the antiapoptotic gene, i.e., Bcl2, was downregulated during hypoxia in mono-as well as co-cultured C2C12 cells. However, the co-cultured C2C12 cells show significantly lower induction in oxidative stress and expression of apoptotic genes in comparison to monocultured C2C12 cells. Whereas, the co-cultured 3T3-L1 cells show comparatively higher oxidative stress and apoptotic event in comparison to monocultured 3T3-L1 cells. The reason may be the communication between the cells and some soluble factors that help in cell survival/death from hypoxia. Moreover, it may also be due to the fact that fat and muscle cells interact and communicate via proximity and mutual ability when growing together. Therefore, the co-culture system provides a unique approach to intercellular communication between the two different cell types.

Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) is a predatory fish species native in Southeast Asia and Australia. Based on the geothermal potentiality of Hungary the high market potential warm-water fish barramundi can be produced economically. Living nourishment organisms such as Artemia nauplii play an essential role in the larval rearing of barrramundi. However, zooplanktons in natural aquatic enviroments contain minerals in a higher concentration than the usually fed newly hatched Artemia. Therefore the goal of recent study was to investigate the effect of cobaltchloride on the larval growth and survival of barramundi when fed individually and combined with Zn and Mn supplemented Artemia. In our experiment a 24 hours period was used for the enrichment of newly hatched Artemia nauplii with cobalt chloride in itself, as well as in combination with zinc sulphate and manganese chloride. A total of 1900 barramundi larvae from 15–30 day post hatching were fed with supplemented Artemia in 9 groups of ...

The aim of our research was to investigate the genotoxic effects of cobalt chloride and copper chloride in mouse bone marrow cells using the micronucleus (MN) assay. The three different concentrations of cobalt chloride (11.2, 22.5 and 45 mg kg-1) and copper chloride (1.17, 2.35 and 4.70 mg kg-1) were injected intraperitoneally to mice for 24 and 48 hours. It was observed that both of these heavy metals induced a significant increase in frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) at different concentrations in mice for 24 and 48 hours when compared with the control. Furthermore, the significant reduction for the polychromatic erythrocyte/normochromatic erythrocyte (PCE/NCE) ratio which is indicative of bone marrow cytotoxicity was observed in bone marrow cells which were treated with copper chloride at all concentrations for 24 and 48 hours. No reduction of the PCE/NCE ratio was observed both 24 and 48 hours after all the doses of cobalt chloride tested as compare...

There are no recent data on allergens in the construction industry in Brazil; apparently there were no changes in allergenic substances. The objective of this study was to identify sensitization to allergens in adult males working in the construction industry. A cross-sectional study with adult males submitted to patch tests from May 2000 to December 2005. Out of 169 male patients, 83 were construction workers. The five most frequent allergens among the construction workers were potassium dichromate (57%), carba-mix (34.9%), cobalt chloride (30.2%), thiuram-mix (27.9%) and neomycin (19.8%). There is a significant sensitization to potassium dichromate, cobalt, carba-mix, and thiuram-mix, demonstrating that cement and rubber gloves of personal protection equipment still account for allergic contact dermatitis in construction industry workers.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of chickpea, Cicer arietinum cv. GG 2 to cobalt sulfate and cobalt chloride at 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1,600 g ha À1. At three leaf stage chickpea seedlings were fertigated with both cobalt sources and levels. Both cobalt sources at the higher level (400 to 1,600 g ha À1) were found injurious to chickpea. All growth, yield, and quality parameters were adversely affected by cobalt sulfate at every level; however, cobalt chloride has given appreciable result up to 100 and 200 g ha À1 over no application of cobalt. Cobalt content in plant and soil increased linearly with increases in cobalt concentration, which reduced chickpea yield linearly. Cobalt sulfate was apparently more harmful than cobalt chloride. The study suggests cobalt chloride has not shown any toxicity up to 100 g ha À1 and can be used for higher productivity of chickpea.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of chickpea, Cicer arietinum cv. GG 2 to cobalt sulfate and cobalt chloride at 0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1,600 g ha À1. At three leaf stage chickpea seedlings were fertigated with both cobalt sources and levels. Both cobalt sources at the higher level (400 to 1,600 g ha À1) were found injurious to chickpea. All growth, yield, and quality parameters were adversely affected by cobalt sulfate at every level; however, cobalt chloride has given appreciable result up to 100 and 200 g ha À1 over no application of cobalt. Cobalt content in plant and soil increased linearly with increases in cobalt concentration, which reduced chickpea yield linearly. Cobalt sulfate was apparently more harmful than cobalt chloride. The study suggests cobalt chloride has not shown any toxicity up to 100 g ha À1 and can be used for higher productivity of chickpea.

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