Business Rules & Processes

debida derivadas de la Ley 10/2010, de 28 de abril, en los términos previstos en el artículo 93 de la Ley General Tributaria. La entrada en funcionamiento del Fichero de Titularidades Financieras, regulado en la sección 3.ª del capítulo V del reglamento, se producirá en la fecha que se determine por Orden del Ministro de Economía y Competitividad y se pondrá en conocimiento de las entidades de crédito con una anticipación mínima de seis meses. La entrada en funcionamiento del fichero deberá producirse dentro del plazo máximo de dos años desde la entrada en vigor del reglamento. Las entidades de crédito declararán, con carácter previo, al Servicio Ejecutivo de la Comisión, en la forma establecida por éste, la totalidad de las cuentas corrientes, cuentas de ahorros, cuentas de valores y depósitos a plazo vigentes en el momento de entrada en funcionamiento del Fichero de Titularidades Financieras. Hasta que se proceda a la designación por Orden del Ministro de Economía y Competitividad, los sujetos obligados aplicarán en el cumplimiento de lo dispuesto en el artículo 27.1.c) de este reglamento el listado de países y territorios contenido en el artículo 1 del Real Decreto 1080/1991, de 5 de julio, por el que se determinan los países o territorios a que se refieren los artículos 2, apartado 3, número 4, de la Ley 17/1991, de 27 de mayo, de medidas fiscales urgentes, y 62 de la Ley 31/1990, de 27 de diciembre, de Presupuestos Generales del Estado para 1991, teniendo en cuenta lo establecido en la disposición adicional primera y en la disposición transitoria segunda de la Ley 36/2006, de 29 de noviembre, de medidas para la prevención del fraude fiscal, complementado por Orden ECO/2652/2002, de 24 de octubre, por la que se desarrollan las obligaciones de comunicación de operaciones en relación con determinados países al Servicio Ejecutivo de la Comisión de Prevención del Blanqueo de Capitales e Infracciones Monetarias. La comunicación sistemática establecida en el artículo 27.1 e) y f) será exigible a partir de la fecha que se determine por el Servicio Ejecutivo de la Comisión, quien determinará asimismo la forma y contenido de dichas comunicaciones. Hasta la entrada en vigor del umbral de identificación en operaciones ocasionales contemplado en el artículo 4.1 de este Reglamento, se seguirán aplicando los umbrales establecidos en el Real Decreto 925/1995, de 9 de junio, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley 19/1993, de 28 de diciembre, sobre determinadas medidas de prevención del blanqueo de capitales. Disposición transitoria cuarta. Titularidad real. En relación con los clientes existentes a la fecha de entrada en vigor del reglamento, la inclusión por los sujetos obligados en sus archivos de clientes de los administradores como titulares reales de las personas jurídicas en los supuestos contemplados en el artículo 8.b) de este reglamento se realizará en el plazo máximo de dos años a contar desde la entrada en vigor de este reglamento. Disposición transitoria quinta. Medidas de diligencia simplificada. La aplicación de las medidas simplificadas de diligencia debida del artículo 17 en relación con los clientes y productos vivos que, a la fecha de entrada en vigor de este reglamento, se beneficiaban del régimen de diligencia simplificada, se realizará conforme al criterio de riesgo establecido en el reglamento y en el plazo máximo de tres años a contar desde la entrada en vigor del mismo. No obstante dicho plazo, en los productos a los que se refiere el artículo 16 a) a d), la comprobación de la identidad se realizará, en todo caso, antes del pago de la prestación. A la entrada en vigor de este real decreto quedará derogado el Real Decreto 925/1995, de 9 de junio, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento de la Ley 19/1993, de 28 de diciembre, sobre determinadas medidas de prevención del blanqueo de capitales.

This paper presents a use case for the data mining system EasyMiner in European project OpenBudgets.eu, which is concerned with publication and analysis of financial data of municipalities. EasyMiner is a web-based data mining system. This paper focuses on its new outlier detection functionality, which relies on frequent pattern mining. In addition, the system supports association rule discovery and building of rule-based classification models. The system exposes a REST API and can thus be easily integrated in third party applications.

EasyMiner is a web-based visual interface for association rule learning. This paper presents a preview of the next release, which uses the R environment as the data processing backend. EasyMiner/R uses the arules package to learn rules. It uses the Classifications Based on Associations (CBA) algorithm as a classifier and to perform rule pruning. Experimental results show that EasyMiner with the R-based backend is able to handle larger datasets than the previous version.

In design of component based applications, the designers have to produce visual such as Unified Modeling Language (UML) models, and describe the software component interfaces. Business rules and constraints are the key components in the skeletons of software components. Semantic of Business Vocabulary and Rules (SBVR) language is typically used to express constraints in natural language and then a software engineer manually maps SBVR business rules to other formal languages such as UML, Object Constraint Language (OCL) expressions. However, OCL is the only medium used to write constraints for UML models but manual translation of SBVR rules to OCL constraints is difficult, complex and time consuming. Moreover, the lack of tool support for automated creation of OCL constraints from SBVR makes this scenario more complex. As, both SBVR and OCL are based on First-Order Logic (FOL), model transformation technology can be used to automate the transformation of SBVR to OCL. In this research paper, we present a transformation rules based approach to automate the process of SBVR to OCL transformation. The presented approach implemented in SBVR2OCL prototype tool as a proof of concept. The presented method softens the process of creating OCL constraints and also assists the designers by simplifying software designing process.

El presente trabajo busca analizar qué implicancias tiene el hecho de que nuestra ley de Sociedades Comerciales N° 16.060, en su artículo 365, consagre, a texto expreso, la contravención del interés social como causal de impugnación de Asambleas.
Para ello, se propone al lector una breve reseña de cuales han sido las teorías que la doctrina ha ensayado respecto al contenido del interés social, analizar si existe en nuestro derecho una definición legal del mismo, y finalmente, interpelarnos sobre que implica, cuáles son las consecuencias de que el mismo este contemplado como una causal de impugnación de Asambleas.

Interoperability is one of the fundamental requirements to enable electronic government. Its implementation can be classified into technical, syntactic, semantic, and organizational levels. At the semantic level, ontology is regarded as a practical solution to be considered. In this context, its adoption was identified in several countries, with different levels of maturity and so many focuses as the specific implementations. One of the main challenges to be overcome is the legal question that refers to the legislation to assure “the preservation of the legal meaning of data”. The lack of efficient mechanisms to support the deployment and use of ontologies can turn the overall task time-expensive, restricted in scope, or even unfeasible. Additionally, many initiatives are recent and need to be validated over time. This paper presents a non-exhaustive survey of the state of interoperability in e-government from the perspective of ontologies' use. The cases of Palestine, European ...

Active database systems integrate event-based rule processing with traditional database functionality. The model most widely used to represent event-based rules is the Event-Condition-Action rule (ECA rule) model. However, the relationships among rules in the development of a base of ECA rules can fall in an infinite rule triggering: the No termination problem. In this article, an approach based in Petri Net theory is proposed. This approach detects cyclic paths in the base of ECA rules. Furthermore, it can analyze the relationships among ECA rule components.

This paper discusses the possibility of strong employment protection regimes (EPRs) in worker cooperatives (WCs), a unique organizational form in which employees coincide with members who hold control rights. Worker control is reported by several theoretical and empirical contributions to stabilize employment better than other proprietary forms. We leverage key theoretical insights from evolutionary theory and systems to discuss the possibility (benefits and critical elements) of constraining the dismissal of WC members to further strengthen employment stabilization and enforce member rights. Strong EPRs would be functional to meeting workers' needs for a decent life and job security. While stricter constraints on layoffs can cause short-term inefficiencies (e.g. preventing the dismissal of shirking workers), they also perform an insurance function against unemployment, favor the accumulation and conservation of firm specific human, relational and social capital and improve the equity of distributive patterns. It is also hypothesized that performance would increase in the medium to long run. Voluntary resignation, not involuntary dismissal would be the dominant mechanism allowing for the allocation of work to the most productive occupations.

This book arises from a three-year comparative research program concerning co-operative enterprises in Australia and Italy. The book explores the historical development, legal framework and the peak organisations of co-operatives in the two countries. Specific comparative chapters focus on consumer, credit, and worker-producer co-operatives. The book deepens the analysis of co-operatives by containing chapters that examine specific theoretical and empirical issues such as the theory of co-operative firms as collective entrepreneurial action. Monographic chapters include more in depth analysis of specific typologies of co-operatives, such as social and community oriented co-operatives, some of which were created to contrast organized crime in Southern Italy. The book concludes with an assessment of the implications of the project for public policy.

This paper discusses the possibility of strong employment protection regimes (EPRs) in worker cooperatives (WCs), a unique organizational form in which employees coincide with members who hold control rights. Worker control is reported by several theoretical and empirical contributions to stabilize employment better than other proprietary forms. We leverage key theoretical insights from evolutionary theory and systems to discuss the possibility (benefits and critical elements) of constraining the dismissal of WC members to further strengthen employment stabilization and enforce member rights. Strong EPRs would be functional to meeting workers' needs for a decent life and job security. While stricter constraints on layoffs can cause short-term inefficiencies (e.g. preventing the dismissal of shirking workers), they also perform an insurance function against unemployment, favor the accumulation and conservation of firm specific human, relational and social capital and improve the equity of distributive patterns. It is also hypothesized that performance would increase in the medium to long run. Voluntary resignation, not involuntary dismissal would be the dominant mechanism allowing for the allocation of work to the most productive occupations.

This paper discusses the possibility of strong employment protection in cooperatives (exclusion of dismissal) and of the imposition of a minimum wage equal for all worker members in worker cooperatives. It maintains that the worker cooperative has unique features in its ability to reach employment stabilization. It shows, both theoretically and with reference to existing empirical evidence, why and how worker cooperatives are able to overcome the lay-off of workers, strongly reducing employment fluctuation when compared to other organizational forms. The development of more thorough and radical regimes of employment protection and distributive justice fulfil satisfaction of basic needs, workers' right to work and to keep the job position. While stricter constraints on layoffs can cause inefficiencies (e.g. make it more difficult to dismiss under-performing workers), they also serve an insurance function against unemployment, favor the accumulation of firm-specific human, relational and social capital, and can increase performance in the medium to long run. Voluntary resignation, not involuntary layoff would the dominant mechanism allowing allocation of labor resources to the most productive occupations.

The last few years have marked many theoretical and practical contributions to the field of social innovation and social enterprise. However, most of these contributions lack analysis linking these subjects. This editorial article, written for the JEOD special issue Social innovation in social enterprises: what is going on?, aims to fill the gap. The issue presents some case studies on social innovation in social enterprises, as well as theoretical implications and key aspects. The editorial concludes by presenting a summary of each article.

This paper considers resource coordination in production systems featuring the presence of enterprises and organizations pursuing social, health-related, educational, cultural, and environmental aims, or social enterprises (SEs). The resource coordination problem is one of allocating and distributing resources towards these aims. By their very nature, these goals are very close to the Polanyian idea of the primacy of society over the self-regulating market. We ask what the specificities of organisations that pursue social aims are, and what coordination mechanisms underpin their production. The premise is that individuals are driven by plural motivations, including pro-social motivations besides self-interested ones, thus requiring a plurality of coordination mechanisms. The paper suggests that SEs make principal use of cooperative pacts based on norms of reciprocity, but include also market and state-led coordination, both at organisational and systemic levels. We consider specific institutional solutions in support of cooperation and reciprocity. These are: combined rules on profit and asset distribution, surplus accumulation and redistribution, and multi-stakeholding.

To what extent can Social Identity (or the sense of belonging to a group) induce one of the transacting parties to sell his product by using the governance structure endorsed by the group to which he/she belongs (even if that decision contradicts the efficient alignment principle outlined by Transaction Cost Economics-TCE)? To this end, we incorporate the idea underlying the microfoundations of strategy into TCE. First, we revise the motivation driving economic behavior in vertical trading transactions by incorporating Social Identity into the utility function of one of the transacting parties. This implies that he/she would also wish to maximize his/her acceptance by the group to which he/she belongs. Second, we explore the conditions in which social identities matter most to the governance decision, as well as their respective effect on the governance choice: will the discriminating alignment hold or will other decisions prevail? Empirically, we conducted a survey together with 109 rural producers in one of the oldest agrarian reform settlements to be supported by the Social Movement MST in Brazil. We sought to see how they sold their produce (market relationships, vertical integration or cooperatives-the arrangement endorsed by MST). Our choice was motivated mainly by the identification of these producers with MST. The results indicate a positive and significant relation between Social Identity and the use of the governance mechanism encouraged by the group to which the agent belongs (in our case, MST). This effect is stronger than is that of transactional attributes when said social identities are strong. This implies that the efficient alignment might not hold when social identities are very high, because the motivations driving economic relations can be more complex than are transactional attributes alone.

Enterprises have architecture: whether it is visible or invisible is another matter. An enterprises' architecture determines the way in which it works to deliver its business objectives and the way in which it can change to continue to meet its evolving business objectives. Enterprise architectural thinking can facilitate effective strategic planning and information systems development. This paper reviews enterprise architecture (EA) and its concepts. It briefly considers EA frameworks. It describes the ADaPPT (Aligning Data, People, Processes and Technology) EA approach as a means to managing organisational complexity and change. Future research directions are discussed.

Goal oriented modelling (GOM) is one of the most prominent and widely accepted techniques in information systems research. Since the early 1990’s, a large number of GOM approaches have been proposed aiming to a better alignment between business strategy and the behaviour of supporting systems. Different GOM approaches focus on different activities in the early stages of system development and propose a variety of strategies for reasoning about goals. A number of researchers have stressed the advantages of integrating different GOM techniques, especially in the context of modern global business environments. This is evidenced in the increasing number of publications in this area. However as each GOM language (even versions of the same language) comes with its own syntactic and semantic singularities, such integration requires a number of complicated transformations which is a major obstacle to model and tool interoperability, and prevent wider adoption by practitioners. In order to p...

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The advancement of Enterprise Architecture modelling techniques and the need to incorporate these models with other Information Systems collaborations require a methodology that ensures the consistency and compatibility of diverse models with shared business objectives. The fulfillment of this requirement is impeded by a notable obstacle, which is the growing intricacy of Enterprise Architecture Framework modelling tools and methodologies. Many organisations that have adopted a variety of methodologies face the difficulty of integrating models because of the existence of inconsistent and diverse modelling artefacts within an unreliable framework, which requires validation. The primary aim of this article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the existing methodologies for validating enterprise architecture and propose a new approach that focuses specifically on validating models. This research combines the Systematic Review research approach and meta-analysis research method to provide a systematic and comprehensive review and analysis of multiple studies and combining findings from these studies to synthesize evidence and draw definitive conclusions. The comparative analysis explores validation semantics and heterogeneous model frameworks and delves into different approaches used to validate models in the context of heterogeneous model integration. The study examines the strengths and weaknesses of various validation methods and frameworks for heterogeneous models, considering factors like accuracy, efficiency and scalability. By comparing different validation semantics and heterogeneous model frameworks, the analysis provides valuable insights into selecting appropriate techniques for effectively integrating and validating diverse models in complex systems.

Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE) is an approach to requirements engineering dealing with intentionality in accordance with the relations among different actors. KAOS and i* (i-star) frameworks have been receiving many references as being important GORE proposals. This paper presents an conceptual analysis comparing characteristics of those methods giving examples related to actors' relations definition, goal organizational model, tasks representation, risk analysis, and non-functional requirements. The aim of this work is to show both frameworks benefits and drawbacks. We believe that this analysis helps the understanding of the core concepts of GORE as well as it draws attention to key representation issues for both KAOS and i*. 2. Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (KAOS and i*) First, Subsection 2.1, we describe the concepts used for the comparison. They are: the requirements activities, functional requirement (FR), non-functional requirement (NFR), softgoal and goal. Subsection 2.2 covers the i* Framework and the third 2.3 presents the KAOS Framework.

El presente artículo propone analizar la regulación y aplicación del Duty of Care y la Business Judgment Rule en el Derecho Americano con la finalidad de compararlo con el estándar del Buen Hombre de Negocios en Uruguay. También de discutir la aplicabilidad de los criterios del Derecho Americano en el Derecho Uruguayo a la luz del proyecto de reforma de la Ley de Sociedades Comerciales, y proponer una suerte de “test de dos pasos” a nivel judicial para la revisión de la responsabilidad de los administradores societarios. Asimismo, será objeto del artículo el estudio de las divergencias entre el régimen de revisión judicial y de comportamiento de los administradores societarios.

The role of information systems (IS) evolved from supporting basic business functions to complex integrated enterprise platforms and ecosystems. As a result, enterprises increasingly adopt enterprise architecture (EA) as a means to manage complexity and support the ability to change. We initiated a study that investigates the pivotal role of enterprise architecture management (EAM) as an essential strategy to manage enterprise change and within this larger context, specifically how the ArchiMate modeling language can be enhanced with capabilities that support EAM. This paper reports on the evaluation of an EA modeling tool (TEAM) which has been enhanced with EAM capabilities. The evaluation was performed by a focus group of enterprise architects that attended a workshop and applied the tool to an EAM case study. The evaluation results, requirements as well as a conceptualization for further development are presented and are of value for both, enterprise architecture researchers and enterprise architects.

Today, companies are immersed in extremely competitive world- wide markets that change continuously. Thus, companies have to evolve introducing strategic and structural changes as a r esponse to the external forces of the environment. This implies to consider the IS alignment from a global point of view integrating the classical "internal" strategic alignment with two other levels: the alignments with

Today, companies are immersed in extremely competitive world- wide markets that change continuously. Thus, companies have to evolve introducing strategic and structural changes as a r esponse to the external forces of the environment. This implies to consider the IS alignment from a global point of view integrating the classical "internal" strategic alignment with two other levels: the alignments with

Business rule is very important to the modeling and definition of information systems. Business rules are implemented as triggers in relational databases. The rule expresses a policy that how organization carries out a task. Business rules represent information about real world and database is collection of related information. Also people are interested in the set of rules that determines operation of business. Data models in DBMS give the structure of data; business rules are sometimes used to tell how the data can and should be used. There are various types data models supported in DBMS like network model, Hierarchical model and relational model. There are various business rules in DBMS like domain rules, integrity rules and triggering operations. In relational database business rules can be implemented with the help of checks, assertions and triggers. Eliciting, expressing, and capturing business rules is most important in DBMS which makes live databases more strong.

While traditional approaches in business process modeling tend to focus on “how” the business processes are performed (adopting a behavioral description in which business processes are described in terms of procedural aspects), in goal-oriented business process modeling, the proposals strive to extend traditional business process methodologies by providing a dimension of intentionality to business processes. One of the key difficulties in enabling one to model goal-oriented processes concerns the identification or elicitation of goals. This paper reports on a case study conducted in a Brazilian hospital, which obtained several goal models represented in i*/Tropos, each of which correspond to a business process also modeled in the scope of the study. NFR catalogues were helpful in goal elicitation, uncovering goals that did not come up during previous interviews prior to these catalogues’ use.

Мета роботи: Сучасний розвиток масової культури характеризується зростанням ринку графічних наративів, стрімким збільшенням сегмента цифрових коміксів, активним використанням коміксу як інструменту комунікації в різних галузях і дисциплінарних напрямах. Мета дослідження: визначити медійні можливості коміксу  в представленні освітньо-навчального, кроскультурного та проблемно-етичного контенту сучасної організаційної культури. Дизайн / Метод / Підхід дослідження: Оглядовий характер статті передбачає залучення традиційних загальнонаукових методів (опис, порівняння, абстрагування та конкретизація). Міждисциплінарність дослідження актуалізувала компаративний метод у представленні крос-культурних особливостей організаційних/офісних/корпоративних коміксів. Результати дослідження: Вплив візуальної масової культури та поширення міждисциплінарних інструментів дослідження уможливили в межах заявленої проблематики аналіз трьох напрямів: адаптивні та аудиторноспрямовані коміксові техніки популяр...

Active database systems were introduced to extend the database functionality. As well as a repository of data, active database can detect the occurrence of events in a database system and react automatically to that event occurrence and execute certain actions either inside or outside the database. This behavior is specified by means of ECA (event-condition-action) rules, i.e., when an event has occurred, if the condition is evaluated to true, then an action is executed. The development of a set of ECA rules involves the knowledge of the database structure and the relationships that can exist among the ECA rules, which may produce an inconsistent state in the database. Therefore, it is so important to verify a rule set before its implementation in the active database, and one method to determine if a rule set will produce consistent states of the database is through the simulation of ECA rule firing. In this paper a simulator for active databases, named ECAPNSim, is described. ECAPNSim uses the definition of ECA rules like a structure of an extended Petri net model, the Conditional Colored Petri Net (CCPN). Conditional Colored Petri Net definition involves the knowledge and execution model, which describe the features that an active database system must have. Furthermore, in order to simulate the occurrence of database events, ECAPNSim has been enhanced with the addition of distribution functions for each place that denote events of the ECA rule set. Keywords ◆ Petri net ◆ Active Database ◆ ECA rules ◆ Simulation ECAPNSim is an interface that generates a CCPN from an ECA rule definition typed in the on-if-then form. It carries out the simulation of the CCPN behavior according to the event occurrence in a random way, which depends on the distribution function assigned. ECAPNSim has been improved with the addition of distribution functions in each place that denote an event occurrence.

통신 세션 및/또는 에이전트 세션의 하나 이상의 라우팅 특성을 라우팅하는 것은 실시간으로 식별된다. 예를 들 어, 라우팅 특성은 컨택 센터 대기열로 들어가게 되고 다시 에이전트 통신 엔드포인트로 가게 되는 통신 세션(예 를 들어, 음성 통화) 동안 캡처된다. 통신 세션/에이전트 세션의 라우팅 특성은 컨택 센터 네트워크에서 원하 는 및/또는 원치 않는 통신 세션 라우팅 동작/에이전트 세션을 식별하기 위해 하나 이상의 미리 정의된 라우팅 특성과 비교된다. 컨택 센터 네트워크에서 원하는 및/또는 원치 않는 통신 세션 라우팅 동작을 식별하는 것에 응답하여, 컨택 센터 네트워크에서 통신 세션 및/또는 에이전트 세션의 라우팅은 자동으로 변경된다.

The technology disclosed herein enables communications among users having communication session requests waiting in a queue. In a particular embodiment, a method includes determining that a first communication session request from a first endpoint is in a queue for establishing a communication session with a receiving endpoint to which the queue is regulating access. While the first communication session request is in the queue, the method includes connecting the first endpoint to a communication channel between the first endpoint and a second endpoint having a second communication session request in the queue. Also, while the first communication session request is in the queue, the method includes exchanging user communications between the first endpoint and the second endpoint over the communication channel.

Routing one or more routing characteristics of a communication session/or agent session are identified in real-time. For example, a routing characteristic is captured for a communication session (e.g., a voice call) as it goes into a contact center queue and then to an agent communication endpoint. The routing characteristics of the communication session/agent sessions is compared to one or more predefined routing characteristics that identify a wanted and/or unwanted communication session routing behavior/agent session in the contact center network. In response to identifying the wanted and/or unwanted communication session routing behavior in the contact center network, routing of the communication session and/or agent session in the contact center network are automatically changed.

Production governance is not detached from the effects it produces. This paper suggests a framework to assess coordination structures and mechanisms in terms of their ability to include the publics and their interests, and to generate socioeconomic value consistently with those interests. To this end, the framework considers a combination of resource integration mechanisms (contract, authority, cooperation) and structures (markets, exclusive organisational structures, and inclusive organisational structures). These combinations are analysed along key features: information, knowledge sharing ad cocreation, involvement and empowerment, as well as alongside some specific functions of governance (legitimacy, cognition, interdependence). The value added is in identifying criteria for appreciating diverse ways of integrating and coordinating resources, and the associated effects, thus providing both scholars and practitioners with a tool to discriminate amongst alternatives.

Today, companies are immersed in extremely competitive world- wide markets that change continuously. Thus, companies have to evolve introducing strategic and structural changes as a r esponse to the external forces of the environment. This implies to consider the IS alignment from a global point of view integrating the classical "internal" strategic alignment with two other levels: the alignments with

This paper discusses the possibility of strong employment protection in co-operatives (exclusion of dismissal) and of the imposition of a minimum wage equal for all worker members in worker co-operatives. It maintains that the worker co-operative has unique features in its ability to reach employment stabilization. It shows, both theoretically and with reference to existing empirical evidence, why and how worker co-operatives are able to overcome the lay-off of workers, strongly reducing employment fluctuation when compared to other organizational forms. The development of more thorough and radical regimes of employment protection and distributive justice fulfil satisfaction of basic needs, workers’ right to work and to keep the job position. While stricter constraints on layoffs can cause inefficiencies (e.g. make it more difficult to dismiss under-performing workers), they also serve an insurance function against unemployment, favor the accumulation of firm-specific human, relatio...

This paper approaches from a law and economics perspective the problem of self-financed accumulation of capital in co-operative enterprises. Different existing and past institutional systems are discussed and lessons drawn on how to improve existing institutional structures. Divisibility and indivisibility of self-financed capital reserves, as they can pave the way to improved systematic solutions, in co-operatives are used as heuristic ports of entry in the discussion. In this, institutional evolution is interpreted as a trial and error and open-ended process. National and regional institutional systems (especially the Italian, the Spanish and the former Yugoslav ones) are considered and evaluated in terms of strengths and weaknesses to extrapolate new institutional solutions that would allow to overcome well-known weaknesses in co-operatives’ financial structure. A nested system of self-financed divisible and indivisible reserves of capital is proposed. Different typologies of res...

The last few years have marked many theoretical and practical contributions to the field of social innovation and social enterprise. However, most of these contributions lack analysis linking these subjects. This editorial article, written for the JEOD special issue Social innovation in social enterprises: what is going on?, aims to fill the gap. The issue presents some case studies on social innovation in social enterprises, as well as theoretical implications and key aspects. The editorial concludes by presenting a summary of each article.

The problem of the accumulation of capital in labour managed firms and worker cooperatives has been attracting considerable attention by past research. The Furubotn-Pejovich effect is considered to be the source undercapitalisation. The paper seeks to show that the presence of undercapitalisation is due to a specific mechanism of reinvestment, i.e. reinvestment of self-financed capital funds in indivisible reserves. The introduction of divisible reserves appropriable by worker members at some point in time would solve the horizon problem. However, it is likely to engender new and unexplored problems connected with the way in which net surpluses are distributed, the reinvestment of individual shares of net surpluses and the reimbursement of individual capital quotas.

Contemporary literature dealing with the governance of the exploitation of common-pool natural resources was initiated by Elinor Ostrom in 1990, and has been growing fast ever since. On the contrary, within the same research stream, the study of the presence and economic role of common resources in entrepreneurial-organizational is, to date, underresearched. This work endeavours some attempt to fill this gap by: first, spelling out a newinstitutionalist framework for the analysis of the accumulation and governance of common capital resources within organizational boundaries; second, by considering cooperative enterprises as the organizational form that, on the basis of historical record, and of behavioural and institutional characteristics, demonstrated to be the most compatible with a substantial role for common and non-divided asset-ownership and with its governance thereof. The economic forces influencing the optimal level of self-financed common capital resources in cooperatives are enquired. Also their governance is brought under the spotlight, evidencing: (i) the constraints that need to be fulfilled, and the potential benefits arising out of their presence; (ii) the compatibility and mutual adaptability between democratic governance in cooperatives and the governance of non-divided assets.

Common resources are quasi-public resources, which are rivaled but non excludable in consumption or in appropriation. While the exploitation of common resources has been widely studied in the literature originated by Elinor Ostron's works (starting from 1990), the study of common resources inside entrepreneurial organization in not sufficiently developed to date. This paper establishes three dimensions that highlight the relevance of the communality of resources in entrepreneurial organizations: the accumulation and use of common capital resources owned by the organization; the distribution of a rivaled, but non excludable value added among the controlling patrons; and the management of common non-owned resources (for example natural resources) by the organization. The first theme is selected and developed further. Cooperative firms are introduced are instance of ownership form that appears, historically and institutionally, to be particularly keen to accumulate, use, distribute common resources.

The form of association ... which if mankind continue to improve, must be expected in the end to predominate, is not that which can exist with capitalist as chief, and workpeople without a voice in the management, but the association of the labourers themselves on terms of equality, collectively owning the capital with which they carry on their operations, and working under managers elected and removable by themselves."

Active database systems were introduced to extend the database functionality. As well as a repository of data, active database can detect the occurrence of events in a database system and react automatically to event occurrence and execute certain actions either inside or outside the database. This behavior is specified by means of ECA (event-condition-action) rules, i.e., when an event has occurred, if the condition is evaluated to true, then an action is executed. In this paper a simulator for active databases, named ECAPNSim, is described. ECAPNSim uses the definition of ECA rules like a structure of an extended Petri net model, the Conditional Colored Petri Net (CCPN). Conditional Colored Petri Net definition involves the knowledge and execution model, which describe the features that an active database system must have. An example has been developed in order to show the ECAPNSim applicability in a certain study area.

A shift from mass to personalized marketing, and thus also to personalized offers, brings firms an advantage for building customer relationships. The article introduces an artefact in the form of a method for creating personalized offers, focused on companies engaged in e-commerce. This method is based on mining association rules using the GUHA method. The association rules are converted into business rules and then combined with other manually defined business rules. The application of the method in practice is illustrated on customers' data from the e-shop of a company doing business in navigation systems, for the purpose of selecting personalized offers for an e-mailing campaign. The practical illustration uses a combination of the data mining system LISp-Miner and the business rule system JBoss Drools, which are freely available tools. The advantages and limitations of the proposed method, in connection with creating personalized marketing strategies in e-commerce, are discussed. The purpose of this practically oriented article is to address marketing and account managers and the issues connected with the personalization of marketing activities.

EasyMiner (easyminer.eu) is an academic data mining project providing data mining of association rules, building of classification models based on association rules and outlier detection based on frequent pattern mining. It differs from other data mining systems by adapting the “web search” paradigm. It is web-based, providing both a REST API and a user interface, and puts emphasis on interactivity, simplicity of user interface and immediate response. This paper will give an overview of research related to the EasyMiner project.

Rule based traffic management is a methodology for dynamic traffic management that is a joint development of the different road authorities in the Netherlands. The approach tackles operational issues by disentangling problem detection, problem solution and conflict handling for each element in the road network. Each element in the road network follows the same generic rules and defers the traffic problem to other roads in the network that have less priority. This way traffic is distributed across the road network and congestion is prevented.

In the current competitive worlwide market, Information Systems (IS) are today necessaries in order to support specific application domains or business areas that can give a strategic advantage to organizations. In this context, IS alignment that exists when the IS and business goals and activities are in concordance, becomes crucial. Several approaches have been proposed for building IS alignment. However, for aligning IS support to specific application domains it is necessary to deal with their specific characteristics. Reviewing the literature, IS alignment approaches addressing these specific characteristics have been proposed by extending the Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1993). Nevertheless, means for building new models from the SAM constitutive elements have not been proposed yet. To cope with this lack, we propose two metamodels: the SAM static view metamodel and the SAM dynamic view metamodel. The instantiation of these metamodels enables the build up of new models addressing the alignment of IS support to specific application domains.

Today, companies are immersed in extremely competitive world- wide markets that change continuously. Thus, companies have to evolve introducing strategic and structural changes as a r esponse to the external forces of the environment. This implies to consider the IS alignment from a global point of view integrating the classical "internal" strategic alignment with two other levels: the alignments with

Interoperability is one of the fundamental requirements to enable electronic government. Its implementation can be classified into technical, syntactic, semantic, and organizational levels. At the semantic level, ontology is regarded as a practical solution to be considered. In this context, its adoption was identified in several countries, with different levels of maturity and so many focuses as the specific implementations. One of the main challenges to be overcome is the legal question that refers to the legislation to assure “the preservation of the legal meaning of data”. The lack of efficient mechanisms to support the deployment and use of ontologies can turn the overall task time-expensive, restricted in scope, or even unfeasible. Additionally, many initiatives are recent and need to be validated over time. This paper presents a non-exhaustive survey of the state of interoperability in e-government from the perspective of ontologies' use. The cases of Palestine, European ...

In this paper, we present a novel approach of translating natural languages specification to SBVR business rules. The business rules constraint business structure or control behaviour of a business process. In modern business modelling, one of the important phases is writing business rules. Typically, a business rule analyst has to manually write hundreds of business rules in a natural language (NL) and then manually translate NL specification of all the rules in a particular rule language such as SBVR, or OCL, as ...