Black Markets

The site of Apulum I, Colonia Aurelia Apulensis was impacted by public infrastructure works in the modern city of Alba Iulia, carried out during 2023. Here, during an archaeological supervision on Regimentul V Vânători Street, no. 88, in the Roman province of Dacia, the first and only stone relief depicting Priapus-the god of fertility and fecundity, protector of gardens, orchards, vineyards, and maritime tradewas discovered. Positioned at the entrance of a building, the relief had an apotropaic function, guarding against the evil eye, malevolent spirits, envy, and similar threats. The god is depicted in an unusual form, kneeling, in profile, holding his greatly oversized erect penis with his left hand. A similar profile representation in relief is found in a piece from Pompeii, at the bakery of Modestus. Generally, the god is portrayed both in statues and reliefs standing, with an erect phallus, dressed in a tunic or mantle lifted to hold fruits and flowers. The relief can be dated to the period AD 235-260.

Durante la guerra civil española el acceso a los alimentos comunes se convirtió en un reto cotidiano para la mayoría de las familias del territorio republicano. El estado de escasez y de conflicto forzó un proceso de resignificación del valor monetario y emocional de los alimentos. Este artículo se propone estudiar las narrativas creadas en torno al desabastecimiento generalizado y las estrategias de consumo y de dignificación de los alimentos en tiempos de miseria.

The paper provides results of an analysis of character of smooth barrel bore wear of the T-72 tank, a combat vehicle that remains in service with a number of armed forces throughout the world. The BG20 MkII Gun Barrel Bore Gauge system purchased from Aeronautical & General Instruments Ltd in the UK was used to take measurement in the barrels of T-72 tank. Three types of the wear of leading part of the barrel bore were documented. There are also, in original way, mathematically formulated conditions of formation of a specific type of wear caused by firing the armour-piercing finstabilized discarding sabot 3BM-15 in the paper. Keywords—Armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot, Smooth barrel bore wear, BG-20 MkII measurement system.

Since the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS, also known as Daesh and ISIL) in 2014, antiquities have been a widely publicized source of funding for what has become one of the most technologically savvy terrorist organizations of the modern era. The globalization of technology and rise of popularity in cryptocurrencies has changed the face of black-market trade and the actors that carry out these crimes. While art and antiquities have long served as a market with susceptibilities to laundering, the emergence of Dark Web markets, identification-masking software, and untraceable cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin have opened new doors to potential vulnerabilities. The anonymity that is offered by these technologies acts as a roadblock for authorities, while attracting the likes of terrorists and transnational criminals. Investigative research using cyber security platforms to identify digital artifacts connected to potential traffickers provides the opportunity to unmask the seemingly untraceable actors behind these activities. The evidence of illicit antiquities trafficking on the Dark Web displayed in this article can generate a new discussion on how and where to study black-market antiquities to gain needed insight into combating the illicit trade online and the transnational criminal groups it may finance.

The increasing need for safe and reliable firearm storage within vehicles has led to the development of various solutions such as vehicle safes, car gun safes, under seat gun safes, and truck console safes. This paper investigates the importance of vehicle gun storage, evaluating different types of safes, their security features, and the effectiveness of innovative designs like hidden car safes and under seat gun storage. The objective is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the best available solutions, including vehicle lock boxes, car vaults, and console gun safes, while highlighting the critical factors to consider when choosing a suitable automotive gun safe for optimal security.

Text from the research team “Media & Play,” conducted as part of the project "Gender Discrimination and Childhood: The Child as a Sender and Receiver of Gender-Related Messages."

The study consists of two parts. The first examines the impact of media on children (up to approximately 11 years old), addressing the portrayal of sexist stereotypes in films and cartoons and investigating changes in these representations over recent years. It also explores how advertising shapes children's perceptions of gender roles.

The second part analyzes gender stereotypes reinforced by children's toys based on biological sex, such as Barbie dolls for girls and toy cars for boys.

Η παρούσα εργασία εξετάζει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο σχετίζεται η φαντασία του Ρώσου συγγραφέα Γιεβγκένι Ζαμιάτιν, όπως αυτή καταγράφεται στα 1920 στο αντιουτοπικό του μυθιστόρημα "Εμείς", με το ιστορικό περιβάλλον μέσα στο οποίο αυτή η φαντασία διαμορφώνεται. Στο πλαίσιο της παραπάνω συσχέτισης διερευνάται αρχικά η βιογραφία του συγγραφέα μέχρι την περίοδο συγγραφής του μυθιστορήματος παράλληλα με τις σημαντικότερες εξελίξεις που λαμβάνουν χώρα την ίδια εποχή στο κοινωνικό περιβάλλον του. Ακολούθως παρουσιάζεται η κοινωνία την οποία πλάθει ο συγγραφέας στο "Εμείς", μια απόλυτα κολεκτιβιστική και ρασιοναλιστική «ουτοπία» τοποθετημένη στον 30ο αιώνα μ. Χ., όπου οι άνθρωποι-αριθμοί διάγουν μια καθόλα ετερόνομη και προδιαγεγραμμένη ζωή, διοικούμενη από την αυστηρή και πατρική φιγούρα του «Ευεργέτη», μέσα σε ένα τεχνητό περιβάλλον μονωμένο από το φυσικό με τείχος. Με την περιγραφή της κοινωνικής πραγματικότητας του «Μονοκράτους» παρουσιάζονται και βασικά στοιχεία της πλοκής του έργου. Εν συνεχεία, επιχειρείται η συσχέτιση συγκεκριμένων όψεων της φανταστικής κοινωνίας που δομεί ο Ζαμιάτιν στο Εμείς με όψεις και τάσεις της κοινωνικής πραγματικότητας που εντοπίζονται στην ευρύτερη περίοδο συγγραφής του έργου. Η εργασία ολοκληρώνεται με αναφορά στη βιογραφία του Ζαμιάτιν και των κοινωνικών εξελίξεων που λαμβάνουν χώρα μετά τη συγγραφή του Εμείς, διερευνώντας αυτή τη φορά την επίδραση που άσκησε το ίδιο το έργο στη ζωή και στο κοινωνικό περιβάλλον του συγγραφέα. Στην πορεία της εργασίας διατυπώνονται υποθέσεις σχετικά με τον ρόλο που οι λογοτεχνικές ουτοπίες/δυστοπίες δύνανται να διαδραματίζουν στη διαδικασία του κοινωνικού γίγνεσθαι και ειδικότερα της κοινωνικής μεταβολής.

This essay discusses  'social capacity' and strategies for obtaining it.  The objective of this 'capacitance' is independence. It can be seen as a motive force behind 'self-actualization' as well as at a more parochial level,, the presentation of the self called 'having your game down.'  It is also the central logic behind the conflict entrepreneur. 

This exploratory essay was originally written in 2003 when I was developing the theory of Capacitance, and updated several year ago (2022) to reflect the death of someone who was a key participant in its development.

During the judicial actions, generically known as the Dacian Gold Files, the investigators faced, very often, incredibly unusual situations, unexpected, even paradoxical, which accumulated aspects that showed the absurd and the ludicrous, but which, in the last instance, describe, in an inspired way, we can say, details of the structure of the individual and collective mind of those involved in trafficking the cultural assets, stolen from archaeological sites. The herby study wants to bring to the attention of the public interested in the issue of national cultural heritage that has been subject to financially motivated criminal acts (theft, trafficking), in particular the problem of “occasional” collections and collectors which appeared in the Romanian landscape in early 2000s, a unique case, located in Hunedoara County, atypical at first sight, but symptomatic for that period. We also focus on an aspect frequently observed in the case of antique markets, namely on the so-called gray market. It is named the grey market because it is perceived as being between the black, obviously illegal and the white, legal market. The cultural assets, likely to belong to the cultural heritage, stolen from their original contexts, represent new entries, previously unknown to the experts, not taken into account in previous records or inventories. The interfaces through which they are sold are the gray market, illustrated in figure 22. The private collections,designed in the turbulent years after 1989, not mentioned in the records of the public institutions (impossible due to their illegality), represent today, the intermediaries, or the vehicles, between the black and the white markets.

Digital terrorist financing represents a significant and evolving threat, leveraging emerging technologies to facilitate the funding of terrorist activities globally. This research examines the mechanisms, methodologies, and regulatory challenges associated with digital terrorist financing. The study highlights the increasing use of cryptocurrencies, the dark web, and cybercrime techniques by terrorist organizations to obscure financial trails and evade detection.
Key findings indicate that while international regulations such as FATF guidelines have contributed to mitigating some risks, the decentralized and pseudonymous nature of cryptocurrencies poses substantial challenges for enforcement. Advanced technological solutions, such as AI-based transaction monitoring and blockchain analysis tools, have shown promise in detecting suspicious activities but require continuous development to keep pace with evolving tactics.
Moreover, the importance of international cooperation and public-private partnerships is underscored as critical components in combating this threat. Educational campaigns and enhanced public awareness are also vital in reducing unintentional support for terrorist financing.
The study concludes with recommendations for strengthening regulatory frameworks, investing in advanced technological solutions, fostering international collaboration, and promoting continuous education and awareness efforts. Addressing digital terrorist financing requires a comprehensive and adaptive approach to safeguard global security in the digital age.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar el panorama de la investigación histórica en España en el contexto de los estudios sobre la escasez y el abastecimiento durante la Guerra Civil, dentro del marco más amplio de la investigación sobre hambrunas y mercados negros en la primera mitad del siglo. A pesar de la extensa investigación sobre la Guerra Civil, se hace evidente una brecha historiográfica en relación con el análisis de la vida cotidiana durante la guerra, especialmente en las zonas de retaguardia. Partiendo de una visión global de la historiografía de la vida cotidiana y el abastecimiento, explora los caminos seguidos por la Historia Social de la guerra. Concluye con una propuesta de investigación que ofrece nuevas perspectivas, conectando con el discurso internacional sobre políticas de abastecimiento, resistencia cotidiana y redefiniendo el concepto de la hambruna española.

Resumen: Con el presente artículo pretendemos abordar, desde planteamientos novedosos, el estudio de las actitudes sociales que contribuyeron a la edificación y el sostenimiento de la dictadura franquista. Centraremos nuestra atención en la región andaluza, insistiendo en las fracturas políticas, morales, culturales y sociales que dividieron al tejido social andaluz durante la Segunda República y sus repercusiones sobre la gestación de los muy heterogéneos apoyos sociales prestados al Nuevo Estado. Asimismo, aplicaremos las premisas teóricas de aquellas tradiciones historiográficas interesadas en el análisis de las formas de colaboración ciudadana con los órganos represivos y policiales de los Estados totalitarios, fascistas o fascistizados de la Europa de entreguerras.

Although speculative activity is central to black markets for currency, the out-ofsample performance of structural models in those settings is unknown. We substantially update the literature on empirical determinants of black market rates and evaluate the outof-sample performance of linear models and nonparametric Bayesian treed Gaussian process (BTGP) models against the random walk benchmark. Fundamentals-based models outperform the benchmark in out-of-sample prediction accuracy and trading rule profitability measures given future values of fundamentals. In simulated real-time trading exercises, however, the BTGP achieves superior realized profitability, accuracy, and market timing, while linear models do no better than a random walk.

El 3 de octubre de 1938 doce aviones sublevados bombardearon las calles de Madrid. Esta vez no caían obuses, sino bolsas con pan blanco que decían "En la España Nacional, «Una, Grande y Libre», no hay un hogar sin lumbre ni una familia sin pan". No se trataba de un acto de generosidad fraternal con los hermanos del otro lado del frente, sino de una planificada estrategia de guerra para conseguir la victoria franquista sobre la República española. Durante la guerra civil, alimentar al pueblo se convirtió en uno de los mayores problemas políticos del lado gubernamental y la escasez se extendió como una epidemia que afectó en vanguardia y retaguardia y determinó el desarrollo, la experiencia y la memoria de la guerra civil española. Cartillas de racionamiento, mercados clandestinos, intercambios y panes negros se instalaron en la cotidianeidad española y permanecieron como compañeros de la miseria hasta los años cincuenta. Este libro se propone analizar el problema de abastecimiento a la población republicana desde una mirada global. Para ello, analiza las medidas oficiales del Gobierno, la instrumentalización del hambre como arma por el bando franquista, la intervención humanitaria internacional y las respuestas que mujeres y hombres corrientes dieron a la carestía para conseguir sobrevivir.

Thanks to the dark web, the digital black market has grown to become a sizable underground economy with far-reaching socioeconomic effects. This study examines the detailed effects of the illegal digital market on international economies, paying special emphasis on financial losses, the types and quantities of illegal goods and services, the effects on society, and the function of cryptocurrencies. By using a thorough examination of information from government statistics, blockchain research, and cybersecurity reports, this study aims to offer a thorough grasp of the ways in which these illegal activities impact public health, crime rates, and legitimate markets. Furthermore, a review is conducted on the efficacy of extant legal and regulatory measures, accompanied by suggestions for more comprehensive approaches to counter these actions. The results underscore the pressing necessity of concerted global endeavours to mitigate the detrimental consequences of the digital illicit market, stressing the significance of improved cybersecurity, regulatory modifications, and public education. This work adds to the scant body of knowledge in academia on the subject and lays the groundwork for more studies and the formulation of public policy.

This article studies the daily, individual and subjective practices towards the misery of the postwar period (1939-1952). The objective is, first, to analyse the popular responses to hunger within and outside Franco’s autarkic legality. Second, we delve into the meaning of these small tactics and on the motivations of their protagonists, their manifestations, the results achieved or the way in which the dictatorship perceived them. We demonstrate that post-war shortages were the element that most conditioned and shaped popular attitudes towards the dictatorship until the 1950s. In the context of extreme poverty, ordinary men and women activated a whole series of ingenious strategies with the triple objective of obtaining food and improving their domestic economies, normalising their daily lives and expressing disagreement or disagreement with Franco’s interventionism. Hence, depending on the necessity of each moment, these strategies can be interpreted as survival, Eigen-Sinn or resistance practices.

Given the complicated transition in which post communist countries have been going through during their rapid development, it is important to make sure that concerns of the weakest part of these societies are taken into consideration and not left on their own fate hidden in the chaotic transition process. This study is an evaluation of Albanian needy families' perceptions of the public Economic Aid program. Qualitative research was based on ten interviews of Economic Aid recipients, male and female baby boomers. They all had children. The findings showed a huge gap between the Economic Aid amount and their real expenses and needs. In most cases this gap was covered from black market jobs. Recipients felt extremely poor, inferior, hopeless, and concerned about surviving. The lack of trust in the Economic Aid program in specific and the government in general was due to perceived high level of corruption. We recommended a practical framework for restructuring the Economic Aid program in terms of the amount delivered, transparency, employment support, psychological assistance for both parents and children, and better medical coverage.

Article 17-Withdrawal A Party may withdraw from this Convention by submitting written notification to the Depositary. Such withdrawal shall be effective one year after the date of the receipt of the notification. After withdrawal, cooperation shall continue between the Parties and the State which has withdrawn on all requests for assistance and extradition made before the effective date of withdrawal which remain pending.

Available online at https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/resource/weapons-compass-caribbean-firearms-study The Caribbean region suffers from some of the world’s highest rates of violent deaths, with firearms used in the majority of these crimes. Although most homicide victims are men, the Caribbean as a region also faces one of the world’s highest rates of violent deaths among women. While much emphasis has been placed on firearms control at both the political and operational levels, illicit firearms and the dynamics of illicit arms markets in this region have received little research attention. In response, the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Implementation Agency for Crime and Security (IMPACS) partnered with the Small Arms Survey to carry out a comprehensive evidence-based study of illicit arms trafficking to and within the Caribbean, and the socio-economic costs of firearm-related violence in the region. This Report examines these issues by drawing on data and information collected from 13 of the 15 CARICOM member states and from 22 Caribbean states in total. The study also incorporates the results of original fieldwork undertaken by regional partners, including interviews with prison inmates serving firearm-related sentences, and research in selected hospitals related to gunshot wounds and the associated medical costs and productivity losses for patients.

3D-printed firearms, an emerging category of privately made firearms (PMF) produced beyond government control, have become increasingly prevalent due to technological advancements. They are now emerging as a cost-effective and reliable alternative to conventional firearms. Raised to public awareness following the 2013 release of the 3D-printed Liberator, these firearms are now more commonly encountered by police forces. This article analyses various reports involving 3D-printed firearms, reflecting the increasing encounters by law enforcement agencies. It examines 186 cases involving 3D-printed firearms, primarily from North America, Europe, and Oceania, highlighting a significant rise in incidents since 2021. These incidents include seizures, illicit uses, and online sales, with the firearms typically being hybrid models, Parts Kit Completions/Conversions (PKC), or firearm components such as auto sears. The study underscores the use of affordable equipment and materials for production, emphasizing the accessibility and potential risks of these firearms.

Resumen: Con el presente artículo pretendemos abordar, desde planteamientos novedosos, el estudio de las actitudes sociales que contribuyeron a la edificación y el sostenimiento de la dictadura franquista. Centraremos nuestra atención en la región andaluza, insistiendo en las fracturas políticas, morales, culturales y sociales que dividieron al tejido social andaluz durante la Segunda República y sus repercusiones sobre la gestación de los muy heterogéneos apoyos sociales prestados al Nuevo Estado. Asimismo, aplicaremos las premisas teóricas de aquellas tradiciones historiográficas interesadas en el análisis de las formas de colaboración ciudadana con los órganos represivos y policiales de los Estados totalitarios, fascistas o fascistizados de la Europa de entreguerras.

Resumen: A comienzos de los años cincuenta, la situación socioeconómica de la España de Franco no había mejorado mucho a pesar de que la hambruna ya había pasado. La autarquía derivó en una escasez continua, que provocó hartazgo y malestar popular en la población española. La adopción de esta política económica y sus consecuencias han constituido para los historiadores un elemento sustentador y articulador del régimen, pero ¿pudo acabar el hambre con Franco o con el franquismo? Es lo que tratamos de dilucidar en estas páginas, a partir de fuentes novedosas como informes oficiales del franquismo y de la inteligencia norteamericana.

Queridísimo Caudillo… investiga la huella de la guerra civil sobre la cotidianidad de la población hasta el fin del racionamiento, en los años de la autarquía. el objetivo es analizar las continuidades en lo cotidiano entre la guerra y la posguerra resumida en el concepto de victoria y que se alargaría casi una década, más que en otros contextos posbélicos. se busca analizar tanto la miseria material como la corrupción moral, dos de los aspectos que más impactaron en el día a día de la gente de a pie durante el periodo 1936-1952. se sostiene que las experiencias de hambre y miseria moral que se vivieron durante la contienda persistieron tras abril de 1939. además, el artículo defiende que estas vivencias afectaron a personas de toda ideología.

Weapons Ban exerted a spillover on gun supply in Mexican municipios near Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, but not near California, which retained a pre-existing state-level ban. We find first that Mexican municipios located closer to the non-California border states experienced differential increases in homicides, gun-related homicides, and crime gun seizures after 2004. Second, the magnitude of this effect is contingent on political factors related to Mexico's democratic transition. Killings increased disproportionately in municipios where local elections had become more competitive prior to 2004, with the largest differentials emerging in high narco-trafficking areas. Our findings suggest that competition undermined informal agreements between drug cartels and entrenched local governments, highlighting the role of political conditions in mediating the gun-crime relationship.

The darknet is a hidden segment of the Internet and is often associated with illicit activities, owing to its promise of anonymity. This clandestine cyber realm has found favour among terrorists who exploit its features to conduct diverse operations, unhindered by prying eyes. Darknet’s encrypted platforms enable terrorists to communicate secretly, secure funding using untraceable methods, and recruit individuals without detection.
Outsmarting these nefarious uses of darknets is critical for combating global terrorism. This requires an understanding of the darknet's intricate workings and development of sophisticated strategies to counter the darknet resources used by terrorists.

The paper describes sniper rifles and optical sights in use in the Serbian Armed Forces. For the purpose of possible design of an optical sight that would meet modern technical and technological standards and needs of the Serbian Armed Forces, the paper analyzes the optical and mechanical characteristics of the aforementioned.

Firearm shooting simulators are effective means for training the personnel in armed forces, police and shooting athletes. Shootereweapon is a complex biomechanical system, therefore the best training quality is achieved when the process of a weapon shot is reconstructed in a training simulator and its training weapon mimics the (feeling) perception of the real weapon usage. Dynamics of motions of a handgun simulator held in the hand of a shooter by its grip during the shot is analysed theoretically and experimentally. Breech lock mechanism of the simulator is actuated pneumatically by supplying compressed air in pulses from external pressure source. Analysis of the obtained simulation results and experimentally recorded motion parameters of the training weapon body reveals that application of pneumatic drives is a reasonable option to simulate recoil perception of a pistol.

A firearm generates complex phenomena in muzzle flow and modelling the flow field around the projectile has great importance on high-intensity noise prediction. The negative effects of noise can be reduced using a suppressor which can be internally or externally attached to the barrel of a firearm. The purpose of this paper is to numerically and experimentally investigate the effect of the number and distance of circular ring baffles in the suppressor on the flow field and far field noise levels. Calculations were carried out in two-dimensional, axisymmetric, transient conditions and Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy (FW-H) equations were solved to predict the far field noise. Nine cases including a gun without a suppressor, a suppressor without baffles, one, three, and five baffles which were placed at 20 mm intervals from the suppressor inlet, and one, three, five, seven, and nine baffles which were placed with equal intervals in the suppressor were simulated and compa...

Zimbabwe's economy generates a large amount of foreign currency from a number of sources but the country is nevertheless experiencing a serious foreign exchange crisis. In spite of substantial forex revenues, the country is plagued by excessive inflation and currency instability. The study looks into how Zimbabwe's currency crisis has affected the financial systems. The interplay between the supply of money, the rate of inflation, the movement in the exchange rate, and spending by government have been examined to understand reasons of the currency crisis in Zimbabwe. The research was hinged on the interpretivist paradigm and a quantitative approach used for data analysis as predestined by the purpose of this research. Secondary data were reviewed for the analysis. Descriptive statistics was employed for the data analysis, correlation coefficient was employed to evaluate the level of interaction between the variables. The findings showed that the exchange rate between the local currency and US dollar declined from ZWL 24.60 to ZWL 810 between January 2020 and November 2022 antagonizing the money supply growth at the same period, from ZWL 36.27bn to ZWL 2.07tn respectively. The foreign currency premium significantly fell to 32% as of August 2022. It was therefore recommended that since the excessive expansion of the money supply through borrowing appears to be the main issue causing the foreign exchange crisis, the Zimbabwean government must reduce its borrowing to prevent fiscal deficits. Secondly, the government should intervene in the pricing distortions caused by numerous players as a result of the absence of a market-wide consensus exchange rate. Thirdly, there should be implementation of fiscal rationalization policies and adherence to the requirements of the Zimbabwe Debt Management Act. Further studies could concentrate on examining the macro factors that lead to this economic distress.

Sometimes the firearm forensic examiner is required to provide information useful to discriminate between suicide, homicide or accident, or between contradictory reconstructions of the events (like attempted murder versus accidental discharge). In such situations, knowledge of the position and orientation of the firearm at the time of firing can be of fundamental help for the reconstruction of events. To achieve these goals the analysis of the firing impressions is very important and this study elucidates the correlation between the characteristics of the firing pin impression and the spatial orientation (vertical upwards, horizontal or vertical downwards) of a revolver. The depth and morphology of the firing pin impression have been studied using both optical methods and surface topography analysis, showing that indeed from these data the orientation of the firearm at the time of shooting can be deduced.

This doctoral thesis studies the supply of the Republican rearguard during the Civil War from the definition of the conflict as an example of total war. It analyses shortages as a global and transversal element at all levels of the war experience,
from political-administrative management to the most everyday aspects of the life of "ordinary people", including war strategy, propaganda, and economic planning.
The hypothesis assumes that the food crisis suffered by the Republican
rearguard and its attempts at management caused the civilian population to become distant, apathetic, and even disengaged from the government. The main objective is to evaluate the supply factor as a factor shaping the state of opinion of the civilian
population and moulding the daily experience of the war. The aim is also to find
out whether the supply crisis suffered by the Republican rearguard served as a precedent for the performance of survival, resistance, and agency strategies in postwar life.
The sources used for this research are of a very varied nature, ranging from diplomatic reports from international archives to circulars from civilian
governments, draft measures, press, intelligence service reports, posters, and oral sources, all in an attempt to construct a coherent narrative that projects an overall view through critical analysis. The aim was to combine perspectives from above and from below and to create a dialogue between the different perspectives of
economic, institutional, medical, and social history, for which the methodology of
the history of German everyday life (Alltagsgeschichte) was of particular
importance to achieve an overall perspective.

The paper presents a numerical analysis, using the finite element method, for the case of static and dynamic loading of the upper carriage of the remote-controlled combat station, due to the recoil force generated by the operation of the integrated automatic grenade launcher 30mm M93. The paper describes the problem of integrating the BGA 30mm M93 automatic grenade launcher onto the combat platform, and based on the dimensions of the automatic launcher, modeling of the automatic launcher stand with cradle was carried out. As a result of the weapon dynamics equations and internal ballistics calculations, the pressure force of the gunpowder gases and the recoil force of the automatic grenade launcher were calculated. The paper also presents the results of the dynamic analysis of the finite element model of the upper gun carriage loaded with the obtained impulse recoil force for different elevation angles of the weapon.

The paper presents a numerical analysis, using the finite element method, for the case of static and dynamic loading of the upper carriage of the remote-controlled combat station, due to the recoil force generated by the operation of the integrated automatic grenade launcher 30mm M93. The paper describes the problem of integrating the BGA 30mm M93 automatic grenade launcher onto the combat platform, and based on the dimensions of the automatic launcher, modeling of the automatic launcher stand with cradle was carried out. As a result of the weapon dynamics equations and internal ballistics calculations, the pressure force of the gunpowder gases and the recoil force of the automatic grenade launcher were calculated. The paper also presents the results of the dynamic analysis of the finite element model of the upper gun carriage loaded with the obtained impulse recoil force for different elevation angles of the weapon.