Bacterial Spot

sample water after the empty of factory waste waters and it is 55.9 % in comparison with the control. Also, the growth of all plant organs of pepper is bigger than the growth of plant organs of tomato plant in all measuring points of the water sample. Thus, the percentage of dried mass of pepper plant organs is bigger than of tomato plant organs in all tested water samples. Tomato and pepper plant growing is inhibited in all tested points in comparison with the controlled plants and it shows that the water of this river is polluted and therefore such water can not be used for human purposes (drinking or watering cultures). Our results can be used as water pollution indicators for biological monitoring.

Because of the biological particularities of vegetables, different methods are used to produce seeds of different vegetable species. The large number of vegetable species, differences in their reproduction coefficients, and the considerable necessity for human labor all make vegetable seed production diverse and specific as well as profitable. This is what makes vegetable seed production such an important part of the Institute activities, which have a large influence on the volume, quality and development of vegetable seed production in the country. Importantly, almost 90% of our country vegetable seed production (with the exception of potato) takes place in the province of Vojvodina. The Institute organized production of vegetable seeds contributes to the overall success of this activity at the national level and provides growers with seeds of over 80 vegetable cultivars and hybrids, encompassing 28 different vegetable species in total. Vegetable seed production is diverse and spec...

A real-time SYBR Green I assay was developed and evaluated as a biological and enzymatic polymerase chain reaction (Bio-PCR) protocol for the detection of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni. Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to generate a X. arboricola pv. pruni-specific subtracted DNA library, using X. arboricola pv. corylina as the driver strain. Primer pair 29F/R, designed from cloned sequence, showed no homology to GenBank sequences and amplified a 344-bp product in all X. arboricola pv. pruni isolates. Compared with other published X. arboricola pv. pruni primers, this primer pair was shown to be the only one capable of differentiating X. arboricola pv. pruni from all other X. arboricola pathovars. A real-time assay was developed and shown to be capable of detecting less than 10 CFU and 0.1 pg of DNA. Epiphytic bacteria isolated from plum tissue was used to further evaluate the specificity of the assay. A Bio-PCR protocol, developed for field evaluation, confirmed X....

Biodiversity protection and preservation of genetic variability is based on the fact that plant varieties are irreplaceable in production process and that they are more and more jeopardized by urban and industrial development. The most common way of preserving and at the same time the safest way is a storage in a gene bank. Prior to storage comes collecting, studying and replanting for Institute Gene Bank, Central State Gene Bank and for Regional Gene Banks. Institute for Vegetable Crops in Smederevska Palanka preserves a wide variety of vegetable germplasm. This is, so called, work collection, used as a gene resource for breeding purposes. Seed samples are stored at 4±2°C and 50% relative humidity. At the moment, the collection has 2265 samples. Almost all samples have the passport data, but only 10% of samples have been further characterized and evaluated.

Oplemenjivanje povr}a u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo ima za cilj stvaranje sorti koje po svojim osobinama zadovoljavaju zahteve tr`i{ta, industrijske prerade, zelene pijace, zahteve intenzivne proizvodnje i ishrane ljudske populacije. Zahvaljuju}i dugogodi{njem oplemenjiva~kom radu i bogatom genetskom materijalu povr}a u Institutu, stvorene su sorte koje u potpunosti zadovoljavaju sve ove zahteve. U ovom radu su izne{ene glavne karakteristike sorti povr}a priznatih od strane Savezne komisije u 2000 godini. To su paprike: Kru{nica i Plamena; paradajza: Knjaz; beli luk: Bosut i Labud; krastavca: Tajfun te pasulj: Balkan. KLJU^NE RE^I: povr}e, sorta, oplemenjivanje, prinos, morfolo{ke karakteristike Oplemenjivanje povr}a je kontinuirani proces koji ima za cilj stvaranje sorti ve}eg genetskog potencijala, uz zadovoljenje zahteva tr`i{ta, prilago|enih agroekolo{kim uslovima uspevanja. U oplemenjivanju se po{lo od predpostavke da sorte povr}a moraju imati niz po`eljinh osobina, samim tim dobru plasti~nost, otpornost, kao i adaptibilnost razli~itim klimatskim uslovima na{e zemlje (Gvozdenovi} i sar. 1999). Imaju}i sve ovo u vidu od oplemenjiva~a se zahteva da stvori sortu koja }e biti ekonimi~nija u iskori{}avanju toplote, hraniva, vlage, otpornija prema prouzrokova~ima bolesti, uz posedovanje visokog genetskog potencijala za rodnost (Borojevi} i sar. 1994). Savezna komisija za priznavanje sorti registrovala je zaklju~no sa 2000. godinom ukupno 41 sortu povr}a stvorenih u Nau~nom institutu za ratarstvo i 331 1 Prof. Dr \uro Gvozdenovi}, nau~ni savetnik, dr Mirjana Vasi}, istra`iva~saradnik, mr. Jelica Gvozdanovi~-Varga, istra`iva~saradnik, dipl. ing. Adam Taka~, vi{i stru~ni saradnik, Nau~ni institut za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad.

lya uklju ili su 37 stru njaka od ega 23 je sa ameri kih Univerziteta, 5 iz Australije, 4 iz Argentine, 2 iz June Afrike i po jedan iz Rusije, Kanade i Srbije. ast da bude u grupi odabranih pripala je prof. dr Stevanu Mairevi u. Me utim, on se u grupi odabranih autora iz celog sveta nije naao slu ajno, ve na osnovu rezultata sopstvenih istraivanja i doprinosa koji je dao u reavanju problema Phomopsis-a i drugih patogena koji su pretili da ugroze gajenje suncokreta u Vojvodini, Srbiji, Panonskoj niziji, Evropi i Svetu. Na in na koji je pristupio problematici i reenja koja je dao svrstali su ga u vode e fiopatologe kada su patogeni suncokreta u pitanju. Ne moe se na i ni jedna ozbiljna publikacija koja se bavi ovom problematikom, a da se ne citira prof. Mairevi. Vezuju i dobro poznavanje biologije patogena (Phomopsis spp.), sa praktinim reenjima napravljen je model koji koriste drugi nau nici u borbi protiv ovog opasnog patogena. Prvi hibridi suncokreta sa ugra enim genima za otpornost prema Phomopsis-u stvoreni su u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo iz Novog Sada. Da bi se izdvojili efikasni izvori otpornosti prema ovom patogenu trebalo je testirati i oceniti veliki broj linija i izna i najoptimalnije metode inokulacije. Reenja koja je dao prof. Mairevi koriste se i danas kod nas i u svetu. Zbog toga su urednici ove zna ajne publikacije postavili prof. Mairevi a da bude na elu tima koji je imao zadatak da opie i priblii problematiku pod naslovom: Phomopsis Stem Canker (Diaporthe/Phomopsis spp. Complex. U timu prof. Mairevi a u obradi ove problematike u estvovao je S. M. Tompson iz Australije i dva urednika S.G. Markell i T.J. Gulya. Parazitna cvetnica Volovod (Orobanche cummana) drugi nita manje opasan problem u proizvodnji suncokreta. Autori koji su predstavili ovu problematiku u Kompendiumu su: T. S. Antonova, S. Mairevi i R. M. Harveson. Pored prakti nog doprinosa, tri orginalne fotografije prof. Mairevi a upotpunjuju ovu

Magnaporthe oryzae (anamorph Pyricularia oryzae) is the causal agent of wheat blast. Apart from being a pathogen of commercially significant plant species, it also infects weeds. Within the species M. oryzae, several pathotypes exist, with the pathotype Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) infecting wheat and several other grass species. M. oryzae was first discovered in Brazil in 1985 and has since posed a threat to wheat production in various parts of the world, including Bangladesh and European Union countries. The MoT pathogen can infect all above-ground parts of the plant, but the most common symptoms appear on the ears and closely resemble symptoms of fusarium head blight. During the 2022/2023 growing season, precipitation levels in April and May at the Rimski šančevi exceeded seventeen-year averages, while the temperature in May was within the multi-year average range. These conditions created a favorable environment for the emergence of M. oryzae. Microscopic examination of inf...

Bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, principal causer of bacterial spot, represents a significant problem in agricultural practice due to high yield losses in the production of pepper and tomato. The development of resistance to copper pesticides has shifted research, in the field of its suppression, towards biopesticides. In this study, several Bacillus strains were tested against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains, isolated from pepper leaves with symptoms of bacterial spot, to select a sufficiently effective antagonist. When it comes to the testing of cultivation broth, containing biomass of tested antagonists, the best results were achieved using isolate Bacillus sp3. On the other hand, when biomass-free supernatants, containing produced antimicrobial compounds, were tested, Bacillus sp1 and Bacillus sp2 have shown the highest antimicrobial activity. The results of this study represent a basis for further development of bioprocess solutions for the production of biopesti...

Raspberry cane decay disease are the major problem in its production by reducing yield and lifetime of orchards. This disease cause a several disease-causing agents, and the most important is Didymella applanata, causal agent of raspberry spur blight. With regard to the biology of the pathogen fungicide use postharvest is not efficient enough because pathogen can infect raspberry far earlier. Therefore, the aim of this study is testing the efficacy of newer organic fungicides applied before and after the harvest raspberries and mutual comparison thereof on biological efficacy. The results show that the tested fungicides exhibited very high efficacy against D. apllanata on the raspberry leavs and the canes (from 83.0-96.5%).

Bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, principal causer of bacterial spot, represents a significant problem in agricultural practice due to high yield losses in the production of pepper and tomato. The development of resistance to copper pesticides has shifted research, in the field of its suppression, towards biopesticides. In this study, several Bacillus strains were tested against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains, isolated from pepper leaves with symptoms of bacterial spot, to select a sufficiently effective antagonist. When it comes to the testing of cultivation broth, containing biomass of tested antagonists, the best results were achieved using isolate Bacillus sp3. On the other hand, when biomass-free supernatants, containing produced antimicrobial compounds, were tested, Bacillus sp1 and Bacillus sp2 have shown the highest antimicrobial activity. The results of this study represent a basis for further development of bioprocess solutions for the production of biopesti...

Over 200 diseases with different etiologies have been determined in dry beans and green beans. However, viral diseases seem to cause the greatest economic da-mage to legume production in most parts of the world. Dry beans can be infected by 44 different viruses including Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV), Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Transmission through seeds and/or spread by aphids in non-persistent manner play important role in worldwide distribution of bean viruses. Viral diseases on dry and green beans can have an array of symptoms. The most common symptoms are the mosaic pattern, variegation or deformation of leaves and pods, resulting in reduced plant growth and yield.

Izvod: Virusne bolesti paprike mogu ugroziti normalan razvoj biljaka i time značajno umanjiti prinos i kvalitet plodova. U svetu je opisano više od 45 virusa infektivnih za papriku, među kojima su ekonomski najznačajniji virus mozaika duvana (Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV), virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV), virus mozaika lucerke (Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV), virus bronzavosti paradajza (Tomato spotted wilt virus, TSWV) i virus crtičastog mozaika krompira (Potato virus Y, PVY). Prisustvo i rasprostranjenost virusnih zaraza paprike u Srbiji ispitivani su tokom 2009. u različitim lokalitetima proizvodnje rasada, kao i useva paprike gajene u zaštićenom prostoru i na otvorenom polju. Sakupljeni uzorci lišća sa simptomima testirani su DAS-ELISA metodom na prisustvo: PVY, AMV, CMV, TSWV, TMV i virusa mozaika krompira (Potato virus X, PVX). Dobijeni rezultati ispitivanja su ukazali na prisustvo četiri virusa: PVY, CMV, TSWV i AMV, koji su identifi kovani u pojedinačnim ili mešanim infekcijama. U testiranim uzorcima paprike iz rasada najzastupljeniji je bio CMV (18,18%), dok je u uzorcima prikupljenim iz plastenika i polja najčešći bio PVY (32,56% i 51,21%). Prisustvo TSWV dokazano je samo na biljkama paprike gajenim u zaštićenom prostoru. Prisustvo PVX i TMV nije ustanovljeno ni u jednom ispitivanom uzorku paprike. Utvrđena značajna rasprostranjenost i zastupljenost PVY i CMV u proizvodnji paprike u Srbiji ukazuje na potrebu detaljne karakterizacije ova dva virusa na biološkom i molekularnom nivou, kao i sprovođenje odgovarajućih mera kontrole.

If agriecologycal factors, such as nutrients and water, were present in sufficient amounts, the intensity of the light can be a limiting factor in obtaining a high quality and yield crops. This paper presents the model of mobile application for smart phones that have the ability to perform calculation of solar radiation intensity for any location on the surface of the earth. The mobile application allows estimation of the sunlight intensity for a selected time period, based on the GPS coordinates and orientation of terrain, and depending on the weather conditions.Kada su ostali agroekološki činioci kao što su hranljive materije i voda prisutni u dovoljnim količinama, intenzitet sunčeve svetlosti može biti ograničavajući faktor za dobijanje visokog kvaliteta i prinosa useva. U radu je predstavljen princip primene mobilnih aplikacija za pametne telefone koje imaju mogućnost da izvrše proračun intenziteta sunčevog zračenja na bilo kom lokalitetu. Aplikacija omogućava određivanje vredno...

Bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, principal causer of bacterial spot, represents a significant problem in agricultural practice due to high yield losses in the production of pepper and tomato. The development of resistance to copper pesticides has shifted research, in the field of its suppression, towards biopesticides. In this study, several Bacillus strains were tested against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains, isolated from pepper leaves with symptoms of bacterial spot, to select a sufficiently effective antagonist. When it comes to the testing of cultivation broth, containing biomass of tested antagonists, the best results were achieved using isolate Bacillus sp3. On the other hand, when biomass-free supernatants, containing produced antimicrobial compounds, were tested, Bacillus sp1 and Bacillus sp2 have shown the highest antimicrobial activity. The results of this study represent a basis for further development of bioprocess solutions for the production of biopesti...

Bacteria from Enterobacteriaceae family (SRE) are significant problem in plant production, not only during vegetation, in the field, but also during storage and marketing of agricultural commodities. Species P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense (Pcb) is a newly identified member of Enterobacteriaceae family. It causes soft rot of different plant species, including root vegetables. Pcb is described as a new subspecies of P. carotovorum due to differences in phenotypic and genotypic characteristic, more pronounced virulence and aggressiveness. Patohogenicity of this bacterium is based on the production of several enzymes: pectatliase, polygalacturonase, cellulase and proeteases. The aim of this study was to determine whether and at which rate Pcb isolates originating from potato plants exhibit pectolytic activity on root of different root vegetable species - carrot, radish, celery, kohlrabi and beetroot. The obtained data confirmed wide host range of the bacterium Pectobacterium carotovo...

Pepper is attacked by numerous plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses, interfering normal growth and development, reducing the yield and quality of fruits. Among the mentioned groups of pathogens, phytopathogenic viruses reduce the yield of pepper every year. The most common and economically important, identified in Republic of Srpska, are: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The paper describes the distribution, economic importance, hosts, transmission, symptoms, as well as control measures for mentioned viruses.

Papriku napadaju brojne biljne bolesti izazavane fitopatogenim gljivama, bakterijama i virusima ometajući normalan rast i razvoj, umanjujući prinos i kvalitet plodova. Među navedenim grupama patogena, fitopatogeni virusi svake godine umanjuju rod paprike. Kao najzastupljeniji i ekonomski značajniji virusi paprike utvrđeni na području Republike Srpske izdvajaju se: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-prouzrokovač mozaika krastavca, Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV)-prouzrokovač mozaika lucerke, Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-prouzrokovač mozaika duvana i Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-prouzrokovač bronzavosti paradajza. U radu su opisani rasprostranjenost, ekonomski značaj, domaćini, simptomi, način prenošenja, kao i mjere kontrole navedenih virusa.

In order to develop weather-based forecasting model of bacterial leaf spot (BLS) disease of mulberry caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mori, weekly disease severity data were recorded for three years on the ruling cultivar S-1. Daily meteorological data viz. maximum temperature, minimum temperature, maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days were also recorded. It was observed that BLS appeared in April/May and continued up to November with maximum severity in July. The correlation coefficient between disease severity and meteorological parameters revealed that the BLS disease severity has significant positive correlation with minimum temperatures, maximum and minimum relative humidity, rainfall and number of rainy days and negative correlation with maximum temperature. Multiple regressions analysis revealed that average of maximum temperature, minimum temperature and rainfall of preceding seven days and maximum relative humidity, minimum relative humidity of previous 9-15 days was found to maximally influence BLS disease severity. The contribution of the meteorological factors was found to be highest of minimum temperature (40.65%) followed by maximum temperature (24.20%), maximum relative humidity (16.41%), minimum relative humidity (8.07%), rainfall (5.29%) and number of rainy days (5.38%).

The research was designed to evaluate the effect of growth regulator Prohexadione-Ca (ProCa) and young canes removal on the changes of photosynthetic pigment content and modification activities of antioxidant enzyme defense system in leaves and fruits of raspberry cultivar ?Willamette? (Rubus idaeus L.). The experiment was performed in the period of 2011-2012. It consisted of five treatments: control - no treatment; 2ProCa - with 2 ProCa applications; Z - one removal of young canes; Z+2ProCa - young canes removal with 2 ProCa applications; 2Z - two removals of young canes. The first series of young canes were removed for the first time in mid-April and for the second time at the begining of May. In 2ProCa and Z+2ProCa treatments foliar application of ProCa was carried out twice during the period of April-May in interval of three weeks, i.e. when the primocane growth reached 30 cm in height. The following concentrations of ProCa: 125 ppm (first application) and 200 ppm (second applic...

A real-time SYBR Green I assay was developed and evaluated as a biological and enzymatic polymerase chain reaction (Bio-PCR) protocol for the detection of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni. Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to generate a X. arboricola pv. pruni-specific subtracted DNA library, using X. arboricola pv. corylina as the driver strain. Primer pair 29F/R, designed from cloned sequence, showed no homology to GenBank sequences and amplified a 344-bp product in all X. arboricola pv. pruni isolates. Compared with other published X. arboricola pv. pruni primers, this primer pair was shown to be the only one capable of differentiating X. arboricola pv. pruni from all other X. arboricola pathovars. A real-time assay was developed and shown to be capable of detecting less than 10 CFU and 0.1 pg of DNA. Epiphytic bacteria isolated from plum tissue was used to further evaluate the specificity of the assay. A Bio-PCR protocol, developed for field evaluation, confirmed X....

Breeding of wheat and barley has a significant contribution to the achievement of high yields, better quality and greater adaptive values of cultivars in different ecological conditions of cultivation. Increasing the capacity of the cultivars have a contribution in increasing food production and satisfying the demands for the products of different purposes for nutrition and industrial processing. Important sources of genes for a particular trait are wild relatives, autohnotne varieties, old varieties, which exist in natural conditions or as conserved seeds in the plant genetic banks. For success in breeding a significant conservation of germ-plasma in plant genetic banks or in protected areas in nature. In terms of global climate change, oplemenjivanjivači have the task to create a cultivars that adaptive to drought stress conditions and other biotic and abiotic stress factors in order to maintain and increase the productivity and quality of cultivars and increasing food production....

Globalno zagrevanje, zagađenje životne sredine, gubitak biološke raznolikosti biljnih vrsta su pojave koje pokreću nove trendove i debate o ljudskom društvu. Održivi razvoj je novi koncept u svetu koji treba da zadovolji potrebe ljudskog društva uz očuvanje i unapređenje prirodnih resursa. Indikatori održivog razvoja su glavni alati u sprovođenju mera očuvanja prirodnih resursa. U poljoprivredi jedan od indikatora su štete nastale primenom sintetičkih sredstava. Primena novih tehnologija bez upotrebe hemijskih agenasa u zaštiti useva je mera koja treba da umanji nastale ekološke gubitke. Etarska ulja su jedan od najznačajniji prirodnih metabolita, sekundarni produkti aromatičnih biljaka koji se uspešno koriste kao biopesticidi. Biološka aktivnost etarskih ulja u poljoprivredi ima antimikrobno i herbicidno dejstvo. Efekti ulja zavise od pojedinačnih bioaktivnih komponenti. U prirodi igraju važnu ulogu u zaštiti biljaka kao antibakterijski, antivirusni, antifungalni, insekticidni agensi. Kod većine korova, ulja kao tipični lipofili, prolaze kroz ćelijski zid citoplazmatske membrane, remete strukturu njihovih različitih slojeva polisaharida, masnih kiselina i fosfolipida i permeabiliziraju ih. Štete od primene eteričnih ulja (EU) na biljkama ogledaju se kroz hloroze, nekroze i inhibicije rasta. Značaj upotrebe ulja i drugih prirodnih metabolita ukazuje na njihovu upotrebnu vrednost u održivoj poljoprivredi iako fiziološka aktivnost ulja još uvek nije dovljno istražena.

The study was conducted to assess the presence of seedborne bacteria in four tomato seedlots, the efficacy of seed treatments in reducing bacterial contamination and to determine influence of seed treatment or mulch on crop development and yield. Tomato seedlots were treated using hot water, chlorine, and Ridomil® followed by seedborne bacteria pathogen detection. Seedlings from treated and non-treated seedlots were grown in the field in mulched and non-mulched plots. Results showed that all seedlots assessed were contaminated with Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (CMM), Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (XCV) and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (PST). 'Tanya G 1 ', 'Tanya G 2 ' (first and second generation farmer-saved seeds respectively) and commercial 'Cal J' seedlots were more highly contaminated with XCV than commercial 'Tanya' seedlot. 'Tanya G 2 ' had the highest PST contamination but did not differ from other seedlots for CMM. Chlorine and hot water significantly reduced bacterial populations on seeds. Ridomil seed treatment did not affect bacterial contamination compared to the untreated control. Marketable fruit yield differed statistically (P = 0.01) for commercial 'Tanya' and 'Cal J' seedlots. Commercial 'Tanya' and 'Tanya G 1 ' had higher yields compared to 'Cal J' and 'Tanya G 2 '. There was no statistical difference (P = 0.05) among seed sources with respect to incidence of blossom end rot (BER) and sunscald disorders. Chlorine and hot water treatments led to higher number of fruits per plant and increased yield compared to Ridomil treatment and the control. Seed treatment had no significant influence on BER. Plants from hot water treatment produced statistically fewer sunscald fruits compared to control, because of more vigorous growth that provided protective shade. The effect of mulch on the yield components and in reduction of sun-scalded fruits was highly significant (P = 0.0001). Seed treatment and mulch therefore can reduce disease infestation and improve tomato yield.

Tomato fruit firmness is a polygenetic trait and depends on firmness components pericarp thickness, firmness of epidermis and firmness of flash. The accumulation of favourable traits ratio for each component (towards the increase of expression) the fruit firmness can be increased. This paper deals with aspects of increasing fruit firmness by increasing firmness of epidermis and thickness of pericarp. By using genotypes with rin (ripening inhibitor) gene, we were able to accomplish great firmness of fruits, especially firmness of flash. The expression of these traits cause the asynchronization of maturing process so the fruits do not over mature or soften. Genetic effects have been evaluated by researching the average values of fruit firmness in six diallel parent lines (D-150, S-49, S-35, H-52, Kg-z and SP-109) and progeny (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 and BC2) by applying additive dominant model with three and six parameters (Mather and Jinks, 1982). Mean values of fruit firmness for parent...

Oplemenjivanje povr}a u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo ima za cilj stvaranje sorti koje po svojim osobinama zadovoljavaju zahteve tr`i{ta, industrijske prerade, zelene pijace, zahteve intenzivne proizvodnje i ishrane ljudske populacije. Zahvaljuju}i dugogodi{njem oplemenjiva~kom radu i bogatom genetskom materijalu povr}a u Institutu, stvorene su sorte koje u potpunosti zadovoljavaju sve ove zahteve. U ovom radu su izne{ene glavne karakteristike sorti povr}a priznatih od strane Savezne komisije u 2000 godini. To su paprike: Kru{nica i Plamena; paradajza: Knjaz; beli luk: Bosut i Labud; krastavca: Tajfun te pasulj: Balkan. KLJU^NE RE^I: povr}e, sorta, oplemenjivanje, prinos, morfolo{ke karakteristike Uvod Oplemenjivanje povr}a je kontinuirani proces koji ima za cilj stvaranje sorti ve}eg genetskog potencijala, uz zadovoljenje zahteva tr`i{ta, prilago|enih agroekolo{kim uslovima uspevanja. U oplemenjivanju se po{lo od predpostavke da sorte povr}a moraju imati niz po`eljinh osobina, samim tim dobru plasti~nost, otpornost, kao i adaptibilnost razli~itim klimatskim uslovima na{e zemlje (Gvozdenovi} i sar. 1999). Imaju}i sve ovo u vidu od oplemenjiva~a se zahteva da stvori sortu koja }e biti ekonimi~nija u iskori{}avanju toplote, hraniva, vlage, otpornija prema prouzrokova~ima bolesti, uz posedovanje visokog genetskog potencijala za rodnost (Borojevi} i sar. 1994). Savezna komisija za priznavanje sorti registrovala je zaklju~no sa 2000. godinom ukupno 41 sortu povr}a stvorenih u Nau~nom institutu za ratarstvo i 331

Enzymes produced by indigenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain have been subjected to research considering their potential application as detergent additives. As previously noted, lipase produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is highly alkaline, thermostable and solvent tolerant. Furthermore, same strain exhibits both lipase and protease activity establishing this lipase as potentially desirable component of enzyme-containing detergents. Further research was carried out to investigate insusceptibility of this lipase against coexisting native protease, several commercial surfactants, oxidizing agents and commercial detergents. Lipases and proteases remained highly active when incubated with several different surfactants and oxidizing agents under washing conditions. Moreover, presence of surfactants and oxidizing agents such as Tween? 20 and Triton? X-100 initially augment lipase and protease activity. Additionally, crude lipase preparation was insusceptible to coexisting native protease h...

There is a need to develop more biological control agents to fulfil the increasing demand for biological crop protection. Testing for consistent efficacy in disease control under the relevant range of environmental conditions is one of the most demanding steps during screening programs. Bioassays were conducted to target three major diseases of tomato, stem canker caused by Botrytis cinerea, leaf spot caused by B. cinerea, and bacterial spot caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, and to assess possible growth promotion of tomato seedlings. Nine quantitative screening approaches were analyzed for a test panel of approximately 100 isolates of bacteria and fungi, all obtained from tomato, and several known antagonists as reference isolates. Even with such a limited number of isolates promising antagonists, partly not yet described as antagonists, could be selected for control of the targeted diseases when labor and resource demanding in planta bioassays had been applied. Also some promising isolates enhancing seedling development could be identified. Independent screening assays for the different traits were needed since no correlation between the different traits were found. Attempts to simplify screening assays to high-throughput systems failed since there were no positive correlations with in planta bioassays. In conclusion, the often suggested first screening rounds using in vitro tests for huge numbers of isolates followed by in planta testing of a selected group of candidates, e.g. those with high in vitro production of certain secondary metabolites or biosurfactants, may not exploit the entire potential of antagonists. Especially antagonists combining various modes of action may be excluded by in vitro screening with a bias on a specific mode of action. Therefore, independent in planta assays are proposed to screen against different pathogens and for growth promotion.

Breeding of wheat and barley has a significant contribution to the achievement of high yields, better quality and greater adaptive values of cultivars in different ecological conditions of cultivation. Increasing the capacity of the cultivars have a contribution in increasing food production and satisfying the demands for the products of different purposes for nutrition and industrial processing. Important sources of genes for a particular trait are wild relatives, autohnotne varieties, old varieties, which exist in natural conditions or as conserved seeds in the plant genetic banks. For success in breeding a significant conservation of germ-plasma in plant genetic banks or in protected areas in nature. In terms of global climate change, oplemenjivanjivači have the task to create a cultivars that adaptive to drought stress conditions and other biotic and abiotic stress factors in order to maintain and increase the productivity and quality of cultivars and increasing food production....

Bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, principal causer of bacterial spot, represents a significant problem in agricultural practice due to high yield losses in the production of pepper and tomato. The development of resistance to copper pesticides has shifted research, in the field of its suppression, towards biopesticides. In this study, several Bacillus strains were tested against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains, isolated from pepper leaves with symptoms of bacterial spot, to select a sufficiently effective antagonist. When it comes to the testing of cultivation broth, containing biomass of tested antagonists, the best results were achieved using isolate Bacillus sp3. On the other hand, when biomass-free supernatants, containing produced antimicrobial compounds, were tested, Bacillus sp1 and Bacillus sp2 have shown the highest antimicrobial activity. The results of this study represent a basis for further development of bioprocess solutions for the production of biopesti...

Because of the biological particularities of vegetables, different methods are used to produce seeds of different vegetable species. The large number of vegetable species, differences in their reproduction coefficients, and the considerable necessity for human labor all make vegetable seed production diverse and specific as well as profitable. This is what makes vegetable seed production such an important part of the Institute activities, which have a large influence on the volume, quality and development of vegetable seed production in the country. Importantly, almost 90% of our country vegetable seed production (with the exception of potato) takes place in the province of Vojvodina. The Institute organized production of vegetable seeds contributes to the overall success of this activity at the national level and provides growers with seeds of over 80 vegetable cultivars and hybrids, encompassing 28 different vegetable species in total. Vegetable seed production is diverse and spec...

Posebno se zahvaljujem svom mentoru profesoru dr Aleksi Obradoviću, koji je definisao plan i program istraživanja ove doktorske disertacije. Zahvaljujem se na velikom strpljenju, predusretljivosti, bezrezervnoj podršci i prenetom znanju tokom zajedničkog rada.  Veliko hvala profesorki dr Mirjani Milošević na savetima, podršci i svemu što me je naučila.  Zahvalnost dugujem profesorki dr Jelici Balaž na prenetom znanju i pravovremenim savetima tokom višegodišnje saradnje.  dr Jelici Gvozdanović-Varga hvala na konstruktivnim savetima i sugestijama.  Veliku zahvalnost dugujem dr Zorici Nikolić na prijateljskoj podršci i dragocenim sugestijama koje su značajno doprinele kvalitetu disertacije.  Zahvaljujem se dr Katarini Gašić, dr Milanu Ivanoviću i dipl. ing Milanu Ševiću na podršci i pomoći u eksperimentalnom radu.  Želim da izrazim svoju zahvalnost koleginici mr Dragani Milošević i dipl. ing Aranki Jevtić, kao i svim kolegama iz Laboratorije za ispitivanje semena, Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo.  Zahvaljujem se svom sinu Stefanu, porodici i prijateljima na razumevanju i podršci. Doktorska disertacija realizovana je u okviru projekta Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja, Republike Srbije, TR31030, pod nazivom: «Stvaranje sorata i hibrida povrća za gajenje na otvorenom polju i zaštićenom prostoru». DIVERZITET POPULACIJE Xanthomonas spp. PATOGENA PAPRIKE U SRBIJI Rezime. Tokom 2008, 2009 i 2010. godine prikupljeni su uzorci obolelog lišća paprike sa simptomima bakteriozne pegavosti iz različitih lokaliteta Republike Srbije. Izolacijom iz zaraženih listova dobijeno je 116 sojeva bakterija. Proučavanja patogenih, biohemijsko-fizioloških odlika ukazuju da proučavani sojevi pripadaju vrsti Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Primenom dva serološka testa (DAS-ELISA i test aglutinacije) potvrđena je antigena uniformnost proučavanih sojeva, kao i serološka sličnost sa bakterijom X. c. pv. vesicatoria. Diferencijacija Xanthomonas spp. prouzrokovača bakteriozne pegavosti paprike izvršena je primenom dve molekularne metode. Prvi metod zasnivao se na restrikcionoj analizi-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Lenght Polymorphism) fragmenta hrp gena (HrpB regiona) nakon digestije (sečenja) dobijenih proizvoda restrikcionim enzimima (CfoI, TaqI i HaeIII). Poređenjem restrikcionih profila proučavanih sojeva sa kontrolnim sojevima, potvrđena je sličnost sa vrstom X. euvesicatoria. Drugi molekularni metod je lančana reakcija polimeraze primenom specifičnih prajmera koji amplifikuju proizvode različite veličine specifične za: X. euvesicatoria-173 bp; X. vesicatoria-138 bp; X. perforans-197 bp i X. gardneri-154 bp. Kod svih proučavanih sojeva, uključujući i kontrolni soj X. euvesicatoria KFB (189) detektovani su fragmenti DNK veličine 173 bp, koji odgovaraju vrsti X. euvesicatoria. Utvrđeno je da je prag detekcije ove metode 0,4 x 10 3 CFU/ml. Proučeno je dejstvo bakar-sulfata (CuSO 4), antibiotika streptomicina i kasugamicina, pri različitim koncentracijama, na razvoj bakterijskih ćelija u in vitro uslovima. U podlogu su dodati filterom sterilisani rastvori bakar-sulfata do konačne koncentracije od 100 i 200 ppm tj. aktivne komponente navedenih antibiotika do konačne koncentracije od 50, 100 i 200 ppm. Sojevi rezistentni na streptomicin nisu detektovani ovim istraživanjima. Rezistentnost prema 50 ppm kasugamicina utvrđena je kod 6 sojeva, a 19 sojeva je bilo rezistentno na 200 ppm bakar-sulfata. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na opasnost od razvoja rezistentnosti bakterija prema ovim jedinjenjima. Zastupljenost pojedinih fizioloških rasa među proučavanim sojevima određena je na osnovu reakcije biljaka paprike sorte Early Calwonder (ECW), njenih izogenih linija ECW-10 (Bs1), ECW-20 (Bs2), ECW-30 (Bs3) i biljaka paprike Capsicum pubescens PI235047 (Bs4). Ustanovljeno je da proučavani sojevi predstavljaju heterogenu populaciju u kojoj su zastupljene četiri fiziološke rase bakterije X. euvesicatoria (P1, P3, P7, P8). Proučena je osetljivost 11 odabranih genotipova paprike prema rasi P8 bakterije X. euvesicatoria: HS-2, Amfora, Plamena, Anita, Novosađanka, Palanačka babura, Palanačko čudo, Slonovo uvo, Brillant F1, Bihar F1 i Boni. Samo je hibrid Bihar F1 ispoljio određeni stepen otpornosti prema bakteriji, dok su svi ostali proučavani genotipovi pokazali visok stepen osetljivosti. U ovom radu izolovani su bakteriofagi specifični prema vrsti Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, prouzrokovaču bakteriozne pegavosti paprike. Proučavanjem kruga domaćina, utvrđeno je da su izolati usko specifični prema vrsti X. euvesicatoria i da ne ispoljavaju aktivnost prema ostalim vrstama Xanthomonas spp. patogena paprike i paradajza.

Infections of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap) on peaches have become more important in northern Italy since the late ’80s. Therefore, a three year (1993 to 1995) epidemiological study was conducted in two peach orchards affected by Xap in the district of Verona. Both disease onset and progress over time were considered. The incidence of affected leaves or fruits and disease severity were assessed in relation to meteorological data. Primary infections appeared on leaves between the end of May and the middle of July. The disease progressed with variable incidence and severity, the former ranging from very slight to more than 70% of leaves affected. Fruits were less severely affected. Rainfall played a predominant role in Xap infections. Primary infections were always established following at least 3 successive rainy days, with temperatures between 14 and 19°C. Disease progress was closely correlated with the number of rainy days after disease onset. The use of the latter variab...

Dinamička analiza posebnih klasa linearnih singularnih sistema sa kašnjenjem na konačnom i beskonačnom vremenskom intervalu Apstrakt U disertaciji su razmatrani problemi dinamičke analize posebnih klasa singularnih sistema sa čistim vremenskim kašnjenjem prisutnim u stanju sistema, kao i njihovo ponašanje na konačnom i beskonačnom vremenskom intervalu. Pružen je presek savremenih koncepata stabilnosti, prednosti jednih nad drugima i posebno su obrađeni tzv neljapunovski koncepti: stabilnost na konačnom vremenskom intervalu i koncept praktične stabilnosti. Nadograđene su osnovne definicije stabilnosti. Isrpno je izložen hronološki sistematičan pregled osnovnih koncepata stabilnosti, polazeći od ljapunovske metodologije, kao osnove na kojoj se zasniva dinamička analiza sistema. Ukazano je na istorijski razvoj i nastanak ideja i rezultata u ovoj oblasti i na taj način su izvedene i smernice daljih istraživanja otvorenih problema. U disertaciji su sistemi tretirani sa stanovišta dva savremena pristupa: deskriptivnog i LMI, odnosno sa pozicija linearnih matričnih nejednakosti, koja se svodi na metode konveksne optimizacije. Izvedeni su i saopšteni novi rezultati. Izložen je prilaz koji se bazira na kvaziljapunovskim funkcijama za dobijanje uslova praktične i stabilnosti na konačnom vremenskom intervalu posebne klase singularnih sistema sa čistim vremenskim kašnjenje, u stanju sistema. Pokazano je da, polazeći od pretpostavke da agregacione funkcije ne moraju da budu određene po znaku i da njihovi izvodi duž trajektorija sistema ne moraju da budu negativno odrređene funkcije, uz pomoć deskriptivnog prilaza se mogu dobiti novi kriterijumi za ocenu neljapunovske stabilnosti. Kombinovanjem rezultata sa ljapunovskim prilazom, izvedeni su o uslovi atraktivne praktične stabilnosti. Drugi doprinos je određivanje dovoljnih uslova stabilnosti na konačnom vremenskom intervalu iste klase sistema pomoću savremenih LMI metoda. Dobijeni i prezentovani rezultati imaju praktičnu primenu u savremenoj teoriji i praksi upravljanja i mogu se primeniti na sve klase proučavanih sistema, pod uslovom da su dostupni verodostojni matematički modeli. Verifikacija rezultata je izvedena kroz numeričke primere Ključne reči: Singularni sistemi, deskriptivni sistemi, stabilnost na konačnom vremenskom intervalu, atraktivna praktična stabilnost, vremenski diskretni i kontinualni sistemi sa čistim vremenskim kašnjenjem, praktična stabilnost Naučna oblast: Mašinstvo Uža naučna oblast: Automatsko upravljanje Dynamical analysis of particular class of linear singular time-delay control systems on finite and infinite time interval Abstract In this thesis the problems of dynamical analysis of particular class of singular control systems with time delays are considered, as well as their behavior on finite and infinite time intervals. Emphasis has been put on the peculiar properties of singular ad descriptor systems, concerning the existence and uniqueness of the solutions, the problems of impulsive behavior, consistent initial conditions and causality of the system itself. On overview of the modern stability frameworks has been presented, starting from the classical Lyapunov ideas and extending through so called non-lyapunov concepts: finite time stability and practical stability in particular. A historical overview of ideas, concepts and results has been presented and the key contributions have been highlighted through key papers from the modern literature. This dissertation follows two main lines of research: the descriptive approach and the LMI (linear matrix inequalities) methodology, the latter being known to reduce control tasks to convex optimization problems, thus making them easily solvable by numerical computation. New results are presented. A new approach, based on lyapunov-like functions, is used in order to establish new sufficient conditions of practical and finite time interval stability of a particular class of singular time delay systems. Another new result is based on the modern LMI approach and gives new sufficient conditions for finite time stability. The obtained results are numerically verified and have great practical value, as they are easy to compute and less restrictive and conservative than their predecessors.

Deep Learning becomes the most accurate and precise paradigms for the detection of plant disease. Leaves of Infected crops are collected and labelled according to the disease. Processing of image is performed along with pixel-wise operations to enhance the image information. It is followed with feature extraction, segmentation and the classification of patterns of captured leaves in order to identify plant leaf diseases. Four classifier labels are used as Bacterial Spot, Yellow Leaf Curl Virus, Late Blight and Healthy Leaf. The features extracted are fit into the neural network with 20 epochs. Several artificial neural network architectures are implemented with the best performance of 98.59% accuracy in determining the plant disease. This was a great success, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach in the field of Plant Disease Diagnosis and high crop yielding.