Business discourse

English proficiency is absolutely necessary for Indonesian students to succeed in international competition. Some English lessons relatively difficult to be comprehended by Indonesian students are related to tenses and aspects. There must be creativity in teaching, such as incorporating the lessons in the form of a comic book. A comic is a way of communication favored by many people, ranging from children to young adults, like college students. It communicates ideas through pictures and words. The study aims to design a comic as a learning medium of tenses and aspects in English. The educational comic is expected to support government program in improving English education, especially the students' understanding of Tenses and Aspects. It uses a qualitative method. Data concerning difficulties encountered by students in understanding tenses and aspects are collected through observation, literature reviews and interviews. Then the collected data are processed into a comic by applying management and design theories. The result of this study is a bilingual, full-color comic book containing a theory of English tenses and aspects included in daily activities and heroic stories that are inspiring for students.

While a lot of attention has been paid to online branding and the construction and communication of a company’s identity via its website, there is only very little research that looks at the processes involved in these activities from a discourse analytical perspective. This article aims to address this gap by conducting a case study of innocent, a UK producer of fruit juices. Combining corpus analytical tools with discourse analytical techniques and considering both text and multimodal features, we explore some of the strategies through which innocent creates a set of inter-related and closely intertwined identities on its website, thereby constructing the company’s brand image. However, our findings also reveal that some of the company’s identity claims (especially in relation to being an inclusive and welcoming ‘family’) are relativised and to some extent contradicted by the discursive processes through which these claims are articulated.

บทความนี้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อเปรียบเทียบโครงสร้างประโยคในภาษาไทยและภาษาเกาหลี ทั้งในแง่ของความเหมือนและความต่าง อันจะนำไปสู่ความผิดพลาดในการศึกษาภาษาไทยของนักศึกษาเกาหลีและการศึกษาภาษาเกาหลีของนักศึกษาไทย และจะแสดงความคิดเห็นเกี่ยวกับงานวิจัยโครงสร้างประโยคในภาษาเกาหลีและภาษาไทยของ ฌองส์ ฮวัน ซึง (Jung Hwan Seung, 2536) รวมทั้งในตอนท้ายจะนำเสนอแนวความคิดผ่านมุมมองคนไทยซึ่งเป็นของผู้เขียนเอง และนักวากยสัมพันธ์คนอื่น ๆ ประกอบ จึงน่าจะเป็นประโยชน์แก่ผู้เรียนทั้งชาวไทยและชาวเกาหลี หรือผู้สนใจงานวิจัยทางวากยสัมพันธ์

This article aims to comparative study of Thai and Korean syntax in both similarities and difference, that reflect the problems and errors form language interference Thai student and Korean student and aims to review on the research "A Comparative Analysis of Thai and Korean Syntax" of Jung Hwan-Seung (2536), including to the end to present a concept about Thai and Korean syntax of Thai aspect. It would be useful to both in Thai student and Korean student or interested about research of syntax.

This quantitative study investigated the impacts of Learning Management Systems' (LMS) sociolinguistic and psychometric factors on students' English and translation proficiency and communicative competence. The participants were enrolled at the College of Languages and Translation, Imam Mohammed Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The results highlighted the positive experiences students had with the LMS platforms, with a notable frequency of (79.6%). Additionally, a significant percentage (86.2%) affirmed the effectiveness of these platforms in aiding them in achieving academic objectives. However, (52%) indicated that students consistently or often faced challenges when using technology. The findings highlighted improvements in various areas, including linguistic abilities (71.7%), translation skills (73.7%), social skills (62.5%), and psychometric abilities (70.3%), emphasizing the role of online environments in fostering effective communicative skills. The study also revealed the benefits of language and translation technology for students, with (84.1%) using computer-assisted translation, (82.9%) engaging in dubbing and voice translation, and (75.6%) utilizing language audio/video resources. Positive impacts on proficiency and communicative competence were evident, with frequencies of (74.4%) and (69.1%), respectively. These findings underscore the positive influence of technology on language and translation learning, emphasizing communicative approaches that enable students to develop competencies based on language socialization and real-time translation practices. The study recommends ongoing technology training for students and advocates for the use of psychometric tools embedded in LMS to encourage self-assessment and independent learning. The study's significance lies in understanding the intricate relationship between cognition, educational technology, and language and translation learning, particularly in the context of higher education.

In both English and Arabic, creating clear and readable texts hinges on the concept of cohesion. This cohesion works by using internal references (endophora) and external references (exophora). English tends to favor pronouns, substitution, and ellipsis to keep things concise, whereas Arabic often opts for repeating words and using conjunctions, placing more importance on clarity than on brevity. This difference in structure poses difficulties for Arabic speakers as they learn English, particularly in ESL/EFL contexts. They frequently grapple with using pronouns accurately, picking up on implied links within the text, and understanding ellipsis, all of which can impede their ability to craft coherent English writing. This paper delves into how these two languages utilize internal and external referencing and the roles these play in communication. Applying Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and comparative discourse analysis, it determines typical cohesion-related challenges Arabic speakers encounter. The study suggests practical classroom approaches to improve students' cohesive ability, including direct teaching on reference, contrastive practice, and real-text training. Through the integration of linguistic comparison with classroom practice, this paper provides useful recommendations for ESL/EFL teachers. It equips them with hands-on tools and techniques to enhance students' reading and writing abilities by enhancing their command of cohesive devices.

The objective of this research articles is to study MarkeeShop's sales style in online shopping culture. by studying from the MakeeShop in Platform Facebook account name MakeeShop by selecting 3 live clips with more than 500,000 views, the results of the study found that MakeeShop's sales style in online shopping culture It appears that there are 3 types and analyzed using the concept of verbal style, which are: Casual style, Intimate style, Consultative style, Frozen style and Formal style. The results of the study found that 1) Casual style, including the use of pronouns to call customers and self-Using repetitions to emphasize the customer and the use of comfortable spoken language for short, easy-to-understand, showing friendliness to the customers. 2) Intimate speech, such as the use of slang words that are rarely found in the products of MakeeShop. The use of suffixes, which is the highlight of the seller when talking about the product. and the use of words known to specific groups to communicate knowledge between buyers and sellers. And 3) Consultative style, used in professional conversations Q&A between customer and seller using the Internet as a medium to build intimacy sociability and discussing and agreeing on purchasing products through applications, all 3 types of speech, are important to the culture of selling products online as well.

This paper analyses the merits and demerits of the Japanese style of management. Japan is one of the few countries industrially advanced Its greatness and wealth are due to various industrial activities based on technological prompt application and innovation. This in turn directly or indirectly connected with their history and cultures dominated by family attachment that have contributed much to the constant and wonderful success in promoting National programme with the tools of the Japanese style of management. The Japanese management is based on four pillars. They are Lifetime employment; Seniority based wage and promotions. Community attachment found in company in vertical, reciprocal and bottom up decision-making. Lifetime employment is connected with the school leavers and youngsters. These school leavers are taken to the organization and trained by the senior managers. The management s training of the employees is for team working rather than being task oriented. Creation of the groupism lead to harmony and conformity, together with increase in the productivity. However, this system is not followed in all organizations and by all employees. A noteworthy defective feature of it is that training is given only in one aspect by which the employees could not develop their full capabilities. The benefit of this training is that it makes the employees loyal to the Company and its Heads. So it has its weakness in the individual development. Since the wages is directly related to seniority in the Japanese management system, the management does not lose the employees who were trained by the company. However, these talents do not receive priority in this system. A Iso, as the majority of the Japanese are engaged in farming from the historical time. So. their community feel ings and group spirits are noticeable and observable. In this way, Japan has its own system of management. It is very useful and has many advantages, though it has some weak points, which do not affect the society: j n (he field of its Socio, economic development.

Instagram is currently the object of linguistic research in various fields. For linguistic socio-semiotic research, Instagram is valuable, particularly for its multimodality. The methodological basis of the article is the
theory of register, which is a tool of social semiotics. The article specifically examines Instagram as a subject
of linguistic socio-semantic research and proposes a general methodology for analyzing the interpersonal
function, using Queen Rania’s official Instagram profile as a case study. It explores this profile as a multimodal
virtual situational context of communication, comparing it to official websites.
As a virtual social context, Instagram provides its users with access to the implementation of three
meta-functions: interpersonal, ideational and textual.
The purpose of the article is to identify the relevant multimodal parameters of tenor of Instagram
profiles and to compare them with websites in Arabic and English. Additionally, the article aims to describe
the case characteristics of tenor of the official profile of Queen Rania of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
within the context of social semiotics. To describe tenor of the Instagram profile in comparison with the
official websites in Arabic and English of Queen Rania, the following social parameters were stratified: social
status, social role, and situational social role. The study has accomplished the following tasks: a review of
current socio-semiotic research, which examines the functions of the language system in the context of
their emergence; a consideration of M. Halliday’s provisions, which describe variations in language use as a
combination of semantic resources influenced by contextual variations; and the practical application of the theory of register. Additionally, the concept of “multimodal discourse” of Instagram as
an object of linguistic socio-semiotic research is examined, and a general methodology for describing the
interpersonal function of an Instagram profile as a multimodal virtual situational context of communication
is proposed.

This paper investigates the ways in which sport analysts on Nigeria radio stations employ lexical cohesive devices in their discourse. It analyses the utterances of the sport analysts to ascertain the manifestations of reiteration and collocation as lexical cohesive devices. Five presentations from five different radio stations are examined in the study. Four of the presentations are presentations on football, boxing, basketball, and Formula 1 racing, while the fifth presentation deals with disputes among football stakeholders in Nigeria. The study transcribes audio presentations of sports analysts on the radio into written texts using the Gail Jefferson procedure of transcription. These written texts serve as the data for the study. The texts are analysed using Halliday and Hasan's model of lexical cohesion. The study discovers that reiteration is demonstrated through repetition, synonym/near synonym, antonym, hypernym, hyponym, holonym-meronym relations. Lexical items that are reiterated cut across one-word items which belong to content class, as well as phrases, and a few instances of clauses. Collocation is reflected in the commentaries through complimentary, converse, and links. This is possible because words co-occur with one another in order to enhance linear semantic representation. It is therefore recommended that sports analysts on the radio ensure that they are in constant connection with current trends in the languages that they use for communicating with their audience.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how knowledge is construed by integrating multimodal texts in English Students' Final Project Reports, especially in the results and discussion section. Therefore, the qualitative data were obtained from the results and discussion section of English Students' Final Project Reports published in 2022, Politeknik Negeri Bandung. In analyzing the data, Systemic Functional-Multimodality Discourse Analysis (SF-MDA) was employed. The SFL framework was used in investigating verbal texts that were supported by visual texts. The visual texts were studied by applying MDA. Both frameworks were applied to find out the intersemiosis relation of verbal and visual modes. The results show that the students used tables and graphs to support their claims in the verbal texts. However, the intersemiosis of the modes is divergent. It is implied that the students were not aware yet of the function of the visual mode in their final project reports. This study can be a reference to improve students' academic writing.

The present study deals with metafunctional diversity of thematic relations i.e. ideational, interpersonal and textual in English and Urdu. The objectives are: (1) to describe the functional significance particular to thematic progression (McCabe, 1999) of thematic structures in the English and the Urdu texts, and (2) to discuss how effectively the English thematic structures have been translated into Urdu. The English text Things Fall Apart by Achebe (1994) and its Urdu translation, Bikharti Duniya by Ullah (1991) have been annotated through the annotation scheme of the UAM Corpus Tool (O`Donnell, 2008). The annotated English and Urdu clauses are analyzed to discuss their thematic structures. The results show that the functional significance and thematic progression patterns are identical, but because of the unmotivated displacement of themes, the translation choices become ambiguous. To resolve ambiguities, possible translation choices have been suggested.

This study examines the evolvement of tourism professionals’ perceptions, ideas, and attitudes towards communicative skills and digital competence before and after travel restrictions due to COVID-19 in Extremadura, Spain. Specific information is provided by analysing 50 tourism professionals’ answers in two surveys, complemented by semi-structured interviews with three participants in 2019 and 2022. This instrument of analysis constitutes a qualitative approach to evaluate respondents’ appraisal of professional communication developments in tourism. This type of approach in professional communication connects with LSP (Languages for Specific Purposes) interests and scopes (Yamauchi & Orr 2008; Anthony 2018).
Three sub-areas are analysed in professional communication, derived from the literature: Linguistic competence, digital media/genres, and IT use. The appraisal of each section is evaluated in terms of their relevance for professional communication according to informants’ scores. Significant and non-significant findings are derived from respondents’ answers after three years. Their scores and comments can be also contrasted by gender, age, levels of studies, and job positions.

Several studies on metadiscourse zero in on how genres show nuances of linguistic features that reside in various structures depending upon the linguistic exigencies of language for specific purposes. Inquisitive on how these nuances are demonstrated through a repertoire of metadiscoursal
features in a highly contextualized discourse, this paper explores how metadiscourse resources are utilized in aeronautics and aerospace engineering and how these facilitate the development of a well-composed text in the field of aviation. Using Hyland and Tse’s (2004) and Hyland’s (2005, 2010) analytical frameworks for interactive and interactional resources, a corpus of thirty research articles comprising 125,298 words
published in the Journal of Aeronautics and Aerospace Engineering was scrutinized. As revealed in the study, the investigated metadiscourse markers resembled Hyland and Tse’s (2004) and Hyland’s (2005, 2010) findings in terms of interactive and interactional markers, which contain similar features of academic writing such as formality and objectivity; however, in the use of interactional resources, it yielded a finding that supports informality through the use of self-mentions. The quantitative analysis yielded a higher frequency of interactive markers than interactional markers across the thirty articles. This argues that writers in aeronautics and aerospace engineering articles essentially employ more interactive resources than interactional resources, suggesting that these writers are primarily concerned with making their text more cohesive while being responsible for establishing an interpersonal stance toward both the propositional contents and the audience of the text. The findings of the present study provide pedagogical implications as to how writers in the field of aeronautics and aerospace engineering can effectively compose their articles through the strategic use of metadiscoursal markers.

This study investigates academic writing tutors’ perceptions of their students’ performance and compares it with an analysis of first-year science students’ academic writing. Specifically, it examines the challenges tutors perceive students to face when writing in academic contexts and then explores the linguistics resources students choose when writing in a scientific academic context. To achieve this aim, two sets of data were collected: tutor interviews and students’ texts. The data from the tutor interviews was analysed to reveal academic writing tutors’ perceptions of their students’ academic writing abilities and challenges. The students’ texts were then analysed to examine how effectively students make meanings valued in scientific contexts. To examine students’ texts, Systemic Functional Linguistic analysis is employed; specifically, the study examines the ideational meanings (i.e., experiential and textual meanings) and textual meanings within the texts. The findings reveal that the students of science face some linguistics challenges across both the Lexico- Grammar (e.g., under-using more valued specialised and technical entities; overusing less valued logical relations) and the Discourse Semantics (e.g., thematic progression). The data also show that there is some alignment between tutors’ perceptions of students’ writing development and their actual writing performance (e.g., lack of lexical variation and cohesion across the text). The study concludes with a discussion proposing the most critical areas for instructional intervention to focus to assist students in overcoming these linguistic challenges.

The increasingly growing relevance and attractiveness of business and corporate discourses as an object of study by researchers, can be attributed to placing discourse in the heart of business activities aimed at profit maximization through successful negotiations, productive communication at meetings, building lasting relationships with all stakeholders via improved communication practices at workplaces, the marketplace, stock exchanges and anywhere business is concerned. This paper aims at revealing some consistent pragmalinguistic strategies used in corporate discourse and its role in promoting corporate image and identity. Annual reports, being a powerful tool for building a strong motivation, involvement and bond between the company and its stakeholders, served as a study material. Through a detailed discourse analysis based on the annual reports of some companies, we focus on the use of the most common linguistic and pragmatic strategies by the speech writers for projecting the desired image and influencing the target audience's decisions. The paper findings come to verify the existing opinions on the complex and multilayered nature of corporate discourse and eventually increase the target audience's competence of correctly decoding the received information.

Departing from systemic functional linguistics (SFL), this
study, which represents preliminary findings, asserts that ellipsis in
the Qurʾān, as a grammatical cohesive device, does not occur
frequently. Arabic linguistics, for its part, has approached ellipsis and
continues from exclusive intra-sentence relations governed by
syntactic rules. Understood as such, ellipsis does not contribute to the
cohesiveness of text― a notion absent in the Arabic linguistic
tradition. To compensate for the contribution of ellipsis to text, the
Qurʾān employs two other strategies: the cohesive relationship of
reference and stylistic techniques. The study shows that SFL-based
ellipsis analysis is more productive and useful for understanding the
mechanisms of text building elements than the syntactic approach.
However, more research is required to obtain thorough knowledge of
ellipsis in the Qurʾān, which will eventually contribute to the theory of
ellipsis in the Arabic language.

This study probes into the associated lexical signifiers that are constituted to achieve cohesion by the sports presenters on the radio. The study examines the occurrence of each lexical signifiers in the presentations made by sport presenters on the radio stations. The lexical signifiers are categorised into reiteration and collocation. Reiteration comprises repetition, synonym/near synonym, antonym, hypernym-hyponym relation, co-hyponym, and holonymmeronym relation while collocation consists of complementary, converse, and link schema. The study employs Saussurean's model of language structure as the theoretical background for exhuming the associated lexical signifiers that are constituted in the study. Thirty sport presentations were randomly selected from five radio stations as data for analysis in this study. The presentations were recorded and afterwards transcribed to examine the exhibitions of the constituted lexical signifiers. The results from the analysis show that reiteration is more actively engaged by the sport presenters than collocation. Repetition is the most prominent form of reiteration just as complementary is the most recurrent form of collocation in the study. The study suggests that radio presenters should ensure mutual balance between the semantic and cognitive processes that they deploy in their presentations.

We find an increased interest in the concept of employee engagement within the area of organizational and corporate communication. Employee engagement is an umbrella term for a number of cognitive, emotional and physical aspects (Kahn, 1990) of relating positively to one’s work, and research within this area has mostly connected employee engagement to organizational productivity and effectiveness. In this paper, we suggest a new approach to employee engagement by relating it to employee communication and placing it within dialogue theory (Buber, 1970) combined with Bamberg’s (1997) positioning theory. Our case is a strategy meeting on the topic of how a corporate philosophy devised by top management and entitled “Business Kind2Mind” is interpreted by managers and what they view is the best way to implement the philosophy within subsidiaries. Theorizing engagement dialogically enables a shift from instrumental perspectives to a more interpretive approach in which true mutuality entai...

This paper outlines the representational and interpersonal manifestations of gesture within a larger study (Amundrud, 2017) examining the linguistic and multimodal characteristics of the individual feedback consultation (IFC) classroom curriculum genre (Christie, 2002), found within two Japanese tertiary EFL courses. In IFCs, teachers and students discuss issues concerning student work and teachers sometimes provide suggestions for improvement. This paper describes two systems of REPRESENTING ACTION and INTERPERSONAL ACTION (Lim, 2011). Actions made representational meanings corresponding to Processes and Participants in language through the two language contextualization principles of intersemiotic concurrence and semiotic metaphor; intersemiotic concurrence describes semiotic equivalence between language and another mode, and semiotic metaphor describes how the semiotic content of language shifts the functional significance of gestural action. Actions for offering and accepting student work in the Opening and Closing stages of the IFC genre made interpersonal meanings through the language contextualization principles of intersemiotic concurrence and intersemiotic polysemy, which is how different modes can create distinct yet contextually connected meanings. This paper surveys the study, describes the main features of these two systems of gesture in the IFC genre, and discusses their implications.

Business communication online has developed over time due to the constant change of modern communication technologies. Researchers affirm that digital technologies have both positive and negative impact on business communication. Creativity in business communication turns to be crucial in the realization of business opportunities. However, it is linked not only to imagination or original ideas. It also means innovation and innovativeness, the use of innovative digital technologies that help to fuel great ideas, enhance critical thinking, open new ways to business ambitions. The study is devoted to the analysis of linguistic aspects in computer-mediated business communication. Two types of digital business discourse-e-mail and websites of insurance companies-are analyzed with the focus on their linguistic features. From the linguistic point of view computer-mediated business communication differs from conventional business communication and the use of lexicon (e.g. special formal and standard vocabulary) is critical in making this communication successful. Grammatical features of business language are also of great relevance. Stylistic features employed in business communication are also crucial since they help to provide emphasis, achieve clarity and freshness of expression. Linguistic elements of computer-mediated communication in e-mails and analysed websites do not always coincide. The analysis has shown that websites tend to be less formal and compared to e-mails are more exposed to creative linguistic expressions.

Business communication online has developed over time due to the constant change of modern communication technologies. Researchers affirm that digital technologies have both positive and negative impact on business communication. Creativity in business communication turns to be crucial in the realization of business opportunities. However, it is linked not only to imagination or original ideas. It also means innovation and innovativeness, the use of innovative digital technologies that help to fuel great ideas, enhance critical thinking, open new ways to business ambitions. The study is devoted to the analysis of linguistic aspects in computer-mediated business communication. Two types of digital business discourse – e-mail and websites of insurance companies – are analyzed with the focus on their linguistic features. From the linguistic point of view computer-mediated business communication differs from conventional business communication and the use of lexicon (e.g. special formal...

Translation is a process which has been in a continuous evolution and change of paradigm ever since the Tower of Babel and up to Google translate means. It has made its steps forward in accordance with the evolution of society and culture. Nowadays, European institutions are producing multiple documents: legislation, political speeches, declarations, directives, administration forms. This paper is zooming into the progress of translation and its present state in European documents texts, how challenging or more trouble-free than other types of translation it is and the difficulties encountered by the translator in the process of translating from the source language into the target language.

Among various texts taught in secondary schools, exposition text is considered one of the most challenging texts to be learned by students. Informed by Systemic Functional Linguistic theory, this study seeks to investigate what problems encountered by students in writing exposition. To achieve that, a sample of students' writing therefore was purposively taken to be analyzed using SFL Framework. The results of the analysis identified several challenges encountered by students in writing exposition text including the use of impersonal pronoun to create more objective feeling and attitude toward the issue being discussed and the use of proper structure to show plurality. In term of textual metafunction analysis, the challenges are in the form of the use of proper conjunctions (including internal and causal conjunction) to create strong connections between clause and the proper organization of Theme-Rheme in thematic progression.

Much has been said about virtual communication, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic when the world faced lockdowns and turned towards virtual communication using technology to work and stay in touch. In the Corporate Communications: An International Journal (CCIJ), we had a special issue this year on digital transformation with papers showing the effects of lockdown and remote work on employee satisfaction, interpersonal communication and the world of work generally (Ravina-Ripoll et al., 2023). In previous issues, we also tackled the issue of interpersonal communication and social listening (Topi c, 2023b) as well as listening in the context of listening to the public and their concerns (Topi c, 2023c). These issues argued that we need to listen to one another to communicate effectively and build relationships as well as that digital transformation needs to be run by humans, for the humans and it needs a heart (Topi c, 2023a). Issue 28.4 particularly focused on the notion of interpersonal communication and social listening arguing that interpersonal communication is a distinctive form of human communication involving elements such as relationship management, which can be done both online and face-to-face (DeVito, 2022). The literature already warns us about issues with remote working, the absence of informal conversations and increased stress due to isolation (Fay and Kline, 2012; Viererbl et al., 2022; Tripathi et al., 2023). However, social listening in the digital context can benefit organisations as we have argued in issue 28.4 of the CCIJ; it is possible to listen externally to consumers and clients, as well as for clients and consumers to listen to one another with both groups being able to listen internally (Stewart and Arnold, 2018). In the increasingly digital world, we still need to retain human contact and listen to one another, both in personal contact and online. However, one issue that is hotly debated, albeit not always in the CCIJ, is the issue of trust, which becomes particularly relevant with the rise of virtual communication where everyone can share any information, at any time. Truth and post-truth became much-debated topics because claims have been made that we live in a post-truth society (Malcolm, 2021) and in a society where virtual communication can influence people's careers and livelihoods because many organisations are willing to dismiss people who communicate something on social media that goes against organisational values. This also leads to the issue of a lack of trust in institutions and also in communication processes. Post-truth generally refers to following emotions and prejudice rather than evidence and reason (ibid), and this has particularly proliferated during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this issue, we thus focus on various forms of virtual communication including social media communication with a particular emphasis on the COVID-19 pandemic, organisational reputation and trust, three issues which are relevant on their own but are also intertwined particularly since the recent pandemic. COVID-19 happened suddenly in December 2019 and quickly spread across the world, with January 2020 bringing a health emergency declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO). During the pandemic, the use of the Internet and social media became a platform for socialising, education and fun and also for information gathering (Kutscher, 2022). The latter then led to the declaration of an infodemic, which the WHO warned about due to digital space becoming overwhelmed with fake information resulting in confusion as well as resistance towards the pandemic measures, risky behaviour, decreased trust in public and health authorities, etc.

Humor is widely recognized as an effective method for promoting language acquisition and enhancing language skills. Using humor in language training can help students feel more at ease, reduce tension, and encourage good emotions, all of which have a favorable effect on their motivation and engagement. In language-learning environments, linguistic jokes are one sort of humor that has not been well investigated. This study uses descriptive qualitative methodologies to investigate the advantages of linguistic jokes in the English as a foreign language (EFL) classroom. Data were gathered for the study from interviews, focus groups, and classroom observations involving EFL students. The results show that language learners gain from using linguistic jokes in EFL classes in several ways, including greater motivation, increased engagement, improved communication skills, and decreased anxiety. The study also emphasizes how humour can improve the learning environment by encouraging greater p...

This study aimed to explore the realization of cohesion as text texture resource on undergraduate students' academic writing. The researchers were aware that students' writing might be affected by their understanding of what had been learned before. To write an academic writing was not easy for them since they should integrate knowledge either the content being writing or grammar including text texture. Texture of text were realized in cohesion devices namely reference, conjunction, ellipsis and lexical organization. In order to do this study, the researchers applied qualitative method, the population was academic writings texts that were written by students in 2021. Purposive random sampling strategy were applied to get the 12 samples of theses writing specified only texts related to teaching and learning English. Data gained were identified and classified based on the view of resources of cohesion realization and then be analyzed and interpreted to get its result about the text texture. Based on the analysis it was found out that the realization of cohesion as resources of text texture were in reference that covered to personal, demonstrative and comparative references; conjunctions, ellipsis, substitution and lexical organization It was found out that cohesion resources were realized in reference, conjunction and repetition were mostly used. This fact might because of text types and students' limitation of using varieties realization of substitution, ellipsis and other lexical cohesion. It is hoped that the result of this study can give contribution to the English lecturers, especially to the lecturers of writing and grammar.

This paper presents a novel model for examining trust work in the Chinese government microblogs, integrating Fuoli and Paradis's model of trust-repair discourse with scholarly views on Chinese trust. We argue that the ultimate communicative goal of government microblogs is to construct the Chinese authorities' CBT (cognition-based trust) and ABT (affect-based trust). The antecedents of CBT include the trustee's ability and integrity, and those of ABT include values congruence and guanxi (personal connections). We also suggest three types of communicative actions critical for trust-building, that is, NN (neutralising the negative), EP (emphasising the positive) and ME (mobilising the emotivity). These actions are realised through engagement and evaluation resources, emotional stories and intimate address forms. We then apply the model to the analysis of trust work in an influential government microblog with the username of @ chinapeace. The analysis has the twofold purpose of demonstrating the viability of the model of trust-building discourse and examining the trust work of Chinese government microbloggers facing the pandemic crisis.

In their book Cohesion in English,1 M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan categorized those items or operations which are available to the speaker of English for the establishment of relationships between sentences-for the creation of a text. By choosing any item or device which presupposes information in another sentence, the speaker (writer) establishes an intersentential cohesive "tie" within the text. Halliday and Hasan attempted to classify all such text-forming mechanisms in English. The implications of these linguists' work are many. For example, any English text can be analyzed definitively as to the number and kind of cohesive ties. Texts can be compared in terms of the types and the degree of cohesion. The student of English composition can learn to recognize and then to provide unity in a text. The categories of cohesion can be applied in an analysis of other languages and thereby, the concept might attain universal significance. In this paper, Halliday and Hasan's description of cohesion will be adapted to Russian.2 This study is only one of many which follow naturally from a reading of Cohesion in English. In Halliday and Hasan's terminology, "cohesion" is a product of certain options in the linguistic system per se. They are to be differentiated from structural choices which must be made as to information structure and topic versus comment.3 Although these latter are textual phenomena and do contribute to coherence in discourse, they do not provide the wide range of options or allow for the same degree of variation between texts as do the "non-structural" devices of cohesion. Halliday and Hasan discovered five types of cohesion in English: Reference, Substitution, Ellipsis, Conjunction, and Lexical Cohesion. For reasons which will be made clear, an analysis of Russian revealed only four of the above categories-substitution is not a viable category of cohesion in Russian.

The prime concern of this study was to analyse the Face Threatening Acts (FTAs) employed by miraa traders, from Igembe and Somali origin, in their discourse. The researches were given the impetus to undertake this study because of the uniqueness exhibited in miraa traders' discourse. The study aimed at establishing the FTAs depicted in their discourse and was guided by the Politeness Theory by Levinson and Brown (1987) to form the basis of its theoretical framework. The study was carried out at Muringene Market and in Maua town. It employed the social networks approach to identify participants. The purposive sampling procedure was used. Data was collected by tape-recording negotiations as miraa traders went on with their businesses and through non-participants observation. Data analysis was largely Qualitative but summarized using descriptive statistics and presented using a table. The study found out that miraa traders make use of several FTAs but with significant variation in relation to their frequency of occurrence. The most occurring FTA was that of insults leading to the conclusion that miraa traders are abusive.

This case provides students an overview of the demise of the Enron Corporation, one of the precipitating events for a new era of regulation. In the 1990's, Enron was the subject of many articles and studies touting its quick rise as a firm successfully transitioning from a hard assets firm to a financial services powerhouse, a paradigm of the "new economy". The demise of Enron was even swifter, accomplished in a matter of months in the latter part of 2001. A brief overview of Enron's rise is given in the case, as well as a description of leadership, culture, financial operations, and stakeholder analysis. A Supplement is provided with the case for those who wish to pursue at greater depth the financial issues surrounding Enron's collapse.

Corporate annual report (CAR) is a communicative genre written by specialists in corporate companies. Over time, many linguistic studies have been conducted on this genre from various perspectives. This review paper critically examines studies on CARS, specifically on the rhetorical structure and linguistic features used in the genre. Based on the major findings of the studies reviewed in this paper, it can be argued that the writers of this professional discourse embellish the companies' reputation with frequent usage of positive language features and minimal negative aspects. In addition, corporations claim credit and responsibility for positive events but in the case of negative events, responsibility is evaded. Finally, CARs are essentially reporting genres and structurally different from other promotional genres due to intentionally inter-discursive appropriations that are practiced in order to report and promote the companies.

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper was to analyse the communication strategies employed by miraa traders from Igembe and Somali origin, in their business discourse. The researchers were given the impetus to undertake this study because of the uniqueness exhibited in miraa traders ’ discourse. The study aimed at establishing communication strategies depicted in their discourse and was guided by the Politeness Theory as advanced by Brown and Levinson (1987) and Communication Accommodation Theory by Giles (1971) to form the basis of its theoretical framework. The study was carried out at Muringene Market and in Maua Town in Kenya. It employed the social networks approach to identify participants. The purposive sampling procedure was used. Data was collected by tape-recording negotiations as miraa traders went on with their business interactions and through non-participants observation. Data analysis was largely qualitative. The study found out that miraa traders make use of sever...

This paper attempts to analyze a piece of writing written by Saudi student in public schools which is problematic in terms of cohesion. The analysis is based upon the work of Halliday and Hasan (1976) and others such as Hoey (1991). The cohesive devices are defined, described and a framework of analysis is developed to investigate the writing with attention to grammatical and lexical cohesion. The student’s writing quality is then judged according to the problems showcased by lack of cohesion. Instructors’ role is perceived in dealing with cohesion in students’ writing.

Many recent task-based textbooks on academic writing include at least one unit which aims at teaching how to write a cause-and/or-effect analytical essay. Most of these units introduce tasks which focus on how to express causal relations. The present paper claims that, for these focus-on-form tasks to be useful for upper-intermediate to advanced EAP learners and adequate from a descriptive point of view, they should be based on comprehensive descriptions of this aspect of discourse as it behaves in the genre intended to be learned. The aim of the study is to show how adequate the language descriptions used in recent textbooks of this kind are to illustrate causal metatext in view of recent theoretical perspectives. The study compares the accounts of causal metatext given by a sample of 11 textbooks on academic writing to the results obtained from analysing the actual expression of 283 causal coherence relations drawn from a sample of 30 cause-and/or-effect essays. The results reveal that the textbook accounts examined often provide a narrow picture of how this area of language works in this specific subgenre. The paper suggests how these applied descriptions could be improved to offer a more adequate and presumably more helpful illustration of causal metatext in this subgenre. It also offers some clues as to how causal metatext could be introduced to the targeted students through an awareness-raising process.

This study investigated the cohesive errors I composing essay writing done by undergraduate English Department students of University of Muhammadiyah Gorontalo, Indonesia. In elucidating the students' difficulties in using cohesive devices, the researchers examined the cohesive errors both quantitatively and qualitatively. This study was analyzed based on an error analysis paradigm and Halliday and Hasan's cohesion framework and taxonomy. The quantitative analysis investigated frequency and the percentage of cohesive errors and also the types of cohesive errors committed by the student. The qualitative analysis investigated linguistic a description and the explanation of the cohesive composed by the students.

This paper aims to analyze the use of cohesion in Arabic and English religious spoken texts. Twelve texts, delivered by some of the most eloquent Imams, were analyzed in light of the model proposed by Halliday & Hasan (1976). The study reveals that lexical cohesion is the most dominant type of cohesion in Arabic religious discourse, whereas it is grammatical cohesion which dominates English religious discourse. Although both languages prefer the use of reference, conjunctions and lexical repetition, Arabic uses lexical repetition, collocation and personal pronouns more often than English. A major contribution of the present study is that it captures new cohesive devises employed in Arabic religious discourse other than proposed by Halliday & Hasan (1976): rhyming patterns and parallelism.

Initial encounters with people from different linguistic and cultural affinities during trading activities are likely to cause anxiety, mistrust, and uncertainty that can compromise effective communication. Despite the ongoing trade in Busia town, invoking a theoretical framework may help develop strategies to improve communication by reducing misunderstandings. This paper examines how Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) can provide insights for developing communication survival strategies for traders and customers during an initial intercultural business encounter. Data were collected through observations (non-participant) and recorded conversations from traders and customers who were purposively sampled and analysed using CAT"s five sociolinguistic strategies at the Kenya-Uganda cross-border trade. Results indicate that discourse management, interpretability, approximation, emotional expression and interpersonal control strategies are often employed by traders and customers during their interactions, respectively. Findings also revealed that traders applied more of the five sociolinguistic strategies than customers. As such, this accommodation stance allowed seamless interaction, which minimised communication frictions. In view of these findings, this paper, therefore, affirms CAT"s utility in providing effective communication survival strategies to traders and customers to help them transcend intercultural communication problems, thereby enhancing cross-border trade.

Digital communication technologies led to a revolution in how people interact at work: relying on computer-mediated communication technologies is now a must, rather than an alternative. This empirical study investigates how colleagues in a virtual team use synchronous online communication platform in the workplace. Inspired by the conceptualisation of web-based communication platforms as tool, place or context of social construction, we explore the discursive strategies that contribute to the construction of the team’s shared sense of purpose and identity, a collegial atmosphere and consequently lead to effective collaboration. The close analyses of real-life data from a multinational workplace provide insights into the everyday communication practices of virtual team members. Our findings supplement organisational literature based on etic observations of the effectiveness of virtual work and provide a basis for further theorisations about how communication technologies affect the e...

Bei der Veröffentlichung dieses Beitrags enthielten die Tabellen 1 und 2 auf S. 505 teilweise fehlerhafte Werte. Die korrigierten Angaben finden Sie hier: Tab. 1 Zusammensetzung des Korpus in absoluten Zahlen Englisch Deutsch Gesammelte Nachrichten 10.494 437 Tweets 2922 193 davon wurden retweetet 601 40 Anzahl Retweets 7572 244 Die Online-Version des Originalartikels ist unter

Resumen La enseñanza de portugués como segunda lengua presupone varios aspectos, entre ellos, las relaciones pragmáticas del discurso, las que se reproducen en los textos de los libros didácticos de PLE, muchas veces con explicaciones deficientes o ausentes. Por ello en este artículo se busca mostrar y analizar estos matices, presentes en estos materiales, a la luz de los estudios de la atenuación pragmática. Los análisis de los materiales didácticos se realizarán con base en la Ficha elaborada por el proyecto ES.POR.ATENUACIÓN, el cual establece las bases metodológicas comunes para el estudio de la atenuación pragmática en las diferentes normas regionales del portugués y español. PALAVRAS CLAVE: pragmática, cortesía, atenuación, materiales didácticos, ES.POR. ATENUACIÓN, imagen. Resumo O ensino do português como segunda língua pressupõe vários aspectos, dentre eles, as relações pragmáticas do discurso, que são reproduzidas nos textos dos livros didáticos de PLE (Português língua estrangeira), muitas vezes com explicações deficientes ou ausentes. Portanto, o artigo procura mostrar e analisar estas nuances, presentes nesses materiais, à luz dos estudos de atenuação pragmática. A análise dos materiais didáticos será baseada na Ficha de dados desenvolvida pelo projeto ES.POR.ATE-NUAÇÃO, que estabelece os parâmetros metodológicos comuns para o estudo da atenuação pragmática nas diferentes normas regionais de portugues e espanhol.

Resumen La enseñanza de portugués como segunda lengua presupone varios aspectos, entre ellos, las relaciones pragmáticas del discurso, las que se reproducen en los textos de los libros didácticos de PLE, muchas veces con explicaciones deficientes o ausentes. Por ello en este artículo se busca mostrar y analizar estos matices, presentes en estos materiales, a la luz de los estudios de la atenuación pragmática. Los análisis de los materiales didácticos se realizarán con base en la Ficha elaborada por el proyecto ES.POR.ATENUACIÓN, el cual establece las bases metodológicas comunes para el estudio de la atenuación pragmática en las diferentes normas regionales del portugués y español. PALAVRAS CLAVE: pragmática, cortesía, atenuación, materiales didácticos, ES.POR. ATENUACIÓN, imagen. Resumo O ensino do português como segunda língua pressupõe vários aspectos, dentre eles, as relações pragmáticas do discurso, que são reproduzidas nos textos dos livros didáticos de PLE (Português língua estrangeira), muitas vezes com explicações deficientes ou ausentes. Portanto, o artigo procura mostrar e analisar estas nuances, presentes nesses materiais, à luz dos estudos de atenuação pragmática. A análise dos materiais didáticos será baseada na Ficha de dados desenvolvida pelo projeto ES.POR.ATE-NUAÇÃO, que estabelece os parâmetros metodológicos comuns para o estudo da atenuação pragmática nas diferentes normas regionais de portugues e espanhol.

During the last two decades, studies of how the teaching of culture is related to second language learning have grown enormously. At the same time an interest in Languages for Specific Purposes in both Europe and the USA has resulted in a study of how business languages are taught. But few people have examined how texts published in different countries to teach business languages present different facets of the target culture. The purpose of this article is to study how texts for Spanish for Business published in Spain during the last three decades have taught culture. These texts reflect a growing interest in intercultural awareness and changed from being purely centered on Spain to comparing Hispanic business culture with that of other parts of the world. Despite this growing interest in presenting cultural themes, many times these texts reflected an interest in superficial cultural patterns of behavior and did not examine underlying causes.

All were generous enough to critically discuss m a n y of these ideas with m e , and have supported this work by providing opportunities for it to be developed, venues for it to be heard, and outlets for it to be published. I would also like to acknowledge Anders G. Nilsson who generously hosted me at the Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden and who, by introducing m e to m a n y Swedish informaticians and institutions, gave m e access to a vast Scandinavian informatics literature. My deepest thanks are extended to Graham Winley for several reasons. As Supervisor, h was always willing to suspend disbelief when confronted with an unorthodox idea, while insisting on transparency in the reasoning processes that lead to it. A s Head of Department, he has supported the activities of the Systemic Semiotic special interest group which provided the institutional infrastructure necessary for this research activity to develop. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the past and present staff at the Microcomputer Laboratories, w h o have built a remarkable unit and w h o still develop innovative systems to support its operations. It is their labours that have made mine possible. Special thanks are also extended to Rodney Vickers, Department of Physics, w h o assisted m e in producing the density plot in Appendix Al.

Frequency of Japanese grammatical forms at an intermediate level was studied, to explain how to use them in real-world situations. Data of grammatical forms were collected from two corpora, the paper-based Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) level 2 and computer-based Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (BCCWJ). The data were arranged in descending order to find the most frequently used form, described characteristically and pragmatically. Results were that the most frequent intermediate-level grammatical form found in the corpora was respectful language. Explanations in Japanese textbooks were not sufficient to use respectful language in real-life situations, where situations, selection of honorific and humble language, honorific and humble forms, and O・ GO prefix usage must be considered.

Critical thinking in writing skill has a very good potential to become the access for the students to build their own characters. It is because critical thinking in writing skill leads the students to express their various ideas about the characters that they want to build to form good attitudes. The study was aimed at invesigating about the acts of building elementary students’ characters through critical thinking in writing. The study used a quantitative approach within the survey design. There were 50 students of Laboratory Elementary School of Universitas Negeri Malang, East Java, Indonesia who participated being the subjects of the study. The results revealed that all students were highly enthusiastic in building their own characters. This could be seen from various types of characters they wanted to build. However, among the various types of characters existing, loving homeland was mostly wanted character type chosen. Hence, it is recommended that the teachers are expected to ...

The present study is intended to critically observe meta discourse markers in the abstracts of 100
dissertations done by MPhil English linguistics and literature students at the Institute of Southern
Punjab. The researcher has carried out with two aims to examine the types and subtypes of meta
discourse markers. According to Hyland’s model (2005) and used the tool (text inspector) to
explore meta discourse markers. This tool is available online and will be used to get the
frequency and percentage with the help of corpus. To achieve the present aims, to explore the
interactive and interactional meta discourse markers, which exist in the part of Abstracts in
dissertations written by researchers at ISP and examine the most frequently used ones, and
common ones. The findings show that the Pakistani researchers use interactive resources more
than interactional meta discourse markers. With the help of corpus find out the frequency and
percentage of the relevant data the result shows the high frequency and percentage in the type of
interactive meta discourse markers. It further indicates that the first two ranked subcategories are
transition markers and frame markers. These are the subcategories of interactive meta discourse
markers and the other two ranked categories which are the subcategories of interactional meta
discourse markers are hedges and boosters. All of these have actually provided some pedagogical
implications for the instruction of academic writing.

Despite its prominent role, university students encounter problems in progressing themselves in learning English. The situation gets worse when the allocated time of learning English in the classroom is not adequate. Several solutions can be proposed including the use of appropriate teaching and learning strategies as well as the implementation of autonomous learning. This study was aimed at developing a mobile phone application for autonomous learning of English. This study employed design and development research method, which was a product and tool research. Respondents were 166 students of State Polytechnic of Malang. Research methods used included questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Findings in the preliminary study showed that respondents needed additional time to learn English while mobile phones and computers were believed to be the most effective media. Findings from the field test revealed that the developed English mobile learning was considered interesting, motivating and useful to improve English.