Bacterial Contamination

Summary Introduction It is recognized that mobile phones may play a role in microorganism transmission and that hand hygiene, is considered the most important action for preventing infections and the spread of pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine presence and circulation bacteria on hands and mobile phones capable of causing infections in people and also determine if disinfection with gel-alcohol is useful to reduce the bacterial colonization. Methods The bacterial evaluation included 596 hands of participants and 256 mobile phones. Isolated colonies were identified by biochemical test and confirmed by gene 16S rRNA sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the automated instrument Vitek®2-Compact and disk-diffusionmethod. Results In total, 92.9% of mobile phones and 98.3% of participants in study demonstrated evidence of bacterial contamination with different types of bacteria. Surprisingly, we observed that 18.6% plaques inoculated with disinf...

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of bacterial contamination on the hands of primary school students in the city of Zintan. A total of one hundred (100) samples were collected from students’ hands, distributed across ten primary schools representing a mix of public and private educational institutions. Ten samples were taken from each school, taking into account the age diversity of students across different grade levels within the primary stage.

Sample collection was conducted during the period from January 26th to February 2nd, 2025, using sterile wet swabs to ensure accuracy of results and the safety of the laboratory procedures followed.

Laboratory analysis results showed that 82 out of the 100 samples were contaminated with various types of bacteria, while 18 samples showed no bacterial growth. The results revealed the presence of ten different types of bacteria on the hands of students from various age groups, with Staphylococcus being the most common at a rate of 51.2%.

It was followed by E. coli at 12.1%, which is also known to be a cause of food poisoning among children. On the other hand, Salmonella, Clostridium, and Pseudomonas showed lower prevalence rates compared to other species, appearing at 2.4%. Though these rates are low, their presence poses a threat to children’s health, as they are major causes of food poisoning and acute gastroenteritis in children.

The study also showed that the rate of bacterial contamination was higher among female students than male students, accounting for 51.2% of the total positive samples.

Aim: To isolate and Characterize Bacteria from Babies Heat Prickly powders purchased in Umuahia, Abia state Method: A total of Ten (10) Baby heat prickly powder samples were randomly purchased from different market locations in Umuahia, Abia state. Isolation and identification of Bacteria were conducted using standard microbiological techniques. Bacteria were Characterized using standard microbiological and biochemical test. The isolated Bacteria include Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus sp, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest percentage occurrence (40%) while other Bacteria had (20%) each with the total bacteria count (TBC) ranging from 4.3 ×10 4 CFU/g to 1.32 ×10 5 CFU/g. High bacterial load was observed in the present study which showed there was contamination of most of the products in respect to the international Microbiological standards recommended limits for bacterial contamination in powder/Cosmetic products (1.0 x 10 3 CFU/g) for bacteria. This could be as a result of poor manufacturing practices, poor hygiene, contaminated raw materials or the susceptibility of the ingredients contained in the baby powders.

T here is increased interest of Nigerian government to strengthen the agricultural sector and develop the food value chains due to its significance to food and nutrition security (Veliu et al., 2009; Alagoa et al., 2011; Ilu et al., 2016). This has stimulated the increase importance of animal sourced food as part of a national concern for socio-economic development (NORAD-FAO, 2013). To make food affordable and accessible to the growing human population and urban dwellers, street food vending is promoted in several countries including Nigeria due to its benefits. Street processed food such as fish which could be a better alternative to expensive animal product and a convenient and often nutritious ready-to-food also serves as an easy source of income to particularly women (Ekanem, 1998). Studies conducted in other parts of Nigeria have shown street food vendors rely wholly in this business because of the customers' preference to buy street processed food; being cheaper and affordable to buy than to cook (Draper, 1996; Dipeolu et al., 2007). Fish is a common delicacy in African food and contributes in provision of nutritional requirement for essential proteins, minerals and other micronutrients (FAO, 1992; Belton and Thilsted, 2014). It is responsible for more than 40% of the animal protein intake of the Nigerian populace (Anetekhai, 2013). There is high dependence on fish as a source of animal protein especially in low income households who purchase processed fish by the road side as part research Article Abstract | Fish farming is among agricultural activities that are used to fight food and nutritional security in Nigeria. But, the aim of the Nigerian government is not only to make its citizen food and nutritional secure, but to provide a safe food for its populace as well. The mere isolation and characterization of potential food borne illness pathogens does not provide sufficient information for public health policy development. Hence, a cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of fish handlers in Kaduna State, Nigeria. A structured face-to-face questionnaire was designed and administered to 37 street fish vendors between May-August, 2017. Results indicated that respondents had good level of knowledge and attitudes and poor practices toward food hygiene measures. Almost all of the food workers were aware of the role of hand washing before and after handling of fish as well as wearing protective clothing during work while majority lack knowledge about microbial hazards transmitted through fish in the (67-78%) study area. A significant positive correlation was observed between knowledge and attitude (rs = 0.60, P = 0.00), level of education (rs=0.5, P=0.000) and but negative correlation with years of business experience (rs=-0.3, P=0.03). A significance between knowledge and practices (rs = 0.2, P = 0.23) revealed that increased knowledge of food safety does not always result in positive change in fish handling behaviors.

Vegetable can serve as a source of food and it can be contaminated by microorganisms and parasite which can serve as a source of diseases. Laboratory investigations were carried out on four different vegetable samples: Cochorus olitorius (Ewedu), Celosia argentea (Shoko), Daucus carota (Carrot), Brassica olerecea (Cabbage), purchased from retailers in Owena-Ijesa, Nigeria. Standard Microbiological and parasitological analysis were carried out. Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp., Proteus sp., Enterobacter sp., Salmonella sp., Enterococcus sp., Vibrio sp., Paenibacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Escherichia sp., Brevibacillus sp. and seven fungi Saccharomyces sp., Penicillium sp, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma harizianum, Mucor sp. and Fusarium sp. were isolated and identified from the vegetables. The highest total bacterial count was 8.0 × 104 and lowest fungal count was 1× 103 in cabbage. E. coli had the highest occurrence of 18.18% and was found on all marketed veget...

Background: Milk is a compensatory part of daily diet especially for the expectant mothers as well as growing children. It is virtually a sterile fluid when secreted into alveoli of udder. However, beyond this stage of production, microbial contamination might generally occur from different sources. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2013-January 2014 in Jigjiga city to assess bacterial contamination of raw milk meant for human consumption and to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates. A total of 120 raw milk samples were aseptically collected from different sampling points that were hypothesized to be a source of potential contaminations. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 computer software. P-value of <0.05 was taken as statistical significance. Results: Overall, the organisms identified and their prevalence rates were Escherichia coli 70(58 %), Staphylococcus aureus 29(24.2 %), Shigella Sp. 21 (17.5 %), Proteus sp. 9 (7.5 %) and Salmonella sp. 4 (3.3 %). The isolation rates of these identified bacteria from each sampling points are statistically significant in E. coli and Proteus sp. (P < 0.05). High antibiotic resistance for E. coli isolates were observed to Doxycycline (42.3 %) and Ampicillin (30 %). Shigella sp. was resistant to Ampicillin (38.1 %). Salmonella sp. isolates were highly resistant to Amoxicillin (50 %). Out of a total of 29 S.aureus isolates, high resistance rate was observed to penicillin G 27(93.1 %) followed by tetracycline 20(69 %), and very low level of resistance to vancomycin 2(6.9 %) and rifampicin 1(3.4 %). Multidrug resistance was also observed in 55.2 % of the total isolates. Conclusions: Considering the high rate of raw milk contamination with the above isolated bacteria, sanitary practice during collecting, transporting and vending is recommended since the consumption of unpasteurized milk may inflict an important public health risk.

Microbial Safe drinking water supply has always been a main challenge for authorities in rural areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial quality of drinking water distribution system in rural areas of Marivan city, Iran. The sampling was performed in a 12 months period from March 2010 to February 2011. Totally samples were collected during a 12 months period. At the site, 250 ml polypropylene bottle containing 0.4 ml of a 10% sodium thiosulfate solution was used for collecting water samples and transported to laboratory in 6 h and 4 ° C. In order to determine the quality of water, the turbidity, free residual chlorine, total and fecal coliform were analyzed. The result showed that the minimum and maximum of pH were 6.8 and 7.8 respectively. In 95% of samples residual chlorine was between 0 and 0.8 mg/L. The MPN of total coliforms was in the range of 0 to 1100/100 mL. The amount of fecal coliforms in 95% samples was lower than 23 MPN/100 mL. The maximum value of t...

Gamma-irradiated sheep cream (1 kGy) was used to produce butter that was analysed during refrigerated storage up to 90 days in shelf-life extension studies including sensory, microbiological and water content assessments. The water content of the sheep butter made with irradiated fermented cream was 10% higher than that of control butter. A slower increase in bacterial load during storage was detected for the butter manufactured with irradiated fermented sheep cream compared with control butter; however, fungi increased at similar rates in both cream-irradiated and control butters during storage. The sensory evaluation suggested, in general, the acceptance of the irradiated samples by the panellists. The microbiocidal potential of gamma radiation of fermented sheep cream was highlighted, but was not reflected in extension of shelf-life of the butter produced. The traditional manufacturing process itself was found to be a major vehicle for microbial contamination of this dairy product, preventing its shelf-life extension.

The safety of food and drinks in Hussein processions and their availability to meet the needs of visitors on this major religious occasion is of particular importance because it is one of the most important requirements that accompanies the visitor regardless of his geographical destinations. The study was conducted in the field during the forty models' period of 2023 in Wasit Province to determine the degree of microbial and metal contamination of the foods and drinks most consumed among visitors in Hussein processions and to provide recommendations for developing the design of nutritional evaluation monitoring. A total of 270 samples were collected randomly from 30 procession from 5 different regions. These samples consisted of 45 water samples, 120 samples of ready-to-eat foods (beef hamburger, falafel, boiled rice, boiled beans), and 105 samples of drinks (yogurt, orange juice, lemon juice and Noomi Basra juice). Some bacterial species were detected in the studied samples, as they were found after culturing the samples on different culture media to investigate microbial contamination. The results showed that the total number of aerobic bacteria (TBC), Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus exceeded the Iraqi standard specifications and international standards for some types of samples studied, while they were free of Salmonella spp. As for investigating metal contamination, lead and cadmium was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometer technology (Model Phoenix-986 AAS). The results showed accumulations of lead and cadmium slightly exceeding the permissible limits locally and internationally. The data derived from this study show that the methods followed by most Hussein procession owners in preparing food are effective and therefore safe to use, but making more effort is better to protect visitors. The microbial and mineral quality of foods and drinks was satisfactory in most of the samples studied. The Iraqi authorities must establish health and preventive guidelines that provide for the safety of visitors and protect them from diseases transmitted through water and food, and cases of food poisoning.

For several decades, a dose of 25 kGy of gamma irradiation has been recommended for terminal sterilization of medical products, including bone allografts. Practically, the application of a given gamma dose varies from tissue bank to tissue bank. While many banks use 25 kGy, some have adopted a higher dose, while some choose lower doses, and others do not use irradiation for terminal sterilization. A revolution in quality control in the tissue banking industry has occurred in line with development of quality assurance standards. These have resulted in significant reductions in the risk of contamination by microorganisms of final graft products. In light of these developments, there is sufficient rationale to re-establish a new standard dose, sufficient enough to sterilize allograft bone, while minimizing the adverse effects of gamma radiation on tissue properties. Using valid modifications, several authors have applied ISO standards to establish a radiation dose for bone allografts t...

A canteen is a designated area within a school where students can purchase and consume food, contributing to their nutritional needs and social interactions. However, inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices in canteens can lead to health risks and negatively impact students' well-being and academic performance. This study evaluates the adherence of canteen personnel to proper sanitation and hygiene practices and investigates the relationship between these practices and students' observations of these practices within canteens at Saint Mary's University. Utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods, data were gathered through survey questionnaires administered to canteen personnel and students of both Senior High School and college, with profile variables including age, sex, and grade level. Findings indicate a high level of adherence to hygiene and sanitation practices based on students' observations, with canteen personnel reporting a high level of adherence. Notably, there was no significant relationship between the self-evaluations of canteen personnel and students' observations. Additionally, no significant differences in adherence were found based on the age and sex of canteen personnel. To improve cleanliness in the canteen, recommendations include constant monitoring, ensuring the availability of sanitation materials, implementing better facilities, continuous adherence to health and safety rules, managing designated roles effectively, and considering the expansion of canteen space. However, the generalizability of these findings maybe limited due to the study's focus on a single institution, which may not represent the diverse practices and conditions of canteens in other educational settings.

Increasing deterioration of coastal waters is a major public health concern in many regions of the developing world. This study investigates the impact of water quality on the proliferation of bacterial pathogens in surface water, sediment and tissues of fish, Sarotherodon melanotheron from the Makoko axis of Lagos Lagoon. Analysis of physicochemical characteristics and microbial quality of samples followed standard methods and procedures. Measured water quality parameters (water temperature, turbidity, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen) which showed no significant variation (p>0.05) across study stations were within the Nigerian Federal Environmental Protection Agency set limit The highest total bacterial count (TBC) (214.09±43.95 x 10 5 CFU g-1), total coliform counts (TCC) (91.15±15.05 ×10 4 CFU g-1) and total faecal coliform (TFC) (36.22±12.98×10³ CFU g-1) were recorded in fish muscle tissue while the lowest TBC (52.39±39.72 x 10 5 CFU ml-1), TCC (33.45±33.94 ×10 4 CFU ml-1) and TFC (0.19±0.18×10³ CFU ml-1) were recorded in water sample. The bacterial species with the highest percentages of occurrence in water, sediment, fish gill and fish muscle tissue were Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.11 %), Enterobacter aerogenes (32.37 %), Escherichia coli (32.97 %) and E. coli (29.00 %) respectively. A very strong positive correlation (r = 1.00) was obtained between TBC in water and salinity as well as with dissolved oxygen levels. Likewise, the TBCs in fish parts (muscle tissue and gill) were positively correlated with the water temperature and turbidity. On the other hand, a negative correlation was obtained between pH and TBC in fish muscle tissue (r =-0.81) as well as with fish gut (r =-0.77). The relatively high counts of pathogenic bacteria species recorded during the study have serious public health implications.

Soil from dumpsites waste with no proper waste handling method are sources of pathogens to the soil and stream. This in turn may contribute to the emergence of community acquired infections. This study was conducted to obtain an insight into bacteria from dumpsite soil and the nearest stream in Oke Ijebu along Oja Oba road, Akure, Nigeria. Bacteria from the soil of the dumpsites was isolated in a nutrient agar medium plate, representative colonies of the isolates were subjected to further analysis. The bacteria recovered from the sample include: Bacillus anthracis, Enterobacter spp, Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Paenibacillus lantus, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella spp and Citrobacter spp were identified. The highest mean bacteria count was from the dump site soil which was 1.013× 10 8 cfu/g while the lowest mean bacteria count was 1.85×10 5 cfu/g. There is a need for environmental agencies and governments to take appropriate preventive measures to avert potential problems due to dumping of domestic waste near a water body.

Soil from dumpsites waste with no proper waste handling method are sources of pathogens to the soil and stream. This in turn may contribute to the emergence of community acquired infections. This study was conducted to obtain an insight into bacteria from dumpsite soil and the nearest stream in Oke Ijebu along Oja Oba road, Akure, Nigeria. Bacteria from the soil of the dumpsites was isolated in a nutrient agar medium plate, representative colonies of the isolates were subjected to further analysis. The bacteria recovered from the sample include: Bacillus anthracis, Enterobacter spp, Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Paenibacillus lantus, Shigella sonnei, Salmonella spp and Citrobacter spp were identified. The highest mean bacteria count was from the dump site soil which was 1.013× 10 8 cfu/g while the lowest mean bacteria count was 1.85×10 5 cfu/g. There is a need for environmental agencies and governments to take appropriate preventive measures to avert potential problems due to dumping of domestic waste near a water body.

Background: Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) play a vital role in the treatment of life-threatening conditions in newborns. The presence of bacterial contamination on instruments and surfaces within NICUs is a significant factor contributing to the occurrence of hospital-acquired infections. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the bacterial contamination on instruments and surfaces that are frequently handled by healthcare staff and are often in contact with neonates in the NICU. Methods: The study was carried out in the NICU of a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. A total of 185 samples were collected from various surfaces and instruments utilized in the NICU. The study involved the isolation, identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates. Blood culture isolates from NICU patients were compared with environmental isolates. Results: Bacterial growth was identified in 121 of the 185 samples. The potential pathogens detected included E. coli (n=28), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=27), and Staphylococcus aureus (n=18). Most E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were found on incubators and mothers' beds, while the majority of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were obtained from air conditioning units. The majority of isolates showed susceptibility to imipenem, amikacin, and gentamicin. Conclusion: A notable degree of bacterial contamination was found on objects and instruments in the NICU. E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus present a significant risk for nosocomial infections. The blood culture findings from neonates suggest a potential risk of hospital-acquired infections stemming from contaminated sources. For empirical treatment of suspected nosocomial infections in the NICU, imipenem, amikacin, and gentamicin may be considered effective options.

Abstract: Water is a vehicle for transfer the transfer of wide range of diseases of microbial origin. Ground water is a precious natural resource and is a source for drinking in many parts of the world. The current rate of groundwater extraction is depleting the resource faster than it is being recharged. Therefore understanding the basic processes about groundwater and the factors that are affecting its quality is of vital importance in managing this significant resource. In the present study 25 groundwater samples were collected from residential areas in Visakhapatnam and were analyzed for bacteriological quality with reference to the anthropogenic impact. It was critically observed that feacal coliform values determined from groundwater analysis were above the limits set by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World health organization (WHO). The ratio of feacal coliform and the feacal streptococci indicated the higher anthropogenic impact on the ground water resources in terms o...

Objectives evaluate the knowledge of Iraqi dentists about the process of sterilizing endodontics files; to find the most familiar method and material are used among Iraqi dentists; Materials and Methods A questionnaire was delivered electronically to dentists in different specialties during May 2024.  This questionnaire included questions about the demographics and professional backgrounds of the dentists, and their techniques used forsterilization of used endodontic files and materials used in sterilization was also questioned. Results Regardlessof the specialty, it was found that the frequency of using sterilization by Autoclave were high between Iraqi dentist. Regarding disinfectant materials that used by Iraqi dentist in pre- sterilizing stage to clean the endodontic files the use of alcohol was the most commonly used material. Also the most of Iraqi dentist was aware about the effect of sodium hypochlorite on endodontic files during sterilization. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Despite the quality guideline recommendations, the use of autoclave in sterilizing the endodontic files is the most frequent method among Iraqi dentists.

Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens, Fusobacterium spp y Eikenella corrodens, mientras que Tannerella forsythia, Eubacterium spp y bacilos entéricos se recuperaron solo en la siembra inmediata. Ambos tipos de cepillos tuvieron contaminación bacteriana en los distintos medios de cultivo.

This study was conducted to compare the level of consumers’ knowledge and attitude towards food safety as well as consumers’ intention to purchase night market food precisely food containing poultry based on food hygiene practice of food handlers in two different states i.e. Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. Selangor represents a state with high food poisoning cases while Kuala Lumpur has low food poisoning cases. Two hundred night market consumers for each sampling location were approached. Data was statistically analyzed using SPSS program version 20.0. Generally, respondents’ knowledge of food safety score was significantly different for consumers in Kuala Lumpur (M=14.37, SD=3.75) and Selangor (M=15.10, SD=3.36), (t=2.107, df=429) at p&lt;0.05. Analysis also showed that there were significant differences in the attitude score among consumers in Kuala Lumpur (M=4.71, SD=0.39) and Selangor (M=4.48, SD=0.28), (t=7.085, df=414) at p&lt;0.05. Results revealed that consumers’ intention to pu...

Background: The Intercept Blood System (IBS) for platelets has been developed to reduce pathogen transmission risks during transfusions. Objective: This study was a comprehensive economic analysis of the costeffectiveness of using the IBS for single-donor apheresis platelets (AP) and randomdonor pooled platelet concentrates (PC) versus AP and PC without the IBS in rhe United States in patient populations in which platelets are commonly transfused. Methods: All data used in this analysis were summarized from existing published sources (primarily indexed in MEDLINE) and data on file at Baxter Healthcare Corporation (Chicago, Illinois) and Cerus Corporation (Concord, California). A literature-based decision-analytic model was developed to assess the economic costs and clinical outcomes associated with the use of AP and PC treated with the IBS for several conditions and procedures that account for a considerable proportion of the platelet usage in the United States: acute lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, coronary artery bypass graft, and hip arthroplasty Risks of infection with HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, or bacterial agents were incorporated into the model. Possible benefits of reduction of the risk of emerging HCV-like pathogens and elimination of the need for gamma irradiation were explored in sensitivity analyses. Results: The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year gained by using AP +

Water is a vehicle for transfer the transfer of wide range of diseases of microbial origin. Ground water is a precious natural resource and is a source for drinking in many parts of the world. The current rate of groundwater extraction is depleting the resource faster than it is being recharged. Therefore understanding the basic processes about groundwater and the factors that are affecting its quality is of vital importance in managing this significant resource. In the present study 25 groundwater samples were collected from residential areas in Visakhapatnam and were analyzed for bacteriological quality with reference to the anthropogenic impact. It was critically observed that feacal coliform values determined from groundwater analysis were above the limits set by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and World health organization (WHO). The ratio of feacal coliform and the feacal streptococci indicated the higher anthropogenic impact on the ground water resources in terms of microbio...

Bacterial concentration, an important parameter for different applications, is usually measured by means of the Plate Count Technique (PCT), a laboratory method that is reliable but also time consuming (24 −72 hours) and not easily implementable in automatic form. This paper investigates two alternative methods, based on electrical and optical measurements, suitable to realize mobile, low-cost and user friendly instruments. A comparative analysis for both methods is performed with enriching medium solutions and milk samples inoculated with four different bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus). The results show that both methods can detect the bacterial concentration more easily and in shorter time than PCT (3-14 hours) and, in many cases, the optical approach provides a faster response than the electrical one (30-240 minutes) and higher accuracy (R 2 > 0.9). Furthermore, it is found that, in some cases, the combined use of optical and electrical measurements allows to determine the type of bacterial species present in the sample. Both such methods have been implemented in the form of a portable and automatic sensor system, suitable for in-situ measurements with no need of trained personnel.

This study evaluated microbial safety (incidence, risk levels and prevalence) of fresh produce from three states in 30 open-markets in Southwest, Nigeria. Total Viable Count of Enteriobacteriacaea, coliforms and Listeria (using four broths and five agar) were done on homogenised samples (n=180). Epiphytes prevalence decrease with cabbage from [Ondo (4.33%), Lagos (3.52%), Osun (2.71)]; carrot [Osun (2.80%), Lagos (2.26%) and Ondo (1.81%)]; cucumber [Ondo (3.52%), Osun (3.25%) and Lagos (2.89%)]; garden egg and tomato [Lagos (4.15% and 3.61%), Osun (2.17% and 2.89%) and Ondo (1.71% and 2.44) respectively]; watermelon and all fresh produce [Lagos (2.98% and 19.40%), Ondo (1.99% and 15.79%) and Osun (1.71% and 15.52) respectively]. PALCAM and XLD agar have highest isolation rate, sensitivity, differential ability and effectiveness but low selectivity. Tomato from Lagos State markets showed 0.00x100 cfu/g on VRBG, BGA and XLD. Fresh produce epiphytes prevalence increased in Lagos from [carrot (2.26%), cucumber (2.89%), watermelon (2.98%), cabbage (3.52%), tomatoes (3.61%) to garden egg (4.15%)]; Osun State [water melon (1.71%), garden egg (2.17%), cabbage (2.71%), carrot (2.80%), tomatoes (2.89%) to cucumber (3.25%)]; in Ondo State [garden egg (1.71%), carrot (1.81%), watermelon (1.99%), tomatoes (2.44%) cucumber (3.52%) to cabbage (4.33%)]. Hence, fresh produce are route of food poisoning.

This report assesses the necessity and effectiveness of introducing an Ultrasonic Contact Lens Cleaning Device (UCLCD) to VisaCare’s product line. Building on previous research that identified microbial contamination in contact lenses, this study evaluates the potential benefits of UCLCDs in reducing microbial load. Using standardized testing methods, the report found significant bacterial presence in daily and weekly lenses, including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and other harmful microorganisms. The use of UCLCDs demonstrated a reduction in bacterial contamination by more than 60%, suggesting that incorporating such devices could enhance the safety and hygiene of contact lens wearers. The report recommends the Visonic Dome UCLCD for initial market introduction, with a long-term strategy to develop VisaCare's proprietary device to optimize costs and profitability.

This study aimed to identify the existent of microbiota in the fresh semen of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), kept in captivity, and their susceptibility patterns to antimicrobial drugs. Ten males of this species were submitted into experimental induced ejaculation procedures throughout 14 months. The microorganisms found in the semen were evaluated within the following criteria: morphology, biochemistry, colony forming unit (CFU mL-1), and antibiotic sensitivity. 225 Gram-positive strains were isolated, out of 88 samples. They were identified as following: Streptococcus (30.2%), Staphylococcus (30.2%), Micrococcus (33.7%), Corynebacterium (2.2%), Enterococcus (1.7%), and Bacillus (1.7%). The cell counting of contaminated semen material was under 300 CFU mL-1. The evaluation of sensitivity against eleven antibiotics revealed that most of the bacteria found were sensitive to Gentamicin, Cephalothin, Amikacin, Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Cephotaxin and Penicillin. During the evaluation period, the presence of microorganisms in the semen here analyzed did not influence the quality of the semen production of the donor animals. Semen contamination is probably coming from the surrounding environment in which the animals were kept, during collection procedures. This study suggests that Gentamicin and Amikacin are better choices over Tetracycline as diluters of collared peccary's semen.

Artificial insemination (AI) is the preferred method for reproduction in the majority of the intensive pig production systems Worldwide. To this end, fresh extended ready-to-use semen doses are either purchased from AI-centres or produced by boars kept on-farm. For profitable semen production, it is necessary to obtain a maximum amount of high quality semen from each boar. This paper reviews current knowledge on factors that may affect semen quality by influencing the boar or the semen during processing. Genetic markers could be used for early detection of boars with the highest fertility potential. Genetic selection for fast growth might jeopardize semen quality. Early detection of boars no longer fit for semen production might be possible by ultrasonography of the testes. Seasonal variation in sperm quality could be associated with changes in photoperiod and heat stress during summer. Comfortable housing, with appropiate bedding material to avoid locomotion problems is essential. In some areas, cooling systems may be necessary to avoid heat stress. The sperm quality can be manipulated by feeding strategies aiming, for instance, to increase sperm resistance to oxidative stress and extend storage duration. High collection frequency will negatively influence sperm quality. Also, if collection is not hygienically performed it will result in bacterial contamination of the semen doses. The concern over bacterial contamination has risen not only because of its negative effect on semen quality but also due to the detection of antimicrobial resistance in isolates from extended semen. Moreover, bacterial and viral pathogens must be monitored because they affect semen production and quality and constitute a risk of herd infection. During processing, boar sperm are submitted to many stress factors that can cause oxidative stress and capacitation-like changes potentially reducing their fertility potential. Dilution rate or dilution temperature affects the quality of the semen doses. Some packaging might preserve semen better than others and some plastic components might be toxic for sperm. Standard operation procedures and quality assurance systems in AI centres are needed.

The problem of pollution affects the whole world groundwater. The purpose of our present study is to evaluate the impact of contamination from residues of industry and agriculture, and discharge of untreated domestic wastewaters on the physical, chemical, metal and bacteriological water quality of Maâmora's tablecloth (Sebou bassin, Kenitra, Morocco). The physicochemical parameters followed are: T ˚C, pH, EC,

Continuous fermentations were carried out with a recombinant flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain in an airlift bioreactor. Once operating under steady state at a dilution rate of 0.45 h −1 , the bioreactor was contaminated with Escherichia coli cells. The faster growing E. coli strain was washed out of the bioreactor and the recombinant, slower growing flocculating S. cerevisiae strain remained as the only species detected in the bioreactor. Flocculation, besides allowing for the realization of high-cell-density systems with corresponding unusual high productivity, may be used as a selective property for controlling some contamination problems associated with prolonged continuous operation.

Cross-contamination of food contact surfaces can impose crucial barriers to food safety. Ready-to-eat (RTE) food items' have the possibility of contamination during handling and serving from the terminal contact surfaces like hands, serving plates and tables, spoons, knives, and glasses. Considering these, this study was aimed to investigate the microbial load of these contact surfaces. Swab samples were collected from four crucial RTE foods contact surfaces for instance food handlers' hands (HHS), plates (PS), tables (TbS), and spoons (SS) surfaces of twenty randomly selected local restaurants. To quantify the microbial load of these surfaces, total viable count (TVC) count was assessed using nutrient agar (NA), and total coliform (TC) count and fecal Escherichia coli (E. coli) were identified based on colony characteristics on chromocult coliform agar (CCA) media using standard methodologies described in previous studies. E. coli colonies from all contact surfaces and bacterial colonies isolated from HHS samples were confirmed by biochemical tests. Substantial number of bacterial presence was observed in all the samples, where TbS (1.93×105 CFU/cm 2) and HHS (6.77×104 CFU/cm 2) and SS (2.80×10 2 CFU/cm 2) and HHS (2.88×102 CFU/cm 2) had the highest TVC and TC count respectively. 65% of all samples were found to be contaminated with fecal E. coli while HHS samples harbored major foodborne pathogens like Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella spp., and Bacillus cereus. The study indicates poor microbial quality of these food contact surfaces which could implicate cross-contamination of the food items and incidences of foodborne illness among the consumers of these restaurants. These scenarios urge further studies on routes of these microbial contamination and limiting ways to enhance food safety in these restaurants.

This study was carried out at Chirundu border post located on the Zambia-Zimbabwe international boundary which is one of the busiest entry/exit points. Data collection took place between November 2015 and June 2016. The aim of the study was to investigate public health risks associated with physical handling of money and suggest plausible measures to control certain personal habits as a way of addressing such public health concerns. The main objectives of the study were to; i) identify species of microbes found on paper and coin money, ii) compare microbial levels between large and small currency denominations, and iii) investigate money handling practices used by traders and their clients as sources of contamination and transmission of microbes of public health concern. The study methods involved use of questionnaires, interviews and collection of samples of paper and coin money for laboratory examinations to isolate common pathogens associated with currency. Results showed that there were total coliforms, feacal coliforms, and Escherichia coli. Lower denominations, K2 in particular had the heaviest load of microbes and lower in larger denominations. Public money handling practices showed ignorance of public health concerns as most men and women kept money in under garments where it was in direct contact with the skin while others used saliva when counting money. It was concluded that physical handling of money is a matter of public health concern. Further research is required to determine the levels of microbes at Automated Teller Machines as these could also act as points of pathogen transmission.

Food borne diseases (FBDs) can occur due to the health status of the food handlers. The present study aimed to assess food hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices among hospital food handlers of ElManagil City, Sudan. A cross-sectional study was administered to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices, in food hygiene among hospital food handlers through a questionnaire. The food handlers expressed a level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of 70.1, 63.81 and 74.40%, respectively. The food handlers lacked knowledge regarding the transmission of hepatitis A virus and the working of infected food handler. They demonstrated poor attitude regarding the continuous evaluation of their health status, as well as the importance of training courses in the prevention of food contamination. They exhibited a low practice rate regarding removing nail polish and covering the head while preparing food. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the educational level with washing the utensils with a detergent, along with wearing gloves while working. It was concluded that the hospitals food handlers in ElManagil expressed moderate level of knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice in food hygiene. Generally, there is an urgent need to improve on food hygiene in health care systems in Sudan. Food hygiene training programs should be implemented among health care food handlers.

From 1999-2003, the hygiene of 1061 environmental surfaces from shopping, daycare, and office environments, personal items, and miscellaneous activities (i.e., gymnasiums, airports, movie theaters, restaurants, etc.), in four US cities, was monitored. Samples were analyzed for fecal and total coliform bacteria, protein, and biochemical markers. Biochemical markers, i.e., hemoglobin (blood marker), amylase (mucus, saliva, sweat, and urine marker), and urea (urine and sweat marker) were detected on 3% (26/801); 15% (120/801), and 6% (48/801) of the surfaces, respectively. Protein (general hygiene marker) levels 5 200 mg/10 cm 2 were present on 26% (200/801) of the surfaces tested. Surfaces from children's playground equipment and daycare centers were the most frequently contaminated (biochemical markers on 36%; 15/42 and 46%; 25/54, respectively). Surfaces from the shopping, miscellaneous activities, and office environments were positive for biochemical markers with a frequency of 21% (69/333), 21% (66/308), and 11% (12/105), respectively). Sixty samples were analyzed for biochemical markers and bacteria. Total and fecal coliforms were detected on 20% (12/60) and 7% (4/ 60) of the surfaces, respectively. Half and one-third of the sites positive for biochemical markers were also positive for total and fecal coliforms, respectively. Artificial contamination of public surfaces with an invisible fluorescent tracer showed that contamination from outside surfaces was transferred to 86% (30/ 35) of exposed individual's hands and 82% (29/35) tracked the tracer to their home or personal belongings hours later. Results provide information on the relative hygiene of commonly encountered public surfaces and aid in the identification of priority environments where contaminant occurrence and risk of exposure may be greatest. Children's playground equipment is identified as a priority surface for additional research on the occurrence of and potential exposure to infectious disease causing agents.

Nowadays, pollution problems are a growing danger for man and his environment. Groundwater, which is considered the most potable, is the most commonly used resource in developing countries. However, this water is very vulnerable to pollution and its protection is necessary at all levels. The objective of this study was to monitor the bacteriological quality of borehole water in certain localities of the country (Mali). The bacteriological analyses were carried out under a laminar flow hood, with deep seeding. The results of the study were assessed against the criteria defined by AMANORM. Of the 30 samples of drilling water analyzed, 13.33% were nonconforming and 86.67% conformed for Total Coliforms (TC), 23.33% of the samples were nonconforming and 76.67% conformed for Thermo-Tolerant Coliforms (TTC) parameters. For Mesophilic Aerobic Germs (MAG), 46.67% are non-compliant versus 53.33% compliance. For Fecal Streptococcus (FSS), 96.67% are compliant versus 3.33% non-compliant. During...

The concurrent use of karst aquifers as drinking water resources and receptors of combined sewer overflow lacking appropriate pre-treatment may cause conflicts between drinking water supply and storm water management. A storm water tank (SWT) for combined wastewater is identified as the source of sporadic contamination of a karst spring (Gallusquelle, ''Schwäbische Alb'', SW Germany) used for public water supply. Spring water quality was examined by routine and event sampling and by evaluating physicochemical and microbiological parameters. The total number of microbial colonies growing at 20°C and the number of Escherichia coli colonies rose to values up to four orders of magnitude higher than background, 2-5 days after overflow of the SWT. High concentrations of chloride, sodium, and total organic carbon (TOC) and high values of turbidity coincide with this increase. However, high bacterial contamination is also observed while turbidity and TOC are low. Several wastewater-related organic micro-pollutants such as chlorinated and non-chlorinated organophosphates were detected in the SWT and, depending on their K ow values and their biodegradability, in lower concentrations at the spring.

Pollution of water resources is a global problem. Unfortunately, groundwater is more sensitive to contamination by industrial waste, agriculture, household waste and wastewater that lead to physicochemical (pesticides, heavy metals, nitrates) and biological (viruses, bacteria, parasites) pollution. Bacterial contaminations of water are responsible for the emergence of many serious epidemic diseases (Cholera, Typhoid, Tuberculosis etc). The purpose of this study is to find out the impact of farms intensification and untreated sewage discharges on the microbiological quality of Maâmora water wells. Initially, bacteriological analysis done to identify not only pathogenic faecal germs but also indicator germs which have the same origin and which indicate that the water has been in contact with feces. In a second step, these identified germs were counted. Germs included in this study were Escherichia coli and Streptococci. Analysis were done about total & faecal coliforms and faecal Streptococci from the raw water of 16 boreholes on the Maamora aquifer, Kenitra. Microbiological analysis of the waters of these studied boreholes were compared with WHO standards of potability i.e. Zero bacteria/100mL for Faecal Coliforms, Total Coliforms and Faecal Streptococci. This study reveal that there was more (33% to 42%) contamination in studied wells with total germs who attained 1 to 13 bacteria/1mL. These results calls for an improvement of the control water quality of the Maâmora and develop vigilance tools for decision-makers to managers.

Background: Milk is a compensatory part of daily diet especially for the expectant mothers as well as growing children. It is virtually a sterile fluid when secreted into alveoli of udder. However, beyond this stage of production, microbial contamination might generally occur from different sources. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2013-January 2014 in Jigjiga city to assess bacterial contamination of raw milk meant for human consumption and to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates. A total of 120 raw milk samples were aseptically collected from different sampling points that were hypothesized to be a source of potential contaminations. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 computer software. P-value of <0.05 was taken as statistical significance. Results: Overall, the organisms identified and their prevalence rates were Escherichia coli 70(58 %), Staphylococcus aureus 29(24.2 %), Shigella Sp. 21 (17.5 %), Proteus sp. 9 (7.5 %) and Salmonella sp. 4 (3.3 %). The isolation rates of these identified bacteria from each sampling points are statistically significant in E. coli and Proteus sp. (P < 0.05). High antibiotic resistance for E. coli isolates were observed to Doxycycline (42.3 %) and Ampicillin (30 %). Shigella sp. was resistant to Ampicillin (38.1 %). Salmonella sp. isolates were highly resistant to Amoxicillin (50 %). Out of a total of 29 S.aureus isolates, high resistance rate was observed to penicillin G 27(93.1 %) followed by tetracycline 20(69 %), and very low level of resistance to vancomycin 2(6.9 %) and rifampicin 1(3.4 %). Multidrug resistance was also observed in 55.2 % of the total isolates. Conclusions: Considering the high rate of raw milk contamination with the above isolated bacteria, sanitary practice during collecting, transporting and vending is recommended since the consumption of unpasteurized milk may inflict an important public health risk.

Nowadays, pollution problems are a growing danger for man and his environment. Groundwater, which is considered the most potable, is the most commonly used resource in developing countries. However, this water is very vulnerable to pollution and its protection is necessary at all levels. The objective of this study was to monitor the bacteriological quality of borehole water in certain localities of the country (Mali). The bacteriological analyses were carried out under a laminar flow hood, with deep seeding. The results of the study were assessed against the criteria defined by AMANORM. Of the 30 samples of drilling water analyzed, 13.33% were nonconforming and 86.67% conformed for Total Coliforms (TC), 23.33% of the samples were nonconforming and 76.67% conformed for Thermo-Tolerant Coliforms (TTC) parameters. For Mesophilic Aerobic Germs (MAG), 46.67% are non-compliant versus 53.33% compliance. For Fecal Streptococcus (FSS), 96.67% are compliant versus 3.33% non-compliant. During...

An excessive incidence of inflammation of the mammary glands of dairy cows has been observed in many dairy farms in the past, which has been demonstrably correlated with an increased incidence of microbial pathogens in livestock environments. The causes of mastitis can be infectious or non-infectious in nature, one of the main sources of this disease is litter material in the lager. The issue of mastitis has a significant impact on the economic value of dairy cows and therefore it is necessary to create effective measures that eliminate the appearance of pathogenic microorganisms. In this respect, litter material obtained by physical separation and thermal treatment of slurry may represent a suitable alternative ensuring inhibition of the development of dangerous bacteria while maintaining the comfort of dairy cows. Current evidence on the safety and benefits of such material is limited and data on effects on clinical and/or subclinical mastitis are insufficient. In this review, the...

Understanding the ecology and evolution of wildlife and domesticated species requires knowledge of their physiological responses to environmental change and the constraints under which they operate. However, whole animal experiments are often limited in sample size and can be logistically and ethically challenging. Culture techniques represent a powerful approach, but are used infrequently in field research due to practical constraints. We used minimal tissue culture equipment in a remote field site for in vitro explant experiments using blubber from wild grey seals Halichoerus grypus. Assessing explant viability and detecting microbial contamination in remote field sites, where facilities are often small, unspecialised and more vulnerable to bacterial or fungal infection, present major challenges. We investigated whether oxygen‐sensitive planar optodes (OSPO) in closed system respirometry could be used to assess oxygen consumption by blubber explants from suckling and fasting wild ...

Soil is a natural digestion system for animal wastes. However, land disposal sites and agricultural land pose serious threats to the quality of surface and groundwater. In this study, a clay loam, Semongok series, from Sarawak was inoculated with wild strain E. coli isolated from animal wastes. Results indicated that first order decay rate increased as temperature increased from 25°C to 35°C and as moisture decreased from saturation to air-dry. Lag period of the bacteria was found to be the longest (8 days) in saturated soil at 25•C and the shortest (l day) in air-dried soil at 35"C. Interaction between temperature and moisture was significant. First order decay model can be used after lag period to estimate E. coli decay. The best data fit was obtained under cool wet condition. Temperature correction coefficient in the range of25-35°C was !.lS. It is recommended that disposal of animal wastes be. carried out during hot dry seasons of the year.

Background: Milk is a compensatory part of daily diet especially for the expectant mothers as well as growing children. It is virtually a sterile fluid when secreted into alveoli of udder. However, beyond this stage of production, microbial contamination might generally occur from different sources. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2013-January 2014 in Jigjiga city to assess bacterial contamination of raw milk meant for human consumption and to determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolates. A total of 120 raw milk samples were aseptically collected from different sampling points that were hypothesized to be a source of potential contaminations. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17 computer software. P-value of <0.05 was taken as statistical significance. Results: Overall, the organisms identified and their prevalence rates were Escherichia coli 70(58 %), Staphylococcus aureus 29(24.2 %), Shigella Sp. 21 (17.5 %), Proteus sp. 9 (7.5 %) and Salmonella sp. 4 (3.3 %). The isolation rates of these identified bacteria from each sampling points are statistically significant in E. coli and Proteus sp. (P < 0.05). High antibiotic resistance for E. coli isolates were observed to Doxycycline (42.3 %) and Ampicillin (30 %). Shigella sp. was resistant to Ampicillin (38.1 %). Salmonella sp. isolates were highly resistant to Amoxicillin (50 %). Out of a total of 29 S.aureus isolates, high resistance rate was observed to penicillin G 27(93.1 %) followed by tetracycline 20(69 %), and very low level of resistance to vancomycin 2(6.9 %) and rifampicin 1(3.4 %). Multidrug resistance was also observed in 55.2 % of the total isolates. Conclusions: Considering the high rate of raw milk contamination with the above isolated bacteria, sanitary practice during collecting, transporting and vending is recommended since the consumption of unpasteurized milk may inflict an important public health risk.

Background: Bovine mastitis, a condition with multifactorial etiology, imposes a significant economic burden on the dairy sector in Ethiopia, with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) being one of the leading etiologic agents. The acquisition of a compiled source of information concerning S. aureus is imperative in order to enhance the control and prevention strategies, as well as to facilitate the successful implementation of the national action plan aimed at curbing antimicrobial resistance by the year 2025. Thus, the primary objective of this meta-analysis was to comprehensively summarize the estimates of the proportion and beta-lactam resistance profile of S. aureus in bovine mastitis in Ethiopia. Methods: electronic bibliographic data such as PubMed, Web of Science, HINARI, Google Scholar, and other databases were used to search articles and quality assessment was performed using the AMSTAR-2. The pooled proportion, the rate of beta-lactam resistance, and a 95% confidence interval were calculated with a random effects model using STATA 17 statistical software. Funnel plots, and Eggers were used to assess publication bias. Results: Twenty-six (26) cross-sectional studies were included in this meta-analysis. The overall pooled proportion of S.aureus was 35% (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.41). Considerable heterogeneity was observed in the included studies (I 2 = 90.75%; P < 0.01). The subgroup analysis of the study region showed significant differences. The highest estimated regional pooled proportion of bovine mastitis-associated S.aureus was 40% in the Amhara and Tigray regions. Funnel plot and Eggers results showed no statistically significant publication bias (Eggers test: p = 0.5656) in estimating the proportion of S.aureus infections in association with bovine mastitis. A total of 14 articles were included to estimate beta-lactam antimicrobial resistance. The estimated pooled beta-lactam antimicrobial resistance rate of S.aureus was resistance to penicillin at 75%, followed by amoxicillin at 67%, ampicillin at 50% and cephalosporin at 57% were evaluated in the treatment of S. aureus. Therefore, the present meta-analysis has revealed that the prevalence of bovineassociated Staphylococcus aureus and its resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics are alarmingly high in the region of Ethiopia. This further emphasizes the vital necessity of implementing

Food borne diseases (FBDs) can occur due to the health status of the food handlers. The present study aimed to assess food hygiene knowledge, attitude and practices among hospital food handlers of ElManagil City, Sudan. A cross-sectional study was administered to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices, in food hygiene among hospital food handlers through a questionnaire. The food handlers expressed a level of knowledge, attitude, and practice of 70.1, 63.81 and 74.40%, respectively. The food handlers lacked knowledge regarding the transmission of hepatitis A virus and the working of infected food handler. They demonstrated poor attitude regarding the continuous evaluation of their health status, as well as the importance of training courses in the prevention of food contamination. They exhibited a low practice rate regarding removing nail polish and covering the head while preparing food. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing the educational level with washing the utensils with a detergent, along with wearing gloves while working. It was concluded that the hospitals food handlers in ElManagil expressed moderate level of knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice in food hygiene. Generally, there is an urgent need to improve on food hygiene in health care systems in Sudan. Food hygiene training programs should be implemented among health care food handlers.

Food poisoning is a public health problem in Malaysia and among the top five communicable diseases in Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the proportion of food poisoning cases involving schoolchildren in Terengganu in 2016 and their associated factors. This was a cross-sectional study using secondary data collected from 21 food poisoning outbreaks among schoolchildren in Terengganu in 2016. The proportion of food poisoning outbreaks involving schoolchildren in Terengganu in 2016 was 63.6%. Ministry of Education (MOE) school had contributed to 95.3% of outbreak cases, 81% occurred at secondary school and 57.1% involved school located in urban district. Poultry (61.9%) was the most common food vehicle, and Salmonella spp. (52.4%) was the most common microbial etiological agent. Urban district schools had the adjusted odds (aOR=1.803; 95% CI: 1.435,2.267; p &lt; 0.001) compared with rural district schools. Non-MOEschoolchildren were more likely to be involved in school food poison...