Cartography and Geovisualisation

Uncontrolled land use change carries serious spatial challenges to the stability of peri-urban areas in the form of land use conflicts, incompatible and incongruent land uses, haphazard developments and a disorganized land structure. The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial stability of peri-urban areas using the land use change concept. The objective was to assess the extent of land use changes in peri-urban areas of Siaya Township Ward between 1987 and 2017 and its impact on spatial stability. The research was guided by the Theory of Urban Expansion Urban Land Market Theory, and Plurality Theory. Data was collected and analysed using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies for land use changes over time. Interviews were further conducted to provide an in depth understanding of the history and trends of spatial planning in the study area. The research hypothesized that there is no significant variance in land use change between 1987 and 2017. This was tested by use of Paired Sample t-test. The study found significant land use change in peri-urban areas between 1987-2017. Built up areas in Nyandiwa increased by 444.3%, Mulaha by 339.2%, and Karapul increased by 48.6% respectively between 1987 and 2017, showing rapid expansion of built-up areas for the period of 30 years. Test of hypothesis indicated a statistically significant difference between bare landbuilt-up areas (t = 3.237, p =.048); built-up areasvegetation (t=-1.949, p = .146); and bare landvegetation (t =-.691, p = .439). Thus, the null hypothesis was not satisfied at 95% confidence level. These changes have been characterized by spatial instability indicated in disorganized land use development, incompatible land uses, haphazard developments and lack of distinct spatial order. As such, there is need to strengthen institutional capacity of spatial planning authorities, formulate and enforce standards to manage peri-urban developments sustainably.

Southwestern Nigeria's wetlands are assaulted, degraded, and lost, especially to agricultural development and urban expansions, while the rural wetlands losses are due to agriculture but temporal in nature, loss to urban developments are permanent. To examine the extent, influence, and potential of the degradation, the review covered the six states of the region, revealing losses due to wetlands destruction in the region between

The population explosion especially in the developing nations of the world makes urban sprawl a continuous issue in both mega and smaller cities in the said regions of the world. Sprawl in Ile-Ife is no difference and the crux of the research that is Urban Sprawl Increase Decoyer of Urban Heat Island and the Catalyst of Global Warming in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The research made use of the Multi-date Landsat imageries of 1986, 2000 and 2017 (Landsat TM, Landsat ETM+ and Landsat OLI respectively) with spatial resolution of bam were used to assess the sprawl and land use/cover dynamics of the study area. GPS receiver was also used to capture the coordinates of features on ground. Daily temperatures of the study area were also sourced via internet. Results showed spatial pattern of land use/cover for the based years, land use/cover change analysis equally revealed spatial pattern of sprawl. Temperature readings supported tremendous increase in heat and plates of devastations in public buildings by storms also indicated the result of damages' made to forest. The research therefore concluded with its recommendations that there should be adequate planning which should be strictly followed in the study area. There should be afforestation at the fringes of the city and that there should be promulgation against trees felling within and the surroundings of Ile-Ife.

This paper examined the use of GIS and Remote Sensing in monitoring the growth and development pattern of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria over a period of 21 years with a view to predicting its direction of growth. In effect, the study sought to identify and explain the rate and extent of changes in the study area between 1986 and 2007; measure the rate of urban growth in the study area between 1986 and 2007; assess the impact of urban growth on land use patterns; and predict the trend of urban growth in the study area. Data for the study were generated from both primary and secondary sources. Remote Sensing Imagery of Landsat TM 1986, Landsat ETM 2002 and ALOS 2007 were used to measure the extent of growth and to show the effects of this growth on other Land use/Land cover types. Multi-temporal approach was adopted for the study to detect the changes in the imageries. Pixel analysis was employed to identify and compare the type, nature, trend and magnitude of change that occurred in the study area within the slated dates. The observed land use/land cover and population were projected to the next 15 years. The results showed the growth of Ile-Ife and its effects on other land use classes. Pixel analysis revealed that changes occurred in the magnitude and rate of urbanization in the study area between 1986 and 2007. The results were discussed mainly focusing on the trend of urban growth expansion and its effect to the Environment natural resources, farmland and food security and its contribution to climate change. Its implications to urban planning were also discussed and the recommendations made.

The College of Charleston Campus Map project was a student class project designed to improve the accuracy of the existing static map, and to create an interactive online map for the campus website. Campus maps can provide useful information to prospective and current students, visitors, and on-campus groups including public safety and maintenance. The current campus maps at the College of Charleston are skewed for aesthetic purposes, and do not accurately depict geospatial features. The campus map created by the students in this project is GIS based and designed to provide highly accurate, printable static and interactive online maps for the College of Charleston community, prospective students and visitors. The College of Charleston is a public university located on the downtown peninsula of Charleston, South Carolina. The core campus area encompasses approximately a square half mile, and includes academic, residence, and support buildings. Spatial data collected from aerial orthophotos, County databases, and field surveys were integrated into the Student Campus Map. The new map includes all current campus building locations, student and faculty parking lots and campus call box locations. The use of a geographic information system allows this map to be updated more efficiently than the previous maps and permitted the development of an interactive online map for use on the college web site.

The implication of rapid urban built-up development on the siting of suitable solid waste dumpsites in Ile-Ife forms the major thrust of this paper. This study made use of different parameters to identify suitable solid waste dumpsites in Ile-Ife for 2008 and 2013 and determined the spatial growth of urban built-up development for the same epoch. Landsat ETM + imageries for 2008 and 2013, Google Earth Pro Scenes, ASTER GDEM elevation data, as well as geologic and soil maps were obtained and analysed in. Erdas Imagine 9.2, ArcGIS 10.5 and Minitab 17.0 environments. Classification and extraction of geospatial data earmarked for the study, including road, water body, soil, underlying geology and slope were performed with the aid of simple model builders, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) analysis and Chi-square statistic. The result revealed that Ile-Ife town had a frequency of change in urban built-up area of about 1.91sq.km per year and experienced a reduction of moderately and highly suitable solid waste dumpsites and an increase in unsuitable ones. The Chi-square result (P-value = 0.006; -level of 0.05) revealed a significant difference in dumpsites suitability categories for the period under investigation. It was therefore concluded that in view of sustainable urban development, there is need for restrictions to be given for urban built-up development as it affects the limited areas suitable for waste disposal in Ile-Ife. The study also proved the flexibility of smart geospatial techniques (by which future scenarios can be predicted or simulated), thus recommended for environmental managers and urban planners.

Southwestern Nigeria's wetlands are assaulted, degraded, and lost, especially to agricultural development and urban expansions, while the rural wetlands losses are due to agriculture but temporal in nature, loss to urban developments are permanent. To examine the extent, influence, and potential of the degradation, the review covered the six states of the region, revealing losses due to wetlands destruction in the region between 1965 and 2019. Wetlands in Lagos reduced from 708.96ha (52.68%) in 1965 to 7.10ha (0.53%) in 2005, Eleyele Wetland in Oyo State, (Riparian), reduced consistently from (1.25 km2) in 1984 to (0.98 km2) 1994, (0.70 km2) 2004 and finally (0.42 km2) in 2014. Eriti forested wetlands of Ogun State lost about 45.32% between 1972 and 2015; in Ondo State, Akure South Local Government Area Wetlands decreased from 98.90 km2 (30.13%) in 1999 to 90.33 km2 in 2009 (27.52%); Ilesa wetlands, in Osun State decreased from 258 hectares to 89 hectares between 1986 and 2002. ...

Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is essential to everyday life and functionality. Without GIS, many advances in navigation such as Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) and popular online mapping tools would not exist. Such a project in navigation was undertaken using ArcGIS version 10.0 to construct bus routes for the Jackson, Mississippi Transit System (JATRAN). Methods to construct the routes involve ArcCatalog and ArcMap programs. Using ArcCatalog, we developed special files called shape-files to input the State Plan Coordinate System (SPCS) using North American Datum 1983 (NAD1983) projected coordinates in U.S feet. Using ArcMap, we developed a template to integrate the shape-file containing projected coordinates, added the governmental boundary census block shape-file, geodatabase data, satellite image file and finally overlay bus routes through ArcMap editing functions. The resulting build are three routes with color-coded in-bound and out-bound transits, land mark and...

With the arrival of digital maps, the ubiquity of maps has increased sharply and new map functionalities have become available such as changing the scale on the fly or displaying/hiding layers. Users can now interact with maps on multiple devices (e.g. smartphones, desktop computers, large-scale displays, head-mounted displays) using different means of interaction such as touch, voice or gestures. However, ensuring map functionalities and good user experience across these devices and modalities frequently entails dedicated development efforts for each combination. In this paper, we argue that introducing an abstract representation of what a map contains and affords can unlock new opportunities. For this purpose, we propose the concept of map plasticity, the capability of a map-based system to support different contexts of use while preserving usability and functionality. Based on this definition, we discuss core components and an example. We also propose a research agenda for realis...

The implication of rapid urban built-up development on the siting of suitable solid waste dumpsites in Ile-Ife forms the major thrust of this paper. This study made use of different parameters to identify suitable solid waste dumpsites in Ile-Ife for 2008 and 2013 and determined the spatial growth of urban built-up development for the same epoch. Landsat ETM + imageries for 2008 and 2013, Google Earth Pro Scenes, ASTER GDEM elevation data, as well as geologic and soil maps were obtained and analysed in. Erdas Imagine 9.2, ArcGIS 10.5 and Minitab 17.0 environments. Classification and extraction of geospatial data earmarked for the study, including road, water body, soil, underlying geology and slope were performed with the aid of simple model builders, Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) analysis and Chi-square statistic. The result revealed that Ile-Ife town had a frequency of change in urban built-up area of about 1.91sq.km per year and experienced a reduction of moderately and highly suitable solid waste dumpsites and an increase in unsuitable ones. The Chi-square result (P-value = 0.006; -level of 0.05) revealed a significant difference in dumpsites suitability categories for the period under investigation. It was therefore concluded that in view of sustainable urban development, there is need for restrictions to be given for urban built-up development as it affects the limited areas suitable for waste disposal in Ile-Ife. The study also proved the flexibility of smart geospatial techniques (by which future scenarios can be predicted or simulated), thus recommended for environmental managers and urban planners.

Land use and land cover (LULC) is important in understanding the interactions of human activities with the environment. In order to manage the often highly dynamic urban landscapes, it is important to map different themes from time to time. This study made use of Geographical Information System and aerial photographs to determine LULC transformation in the eastern suburbs of Pietermaritzburg in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Land use and land cover maps for the eastern suburbs (Copesville, Eastwood, Raisethorpe and Willowton) for the years 1989 to 2009 were generated based on the twelve LULCs. Results in this study showed that the most significant increase were in residential (formal and informal) and industrial LULCs while the most significant decrease were recorded in the cultivated and open LULC. Generally, results in this study further show that urban LULC attributed to human influx has been at the expense of internal open green spaces and peripheral cultivated and uncultivated lands. The study concludes that aerial photographs in concert with GIS are valuable tools in mapping rapidly changing urban landscapes.

This paper examined the use of GIS and Remote Sensing in monitoring the growth and development pattern of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria over a period of 21 years with a view to predicting its direction of growth. In effect, the study sought to identify and explain the rate and extent of changes in the study area between 1986 and 2007; measure the rate of urban growth in the study area between 1986 and 2007; assess the impact of urban growth on land use patterns; and predict the trend of urban growth in the study area. Data for the study were generated from both primary and secondary sources. Remote Sensing Imagery of Landsat TM 1986, Landsat ETM 2002 and ALOS 2007 were used to measure the extent of growth and to show the effects of this growth on other Land use/Land cover types. Multi-temporal approach was adopted for the study to detect the changes in the imageries. Pixel analysis was employed to identify and compare the type, nature, trend and magnitude of change that occurred in the study area within the slated dates. The observed land use/land cover and population were projected to the next 15 years. The results showed the growth of Ile-Ife and its effects on other land use classes. Pixel analysis revealed that changes occurred in the magnitude and rate of urbanization in the study area between 1986 and 2007. The results were discussed mainly focusing on the trend of urban growth expansion and its effect to the Environment natural resources, farmland and food security and its contribution to climate change. Its implications to urban planning were also discussed and the recommendations made.

This paper assesses the effects of urban expansion of Ile-Ife city and appraises the changes that occurred in the landscape from 1986 to 2009. The study made use of information extracted from Landsat TM 1986, ETM + 2002 and Ikonos 2009 images. GPS observations of notable points within and around the city were overlaid on the topographic map and on the satellite imageries in order to appraise the changes in the land use and land cover over the period. The land consumption was analyzed using the computed land consumption rate (LCR) and land absorption coefficient (LAC) from 1986 to 2009. The average annual rate of urban expansion of Ile-Ife is 3.5% which translated to a gain of 2256.7 ha in the surrounding rural areas from 1986 to 2002 and about 1434.7 ha between 2002 and 2009. The land is being transformed as shown by the land consumption rate which progressed from 1.1% in 1986 to 1.2% in 2002 and remained stable till 2009. The land absorption coefficient has increased from 0.013 to 0.014, confirming the high demand for land both within the city and in the suburbs.

Every city has its own history which expresses an identity, a symbol and an image. The ancient city of Ile-Ife, in south-western Nigeria, presents several paradoxes. Till date, its significance vis-à-vis the totality of the culture of the Yoruba race, continues to conflict with many of the requirements of a modernizing city. The traditional city centre is atypical in its development as, rather than epitomizing urban city-centre rejuvenation, it has steadily ceded commercializing activities to another part of the town. Also, the recent internecine war between Ifes and neighbouring Modakekes has created environmental scarification, schisms in physical alignments and influenced aberrations in both the process and actual fabric of the city’s urbanization. Three main foci have been identified as virile urbanizing-activity zones: the city centre, the Sabo-Mayfair commercial spine and the Obafemi Awolowo University campus. These areas are critiqued in the light of their history, peculiarit...

, and other numerous contributors whose encouragement helped us greatly in publishing this book. We hereby place on record our special thanks to all reviewers, whose invaluable contributions in reviewing and assessing the quality of the manuscripts published in this book, have made this possible. The editors owe a debt of gratitude to the authors whose papers are included in this book, for their cooperation in revising their papers and for their patience through the difficult editorial phase. Finally, the editors, on behalf of the ARENIRAN Planning Committee, thank Dr.

Remote sensing and GIS technology are very useful in mapping of natural resources and urban studies. Urbanization being a dynamic force, its impact is seen in both spatial and temporal variation of urban land use. Most of the urban areas are increased due to urbanization and thereby creating urban sprawl. Bhubaneswar is the capital of the state of Odisha, between 20 ̊ 12' N and 20 ̊ 23' N latitudes and 85 ̊ 44' E and 85 ̊ 54' E longitudes. Land use /land cover maps were prepared by using satellite data of IRS-1D PAN (2000), Cartosat-1 (2005) and IRS-P6 LISS-IV (2010) and ground checks during field survey. The changes in urban land use pattern over a period of time were studied using multidate and multisensor (2000-2010) remote sensing data. The main aim of this study is to analyze the spatio-temporal changes of land use in the city as well as mapping urban sprawl. Based on the urban land use /land cover analysis, spatial growth of urban centers and the population hav...

This study examined the spatiotemporal pattern of urban growth and magnitude of changes in selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the suburban area of Ibadan using remote sensing cum spatial metrics. Data for the study were obtained from administrative maps of the study area, population data and satellite imageries. All of these were complemented with ground validations using Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. Periods of change analysis were divided into two epochs; 1986 to 2002 and 2002 to 2017. The imageries were classified into four landuse/cover classes based on Anderson’s modified version of supervised classification scheme. Accuracy assessment of the imageries was carried out using 100 randomly sampled ground truth points. Ten spatial metrics were selected for analysis using Fragstats program. Results show a significant loss in vegetation due to conversion (Land Consumption Rate, LCR = 0.025, 0.019 and 0.027; Land Absorption Coefficient, LAC = 0.012 and 0.048). Moreo...

This study examined the spatiotemporal pattern of urban growth and magnitude of changes in selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the suburban area of Ibadan using remote sensing cum spatial metrics. Data for the study were obtained from administrative maps of the study area, population data and satellite imageries. All of these were complemented with ground validations using Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. Periods of change analysis were divided into two epochs; 1986 to 2002 and 2002 to 2017. The imageries were classified into four landuse/cover classes based on Anderson’s modified version of supervised classification scheme. Accuracy assessment of the imageries was carried out using 100 randomly sampled ground truth points. Ten spatial metrics were selected for analysis using Fragstats program. Results show a significant loss in vegetation due to conversion (Land Consumption Rate, LCR = 0.025, 0.019 and 0.027; Land Absorption Coefficient, LAC = 0.012 and 0.048). Moreo...

This study examined the spatiotemporal pattern of urban growth and magnitude of changes in selected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in the suburban area of Ibadan using remote sensing cum spatial metrics. Data for the study were obtained from administrative maps of the study area, population data and satellite imageries. All of these were complemented with ground validations using Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. Periods of change analysis were divided into two epochs; 1986 to 2002 and 2002 to 2017. The imageries were classified into four landuse/cover classes based on Anderson’s modified version of supervised classification scheme. Accuracy assessment of the imageries was carried out using 100 randomly sampled ground truth points. Ten spatial metrics were selected for analysis using Fragstats program. Results show a significant loss in vegetation due to conversion (Land Consumption Rate, LCR = 0.025, 0.019 and 0.027; Land Absorption Coefficient, LAC = 0.012 and 0.048). Moreo...

This paper assesses the effects of urban expansion of Ile-Ife city and appraises the changes that occurred in the landscape from 1986 to 2009. The study made use of information extracted from Landsat TM 1986, ETM+ 2002 and Ikonos 2009 images. GPS observations of notable points within and around the city were overlaid on the topographic map and on the satellite imageries in order to appraise the changes in the land use and land cover over the period. The land consumption was analyzed using the computed land consumption rate (LCR) and land absorption coefficient (LAC) from 1986 to 2009. The average annual rate of urban expansion of Ile-Ife is 3.5% which translated to a gain of 2256.7 ha in the surrounding rural areas from 1986 to 2002 and about 1434.7 ha between 2002 and 2009. The land is being transformed as shown by the land consumption rate which progressed from 1.1% in 1986 to 1.2% in 2002 and remained stable till 2009. The land absorption coefficient has increased from 0.013 to 0...

The paper aimed to present the main delivery format for the LiDAR(Light Detection and Ranging) elevation data and the possibilities to access and use all informations that a vendor provides them. The GIS (Geographic Information Systems) software have extended their capabilities to store and analyse the LiDAR data. For several years there have developed different tools for obtains varied geospatial products based on LiDAR data. The case study uses ArcGIS technology to briefly present several options available to store and visualize the LiDAR data and to combine multiple data source in order to obtain a complete representation of terrain.

This paper assesses the effects of urban expansion of Ile-Ife city and appraises the changes that occurred in the landscape from 1986 to 2009. The study made use of information extracted from Landsat TM 1986, ETM+ 2002 and Ikonos 2009 images. GPS observations of notable points within and around the city were overlaid on the topographic map and on the satellite imageries in order to appraise the changes in the land use and land cover over the period. The land consumption was analyzed using the computed land consumption rate (LCR) and land absorption coefficient (LAC) from 1986 to 2009. The average annual rate of urban expansion of Ile-Ife is 3.5% which translated to a gain of 2256.7 ha in the surrounding rural areas from 1986 to 2002 and about 1434.7 ha between 2002 and 2009. The land is being transformed as shown by the land consumption rate which progressed from 1.1% in 1986 to 1.2% in 2002 and remained stable till 2009. The land absorption coefficient has increased from 0.013 to 0...

The importance of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in map making cannot be overemphasized because of its ability to integrate spatial data with non-spatial data and also communicate the resulting information in a way that everyone would understand. Several works have taken advantage of the abilities of these technologies to produce street maps using High Resolution Images. The increase in development in Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, has brought about navigation challenge and associated difficulties. This work intends to produce a street map that will ease navigation within the study area and help in road network analysis, site suitability analysis etc. Aerial Photographs, captured in the year 2009 and GeoEye1 Satellite Image of 2011 were used to extract the road network of Ife Metropolis. The image was imported into ArcGIS environment, where the database was created having feature datasets such as roads and special features. To have all the elements in vector format, the image was digitized. The street names collected from the field work was inputted into the database and then subjected to cartographical processes. 512 Roads were captured within four classes of Road Network namely Express road (5), Secondary Road (25), Primary Roads (22) and Street Road (460). This field work revealed that a larger percentage of the roads were not paved, while most of the paved ones have deteriorated and the newly constructed ones were not documented. It also showed that some of the roads were not named according to the standard and some were not named at all. From this study, we recommend that the naming system should be standardized across the study area. It is also recommended that provision should be made for street map revision on a yearly basis so as to account for changes.

The importance of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System in map making cannot be overemphasized because of its ability to integrate spatial data with non-spatial data and also communicate the resulting information in a way that everyone would understand. Several works have taken advantage of the abilities of these technologies to produce street maps using High Resolution Images. The increase in development in Ile Ife, Osun State, Nigeria, has brought about navigation challenge and associated difficulties. This work intends to produce a street map that will ease navigation within the study area and help in road network analysis, site suitability analysis etc. Aerial Photographs, captured in the year 2009 and GeoEye1 Satellite Image of 2011 were used to extract the road network of Ife Metropolis. The image was imported into ArcGIS environment, where the database was created having feature datasets such as roads and special features. To have all the elements in vector format, the image was digitized. The street names collected from the field work was inputted into the database and then subjected to cartographical processes. 512 Roads were captured within four classes of Road Network namely Express road (5), Secondary Road (25), Primary Roads (22) and Street Road (460). This field work revealed that a larger percentage of the roads were not paved, while most of the paved ones have deteriorated and the newly constructed ones were not documented. It also showed that some of the roads were not named according to the standard and some were not named at all. From this study, we recommend that the naming system should be standardized across the study area. It is also recommended that provision should be made for street map revision on a yearly basis so as to account for changes.

This paper examined the use of GIS and Remote Sensing in monitoring the growth and development pattern of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria over a period of 21 years with a view to predicting its direction of growth. In effect, the study sought to identify and explain the rate and extent of changes in the study area between 1986 and 2007; measure the rate of urban growth in the study area between 1986 and 2007; assess the impact of urban growth on land use patterns; and predict the trend of urban growth in the study area. Data for the study were generated from both primary and secondary sources. Remote Sensing Imagery of Landsat TM 1986, Landsat ETM 2002 and ALOS 2007 were used to measure the extent of growth and to show the effects of this growth on other Land use/Land cover types. Multi-temporal approach was adopted for the study to detect the changes in the imageries. Pixel analysis was employed to identify and compare the type, nature, trend and magnitude of change that occurred in the study area within the slated dates. The observed land use/land cover and population were projected to the next 15 years. The results showed the growth of Ile-Ife and its effects on other land use classes. Pixel analysis revealed that changes occurred in the magnitude and rate of urbanization in the study area between 1986 and 2007. The results were discussed mainly focusing on the trend of urban growth expansion and its effect to the Environment natural resources, farmland and food security and its contribution to climate change. Its implications to urban planning were also discussed and the recommendations made.

Land use and land cover (LULC) is important in understanding the interactions of human activities with the environment. In order to manage the often highly dynamic urban landscapes, it is important to map different themes from time to time. This study made use of Geographical Information System and aerial photographs to determine LULC transformation in the eastern suburbs of Pietermaritzburg in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Land use and land cover maps for the eastern suburbs (Copesville, Eastwood, Raisethorpe and Willowton) for the years 1989 to 2009 were generated based on the twelve LULCs. Results in this study showed that the most significant increase were in residential (formal and informal) and industrial LULCs while the most significant decrease were recorded in the cultivated and open LULC. Generally, results in this study further show that urban LULC attributed to human influx has been at the expense of internal open green spaces and peripheral cultivated and uncultivated lands. The study concludes that aerial photographs in concert with GIS are valuable tools in mapping rapidly changing urban landscapes.

This paper examined the use of GIS and Remote Sensing in monitoring the growth and development pattern of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria over a period of 21 years with a view to predicting its direction of growth. In effect, the study sought to identify and explain the rate and extent of changes in the study area between 1986 and 2007; measure the rate of urban growth in the study area between 1986 and 2007; assess the impact of urban growth on land use patterns; and predict the trend of urban growth in the study area. Data for the study were generated from both primary and secondary sources. Remote Sensing Imagery of Landsat TM 1986, Landsat ETM 2002 and ALOS 2007 were used to measure the extent of growth and to show the effects of this growth on other Land use/Land cover types. Multi-temporal approach was adopted for the study to detect the changes in the imageries. Pixel analysis was employed to identify and compare the type, nature, trend and magnitude of change that occurred in the study area within the slated dates. The observed land use/land cover and population were projected to the next 15 years. The results showed the growth of Ile-Ife and its effects on other land use classes. Pixel analysis revealed that changes occurred in the magnitude and rate of urbanization in the study area between 1986 and 2007. The results were discussed mainly focusing on the trend of urban growth expansion and its effect to the Environment natural resources, farmland and food security and its contribution to climate change. Its implications to urban planning were also discussed and the recommendations made.

The accident rates per vehicle in Nigeria are alarmingly high. The traffic condition in the city of Abuja is no different. The aim of this work is to develop road traffic accident information system, by centralizing the road traffic accident data and other related data on a GIS platform. This will be very useful for agencies (such as the Federal Road Safety Commission, the Nigeria Police and the Road Traffic Services) and other stakeholders (like Federal and State Governments including the Federal Capital Territory Administration etc) that are interested in developing means and works for eliminating or minimizing accidents on the roadways. The data used in this study were obtained from Federal Road Safety Commission, Nigeria Police and Road Traffic Services. In addition, primary data were obtained at location blackspots using GPS (Global Positioning System) device. The data obtained was entered and use to develop accident information system. Analysis and capability of the developed system was illustrated with numerical examples. Data retrieval and spatial analysis from attributes where shown. A total of 247 accidents occurred in the year 2010 of which 52 were fatal, 59 were serious and 98 were minor; claiming about 38 lives. Hence there is an urgent need to analyze the causes of accidents so as to minimize them.ArcGIS 9.3 Software was used for this work. Index Terms-geographical information system (Gis), road traffic accident blackspots and federal capital territory

Osogbo, the state capital of Osun State is one of the rapidly urbanizing cities in Nigeria. This article examined urban expansion and the transition of agricultural land in Osogbo with the use of multi-temporal imageries between 1986 and 2018. Large amounts of cultivated land has been transformed into other land uses in the past 31 years. This paper presents the process of the loss of agricultural land and urban growth in Osogbo with the use of remote sensing and GIS. Landsat imageries for 1986, 2002 and 2018 were used to analyse land use and land cover change. Supervised image classification was applied to classify the images into different land use categories. Six land use classes were identified: built-up area, water body, cultivated area, gallery zone, dense vegetation and rocky outcrops. Built-up areas (residential, educational and industrial areas) have greatly increased while agricultural lands (i.e. farmland and wetland) have considerably decreased during the study period. Built-up area covered 7.06% in 1986 but increased to 53.61% in 2018 while agricultural land decreased from 86.28% to 41.53% in the same period. The study therefore recommends that government should integrate agricultural lands into urban land use, planning for efficient management and protection of the dwindling agricultural space.

The fragile Sudano-Sahelian ecological zone of Nigeria has been classified as a hotspot of land cover change (LCC) that has been suffering from serious anthropogenic and biophysical stresses. Damaturu, being the fastest growing town situated in the region happened to be a victim of this negative development. The purpose of this study is to remotely observe and assess the prevailing land-use/land-cover (LULC) dynamics of Damaturu town and its delicate surrounding lands from the year 1987-2017 study periods. To achieve this, a supervised image classification technique with Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) algorithm was used in ERDAS Imagine version 15 software to classify the three epochs multi-temporal and multi-spectral Landsat imageries (TM 1987, ETM+7 2000 and OLI 2017). The classified LULC maps and their resulting statistics were then used to assess the spatio-temporal aspects of the observed changes by placing the results within the wider context of previous related literatur...

The fragile Sudano-Sahelian ecological zone of Nigeria has been classified as a hotspot of land cover change (LCC) that has been suffering from serious anthropogenic and biophysical stresses. Damaturu, being the fastest growing town situated in the region happened to be a victim of this negative development. The purpose of this study is to remotely observe and assess the prevailing land-use/land-cover (LULC) dynamics of Damaturu town and its delicate surrounding lands from the year 1987-2017 study periods. To achieve this, a supervised image classification technique with Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) algorithm was used in ERDAS Imagine version 15 software to classify the three epochs multi-temporal and multi-spectral Landsat imageries (TM 1987, ETM+7 2000 and OLI 2017). The classified LULC maps and their resulting statistics were then used to assess the spatio-temporal aspects of the observed changes by placing the results within the wider context of previous related literatur...

This study presents the analysis of Akure urban land use change detection from remote imagery perspective. Efforts were made to examine the direction that the continuous expansion of the city tends towards since its inception as a state capital in 1976. Using Aerial Imagery Overlay (AIO), the pattern of land use changes in Akure and its environs were determined. This involves imageries interpolation and overlaying to determine the land use changes, direction, and extent of the expansion. Findings revealed unguided expansion in the growth of the city which affects the pattern of land uses within the city and, by extension, into the adjoining settlements. There were incompatible conversions in land uses and undue encroachment into green areas in the adjoining communities. The study suggests effective zoning strategy on unguided nature of urban development whose effects on land use are very prominent in the study area. Adequate monitoring by the Development Control Department and other...

Recent studies on urban structures in Nigerian cities have focused on a work trip and transportation, urban decay, population explosion and urban land use crisis in major urban centres like Lagos, Kano, Abuja, Port Harcourt and Ibadan which are the main commercial centres and industrial hubs of the nation. Studies of urban spatial structure concerning city health in medium-sized cities and towns like Minna in Niger state, Akure in Ondo state and Osogbo in Osun have received little or no attention not to talk of smaller cities like Otukpo, Ede, Otan-Aiyegbaju, Saki and others in that category. The scantiness of these studies has made it difficult to have access to adequate and appropriate information and database for any effective and meaningful planning for urban planning and the health of inhabitants of cities in this category. Hence this study examines the internal structure of Ede metropolitan city concerning its health. Ede, the traditional home of the warlord in Yoruba land, is one of the most important towns in the old Oyo Empire. As a theoretical work, secondary data sources were explored to analyse the spatial structure of the city growth, health and land use. The study recommends among others the identification and replacement of the rundown structure, the provision of basic amenities and concludes that the adherence to the above-suggested ideas will go a long way in ensuring a fair and sustainable healthy city in Nigeria that will be in line with the demand of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG).

Abstract. The fragile Sudano-Sahelian ecological zone of Nigeria has been classified as a hotspot of land cover change (LCC) that has been suffering from serious anthropogenic and biophysical stresses. Damaturu, being the fastest growing town situated in the region happened to be a victim of this negative development. The purpose of this study is to remotely observe and assess the prevailing land-use/land-cover (LULC) dynamics of Damaturu town and its delicate surrounding lands from the year 1987-2017 study periods. To achieve this, a supervised image classification technique with Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) algorithm was used in ERDAS Imagine version 15 software to classify the three epochs multi-temporal and multi-spectral Landsat imageries (TM 1987, ETM+7 2000 and OLI 2017). The classified LULC maps and their resulting statistics were then used to assess the spatio-temporal aspects of the observed changes by placing the results within the wider context of previous related literature and evidences. Findings revealed that the built-up area has been expanding since 1987 with an annual change rate of 4.5% between 1987-2000, and 5.3% during 2000-2017 respectively. The growth of the town is being accompanied by massive farmlands expansion and vegetal cover (trees and shrubs) lost making the surrounding arable lands seriously disturbed. Thus, if the observed trends continue, the entire studied region will be subjected to severe environmental hazard such as desertification. Overall, the study provides valuable information required for sustainable environmental management.

With the arrival of digital maps, the ubiquity of maps has increased sharply and new map func-tionalities have become available such as changing the scale on the fly or displaying/hiding layers. Users can now interact with maps on multiple devices (e.g. smartphones, desktop computers, large-scale displays, head-mounted displays) using different means of interaction such as touch, voice or gestures. However, ensuring map functionalities and good user experience across these devices and modalities frequently entails dedicated development efforts for each combination. In this paper, we argue that introducing an abstract representation of what a map contains and affords can unlock new opportunities. For this purpose, we propose the concept of map plasticity, the capability of a map-based system to support different contexts of use while preserving usabil-ity and functionality. Based on this definition, we discuss core components and an example. We also propose a research agenda for realising map plasticity and its benefits.

The aim of this paper is to analyse, using GIS and remote sensing techniques, the land use/cover change of the city of Dej, in order to explore the spatial and temporal characteristics and the consequences of urbanization trends of the past 250 years. We used a wide range of data, including historical maps and Landsat images from 1984 to 2017. In order to identify the land-use change, we used supervised classification and change detection methods. Analysing the obtained data, we could conclude the fact that, between 1763 and 1990, the area was characterized by a significant urban sprawl and land-use change, due to the economic development and political views (the urban border area increased from 1.2 km2 to 13.72 km2), but after 1990, the suburbanization process has begun, due to the economic failure, having a 13.85% built-up area increase towards S-SE and N direction, constrained by hydrological and geomorphological factors.

Advancements in GIS has the result of several technologies. Databases, computer mapping, remote sensing, programming, geography, mathematics, computer aided design, and computer science all played a key role in the development of GIS. Today GIS technologies serves as a major tool research studies, invention and innovations. Currently in GIS, shows that many systems are available for web-based mapping and applications, Hence the aim of this paper to discuss the possibility of developing an interactive web-based digital mapping and applications system with crime analysis and with geocoded address system eg.Campus Interactive map locator. In this paper, the datasets come the study area, i.e. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-Ghana. The university campus  Contains various facilities and landmarks such as road network, Hall of residence, Offices and Classroom buildings, plants, lamp-posts, and other point-of-interests with Level-of-Details. It is part of this paper to describe the designing and modeling of an interactive digital map with overlay crime analysis map using GIS technology to aid in safety routing, easy navigation and accessibility on the University campus.
The rest of this paper discusses methods and approach for creating the digital Interactive Web-based map Locator in section 2, hence this section forms key discussion of this paper. Section 3 highlights conclusions and some recommendations for future work.

—This project aimed at creating a smart campus map of Federal University of Technology, Bosso Campus, Minna Niger State, Nigeria. The advancement of technology with an attendant emergence of digital maps is gradually phasing out obsolete paper maps. One of the problems inherent with paper maps is the difficulty visitors face in navigating the campus. The study utilized ArcGIS as the main digital mapping software. It was used for digitization and simulation of map features. Google Earth pro 7.1 was used to extract and download satellite image of Bosso campus, which was geo-referenced to have the actual earth projection of the campus. The procedures employed include digitization, assignment of attributes to features, creation and editing of the map and finally, conversion of the map to KML format (the format that can be read by ArcGIS software), the utilization of Android Studio as an interactive software. The converted map is imported and overlaid with Google API 21. The Smart map is interactive software between users and various objects in the visual environment which further provides great convenience for the users to understand geographical environment and campus information of Bosso campus. The study demonstrates the potentials of digital mapping using GIS software and Android studio in creating and managing spatial data. Smart digital map can be used as a tool to formulate development plans not only in the campus but also for wider coverage areas.

— The study assesses the urban expansion and landuse pattern of Ondo Township between 1986 and 2014. It also carried out intensive analysis of the urban land use and land cover types between the study period and identified the major factors contributing to the rapid expansion of the township. The study made use of primary and secondary data sets. The primary data sets include field observations for developing image-to-ground concordance, GPS data of 100 points of interest. The secondary data sets include Landsat imageries of 1986, 2002 and 2014, topographic map at scale 1:50000 covering the study area. The imageries of 1986, 2002 and 2014 were processed using the ENVI software. Supervised classification employing the maximum likelihood algorithm was carried out on each imagery. Furthermore, relevant urban expansion parameters including Land Consumption Rate (LCR) and the Land Absorption Coefficient (LAC) were computed while spatial overlay of the built-up areas of 1986, 2002 and 2014 were performed. The study also determined the average rate of expansion between 1986 and 2014. The result shows that Ondo town has expanded at a very fast rate increasing in surface area from 1324.96 ha in 1986 to 1743.48 ha in 2002 and 3444.64 ha in 2014 giving an expansion rate of 3.9% per annum. The land consumption rates for 1986, 2002 and 2014 are respectively 1.4%, 1.2% and 1.0 indicating a progressive compactness in the built-up area of the town. The residential landuse (built-up) area gained and colonized the adjoining vegetation areas in each period. The study concluded that Ondo urban has been expanding radially outwards from urban Centre. The study recommends proper monitoring of urban area, development of small towns around city area to reduce people migrating to urban centre and effective urban land use management in the city centre.

Urbanization is a landscape transformation process that is manifested by spatial expansion relative to human development. The present study aimed at the characterization of the spatio-temporal dynamics of Niamey city over the past 38 years (1975-2013) through a diachronic analysis of Lands at satellite images and application of landscape ecology principles. It sought to: (i) analyze the spatiotemporal pattern of land use land cover change of Niamey city and (ii) identify the driving forces for the land use land cover change in Niamey and their implications. Thirteen LULC classes were identified and grouped into three broad categories namely “Built-up area”, “Agricultural zone” and “Vegetation area”. The “Agricultural zone”, more specifically the class "Rain-fed farmland" represent the landscape matrix (over 37% of the landscape) throughout the period considered for the study. “Built-up area” dominated by “suburb quarter” experienced its lowest expansion rate during the int...

In computing , data is information that has been translated into a form that is more convenient to move or process. Relative to today's computers and transmissission media, data is information converted into binary digital form. In computer component interconnection and network communication, data is often distinguished form " control information " " control bits " and similar terms to identify the main content of a transmission unit. In telecommunication, Data is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables; restated, pieces of data are individual pieces of information. Data is measured, collected and reported, and analyzed, whereupon it can be visualized using graphs or images. Data as an abstract concept can be viewed as the lowest level of abstraction, from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw, i.e., unprocessed data, refers to a collection of numbers, characters and is a relative term; data processing commonly occurs by stages, and the "processed data" from one stage may be considered the "raw data" of the next. Field data refers to raw data that is collected in an uncontrolled in situ environment. Experimental refers to data that is generated within the context of a scientific investigation by observation and recording. Data are raw information which can be sent into the computer for processing. Usually, collecting data is the first step in completing any research study or paper. Data comes in two forms: primary and secondary.. Secondary data is collected from published sources and research conducted by other people. Primary data is harder to obtain, but is tailored specifically to the study and therefore more important as a source than secondary data. The word " data " used to be considered as the plural of "datum", but now is generally used in the singular, as a mass noun. Meaning of data, information and knowledge Data, information and knowledge are closely related terms, but each has its own role in relation to the other. Data is collected and analyzed to create information suitable for making decisions, [3] while knowledge is derived from extensive amounts of experience dealing with information on a subject.

—Sprawl development is commonly attributed to the unprecedented rate of urbanization and city spatial growth. Large cities are not necessarily sprawling but are determined by characteristic compactness and connectedness of the metropolitan development and services including infrastructure and amenities. The understanding of the sprawl phenomenon is enhanced by some characteristic measurement of sprawl making use of certain development parameters. This paper therefore highlights an aspect of the measurement of sprawl utilizing the results from remote sensing data sourced from records of satellite images (from various Landsat and Nigeriasat) documented in research literatures. Also, the population census figures for each of the cities were sourced and projected as required for analysis and used in conjunction with their respective urban built-up land coverage. Results reveal varying pattern of relationship between progressions of urban spatial coverage changes and growth of population over a specified period of time. Intrinsic values from the computation such as urban population density and land consumption rate evolve as indicators for sprawl development and measurements.

Over the last fifty years mobility practices have changed dramatically, improving the way travel takes place, the time it takes but also on matters like road safety and prevention. High mortality caused by high accident levels has reached untenable levels. But the research into road mortality stayed limited to comparative statistical exercises which go no further than defining accident types.

—Sprawl development is commonly attributed to the unprecedented rate of urbanization and city spatial growth. Large cities are not necessarily sprawling but are determined by characteristic compactness and connectedness of the metropolitan development and services including infrastructure and amenities. The understanding of the sprawl phenomenon is enhanced by some characteristic measurement of sprawl making use of certain development parameters. This paper therefore highlights an aspect of the measurement of sprawl utilizing the results from remote sensing data sourced from records of satellite images (from various Landsat and Nigeriasat) documented in research literatures. Also, the population census figures for each of the cities were sourced and projected as required for analysis and used in conjunction with their respective urban built-up land coverage. Results reveal varying pattern of relationship between progressions of urban spatial coverage changes and growth of population over a specified period of time. Intrinsic values from the computation such as urban population density and land consumption rate evolve as indicators for sprawl development and measurements.

Organization efficiency and effectiveness simply imply the need for establishment organize for higher productivity and the achievement of the stated objectives of such organization. One method of organizing higher productivity is for the human resources base on the organization to strengthen by the way of work force to acquire the skills. This underscores the need for training as well as man power development. We know that the effectiveness of an organization in achieving the stated objective is dependent on many variables. Training is undertaken in order human potentials may be realized and utilized to the maximum advantage of the organization.

The sprawling nature of urban development on the fringe areas of big cities in developing countries particularly Nigeria has received much attention to the neglect of rapidly growing medium-sized cities despite the recent observation that African cities with less than 500, 000 inhabitants are absorbing two-third of all urban population growth. It has been argued that to understand the impact of new urbanization on the environment and people, these processes need to be examined in medium and small cities rather than restricting our inquiries to the large and mega-cities. This study assesses the trends and spatial patterns of urban sprawl in Osogbo between 1962 and 2011 with a view to generating base line geo-spatial information that may be used for effective and efficient urban planning and development policies. The study employed Aerial Photos, Satellite Imageries and population Census data to achieve the purpose of the study. Digital image techniques were utilized in the processing of the images, statistical tools of GIS technologies, land use development index, land consumption rate index and land absorption coefficient index were used to analyze the data on temporal basis. Overlay operation was performed to integrate the urban land use to reveal the trends in the urban development over the study period. The emerging sprawling growth was further investigated by quantitatively mapping the metrics of manifestations using Erdas Imagine 9.1 and Arc GIS 9.3 Software. The results showed that urban sprawl in Osogbo was at a rate of 4.9Km 2 per annum, indicating that the city which was 3.95Km 2 in 1962 had increased to 241.79Km 2 by size in 2011. Also, the pattern of sprawling was linear, leapfrogged and scattered along the major transport arteries thus, reflecting a star-shaped pattern. The study therefore advocates integration of the ongoing urban renewal programme in Osun State into a consciously evolved digital master plan and set up a task force to enforce compliance. This can be strengthened by institutionalizing the recently adopted Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate, monitor and manage land development in the peri-urban areas of the city.

This paper examined the use of GIS and Remote Sensing in monitoring the growth and development pattern of Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria over a period of 21 years with a view to predicting its direction of growth. In effect, the study sought to identify and explain the rate and extent of changes in the study area between 1986 and 2007; measure the rate of urban growth in the study area between 1986 and 2007; assess the impact of urban growth on land use patterns; and predict the trend of urban growth in the study area.