Balinese language and culture

Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan memberikan pemahaman pengaturan mengenai desa dalam hukum positif di Indonesia dan  mengetahui pengaturan pemilihan Desa Adat serta Desa Dinas dengan adanya Undang-Undang Desa. Metode yang dipergunakan pada artikel terkait pengaturan pemilihan Desa Adat serta Desa Dinas dengan berlakunya Undang-Undang Desa ini mempergunakan jenis penelitian hukum yuridis normatif, dengan mempergunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan ataupun statute approach dalam melakukan analisis artikel ini. Hasil dari studi ini mendapatkan jika pengaturan pemilihan Desa Adat atau Desa Dinas sebenarnya telah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Desa tepatnya pada Pasal 6 ayat (1). Namun terjadi konflik norma antara Pasal 6 tersebut dengan Pasal penjelasannya. Pasal 6 tidak mewajibkan masyarakat memilih salah satu baik itu desa dinas maupun desa adat. Namun, dalam penjelasan menyebutkan jika pada satu wilayah hanya ada desa ataupun desa adat. Padahal dilihat dari segi sosiologis khususnya di wil...

Bali adalah salah satu tujuan wisata paling populer di dunia. Model pariwisata yang dikembangkan di Bali adalah Wisata Budaya Bali yang didasarkan pada filosofi Tri Hita Karana yang merupakan sumber ajaran Hindu. Munculnya fenomena pemandu ilegal yang tidak bersertifikat dalam menjelaskan keunikan Wisata Budaya Bali, memiliki implikasi untuk pelecehan budaya Bali ke dalam latar belakang penulisan penelitian ini. Studi ini berfokus pada meneliti peran pemandu dan pemerintah dalam mencegah pelecehan terhadap Wisata Budaya Bali. Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua formulasi masalah yang dipelajari; apa prosedur sertifikasi kompetensi panduan di Provinsi Bali dan bagaimana pengawasan Panduan Pemerintah di Provinsi Bali. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian normatif dengan fokus mempelajari legislasi dan literatur yang relevan dengan topik penelitian. Berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 15 Peraturan Provinsi Bali Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pemandu Wisata, dike...

Based on the language mapping conducted by The Language Development and Fostering Agency, there are around 560 regional languages in Indonesia. Of all these languages, only 11 regional languages have their own literacy system. One local language that has a literacy system is Balinese. Balinese script has a vital function in the effort of documenting and transmitting various systems of knowledge found by Balinese people from the past to the present. Besides having as documentation media, Balinese script is also functional in the three important stages of Balinese people's life. From the first stage (being born), the Balinese people used the script as a provision for the burial of the placenta. During adulthood, Balinese script is also used in a tooth- cutting rite. Similarly, when the Balinese people died, Balinese script was used as rajah-rajah kajang. There are contradictions that seem to be the gap between the functionalities of Balinese script and the reality of the low knowl...

Bali adalah salah satu tujuan wisata paling populer di dunia. Model pariwisata yang dikembangkan di Bali adalah Wisata Budaya Bali yang didasarkan pada filosofi Tri Hita Karana yang merupakan sumber ajaran Hindu. Munculnya fenomena pemandu ilegal yang tidak bersertifikat dalam menjelaskan keunikan Wisata Budaya Bali, memiliki implikasi untuk pelecehan budaya Bali ke dalam latar belakang penulisan penelitian ini. Studi ini berfokus pada meneliti peran pemandu dan pemerintah dalam mencegah pelecehan terhadap Wisata Budaya Bali. Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua formulasi masalah yang dipelajari; apa prosedur sertifikasi kompetensi panduan di Provinsi Bali dan bagaimana pengawasan Panduan Pemerintah di Provinsi Bali. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian normatif dengan fokus mempelajari legislasi dan literatur yang relevan dengan topik penelitian. Berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 15 Peraturan Provinsi Bali Nomor 5 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pemandu Wisata, dike...

This study aims to explain the contestation of languages on outdoor signboards found in the heritage area of Jalan Gajah Mada in terms of linguistic landscape and how the implementations of government policies for language use in the public space. The heritage area of Jalan Gajah Mada was originally a trading center but recently it is starting to be developed into a tourist attraction of Denpasar old city The study was done by analysing 275 photos of outdoor signboards which were taken along the Jalan Gajah Mada. Those photos were classified based on the type of outdoor signboards, the maker, the number of languages, the number of scripts. The results show that the language that is mostly used in outdoor signboards in this area is Indonesian, eventhough the shops are mostly owned by Chinese descendants and several Indian and Arabian descendants. The study also showed that an outdoor signboard can have one, two, three, or even four languages simultaneously. For those outdoor signboar...

A causa de los estereotipos difundidos por el orientalismo, los harenes se convirtieron en símbolo de la cultura oriental, sinónimo de sensualidad y de desenfreno sexual. Viajeras como Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso, Olympe Audouard, Carla Serena, Ida Hahn o la catalana Aurora Bertrana, a través de sus libros de viajes, se erigieron en auténticas conocedoras de la vida en los harenes y nos aportaron, con sus textos, una visión de la mujer musulmana que se suscribe, contrapone o complementa la aportada por la mirada del hombre. Este artículo recupera las voces de viajeras europeas de nacionalidades diversas que se desplazaron a países culturalmente orientales, en un abanico temporal que oscila entre los años cuarenta del siglo XIX y la década del treinta del siglo XX, sin que ello sea un obstáculo para que presenten opiniones y testimonios paralelos.

RESUMEN A causa de los estereotipos difundidos por el orientalismo, los harenes se convirtieron en símbolo de la cultura oriental, sinónimo de sensualidad y de desenfreno sexual. Viajeras como Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso, Olympe Audouard, Carla Serena, Ida Hahn o la catalana Aurora Bertrana, a través de sus libros de viajes, se erigieron en auténticas conocedoras de la vida en los harenes y nos aportaron, con sus textos, una visión de la mujer musulmana que se suscribe, contrapone o complementa la aportada por la mirada del hombre. Este artículo recupera las voces de viajeras europeas de nacionalidades diversas que se desplazaron a países culturalmente orientales, en un abanico temporal que oscila entre los años cuarenta del siglo XIX y la década del treinta del siglo XX, sin que ello sea un obstáculo para que presenten opiniones y testimonios paralelos.

La mujer necesita argumentar su partida, cuáles son los motivos que la inducen a abandonar el hogar y a transgredir las normas de la propia sociedad. Por otra parte, el escrito necesita justificar por sí mismo su valor, con el objeto de poder ser equiparado al discurso dominante, es decir, el del hombre. Este artículo establece relaciones entre el género biológico y el subgénero literario conformado por la literatura de viajes para discernir los rasgos comunes y las convenciones que subyacen a los pre-textos de los libros de viajes en clave femenina. Ejemplos extraídos de las crónicas de Serena, Audouard, Belgiojoso, Bertrana, Sackville-West, etc. sirven de base a este trabajo.

La mujer necesita argumentar su partida, cuáles son los motivos que la inducen a abandonar el hogar y a transgredir las normas de la propia sociedad. Por otra parte, el escrito necesita justificar por sí mismo su valor, con el objeto de poder ser equiparado al discurso dominante, es decir, el del hombre. Este artículo establece relaciones entre el género biológico y el subgénero literario conformado por la literatura de viajes para discernir los rasgos comunes y las convenciones que subyacen a los pre-textos de los libros de viajes en clave femenina. Ejemplos extraídos de las crónicas de Serena, Audouard, Belgiojoso, Bertrana, Sackville-West, etc. sirven de base a este trabajo.

Due to the stereotypes spread by Orientalism, harems turned into a symbol of Traditional Oriental Culture, synonymous of sensuality and sexual debauchery. Travelers as Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso, Olympe Audouard, Carla Serena, Ida Hahn or the Catalan writer Aurora Bertrana became authentic experts about life in harems and provided us, through their travel books, with a view of Muslim women which subscribes, contrasts or complements that provided by men's gaze. This article recovers the voices of women travellers who belong to different European nationalities. They travelled to culturally Oriental countries, in a temporal range from the 1840s to the 1930s, without it being an obstacle to submit reviews and parallel evidence.

Recent decades have seen a shift in Balinese sensibilitiesregarding the use of the island’s traditional script, andof the texts that are written in that script; and this shiftappears to be linked to a series of wider-reaching changesin the way people set about embodying, cultivating andcontesting shared ideals of agency, community and thecollective good.1 That is to say there seems to be a linkbetween, on the one hand, the material practices of scriptand writing and, on the other, broader styles of what Iwould call social and practical reasoning. I wish to suggestthat this empirical observation may have some ratherimportant implications for how we think about culturalpreservation, and perhaps especially the challengesfacing those working to safeguard the future of Balineselanguage, script and literature. I would like to present thisargument with specific reference to the idea of ‘languageendangerment’, not only on account of its prominence incurrent debates on language and cultural ...

Abstrak Kajian kebudayaan Bali kebingungan oleh karena yang dimaksudkan dengan ‘kebudayaan’ sangat kurang terang. Apakah kebudayaan merupakan esensi atau jiwa orang Bali, suatu gagasan politik yang direkayasa oleh Orde Baru, atau cara menjual seni pertunjukan, barang atau pengalaman kepada wisatawan? Jarang disadari di Indonesia bahwa Bali terkenal di Eropa sebelum Pulau Bali ditemukan oleh pelaut Barat yang sedang mencari sorga di dunia ini. Sejarah Bali tidak bisa dipisahkan dari khayalan orang Barat. Dilihat dari pandangan cultural studies, dari awal Bali merupakan ‘brand’ untuk dipasarkan – dan objek yang dijual adalah kebudayaan. Untuk mengerti apa yang sedang terjadi di Bali, perlu dipahami teori konsumsi dan branding. Walaupun kelihatannya yang dijual dan dibeli adalah barang atau pengalaman, sebenarnya yang dikonsumsi adalah perbedaan. Artikel ini menawarkan pemahaman mendalam mengenai hukumhukum branding dari sudut pandang kajian budaya. Kata Kunci: Bali; Branding; Kebudaya...

The purpose of this study was to examine the discourse of Balinese Malay-language rituals activities which includes (a) the structure of discourse, (b) cohesion, (c) metalinguistic analysis, and (d) cultural context; and the dynamics of traditional discourse and Balinese Malay-language culture in the community. This study applied the theory of discourse analysis that viewed the language used in context, which means that people can communicate because they understand discourse (text), context, and patterns or structure. The choice of the informants was by applying the purposive sampling method with certain criteria. The data was obtained through semi-structured interviews. The research location was in East Loloan, as the center of Balinese Malay language speakers. The research findings showed that the discourse of traditional activities and Balinese Malay-language culture used language (microstructure) which was classified as the barrel of an oral language, so that the speech style w...

The article discusses tha usage kulkul drums (slit drums) wich have been used for centuries on the Island of Bali. The history of these instruments is sparsely documented, yet both their presence in almost all the spheres of social life and in comparative material from neighbouring regions suggest that the use of the kulkul could have had place before the Hindu influenses. The contemporary instruments are of a type suspended vertically, beaten from the outside, and made of wood (Michelia champaka, Michelia alba, Artocarpus heterophyllus) or of bamboo. The details of construction and the sounds made depend on the function of a particular drum and on the context of its use. The inhabitants of Bali distinguish particular types of these instruments according to their locality, namely: kulkul pura, kulkul puri, kulkul banjar (desa, subak), kulkul seka, kulkul umah, kulkul kubu. Some of the motifs played on these instruments are known on the whole island: kulkul num pit (num pang), kulkul kelayu sekar, kulkul nganten (mati), kulkul ngayah (gotong-royong), kulkul bulus. The relationship between the instruments and the motifs performed have been compiled in the form of a scheme which was interpreted in the context of the contemporary culture of Bali with the reference to the symbols and ideas deeply rooted in the religious ceremonies (a cosmic mountain, an opened gate) and the social customs (a dichotomy jero-jaba).

There are some honorific variances used in Japanese and Balinese utterances that are aimed to indicate speaker’s lower position in a conversation which are called kenjougo in Japanese and basa alus sor in Balinese. The differences and similarities between these languages can be used as a consideration to design and construct Japanese language learning. Kenjougo is used for individual or personal group in order to show politeness. Meanwhile, basa alus sor is used by individual or personal group that tend to be used by speaker who has lower social position towards the listener. The similarities found in kenjougo and basa alus sor are both aimed to lowering speaker’s position. Additionally, kenjougo and basa alus sor have some special words such as verbs, nouns and adjective for particular expressions. These expressions are not only used to humble the speakers, but also related to personal speakers. The comparison between kenjougo and basa alus was examined further in some verbs. For example, the word mousu in Japanese does not only mean ‘to say, to tell, etc’ only, but can also mean apology (moushiwake arimasen), and request (moushikomu). There are expressions to deliver feelings and ideas, from the speaker. In additional, mousu also merges with other verbs which led to the expansion of the meaning. On the other hand, one example of basa alus sor; matur, although get an additional prefix, insertion, or suffix, its meaning remains the same as the basic. In kenjougo, changes in verb form, such as negative form, past tense, as well as passive form. While in basa alus sor although get an additional prefix, suffix, or insert, there are no special form like negative, past, or passive form.

Due to the stereotypes spread by Orientalism, harems turned into a symbol of Traditional Oriental Culture, synonymous of sensuality and sexual debauchery. Travelers as Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso, Olympe Audouard, Carla Serena, Ida Hahn or the Catalan writer Aurora Bertrana became authentic experts about life in harems and provided us, through their travel books, with a view of Muslim women which subscribes, contrasts or complements that provided by men's gaze. This article recovers the voices of women travellers who belong to different European nationalities. They travelled to culturally Oriental countries, in a temporal range from the 1840s to the 1930s, without it being an obstacle to submit reviews and parallel evidence.

Scholars of Balinese letters have often noted in passing that the characters, or aksara, employed to write Balinese texts are taken to be ‘alive’ by those who use them. This is arguably one of the more remarkable ways in which Balinese under- standings of writing differ from their Euro-american counterparts. But what does it mean to say that Balinese letters are alive? It is all too clear that our received accounts of ‘life’, and of ‘writing’, engender considerable ambiguity. So, might attention to Balinese practices help us to think more clearly about the use of letters, and perhaps even what it means to be ‘alive’? My contribution to our volume offers some provisional reflections on the question. Its central contention is that contemporary uses of Balinese script are caught between two conflicting conceptions of writing, each allied to a different articulation of agency, life and matter. If having con- sidered these examples our perplexity remains unresolved, the difficulties we encounter along the way should at the very least give us pause to reconsider prevailing approaches to Balinese practices of writing, both ‘textual’ and otherwise.

This paper is a first approach to Helen Eva Yates' book "Bali: Enchanted isle" (1933), studied from a gender perspective. Halfaway in between the travelogue and the anthropoligal essay, it was the first book about Bali written by a woman, it deals with the much famous topic of the balinese women and it was probably written for women themselves. The book conveys the Interwar balinese craze with an emancipated woman traveler feeling.

In this article, I question the conceptual categories of "religion", "agama", "dharma", and "Hinduism", in order to investigate through which processes and within which contexts the Balinese religion resulted in being construed as agama Hindu Sanskrit loanword agama came to designate in Indonesia an Islamic conception of what "religion" is about, I assess the similarities between the construction of Indian Neo-Hinduism and the interpretation of the Balinese religion as agama Hindu which has been dividing the Balinese intelligentsia over the proper name of their religion, as it reveals a perennial who aspire to reform the Balinese religion by conforming it to what they think Hinduism is about.

Recent decades have seen a shift in Balinese sensibilities regarding the use of the island’s traditional script, and of the texts that are written in that script. This shift is closely linked to wider-reaching changes in the way people set about embodying and cultivating shared ideals of agency, community and the collective good. That is to say, there appears to be a link between (a) the material practices of script and writing, on the one hand, and (b) broader styles of what I would call social and practical reasoning, on the other. The paper explores these trends by juxtaposing two sets of contemporary practices, each of which is centered on the use of Balinese script in a slightly different way.