Bulgarian archaeology

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Статията обобщава резултати от изследване на традиционни къщи и плевни в с. Кърпачево на Деветашкото плато, което цели документиране на архитектурното наследство в региона, проучване на използването на естествени строителни материали в традиционната архитектура с оглед опазване и адаптиране на сгради чрез възстановяване на традиционни строителни техники и способи. В първата част е представено проучване и типология на жилищните сгради и плевни в с. Кърпачево, а във втората част -конструктивното състояние на подбран характерен пример на плевня в къщата на Богдан Богданов, изградена от камък, дървена конструкция, кирпичени тухли и керемиди. Заснемането на жилищни сгради в с. Кърпачево е направено от екип дипломанти и преддипломанти от АФ на УАСГ под ръководство на арх. Ленко Григоров. 1 Милена Металкова-Маркова, доц. д-р арх., кат. "История и теория на архитектурата", УАСГ, бул.

The study focuses on the village of Ezerets, located in a remote rural area near the Bulgarian–Romanian border. Based on ethnological research, the study investigates the motivations, experiences, and contributions of counterurbanites, both Bulgarian and foreign citizens, who have chosen to settle in the village. It examines the innovative practices, ideas, and entrepreneurial initiatives brought by the newcomers and their contribution to the social, economic, and cultural transformation of the village. The study also explores the challenges and opportunities that arise from the interactions between counterurbanites and the local population, emphasizing the importance of inclusive practices and social integration. The findings highlight the significant role of counterurbanites in diversifying livelihood strategies and activities in search of local sustainability, including the establishment of ecological and rural tourism ventures, and the revitalization of cultural and social life in the village.

Ажурните преградни плочи, наричани също транзени, са сред най-луксозните и сравнително редки паметници, свързани с каменно-пластичната украса на църковните интериори. Те са характерни за украсата на литургичното обзавеждане и архитектоничните елементи на църквите предимно през V и VI век. Срещат се различни комбинации на геометрични и растителни мотиви или "рибени люспи" (Sodini 1984: 84-91; Alpaslan-Doǧan 2006: 189). Поради това, че са по-леки от други мраморни детайли, те могат да се доставят не само по море в крайбрежните центрове, но и във вътрешността на провинциите, пример за което са Царичин град, Струмица, Стоби, Саранда и др. (Niewöhner 2021: 157). Въпреки тези своеобразни "улеснения" за разпространение, те остават най-рядко откриваните плочи. Причината е ограниченото им производство, дължащо се, от една страна, на по-голямата трудоемкост при изработването им в сравнение с плътните релефни плочи, което е било по силите само на добре школувани майстори, и от друга -на по-огра-1 Настоящият текст е резултат от научните изследвания, осъществени по проект на тема "Граници и културни модели: езичество vs християнство в контактната зона на Дунавския лимес (Малка Скития и Втора Мизия през ІV-VІІ в.)", финансиран от Фонд "Научни изследвания" на МОН по договор № КП-06-Н60/10 от 17.11.2021 г. Фиг. 1.Транзени от епископската базилика в Истрия, мрамор (по Bounegru, Iaţcu 2007).

Present article concentrates on the acquisition of Russian relative pronouns. Said pronouns are late to appear if compared to other deictic words. Children start using them at the age of about 3 years. The most widely used are constructions, in which the relative part is connected to the noun or adjective or to the demonstrative pronoun. Children seldom make errors, but there are several differences from the adult language.

The Preslav Treasure, discovered in 1978 near Bulgaria’s medieval capital, comprises over 180 objects of gold, silver, enamel, pearls, and gemstones. The jewellery reflects Bulgaria’s diplomatic ties with the tenth-century Byzantine imperial court in Constantinople. The treasure was investigated at the Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA) in Mainz, in collaboration with the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Museum Veliki Preslav. In 2018, it was the focus of a conference at the Louvre. Introduced by Jannic Durand, this volume presents fourteen peer-reviewed papers.

This paper examines the production of Late Bronze Age pottery (1480-1150 calBC) from two settlement areas of Ada Tepe, SE Bulgaria, Europe's oldest goldmine. We present the results of an integrated approach that combines, typology, macroscopic fabric examination, thin section petrography, and small-scale analysis by scanning electron microscopy. The data from these analyses are used to investigate the possible sources of potting raw materials, elements of technological practice, and the repertoire of shapes being produced. Our study suggests the presence of potters who used broadly local raw materials to make a wide range of vessel types catering to a variety of needs that the mining community had, from storage to tableware. The pottery is predominantly characterized by silicate-rich metamorphic fabrics across all periods sampled, indicating longestablished paste recipes shared between the two settlement areas. Additionally, we have identified paste recipes that seem to be more chronologically distinct, potentially reflecting the transition towards Iron Age potting practices.

This paper considers the structure investigated at the largest area (labeled as BII-21B) in the Chalcolithic level BII of Tell Yunatsite, located in the western parts of the Upper Thracian Plain. It collapsed during a sudden fire, which did not affect the neighboring house to the west. The debris sealed a large number of fragmented vessels, plant remains, and even some of the inhabitants. Detailed analysis of the materials found allows for a reconstruction of diet and storage practices, research on vessels' function and technology, decoration styles, etc. The plant remains are abundant and demonstrate a diverse species composition. The complex is dominated by lentils, barley, and einkorn wheat. Of particular interest is the evidence on purposeful gathering of grapes for producing a drink, perhaps wine. The investigation of the ceramic assemblage shows that it belongs to a developed-but not final-stage of the Late Copper Age in Upper Thrace. It also provides new information about the contact zone between the Karanovo VI and Krivodol cultures in this area.

The objective of the study is an Early Bronze Age settlement (2800-2200 BC), located in the Karlovo Valley on the territory of the village of Bogdan. The archaeological research verified by terrain geomorphological descriptions, samplings, and sedimentological laboratory analyses, allowed to reconstruct the palaeogeographical environment during the habitation period of the site and to compare it with the contemporary one. Archaeological research showed that the site was inhabited during the Late Neolithic period, however, the Early Bronze Age registered the most active terrain exploitation. Geomorphological and geological data revealed that ancient people chose the place because of its stable terrain and proximity to the river. Since then, there have been evident changes in the environment, the most significant one is the southward displacement of the Stryama River riverbed.

On September 26, 2021 a sudden debris flow in the northern part of the Kresna Gorge suspended traffic on the international road E-79. The following paper characterizes the synoptic situation that leads to a debris flow event and related deposits. The type of flow is determined bases on data obtained from grain size and morphoscopic analyses. A general assessment of the strengthening measures is made.

Настоящата публикация представя резултатите от спасителните археологически проучвания на новооткритото средновековно селище край с. Орлово, Хасковско. Проучванията бяха реализирани във връзка с изграждането на междусистемна газовата връзка между България и Гърция, и проведени през 2018 -2019 година. Финансирането на проучванията беше осъществено от "Ай Си Джи Би" АД, по договор с НАИМ -БАН. В отделните етапи на теренните проучвания и обработката на документацията взеха участие гл. ас. д-р Методи Златков (НАИМ -БАН), Димитър Янков (РИМ Стara Загора), Петя Аспарухова (РИМ Монтана), Екатерина Митринова -студент, Диана Стоянчова (докторант, СУ "Св. Кл. Охридски"), Недялка Петева (ИМ Димитровград), Росита Стоянова (РИМ Кюстендил), на които благодарим. В процеса на теренна работа и последвалата обработка на материалите разчитахме също така на съдействието и отзивчивостта на колегите от РИМ Хасково. Изготвянето на общия план, ортофотото и въздушните снимки се осъществи с помощта на инж. И. Иванов, Деян Недялков -геодезисти към НИНКН и инж. А. Атанасов от "ГЕОландс" ЕООД, гр. Хасково. Фотодокументацията е дело на Дойчин Грозданов и Красимир Георгиев, а графичните чертежи и дигитализацията -на Росита Стоянова и Петя Аспарухова. Публикацията има комплексен характер и представя максимално детайлно характера на обекта и археологическите структури, както и подемния материал: керамика и находки. Направен е опит да се реконструира палеогеографската среда и да се обърне внимание на особеностите на терена преди възникване на средновековното селище. Резултатите от проучванията са представени с аналитични статии, подробен каталог и графични и фототабла. Тяхното реализиране в голяма степен стана възможно благодарение на проектно финансиране от страна на НАИМ -БАН, в периода 2021 -2022 г. Искрена благодарност към редакторите за техните конструктивни бележки и времето, което отделиха за ръкописа. Росица Кендерова. Геоморфоложки и седиментоложки изследвания в района на археологически обект 42 Rossitsa Kenderova. Geomorphological and Sedimentological Studies in the Area of Archaeological Site 42. Галина Грозданова. Между Тракия и Родопите: средновековното селище при с. Орлово Galina Grozdanova. Between Thrace and the Rhodope Mountains: the Medieval Settlement near Orlovo village 21 (т. IX). Жилище 4/НС 43 е частично застъпено от жилище 3/НС 55 (т. VI). По аналогичен начин жилище 2/НС 16 се намира над НС 63 (т. VI, LXXXVIII). Хронологическите различия, установени чрез суперпозиции и анализ на керамиката, са визуализирани на плана на обекта (т. III), с цел да се проследи закономерност. Oбектът е разположен върху равнинен терен, в случая -заливната речна тераса, подобно на селищата при Харманли, Крум, Ябълково, Златна ливада и др. Проучванията показват, че гъстотата на археологически структури не е голяма. Наблюдават се обширни пространства в централната част на обекта, където няма структури. Забелязва се райониране: ямите и стопанските постройки се разполагат в близост до реката, в западната част на обекта, а жилищните постройки -в източна посока, на по-високите, незаливни от реката места. Примери за подобно планиране, с обособяване на райони само с ями, могат да се посочат в средновековното селище при с. Златна ливада, Чирпанско и в землището на с. Крум, Димитровградско

The article presents results of investigation of plasters (mono-layered, inhomogeneous and irregularly pigmented) and clays found during archaeological excavations in the Gluhite Kamani Site in the Eastern Rhodopes, Bulgaria. The applicated methods in this study are: optical, physical and experimental. According to the established natural mineral and rock inclusions, the studied plasters show a similar composition. The samples of clay from the central sector of the archaeological site are with different physical features and similar composition. The conducted experimental firing of these clays and the established composition of the plasters, allows us to assume that the same was used for construction of buildings and for plaster, uncovered in parts of the archeological site.

Міністерство освіти і науки України Сумський державний педагогічний університет імені А.С. Макаренка Навчально-науковий інститут історії, права та міжнародних відносин Кафедра історії України ІСТОРИКО-КРАЄЗНАВЧІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ: ТРАДИЦІЇ ТА ІННОВАЦІЇ МАТЕРІАЛИ VI Міжнародної наукової конференції 8-9 грудня 2023 р. ЧАСТИНА 1 Суми -2024 УДК 908:005.745](477.52)(06) І-90 Рекомендовано до друку Вченою радою Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка (протокол № 4 від 28 листопада 2023 р.) РЕДАКЦІЙНА КОЛЕГІЯ Оліцький В.О., кандидат історичних наук, завідувач кафедри історії України Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка (голова) Жуков О.В., кандидат історичних наук, доцент кафедри всесвітньої історії, міжнародних відносин та методики навчання історичних дисциплін Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка Іваницька С.Г., доктор історичних наук, доцент кафедри історії України Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка Кудінов Д.В., доктор історичних наук, професор, професор кафедри історії України Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка Литвиновська Ю.А., викладач кафедри історії України Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка Михтуненко В.В., кандидат історичних наук, старший викладач кафедри всесвітньої історії, міжнародних відносин та методики навчання історичних дисциплін Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка Подрєз Ю.В., кандидат історичних наук, доцент, директор навчальнонаукового інституту історії, права та міжнародних відносин, доцент кафедри історії України Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка Тарабан Ю.В., доктор філософії у галузі освіти/педагогіки, старший викладач кафедри історії України Сумського державного педагогічного університету імені А.С. Макаренка

The aim of this article is to emphasize some patterns in pottery ornamentation during the transition between EBA III and MBA in Southeastern Bulgaria, which could be used as recognisable chronological indicators in future processing of ceramic materials. During these periods, continuity in ceramic production is observed, expressed in the gradual development of both vessel shapes and their decoration. Patterns can be seen in the ornamentation of specific parts of the vessel bodies, which are preserved throughout both periods. Important chronological indicators include distinguishable models in the use of precise techniques applied to create specific motifs, which are characteristic not only of certain categories of vessels but also remain largely consistent for specific types.
Plastic decoration is predominant in both periods and across all categories of vessels. Impressed decoration is significantly less common in both periods and is mainly found on pots and some jugs. Incised decoration is characteristic predominantly of jugs but also appears on some bowls. It is used relatively evenly in both EBA III and MBA. Cord impressions are recorded only at the beginning of EBA III, mainly on bowls and pots. Stamped decoration is rather rare during EBA III, found on bowls and cups. It is no longer used at the beginning of the MBA. Other techniques are documented only at the beginning of the MBA, such as “pattern-burnish” “kerbschnitt” and “fürchenstich”.
In both periods, ornamental compositions featuring motifs created using different techniques are observed. A combination of cord and relief techniques is recorded only in EBA III, while compositions of elements made using incised and impressed techniques or a combination of incised, impressed, and relief techniques are mostly found during the MBA. Motifs and compositions typical of both periods, but with modified or additional elements, are most common on bowls, jugs, and pots. These are usually executed entirely in relief technique or in a combination of relief and incised, or relief and impressed techniques.
At the beginning of the MBA, some new specific elements appear in the design of these categories of vessels: handles with a triangular cross-section (on jugs, cups, pots, and storage containers); conical necks (on amphora-like vessels, pots, and storage containers); and ring-shaped or pedestal-type bases (on bowls, cups, and jugs).
The presence of combinations of ornamental compositions with modified elements, along with innovations in the shaping of certain vessel parts, indicates changes in ceramic production and can be considered as reliable recognizable markers, which are characteristic of the transition between EBA III and MBA. This study examines both the general relationships between the decoration of the vessels such as techniques, motifs, and composition, during the two reviewed periods and the specific characteristics distinctive to each, namely ornamental techniques, modified elements, and changes in the shape, method and location of the application of certain motifs.

In 1954 a grave was found in accidental circumstances at the foot of “Zaychi vrah” near the village of Kabile, Yambol region. Among the preserved items from the inventory are a bronze instrument, bronze anthropomorphic balsamarium and a strigil. The instrument is composed of two moving parts, joined by an axle, with the working area being covered with 18 teeth. In the middle of the handles there are two holes, which are located opposite to each other. At their ends they terminate in little balls. A dating in the second half of the 2nd c. is proposed on the basis of the bronze anthropomorphic balsamarium, found together with the instrument. The find from Kabile finds parallels with similar tools from other Roman provinces, with the closest one being the instrument, found in the Roman settlement and necropolis at Tiel-Passewaaij, The Netherlands. Different theories have been proposed in scholarly literature about the function of these instruments: emasculators, instruments with unknown functions, nutcrackers and twitches. The purpose of the present article is the analysis and identification of the instrument from Kabile on the background of similar ones, found on the territory of the Roman empire. On the basis of the comparisons with similar finds, as well with contemporary analogies, it can be theorized that the one from Kabile wasn’t used as an emasculator or a Burdizzo emasculatome, but rather as a twitch – a veterinary instrument, used for the subduing of wild horses by pressing on the lips during various manipulations – shoeing and surgical interventions. The instrument from Kabile gives information about the development of veterinary medicine in Thrace during the Roman period.

През 1954 г. при случайни обстоятелства е разкрит гроб в подножието на Зайчи връх при Кабиле, Ямболско. Инвентарът е от бронзов инструмент-обект на настоящото изследване, антропоморфен балсамарий и стригила. Предложена е датировка на гроба в първата половина на II в. Известни са паралели на инструмента с подобни находки от други римски провинции, като най-близък паралел е този от селище и некропол при Тил-Пасевай, Нидерландия. В научната литература са предложени различни теории относно функцията на изделието: кастратори, инструменти с неопределени функции, орехотрошачки и закрутки. На базата на сравненията с подобни находки, както и със съвременни аналози, може да се предоложи, че тази от Кабиле не е употребявана като кастратор или клещи на Бордицио, а като закруткаветеринарен инструмент, който се използва за укротяването на буйни коне чрез притискане на устните по време на различни манипулацииподковаване и хирургични интервенции. Находката от Кабиле обогатява данните за развитието на ветеринарната медицина в Тракия през римската епоха.

Мартолосите (грц. "αρματωλος", най-вероятно от ит. "armato"="въоръжен") имат важно място в османската военна организация. Въпреки че мартолоската служба е детайлно проучена в отделни монографии и публикации 1 , в настоящата работа ще разгледаме само българите мартолоси, които са по-слабо изследвани в сравнение с други категории население със специални задължения (войнуци, дервентджии, джелепкешани и т.н.) в българските земи през османския период. Разнообразни извори (османски, западни, сръбски, домашни и др.) хвърлят светлина върху ролята им в защитата на пограничните земи и в опазването на реда в османските административнотериториални единици на обширното българско етническо пространство. Ще бъде отделено място на хората, излезли от средите на мартолосите, които са сред най-ярките личности на българските освободителни борби през XVII в. Някои от използваните тук източници и изследвания по посочената проблематика са по-малко познати в българската историческа наука. През XV -XVI в. военните части на мартолоска длъжност по цялата османска граница (серхад) са съставени изключително от християни 2 . Сърбинът Константин Михайлович от Островица, който служи в еничарския корпус, изрично посочва: "Мартолосите са християни. Особено много са те в покрайнините [т.е. в пограничните османски територии -б.а.]" 3 . Италианският автор Джовани Мария Анджиолело (1451/1452 -ок. 1525) дава сходно сведение: "Има християни, подобни на акънджиите, и понеже са християни, се наричат мартолоси" 4 . Мартолосите не само бранят граничните предели и изпълняват гарнизонна служба, но и вършат набези на неприятелска територия, откъдето се завръщат с богата плячка 5 . Воюват главно като пехотинци, ала има данни и за немалък брой конници сред тях 6 . Служат и в османския дунавски флот 7 . Командният им апарат се състои от мартолоски ага, байрактар, чауш, мартолосбашия, сердар, юзбашия, бюлюкбашия и др. 8 През XV -

The study of cultural heritage is a multidisciplinary challenge. Working in this area meets a number of peculiarities, which put emphasis on a full study of the elements of the natural environment, as well as the need for brilliant techniques of construction to be used. The detailed studies of the monuments characteristics in a series of engineering areas over the last decade have led us to the conclusion that the creators of these monuments have achieved an important characteristic of their creations – securing their durability. From an engineering standpoint, the examples are valuable in terms of materials as well as the choice of a structural solution as their most important feature. In several sites with world cultural heritage status-the conservation and impact of the monument in the perspective of eternal longevity have been studied, while analyzing construction and the overall vision of the builders to the specific creation. It is these aspects that are the subject of researc...

The article examines a story from "Roman History" by the Byzantine historian Nicephorus Grigora. The story takes place in the context of slavery and the cultural differences between Byzantium and the Golden Horde. The political situation in the Balkans is shown, as well as the clash between Mongol and Byzantine law. The story dates back to around 1320–1324, when Tatar raids in the region are documented.

Keywords: Scythissa, slavery, ransom, Danube, Golden Horde, tatars, Byzantium

Zaldapa (Krushari, Bulgaria) is the largest known Late Roman stronghold of the hinterland of the Lower Danubian provinces, established in the context of an in-depth fortification campaign launched by Constantine I. This article discusses the Christian landscape of Zaldapa and its evolution in the sixth century by focusing on one of its churches, Basilica 2, remarkable for its size, decor, and footprint in the urban fabric. It was built in the first half of the sixth century, close to the northern gate of the fortress. Like the basilicas located near the other gates, it served both the intramural city and its suburbs while a large central church, Basilica 3, stood at the intersection of the main thoroughfares, erected at the turn of sixth century to replace the fortress' first known Christian temple and its martyrial crypt. Basilica 3 was erected as the city's main temple, but Basilica 2 was of comparable size, its sumptuous decor eclipsed that of the other churches of Zaldapa and, unlike them, it encroached on the public space of its neighborhood. Overall, it seems less to gravitate around the central church, like the other basilicas, than to define a new Christian pole in the urban fabric of Zaldapa, distinct from the central pole founded on the presence of martyrs, and shows the increasingly heavy footprint of the Church in the city's landscape.

In south-eastern Romania, a prominent place was given to pigs in the Gumelniţa culture (Late Chalcolithic, second half of 5th millennium BC); as was the highly prized wild boar, one of a variety of species targeted for hunting. The wild boars' ecological niche and the scale of pig husbandry were investigated during a stable isotope study of the Gumelniţa A2 occupations at Borduşani-Popină, Hârşova-tell and Vităneşti-Măgurice. Results from the bone collagen δ15N and δ13C analysis suggested that the wild boars did not inhabit dense forests, in any of these locations. The emerging picture is of small-scale pig husbandry involving household management: pigs being fed leftovers and/or byproducts of human activities. At Vităneşti, previous work involving geometric morphometrics on suid molars evidenced, besides the two expected groups of small domestic pigs and large specimens with wild molar shape (i.e. wild boar), the presence of specimens with large size and domestic shape molars, ...

The here presented work offers a methodology and a detailed protocol of action in the scientific processing of impact weapons. It is based on the principle of maximum extraction and registration of information about the considered artifact. Often, at the time of research, this registration may seem too (even unnecessarily) detailed. According to the author, however, this is only at first glance, since this detailed description is a “snapshot” of the current state of the artifact, which (especially in the case of objects made of iron) changes (sometimes too quickly) irreversibly. Along with this, science and its methods are in a constant state of development, which may at some point make use of the data from the “snapshot” in question. Along with the protocol on the processing of the artifacts, an attempt was also made to introduce terminological definitions regarding the individual parts of the weapons in question from the point of view of the Bulgarian language.
The individual stages in the processing of artifacts – representatives of impact weapons, have been tracked and commented on. These stages are both common to all types of such weaponry, and specific to maces, kistens, and war hammers.
The thoughts expressed regarding the methodological aspects of working with the group of weapons in question are based on the author‘s practical work with such specimens from the Middle Ages and Modern times.
Keywords: impact weapons; maces; kistens; warhammers; methodology and protocol of scientific processing.

The here presented work off ers a methodology and a detailed protocol of action in the scientifi c processing of impact weapons. It is based on the principle of maximum extraction and registration of information about the considered artifact. Often, at the time of research, this registration may seem too (even unnecessarily) detailed. According to the author, however, this is only at fi rst glance, since this detailed description is a "snapshot" of the current state of the artifact, which (especially in the case of objects made of iron) changes (sometimes too quickly) irreversibly. Along with this, science and its methods are in a constant state of development, which may at some point make use of the data from the "snapshot" in question. Along with the protocol on the processing of the artifacts, an attempt was also made to introduce terminological defi nitions regarding the individual parts of the weapons in question from the point of view of the Bulgarian language. The individual stages in the processing of artifacts -representatives of impact weapons, have been tracked and commented on. These stages are both common to all types of such weaponry, and specifi c to maces, kistens, and warhammers. The thoughts expressed regarding the methodological aspects of working with the group of weapons in question are based on the author's practical work with such specimens from the Middle Ages and Modern times.

In the spring of 2001, an announcement from the customs service in Giurgiu caused a stir in the halls of the “Teohari Antonescu” County Museum in Giurgiu: during a routine check carried out on a train coming from Bulgaria, a significant batch of objects of archaeological origin was discovered. The immediate observations of the museographer Emil Păunescu led to the specification of the “catch”: approx. 200 metal pieces that chronologically began in the early Iron Age (Hallstatt) and went up to the late Middle Ages, as well as several hundred ancient and medieval coins. Until all the legal aspects of this batch of pieces were clarified, they entered the custody of the County Museum. We started with a simple question: are the pieces from the illegal trade in antiquities important for a researcher? Usually, this starts from the context of the discovery, but in this case, the challenge, assumed by the specialists of the "Vasile Pârvan" Institute of Archaeology of the Romanian Academy, consisted in framing them in the much broader context of their distribution, a generous geographical area and therefore difficult to encompass. In some cases, I believe that the results can be considered even spectacular.

Старобългарското въоръжение" от Стоян Витлянов представлява за дълбочено монографично изследване, първи опит за по-цялостен поглед върху тази специфична тематика. Наред с проучването и анализа на не познати досега археологически материали и писмени документи, които са принос в сферата на въоръжението на древните ни прадеди от епохата на ранното средновековие, авторът се докосва и до някои съществени страни от духовната култура на онова време. Изследването обхваща центровете Плиска, Мадара и Велики Преслав, което е дало възможност на Ст. Витлянов да проучи и класифицира де тайлно всеки новооткрит археологически предмет или културен памет ник. Написана професионално, с научна задълбоченост и фактологическа точност, книгата е интересна както за научни работници и специалисти, така и за но-широки читателски кръгове, тъй като обобщава всички до сегашни изследвания по темата. "Старобългарското въоръжение" прив лича вниманието и на писатели, художници и режисьори, които евентуал но биха пресъздали художествено сюжети от богатата и бурна история и съдба на средновековна България.

INFORMATION IN THE OLD BULGARIAN TEXTS ABOUT THE MIGRATION FROM THRACE TO PRESENT-DAY NORTHERN BULGARIA AT THE END OF THE 12th – BEGINNING OF THE 13th CENTURY AND THE ORIGIN OF THE NAMES KRASEN AND CHERVEN, RUSE - In: CYRILLO-METHODIAN STUDIES, 35, 2025. At the end of the 12th – the beginning of the 13th century, there was a large-scale population migration from the lands south of Stara Planina to the territory north of it. The reasons for this are the Third and Fourth Crusades and, above all, the policy of the restored Bulgarian state, which sought to increase the population in the sparsely populated parts of the lands between the Danube and Stara Planina. This migration is reflected in Byzantine and Western European written sources and is well traced archaeologically. In the Old bulgarian texts it is weakly reflected, but still explicitly mentioned and complements the data known to us from other sources. They mention the names of two fortresses – Krasen and Cherven in the region of today’s city of Ruse. A fortress and a settlement south of Stara Planina have identical names. It is from this region that the population migrated to the lands north of Stara Planina. This repetition of the names in the two areas regions is hardly a coincidence and is indirect evidence of the migration in question, in which the resettled population transferred the names of their old settlements.

This paper is dedicated to Marc-Antoine Jullien's bicentennial work, which first appeared as a series of three articles under the main title 'Éducation comparée' with a subtitle 'Esquisse et vues préliminaires d'un ouvrage sur l'éducation comparée' published in Journal d'éducation from October 1816 to March 1817 and also published as a booklet entitled Esquisse et vues préliminaires d'un ouvrage sur l'éducation comparée in Paris in 1817. These publications lay the foundations of systematic comparative studies of education which give ground Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris (1775-1848) to be undisputedly regarded as founding "Father of Comparative Education". Jullien de Paris is recognized as the first to use the term comparative education , set out a method for comparison and one of the very earliest exponents of systematic international inquiry in education . It was thanks to Jullien that the science of education became comparative . In this respect, the aim of this short paper is to explore how Jullien's work and contribution is presented in Bulgarian comparative education textbooks published between 1969 and 2014. Five systematic Bulgarian comparative education textbooks have been included in the present study and the findings show that Jullien's work and contribution appear on the pages of all of them, receive respectful attention and prove not to be long forgotten.

The text is devoted to the analysis of the portrayal of Tarnovo, the new capital of the restored near the end of the twelfth-century Bulgarian state, in the historical work and speeches by Niketas Choniates, a Byzantine historian, official, and rhetorician from the latter half of the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. As a direct witness of the contemporary Byzantine-Bulgarian relations, a high-ranking court dignitary throughout most of the discussed period, and the author of the most important sources shedding light on the restitution of Bulgaria, he left a legacy of extraordinary importance, one which has shaped views of the subsequent generations of Byzantine historians. While examining Tаrnovo's role shows it did not occupy a particularly significant place in the historian's narrative, and the remarks concerning it appear as if in passing, he nonetheless was fully conscious of the city's significance not only for the Bulgarians themselves but also in the context of the prospective expansion of the Empire in the direction of its northern neighbours. It is therefore no accident that in his brief characterisation of the city the author focused on the description of the defensive qualities of Tаrnovo. Paradoxically, his arguments on this subject may play an important role in the present ongoing discussion among the archaeologists exploring the former capital on the subject of chronology and size of the fortifications surrounding the two most important hills on which the city developed, namely Tsarevets and Trapezitsa.

Marisia 6. 2024. 137–148.

In Hungarian archeological literature the Russian term ‘Ugor’ can be translated to sign the population of the Ugric language unity – which in Hungarian linguistics is said to be lasted from the 2000 BC until 1000–500 BC –, or it can sign directly the ancestors of the Hungarians. Although if one reads carefully the archeological studies it is clear that in Russian the term „Ugor” is also used to sign the Ugric-speaking populations around the Ural mountain and Western Siberia in the first centuries AD, and also the term ‘Ugor’ can be used equivalently as ‘Ogur’, as in Russian archeology it is a wide spread theory that the European Huns and Oguric (f. e. Ogur, Onogur, Saragur, Kutrigur) people were formed east of the Ural by the unity of the local Ugoric and the settling Xiongnu population. Also the term ‘Ugor’ in Russian is the original designation of the Hungarians and it has a strong relation with the territory name Jugria and the Ob-Ugric people. From the term ‘Ugor’ was partly created the scientific designation of the so called ‘Finno-Ugric’ language-family as well. The original form seems to be ‘Ogur’ as the Byzantine sources testify.


A magyar régészeti irodalomban az orosz „ugor” nevet fordíthatják úgy, hogy az ugor nyelvi egység beszélőit jelentse – amely nyelvi egység vlamikor i. e. 2000 és i. e. 1000-500 között állt fenn –, de jelentheti közvetlenül a magyarokat is. De a régészeti szakirodalom alapján az is nyilvánvaló, hogy az oroszban az „ugor” terminus arra is használatos, hogy az i. sz. első évezredben az Urál hegység és környékén valamint Nyugat-Szibériában élő ugor-nyelvű népeket jelölje, továbbá az „ugor” alatt az ogur népeket is érthetik, mivel az orosz kutatáson belül elterjedt nézet, hogy az európai hunok és az ogurok (onogurok, kutrigurok, saragurok) az Uráltól keletre szerveződtek meg a helyi ugor és a (keletről) megtelepedő hiungnu népesség törzseiből. Az „ugor” név a magyarokat is jelölte a középkori orosz nyelvben és e név szorosan kapcsolódik a középkori (J)ugria területnévhez is, amely az obi-ugorok hazája. Továbbá részben az „ugor” névből alkották meg az ún. finnugor nyelvcsalád tudományos elnevezését. A középkori görög források névhasználata alapján az eredeti alak az ogur lehet.

Историята на Горско Сливово не започва с едно име, нито завършва с едно предание. Това е разказ за едно селище, скрито в гънките на времето, чиято съдба е преплетена с гори, мъгли, забравени реки и човешки съдби. Какво означава "Даа Ис Слива"? Означава ли гора, мъгла, поле? Или е спомен за едно изчезнало българско село, за тринадесет славянски задруги, за боляри, турски гарнизони и ябълкови градини? Истината се губи между легендата и документа. А може би истината е в самата легенда.

Cultural tourism is one of the most dynamically developing specialized types of tourism gaining increasing popularity today. Its origin in Europe is dated to the end of the 18th century, and Bulgaria is associated with the
organization of the tourist movement at the end of the 19th century. Among the names of the first Bulgarian tourists are those of famous scientists and intellectuals. In Varna, the origin of the tourist movement in general and cultural tourism in particular are directly related to the life and work of Karel Škorpil. Initially as a teacher, and then as the founder of the Varna Archaeological Society and Museum, he organized numerous tourist excursions with an intellectual purpose in the surroundings of Varna. Together with like-minded people he organized the first tourist society in the city, giving it the amusing name “Darmadantsi” (from Turkish darmaduman” – mess, messy). In 1902, it became the basis of the Varna branch of the Bulgarian Tourist Society. In the beginning it had 23 members, among them was one of the first female tourists both in Varna and in Bulgaria, the teacher Maria Minkova. In addition to organizing excursions out in nature, Varna tourists took care of the preservation and popularization of significant cultural and historical sites. Together with the members of the Varna Archaeological Society, they cleared the cluttered premises of Aladzha Monastery and the artificial caves near it (the so-called “Catacombs”). In addition, they built a room for tourists in the monastery, which turned it into one of the first sites of organized cultural tourism in the vicinity of Varna. In this regard, the members of the two societies requested the Bulgarian Parliament to cede several hectares of land around the monastery to them in order to improve the area and plant fruit 19 trees. As a conclusion to the process of socialization, the rock monastery was officially consecrated on the feast of the Holy Trinity in 1908. Gradually, the goals and activities of the tourist society in the city began to overlap with those of the Varna Archaeological Society. For this reason, in 1909, the tourist society became a branch of the archaeological one.
This article presents 30 photographs capturing individual moments of
everyday tourist life as well as the emotions and enthusiasm of the pioneers of cultural tourism in Varna. The photographs are part of Varna Regional Museum of History documentary fund “Varna Archaeological Society” and photographs collection of Ivan Vakavchiev, kept in the State Archives–Varna. Ivan Vakavchiev was the first director of Maria-Louisa Girls’ High School in Varna, an associate of Karel Škorpil and a member of “Darmadantsi”. The photographs from his collection were taken in the period between 1900–1902. However, many of the photographed places cannot be recognized and precisely localized. Nonetheless, these pictures have sentimental value and most of them are being published for
the first time.

This paper focuses on the remains of fresco decoration in the churches and the chapel of the mediaeval rock monastery near Varna (Aladzha Monastery). By examining the fragments of frescoes preserved in situ, together with the available archival materials, an attempt has been made to describe and in some occasions to make a fresh interpretation of the wall paintings in the monastery. Special attention has been paid to the identification of several images documented in the early 20th century that no longer survive.

The monastery church on Djanavara Hill near Varna (Odessos) (middle of the 5th-early 7th century AD) has a very strange architecture scheme that still poses difficult questions. The following paper focuses on a specific topic connected to the church: the liturgical arrangement of its interior, and all the related liturgical fittings and fixtures therein. Analysis of the interior relies on two sources of information: the available primary archaeological evidence, which the author was able to investigate personally, and the information in the archives which was collected during the first archaeological campaign in the early 20th century. The process of comparing and combining evidence from these two sources provided the necessary information to draw a relatively consistent picture of the liturgical fittings and fixtures, reflecting the changes and modifications that happened during the period of the church's use. This study resulted in several observations and conclusions. The interior of the church (and perhaps the whole building), suffered some form of damage and was subsequently extensively repaired. Some specifics in the liturgical fittings and fixtures points to those repairs being made at a certain time during the 6th century AD, most probably in the first half or around the middle of the century. The repairs should be considered a very important reference point in the chronology of Djanavara church in general, and of the liturgical fittings and fixtures in its interior in particular. It was expected that the analysis would also help to identify the liturgical tradition to which the church on Djanavara Hill belonged, and through this to bring some clarification to the complex problem regarding the origins of its unusual architecture. The results, however, are inconclusive. Nothing from the liturgical fittings and fixtures could be connected explicitly with the Near East, and this weakens the support for the dominant hypothesis of a Near Eastern origin of the building. On the contrary, the liturgical arrangement of the interior is common for the Diocese of Thracia, and some of the features should be explained with an influence from Constantinople.

During Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine Period, 4th – early 7th centuries CE, the old Milesian colony of Odessos on the West Pontic coast (modern day Varna, Bulgaria) was experiencing one of the wealthiest periods in its history. The proximity of the city to the provincial capital of Marcianopolis (Devnya) and to Constantinople guaranteed the important position of the city in the economic, cultural
and ecclesiastical life of the Empire. This was also a period in which Christianity flourished in Odessos and its region, leaving a rich archaeological heritage. This heritage includes more than twenty-five churches in and around the city, a monastery, catacombs, necropoleis, holy relics, pieces of art, inscriptions, etc.
Early Christianity in Odessos has been studied for more than a century by many prominent scholars, most of them archaeologists from the Varna Regional Museum of History. The main aim of this paper is to provide a general overview of this rich material, while also focusing explicitly on the relatively new data collected over the last thirty-five years. Twelve different cases will be discussed. This number comprises newly found basilicas (some of the information is published here for the first time), and sites that were discovered long ago but recently have been re-excavated or explored further on a larger scale. Some Early Christian sites are discussed in the paper not only on the basis of the archaeological evidence but also through information obtained from scientific archives. This combined approach proved to be extremely helpful in providing several new interpretations, and in proposing solutions to certain pending archaeological questions.

This reference list includes all archaeological field research projects
during the period 2010 – 2020, of which archaeologists from the Varna
Regional Museum of History (Varna RMH) were the directors, or
members of the scientific teams.

NB! The paper is in Bulgarian.

Church No.2 in the citadel of Kokalyanski Urvich was built in the early
14th c. and functioned until the end of that century, when it was eventually abandoned. At
that time, the late medieval monastery around the Church of St. Elijah the Prophet was
founded at the foot of the citadel. Church No.2, located in the citadel of Kokalyanski
Urvich, is one of the single-aisle churches with a pitched roof typical for southwestern
Bulgaria during the 12th–14th centuries. In the early years it functioned as a parish
church for the inhabitants of the citadel, and it was presumably converted into a
commemorative church for the rulers of Urvich in the mid-14th c. According to its specific
architectural design it should be referred to the tomb-churches but featuring not vertical
but horizontal arch-shaped markings in the pavement. In the second construction stage of
the church, arches were added in the ceramic pavement, and in the third construction
stage a narthex was added on the west. The few mural fragments and especially those
found on the west give grounds to date the church to the 14th c. and to ascertain that its
patron saint was St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, Bishop of Myrlica.

The excavations at "Azmaschka" settlement hill mark an important stage in the history of prehistoric analysis in our country. They provide a possibility for the acquisition of filler stratigraffs archaeological findings about the settlement for the study of all material relics from the past life and culture of its occupants. The bone material was studied and its species were identified. The following methods of analysis were used: osteometric and odontometric method, method for determining the minimum number of individuals, method for identifying the species of sheep and goat bones. A total number of 1 548 bone fragments of wild and domestic animals, was analysed and identified. They belong to at least of 434 individuals. The bones of the wild mammals found amount to presentation from 192 or 12.40% from total number of bones, and these from domestic animals amount to 1 356 or 87.40%. Human bones were also identified, as well as a number of mollusca (snails and mussels). Th...

The archaeological site near today's village of Ivancha, Veliko Tarnovo province, was registered during a field survey along the Nabucco gas pipeline route. Its research was carried out during the work on the so-called "Balkan Stream". Nearly ten decares were studied by the methods of archaeology. Traces of a settlement from the Ottoman period (16 th-first half of the 17 th centuries) were found over the territory of the site. 97 pits, 33 kilns, 5 hearths, over 60 service buildings and dwellings, and 14 Christian graves were explored. A vast amount of pottery fragments, a few faience vessels, animal bones, over 50 coins, and numerous other finds related to the population's life during this period were found. The village is well-known from the Ottoman tax registers as one of the largest settlements of the Sandjak of Nicopolis. Keywords: the Ottoman period; the Sandjak of Nicopolis; the village of Ivancha; archaeological excavations. Село Иванча, намиращо се в община Полски Тръмбеш, Великотърновско се явява едно изключение в изучаването на така наречения османски пе

The article analyzes the date and circumstances under which medieval Bulgaria became a vassal of the Mongols. The almost universally accepted view in historiography is that Bulgaria became a Mongol vassal in 1242 during their invasion of Europe. However, Plamen Pavlov suggests that around 1247 Bulgaria exposed itself to new Mongol pressure, which led to the establishment of vassal relations. In this article, using various Western and Oriental sources, we find that Bulgaria became a Mongol vassal in 1246 – 1247 in the peculiar historical circumstances that prevented resistance against the Mongols. Thus, Pavlov’s opinion is supported by new and hitherto unused testimonies from sources.