Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Human health would be at risk if water which is essential for every human activity is contaminated with carcinogenic substances including heavy metals, this present study evaluated potentially toxic metal concentration in some selected rivers in Ijebu-North of Nigeria to determine the concentration of heavy metals and evaluate the pollution index. Ten (10) rivers were randomly selected for the purpose of this study. Samples were collected using a labelled acid pre-cleaned polyethylene container so as avoid wall absorption, the samples were collected from different points at different locations along the course of the river. The samples were filtered, acidified with HNO3 and analysed for heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cr and Cu in all the rivers were higher than the WHO limit. However Hg, Cd, Ag, Al, and Mn values are below the recommended values. The contamination factor (C_f) for the Pb varied from 2.18-4.04, Ni varied from 3.0-14...

The analysis of trace elements in human hair for use as biomarkers continues to generate considerable interest in environmental and bioanalytical studies, medical diagnostics, and forensic science. This study investigated the concentrations of essential and toxic elements (Fe, Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Pb) using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS) in human scalp hair obtained from subjects living in Forsyth County, North Carolina, USA. The influence of age, sex, race, and smoking habits on the levels of trace elements in the hair samples were also investigated. Additionally, analyses were subjected to a statistical, regression, and principal component analysis to evaluate inter-elemental association and possible pattern recognition in hair samples. Furthermore, Ca/Mg and Zn/Cu ratios, which are often used to evaluate the degree of Ca and Cu utilization in humans and as markers for various health related issues including, atherosclerosis, hypertension, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic cancer, were calculated. The overall mean concentrations of Fe (25 µg/g), Ca (710 µg/g), Mg (120 µg/g), Zn (190 µg/g), Cu (12 µg/g), and Cr (0.20 µg/g) were found in hair samples. The trace element concentrations varied widely in hair samples as demonstrated by large range of concentrations obtained for each element. However, levels of Cd and Pb elements of <0.030 µg/g were detected in hair sample. In general, the levels of the trace elements in hair samples were poorly correlated. However, significant correlations were found between Ca and Mg (r = 0.840, p = 0.05). The levels of Fe, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Cr in hair samples and the calculated Ca/Mg and Zn/Cu ratios were found to be largely correlated with age, race, sex, and smoking habits.

Heavy metals are extremely toxic and their presence in the environment is a known risk factor. Out of them, cadmium is known for its fatal effects on the environment, humans and soil. Bioremediation offers an economical solution for detoxifying such metals. So, the present study aimed to isolate Bacillus sp. and Cupriavidus sp. from the cadmium contaminated soils and studied their cadmium bioremediation potential. Strains that have exhibited good tolerance upto 1000 ppm and 1500 ppm of cadmium concentration and good absorption to cadmium were studied by scanning electron microscopy. An increase in the size of the bacterial cells was observed. The absorption of cadmium by bacterial cells was further confirmed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and found that the sorption rate of Bacillus sp. ECd004 was 87% and of Cupriavidus sp. SCd005 was 90%. Furthermore, these strains were exposed to cadmium contaminated soil in the form of bioformulations and their role in the rate of seed germina...

A novel hydrophobic sorbent material for on-line column preconcentration and separation systems coupled with atomic spectrometry was developed. Poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) in the form of turnings was used as packing material and evaluated for trace lead determination in environmental samples. Sample and ammonium diethyl-dithiophosphate (DDPA) reagent were mixed on-line and the Pb(II)-DDPA complex was retained effectively on PEEK-turnings. Isobutyl methyl ketone (IBMK) was adopted for efficient analyte complex elution and subsequently transportation into the nebulizer-burner system for atomization. The developed sorbent material has shown, excellent chemical and mechanical resistance, fast adsorption kinetics permitting the use of high sample flow rates without significant loss of retention efficiency. For 120 s sample preconcentration time the sampling frequency was 20 h -1 , the enhancement factor was 110, the detection limit (3 s) was c L = 0.32 g L -1 , and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was s R = 2.2%, at the 50.0 g L -1 Pb(II) level. The accuracy of the developed method was evaluated by analyzing certified reference materials.

A novel automatic sequential injection (SI) single-drop micro-extraction (SDME) system is proposed as versatile approach for on-line metal preconcentration and/or separation. Coupled to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) the potentials of this SI scheme are demonstrated for trace cadmium determination in water samples. A non-charged complex of cadmium with ammonium diethyldithiophosphate (DDPA) was produced and extracted on-line into a 60 L micro-drop of di-isobutyl ketone (DIBK). The extraction procedure was performed into a newly designed flow-through extraction cell coupled on a sequential injection manifold. As the complex Cd(II)-DDPA flowed continuously around the micro-droplet, the analyte was extracting into the solvent micro-drop. All the critical parameters were optimized and offered good performance characteristics and high preconcentration ratios. For 600 s microextraction time, the enhancement factor was 10 and the sampling frequency was 6 h -1 . The detection limit was 0.01 g L -1 and the precision (RSD at 0.1 g L -1 of cadmium) was 3.9%. The proposed method was evaluated by analyzing certified reference material.

Groundwater is a major source of water for students at the Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan students' residential areas. This study investigated the physicochemical profile of groundwater samples of the study area by standard analytical procedure. A total of ten water samples from five sampling points within the study area were collected. Elevation and coordinates of the locations were taken using a global positioning system. Results of the physical parameters showed: pH (7.08-7.29), Temperature (25.00-45.90)℃, Total dissolved solid (82.00-484.50) mg/L, Electrical conductivity (154.50-949.00) μ/cm, Turbidity (12.81-82.65) NTU, Total alkalinity (2.91-38.16) mg/L and Total hardness (2.20-202.85) mg/L; values were lower than WHO safe limit except for turbidity. Results of the chemical parameters showed (mg/L): cations-Ca 2+ (0.71-190.96), K + (1.52-10.01), Mg 2+ (1.49-15.87) and Na + (7.37-88.30); anions-PO-4 (BDL-1.77), SO 2-4 (1.34-32.95), NO-3 (30.36-722.07), NO-2 (12.72-354.05), Cl-(16.08-127.79) and F-(0.14-0.88); metal-Fe (BDL-9.85), Cu (0.35-6.40), Zn (2.50-6.10) and Mn (0.38-2.95); values obtained were within the safe limits set by WHO except for NO3-and NO2-. High nitrate and nitrite levels indicate sewage pollution. Thus, the groundwater samples may not be safe for consumption and domestic use unless it is treated. Mean contents of the heavy metals (except Cu) are above the WHO limits. This may suggest that the environment is not free of heavy metal contamination and hence there could be a risk associated with the ingestion of the metals. The potential health risk due to heavy metal contamination in the groundwater samples should be evaluated in order to reveal health implications of the water when ingested. However, this study could serve as a baseline for further research in the future.

Atomic spectrometric techniques working with a continuous supply of sample, such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, are well suited for on-line connection through flow injection arrangements. For the determination of elements at lower concentrations, electrothermal atomization is often needed owing to the requirement for better detection limits. However, connecting a batch technique such as electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry to a continuous flow or a flow injection system presents some fundamental difficulties, making it a real challenge for the analytical chemist to design suitable interfaces. There are different ways of interfacing the systems to each other; the available versions utilize either on-line sample treatment with off-line measurement or are completely on-line arrangements. Complex samples cannot be directly processed by this technique owing to severe matrix interferences, which have not been minimized despite the development of efficient background correction devices. Successful matrix separation can be achieved on-line through solvent and sorbent extraction, precipitation and coprecipitation, volatile compound generation and liquid chromatography. Moreover, transformation of the sample and/or its fractions into a form that can be analyzed in a graphite furnace often requires unpleasant, tedious and time-consuming digestion procedures. Microwave heating has emerged as a means of dramatically improving leaching, mineralization or digestion processes and has frequently been used with in-batch or on-line systems. This paper outlines the most recent advances in the development of flow injection-graphite furnace interfaces and also describes the on-line sample pre-treatment systems developed so far for electrothermal atomic absorption detection.

Recebido em 21/2/08; aceito em 25/8/08; publicado na web em 26/1/09 In the present work, the development of a method based on the coupling of flow analysis (FA), hydride generation (HG), and derivative molecular absorption spectrophotometry (D-EAM) in gas phase (GP), is described in order to determine total antimony in antileishmanial products. Second derivative order (D 2 224nm ) of the absorption spectrum (190 -300 nm) is utilized as measurement criterion. Each one of the parameters involved in the development of the proposed method was examined and optimized. The utilization of the EAM in GP as detection system in a continuous mode instead of atomic absorption spectrometry represents the great potential of the analytic proposal.

In the current decades, the increasing presence of metallic contaminants in water for human consumption has become a major public health concern. This concern is even more pronounced in rural areas such as in the Town Halls of Agbangnizoun and Za-Kpota where the majority of households use surface water, wells and tanks to satisfy their daily drinking water needs, without any prior treatment, due to the low level of access to drinking water supplied by the State. This study aims at assessing the levels of contamination of these resources in mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). The mercury was determined using the cold vapor technique by the Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA-80) while lead and cadmium were analyzed by molecular absorption spectrophotometry by the DR 3900. The Arsenic was extracted by distillation using the silver diethyldithiocarbamate method then measured by molecular spectrophotometry technique. The results show that surface waters contain great quantities of metals than well and cistern waters. Lead (220.97 ±9.45 µg/L) and cadmium (20.13 ±0.17 µg/L) in surface waters have levels above WHO guidelines and Bénin standards. On the other hand, there is no significant difference between the metal concentrations of well and cistern waters at the 5% threshold. Significant correlations are established between toxic metals (Pb and Cd) and physical parameters (turbidity and suspended matters) at the threshold of 1 %. As for mercury (Hg) and arsenic (As), the concentrations are very lower than these of Cd and Pb and below the quantification limit of the device. These results confirm that the surface waters consumed by the populations of the Town Halls of Agbangnizoun and Za-Kpota do not respect drinking water standards.

The concentrations of five essential metals in six selected (NAN, Cowbell, MY BOY, CERELAC, FRISO GOLD and NUTREND) infant formulae sold in Makurdi metropolis, were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance using SPSS 24 statistical software package. Significant differences in means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. There was significant difference in the levels of the trace metals in the different brands of infant formula milk. The results of the toxic trace metals show that Cr has the highest concentration of 6.175 ±0.001 mg/kg (Cowbell), when compared to other toxic trace metals analyzed. Milk based infant formula showed copper concentration ranged from 2.55±0.001– 6.357±0.001mg/kg, which was higher than the provisional tolerable daily intake of copper that is 3 mg/kg. Chromium, Copper, Manganese and lead were detected in the six brands of infant formula milk but they were below the limits set by Wor...

Introduction

The increasing use of effluents for irrigation, particularly in regions facing water scarcity, poses a substantial threat to agricultural sustainability due to the high level of heavy metals. These metals can accumulate in soil and plants, posing risks to food safety and human health. To address this issue, researchers have explored various remediation techniques, including the use of layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The LDHs can potentially capture the heavy metals through multiple mechanisms. These include ion exchange, where positively charged layers attract and bind negatively charged metal ions. Surface complexation involves the formation of complexes between metal ions and hydroxyl groups on the LDH surface. The intercalation allows larger metal ions to enter the interlayer space and interact with anions. In addition, the precipitation of metal hydroxides within the interlayer space can further immobilize heavy metals. These mechanisms, acting synergistically, contribute to the remarkable adsorption capabilities of LDHs for heavy metal removal. However, the efficiency of LDHs can be further enhanced by incorporating biochar into their structure. Biochar, a carbonaceous material produced from the pyrolysis of biomass, possesses a high surface area and porosity, enhancing the adsorption capacity of LDHs. The combination of LDHs and biochar (BCLDH) creates a synergistic effect, resulting in a more efficient and sustainable remediation approach. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of LDH and BCLDH on reducing the uptake of some heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, nickel, and zinc, in basil plants during irrigation with landfill leachate and industrial wastewater.

Materials and Methods

The LDH and BCLDH were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. The landfill leachate was sampled from the Sari landfill site, and the industrial wastewater was collected from Sari Industrial Park No. 1. A split-plot design with 3 replications was used for this study, where the main factor was the type of irrigation water, including two types: landfill leachate and industrial wastewater. The sub-factor consisted of treatments with LDH and BCLDH amendments, arranged in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments as follows: 1- Control, 2- LDH 0.25%, 3- LDH 0.5%, 4- LDH 1%, 5- BCLDH 0.25%, 6- BCLDH 0.5% , and 7- BCLDH 1%. After mixing various amounts of LDH and BCLDH with 6 kg of dry soil, 10 basil seeds were planted in each pot. The irrigation method was based on weight loosing, meaning that before planting the seeds, the pots were first saturated with tap water according to their pore volume, and the weight of each pot after draining excess water was recorded as the initial weight. Two weeks after seed germination, irrigation with landfill leachate and industrial wastewater was conducted over 8 weeks based on the plants' evapotranspiration and the reduction in pot weight (after reducing the available water up to 75%). Finally, after harvesting the plants, the levels of heavy metals in the soil and plants were measured.

Results and Discussion

The results indicated an increase in soil pH up to 7.8 following the application of 1% BCLDH, probobly due to the effective role of biochar in raising soil pH. Morever, the results showed that the LDH and BCLDH amendments in irrigation with industrial wastewater had no significant effect on the levels of heavy metals in the soil and the basil in the roots, and shoots. In contrast, both application of LDH and BCLDH on irrigation of landfill leachate successfully minimized the metal levels in the soil and plant organs, with rate of BCLDH 1% showing the best performance. The lowest concentrations of lead, cadmium, and nickel in the soils were measured in the BCLDH 1% treatment, with values of 2.44, 0.18, and 1.64 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, this treatment in landfill leachate irrigation reduced the concentrations of lead, nickel, and zinc in the shoots by 75.5%, 62%, and 36.4%, respectively. This effect is attributed to the clear role of LDH and its contribution in increasing soil pH, cation exchange, electrostatic adsorption, and the precipitation of metals into insoluble compounds in the soil. In addition, the modification of LDH with biochar improved its structure, increased its surface area, and enhanced its porosity, thereby reducing pore diameter. This led to the increased surface adsorption capacity, enhanced electrostatic adsorption, and more effective removal of heavy metals, which reached its peak in the BCLDH 1% treatment.

Conclusion

The present study focused on the beneficial role of LDH and BCLDH amendments in reducing the uptake of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, nickel, and zinc) by basil plants under irrigation with landfill leachate and industrial wastewater. The results do not support the hypotheis on use of these amendments for industrial wastewater irrigation, which is likely due to the inefficiency of amendments at low concentrations of heavy metals. On the other hand, the results demonstrated the high efficiency of BCLDH in reducing the uptake of heavy metals by basil during landfill leachate irrigation. The lowest levels of heavy metals were observed in the BCLDH 1% treatment in soil, roots, and shoots. This outcome highlights the successful synthesis of biochar on LDH, which improved the structure and increased the metal adsorption capacity of BCLDH. . In addition, the BCLDH 1% treatment increased soil pH, electrostatic adsorption, and cation exchange, thereby the reducing metal uptake by basil. Given that the uncontrolled use of effluents may lead to excessive accumulation of metals in the edible parts of plants and heightened concerns about human health, the application of BCLDH emerges as a effective approach for significantly improving plant performance and reducing heavy metal uptake and its associated consequences. However, before making the final recommendations, futhur studies should be conducted at the field scale, over multiple years, and using different plant species to ensure the effective and reliable outcomes.

• Released reducing/complexing leather-specific species can reduce released Cr(VI). • No co-released species enable the for- mation of Cr(VI) in solution. • The major Cr species released from leather in phosphate buffer was Cr(III) (>82%). • No Cr(VI) was released into artificial sweat.

The skeletal structure of aerogel is determined before, during, and after the gel is formed. Supercritical drying of aerogel largely preserves the pore structure that is determined near the time of gelation. To better understand these gel formation mechanisms we carried out measurements of the time evolution of light scattering in a series of gels prepared without conventional acid or base catalysis. Instead, ultraviolet light was used to catalyze the formation of silica gels made from the hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate and partly prehydrolyzed tetraethylorthosilicate in ethanol. Time evolution of light scattering provides information regarding the rate and geometrical nature of the assembly of the primary silica particles formed in the sol. UV-catalyzed gels show volumetric growth typical of acid-catalyzed gels, except when UV exposure is discontinued at the gel point, where gels then show linear chain formation typical of base-catalyzed gels. Long term UV exposure leads to coarsening of the pore network, a decrease in the clarity of the aerogel, and an increase in the surface area of the aerogel. Additionally, UV exposure up to the gel point leads to increased crystallinity in the final aerogel.

Background: This study assessed the human health risks caused by heavy metal (Fe, Pb, Cr, Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Co) contamination in Crevalle Jack (Caranx Hippos) from Ogbogoro, Rumuokani, and Choba in Rivers State. Methods: The study used the Adaptive Risk Assessment Modeling System (ARAMS) to evaluate the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with heavy metal contamination in C. hippos. Results: The results showed that the daily intake of all the studied heavy metals via C. hippos was within their respective health-based guidance values and may not pose any non-cancer health effects to human consumers. However, the results for the Hazard quotient (HQ) and the hazard index (HI) in the three locations were less than one (Hi>), which means there is a lack of potency to cause non-cancer effects in human consumers. However, the cumulative consumption of heavy metals via C. hippos has the probability of impacting the non-cancer effect in human consumers in locations 2 but may not cause a non-cancer effect in human consumers in locations 1 and 3. Conclusion: The research underscores the significance of enforcing regulations, conducting regular monitoring, and promoting safe food consumption practices to address heavy metal pollution in the studied regions and safeguard public health. The implementation of effective public policies aimed at reducing these risks among the Brazilian population would yield substantial benefits for public health.

This study aims to determine the concentration of cadmium (Cd) metal content in various facial moisturizing creams with atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry (AAS). Samples were analyzed in the form of 6 brands of facial moisturizer cream that sold in market and selected randomly. The cream samples were destructed by wet destruction method. Next, the samples of destruction result were analyzed by atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry method with wavelength about 228.8 nm to determine the concentration of cadmium.  The results of this research showed that there was cadmium (Cd) metal content in the 2 samples of facial moisturizing cream that analyzed. Cadmium metal concentration on brand A is 0.1389 ± 2.7817 x 10-3 ppm and and brand B is 0.1321 ± 2.6468 x 10-3 ppm. Based on this result, the moustirizing creams are safe to use due to the BPOM regulation

Routine laboratory analyses were carried out to determine the concentration of heavy metals in wastewater reservoir and fish tissue (Muscles and Gills). Wastewater has the highest concentration of heavy metals than in the fish tissue in the following order Cu&gt;Fe&gt;Cd&gt;Mn&gt;Zn, while Pb is below detection level. Among the tissue, gills were observed to have the highest concentration in the following order Fe&gt;Cd&gt;Cu&gt;Mn&gt;Zn, while Pb was also below detection limit. Mn concentration in fish has exceeded the international permissible limit by the World Health Organisatio, Food and Agricultural Organisation, and American Public Health Association. These therefore pose a threat to the consumer and the survival of the fish in the wastewater and necessitate the need for caution and stricter wastewater effluent discharge for a better water quality.

The study assessed sources of noise between two residential neighbourhood in Benin City, Nigeria using a cross-section survey. Mann-Whitney Test was employed to identify relative differences in noise sources between the locations. Results showed that prominent sources of noise across the two locations were those from generator and market activities, however with varying magnitude. However, the test results revealed statistically significant difference in noise sources from generator, market activities, vehicular across the two locations considered. Relevant measures for noise control actions necessary to mitigate noise pollution were identified.

A highly sensitive scheme of the determination of selenium in drinking water by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with the on-line preconcentration of gaseous analyte compounds obtained by the UV treatment of an analyzed solution in a graphite furnace (GF) is implemented. A photochemical generator of original design of the type "UV lamp in a hollow cylindrical reactor" is used. The conditions of the photochemical generation and sorption of gaseous selenium compounds are optimized. The efficiency of a number of permanent sorbent modifiers, such as, metallic iridium, tungsten and zirconium carbides, and mixtures of tungsten and zirconium carbides with activated carbon, at the sorption stage in the GF is estimated. The maximum analytical signals of selenium are recorded using graphite tubes modified by iridium. The analytical scheme is verified by a spike recovery test, the recovery of element additives was 90%. The attained limit of detection for Se(IV) is 4.1 ng/L; the relative standard deviation of the results of replicate determinations is no more than 4.0% at the concentration of Se(IV) in water samples 0.1 μg/L.

Abstract⎯The review covers publications of 2005-2016 on achievements in the development of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The main directions in the authors' opinion are revealed, i.e., (1) improvements of the method and equipment and (2) studies of thermochemical processes in a graphite furnace. In the first group, the authors consider high-and low-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry, diode laser atomic absorption spectrometry, new designs of electrothermal atomizers, and new devices for ETAAS. Studies of mechanisms of element atomization, formation of analytical signals, and action of chemical modifiers belong to the second group.

The concentrations of heavy metals were determined from wastewater samples collected from the Gusii wastewater treatment plant, from May to July, 2021. Heavy metal analysis was done using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer, model AA 7000 Shimadzu, Japan. The results showed that the concentrations of Zinc and Cadmium were below the detection limit for all the sampling sites. The concentrations of Lead and Copper (Mean ± SE) ranged between 0.34 ± 0.06 mg/L and 0.86 ± 0.08 mg/L and 0.25 ± 0.05 and 0.34 ± 0.01 mg/L respectively. The month of July exhibited a higher mean Cu concentration of 0.35 ± 0.004 mg/L compared to the mean Cu concentration (0.2 ± 0.02 mg/L) of May. Likewise, the mean lead concentration of May (0.60 ± 0.04 mg/L) was higher than the mean (0.53 ± 0.05 mg/L.) of July. The independent sample t-test showed that mean Cu concentration difference was significant between the sampling months (t (34) = 21.58; p &lt; 0.05) while for Pb it was not significant between th...

Objective: Among the numerous plant mineral supplements, potassium (K) projects as a cation showing the most grounded impact on quality properties that discourage- mine natural product attractiveness, customer inclination, and the concentration of fundamentally imperative human-health related phytonutrients. Be that as it may, numerous plant, soil, and natural variables frequently restrain satisfactory take-up of K from the soil in adequate sums to fulfill natural product K necessities amid advancement to optimize the previously mentioned quality traits.
Methods: In this study, the atomic absorption method was used to check the total amount of potassium in tomatoes and melons. First, the plant sample was collected in spring (2021-2022) in Ilam city and dried in the shade, then it was prepared and the amount of potassium was measured by an atomic absorption device.
Results: The results showed that the amount of potassium in tomatoes and Cucumis melo were about 330 and 352 mg/100gr, respectively.
Conclusion: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy opens a scientific window into the potassium content of tomatoes and Cucumis melo, offering precise measurements and valuable insights. By bridging the gap between scientific analysis and nutritional awareness, this exploration enhances our appreciation for tomatoes and Cucumis melo not only a culinary delight but also a rich source of essential minerals.

Aim: This study quantified the regional distribution of bone mineral content in Thryonomys swinderianus grasscutters to evaluate structural influences on skeletal mineralization. Methods: Ten healthy male grasscutters (4-5 kg) were ethically euthanized (Euthasol ® at 100 mg/kg). Bones (skull, forelimb, hindlimb, vertebrae, ribs, and coccyx) were dissected, defleshed, dried (60°C), microwave-digested (HNO₃:H₂O₂), and analyzed via Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (Drawell DW-AA4730FG). Statistical analysis used GraphPad Prism 10.5.1(774): normality (Shapiro-Wilk test, α = 0.05) and variance homogeneity (Levene's test, α = 0.05) were verified; mineral concentrations across bone regions were compared using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Tukey's HSD post-hoc testing (p < 0.05). Data are mean ± SD. Results: Calcium peaked in load-bearing regions: skull (140.2 ± 1.04 mg/kg) and hindlimbs (132 ± 0.54 mg/kg; p < 0.05). Phosphorus was highest in ribs (42 ± 0.50 mg/kg), differing from vertebrae/forelimb (p < 0.05). Potassium varied regionally (skull/coccyx > vertebrae; p < 0.05). Magnesium and trace elements (Pb: 0.11-0.14 mg/kg; Cu, Mn, Zn) showed no regional differences (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Skeletal mineralization in T. swinderianus exhibits biomechanical adaptation, with calcium and phosphorus concentrated in load-bearing regions (skull: 140.2 mg/kg, hindlimbs: 132 mg/kg) to withstand locomotor/masticatory stresses. In contrast, magnesium and trace elements (Zn, Mn, Cu) show uniform distribution, reflecting systemic metabolic roles, while lead's homogeneity (0.11-0.14 mg/kg) confirms distinct accumulation patterns for environmental elements. These findings establish grasscutters as a model for studying functional mineral allocation strategies.

The plants that make up herbal tea have a complex chemical composition and can be related to drug collections and have various pharmacological properties that affect human health. In addition to organic acids, vitamins, flavonoids, essential oils, the medicinal properties of plants are affected by macro- and microelements included in their composition. Macronutrients and microelements determine the medicinal properties of plants, are substances necessary for human growth and normal development. The composition of seven herbal teas developed in the scientific center of the North Ossetian State University after K.L. Khetagurov, each of which contains from 3 to 8 plant components was analyzed. Plant material was collected in the summer of 2018 in the mountainous and foothill areas of North Ossetia (Central Caucasus). Using instrumental neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrometry, the presence and determination of 37 elements was carried out for the first time in herb...

Aquatic insects are those which live a part of their life cycle in water. In addition to their significant ecosystem function aquatic insects are also a primary source of food for fishes and amphibians. Inland wetlands of India serve as the habitat for more than 500 species of aquatic insects which are mainly from Ephimeroptera, Odonta and Trichoptera. The study was conducted during early hours of the day from August, 2019 to November 2019. Three sites were selected for the study i.e. vegetation site, agricultural site and disturbed vegetation site. The checklist of recorded aquatic insects is shown with their taxa, order, family and scientific name and common name. Total 24 species of aquatic insects were found in three different sites. The study of population of insects in different sites revealed the fact that the population of aquatic insects was governed by abiotic and biotic factors.

A vital source of water, lakes are negatively impacted by pollutants such as heavy metals from industrial, agricultural, and urban processes, as well as the effects of climate change. Potential pollution-related health issues like cancer and infectious diseases may result from this. To assess the degree of pollution on water quality and its impact on human health, this study utilized GIS software, specifically ArcMAP, to analyze the spatial distribution of physical, chemical, and heavy metal concentrations in the water from Eleyele Lake in Ibadan, Nigeria. Using accepted techniques, the physical and chemical characteristics of the lake water, as well as the presence of heavy metals, were assessed at nineteen distinct locations throughout the study area. Water pH ranged from 7.8 to 8.1, while electrical conductivity ranged from 90 to 199 µs/cm3, and total dissolved solids ranged from 57 to 127 mg/L. Nitrate and sulfate ranged from (1.61–47 and 0.1–3.67 mg/L). The concentrations of Cr and Cd range from (0.011-0.09 mg/L) and (0.001-0.019 mg/L), respectively. Zn and Ni ranged from (0.04-2.55 mg/L and 0.03-1.36 mg/L) while Pb concentration ranged from 0.002-0.03 mg/L. All determined physico-chemical parameters were within permissible levels, while 85% of the heavy metals’ concentrations were higher than permissible levels. A high concentration of heavy metals poses serious health risks to the population that depends on the lake as a source of domestic water and its aquatic organisms. Some of the heavy metals show a negative correlation with the physico-chemical parameters. This reflects different sources and controlling processes. The results show the water samples from the selected areas within Eleyele Lake were contaminated with heavy metals, with fewer climate change impacts. Efforts are needed to reduce anthropogenic influence on the lake through strict environmental controls. Also, to protect public health and water quality in the area, given the persistent and changing nature of industrial pollution.

The Garapan river mouth forms part of the Tanjung Pasir coastal area. This region receives materials not only from coastal waters but also from domestic sewage and industrial wastewater that contains heavy metals such as Cu, Pb, and Zn. On the contrary, the Cibungur river mouth in the different coastal area, receives relatively lower amounts of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. The objective of this study was to determine the Cu, Pb, and Zn content in the coastal sediment as well as the levels of A.indica and their relationship with water quality parameters. Samples were collected from four stations located in the Garapan and Cibungur river mouths and were analyzed for metal content using atomic absorption spectrometry Shimadzu 6300. Samples of A. indica found in the field are categorized into three diferent size classes. It is because size related to heavy metal accumulation. Results showed that bioconcentration factor (BCF) values were Zn>Cu>Pb in both locations. Small size A. indica tends to have higher values of BCF for Cu and Zn compared to medium and larger sized samples. Furthermore, the BCF values of Cu, Pb, and Zn in A. indica were higher when the sediment had a lower concentration of organic matter. Faktor Biokonsentrasi Tembaga (Cu), Timbal (Pb), dan Seng (Zn) pada Anadara indica yang Dihubungkan dengan Kualitas Air di Daerah Pesisir. Muara sungai Garapan merupakan bagian dari kawasan pesisir Tanjung Pasir. Daerah ini menerima buangan tidak hanya dari kawasan pesisir tetapi juga dari perumahan dan industri disekitarnya yang mengandung logam berat seperti Cu, Pb, dan Zn. Sebaliknya, muara sungai Cibungur relatif menerima buangan perumahan dan industri yang lebih sedikit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kandungan Cu, Pb, dan Zn pada sedimen dan Anadara indica, dan hubungannya dengan parameter kualitas air. Sampel diambil dari empat stasiun di daerah perairan muara sungai Garapan dan Cibungur selanjutnya dianalisis kandungan logam beratnya menggunakan atomic absorption spectrometry Shimadzu 6300. Sampel A. indica yang ditemukan di lapangan dikelompokkan dalam tiga kelas ukuran. Hal itu karena ukuran berhubungan dengan akumulasi logam berat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai faktor biokensentrasi (BCF) di kedua muara sungai adalah Zn>Cu>Pb. Sampel A. indica berukuran kecil cenderung memiliki nilai BCF Cu dan Zn lebih tinggi dibandingkan sampel berukuran sedang dan besar. Selanjutnya, BCF dari Cu, Pb, dan Zn pada A. indica lebih tinggi ketika sedimen memiliki kandungan organik yang lebih rendah.

Kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap kelestarian lingkungan hidup. Kecamatan Kartasura merupakan suatu daerah perkotaan dengan kepadatan penduduk dan aktivitas yang tinggi, hal ini yang memperkuat munculnya dampak pencemaran di kecamatan tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui adanya kandungan logam berat Pb, Cd, Cu, dan Zn pada ikan Sapu-sapu (Hypostomus plecostomus) di sungai Pabelan Kartasura tahun 2012 dan untuk mengetahui apakah Sungai tersebut tercemar oleh logam berat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang dilakukan dengan cara mengidentifikasi logam berat menggunakan metode ekstraksi dengan larutan larutan Na2S 10% b/v dan ditizon 0,005% b/v pada pH yang berbeda pada daging Ikan Sapu-sapu dari Sungai Pabelan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan menggunakan sistem purposive sampling pada 3 lokasi sampling yaitu pada area batas awal Sungai, area tengah Sungai, dan area batas akhir Sungai. Hasil reaksi dengan Na2S 10% untuk mengetahui kandungan logam pada sampel menunjukkan hasil positif yang ditunjukkan dengan mengeruhnya larutan sampel. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut kemudian dilakukan identifikasi kandungan jenis logam menggunakan larutan ditizon 0,005%. Hasil rata-rata identifikasi menunjukkan nilai positif untuk logam Pb (pH 8,5) terjadi perubahan warna menjadi merah tua, Cd (pH 6,5) terjadi perubahan warna menjadi merah muda, Zn (pH 7,0) terjadi perubahan warna menjadi merah, sedangkan hasil negatif ditunjukkan pada identifikasi logam Cu (pH 3,5) tidak terjadi perubahan warna. Identifikasi logam Cu bernilai positif apabila dalam reaksi menggunakan ditizon 0,005% terjadi perubahan warna menjadi warna ungu. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa ikan Sapu-sapu (Hypostomus plecostomus) di sungai Pabelan Kartasura pada tahun 2012 positif mengandung logam berat jenis Pb, Cd, dan Zn dan air Sungai Pabelan Kartasura tidak aman untuk digunakan dalam menunjang kehidupan masyarakat.

After a short introduction highlighting the potentialities of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and the power of X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS), a list of selected examples follows. The first part of this review provides the basic concepts that are behind the most used XAS techniques: Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) and X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopies. Moreover, it reports also the basis of an innovative approach to the EXAFS data analysis based on the wavelet transform approach, that allows a more solid attribution to the different paths contributing to the overall signal. The second part is devoted to provide a section of examples where EXAFS and XANES techniques have been determinant in understanding the structural and electronic properties of metal centers in MOFs. The selected examples have been ordered in subsections related to the application foreseen for the investigated MOFs materials: MOFs functionalization for catalytic applications; MOFs as single site catalyst; MOFs as photocatalysts; MOFs for gas sorption and storage; MOFs for energy application. Conclusions and perspectives are provided at the end.

Aims: The aim of this study is to investigate the heavy metals pollution status and health risks assessment of the vegetables grown at Danbatta irrigation lands. Study Design: The research involved the collection of soil, water and cultivated vegetable from irrigation lands as well as analyzing their heavy metals pollution status. Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected from Danbatta irrigation lands of Kano state, Nigeria. The research study covered a period of one year. Methodology: This study investigates the prevalence of heavy metals pollution and related health risks associated with the vegetables grown at Danbatta local government of Kano state. This was achieved by collecting irrigation soil, water and vegetables (onion, spinach and lettuce) from the irrigation sites, which were subsequently assayed for several heavy metals such as; Pb, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn and Co using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Results: The results obtained show that the concentration...

Introduction: Environmental safety is a large concern at global level. There are numerous bad behaviors that impact environment. Environmental assessment for contamination of heavy metals is an important step to put right policies for environmental protection. Objectives: The present study was conducted to assess the environmental impacts of Cobalt at Wudil, Kano State Nigeria. Cobalt was screened in water, soil, and some vegetables including lettuce, spinach and onion. Methodology: Study methodology involved taking random samples representing Wudil environment including random samples from soil, water, and vegetables. All samples were prepared and processed to be ready for assaying for cobalt using Atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: Study findings showed that he mean concentration of cobalt in soil samples at Wudil was 76.22±8.99 µg/g, and in water, it was 0.122±0.08 mg/l. In lettuce, the mean concentration of cobalt was 174.797±14.08 mg/kg, in spinach, 101.63±7.04 mg/kg, and...

Usually, the methodologies found in the literature on biological tissue digestion are usually time consuming and use high amounts of reagents. In this study, two methods of preparation of bovine testis samples were evaluated: acid digestion using nitric acid and alkaline solubilization using tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The analytical validation study evaluated the parameters of linearity, limits of detection (acid digestion 0.

Background: Chronic exposure to heavy metals (HMs) in drinking water poses a significant environmental risk globally and may have serious implications for human health. Objectives: This study focused on assessing the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks associated with six HMs in the Anzali lagoon area of northern Iran. Materials & Methods: We evaluated the average concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in tap drinking water collected from eleven rural communities. Additionally, we measured pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), and temperature. The health risks related to HM ingestion were assessed for both adults and children based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidelines. A total of ninety water samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks were evaluated through the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ), respectively. Results: The average level of Pb exceeded the permissible limits set by WHO and Iranian national standards in five communities, affecting 48.8% of the samples. Furthermore, one community had Pb levels surpassing U.S. EPA standards in 22.2% of its samples. The concentrations of other HMs were within acceptable limits established by the U.S. EPA, World Health Organization (WHO), and Iranian standards. Conclusion: The carcinogenic risk of heavy metal ingestion for both adults and children was estimated to be between 10-6 and 10-4 , indicating a generally tolerable cancer risk. However, this risk was notably higher in children compared to adults. The non-carcinogenic risk associated with selected HMs was below the safe limit (<1) across all communities for both age groups. Nonetheless, one community's concentrations of HMs and associated non-carcinogenic risks warrant further investigation, particularly concerning children's exposure.

A quick and reliable method for the evaluation and classification of two types of tissues is presented. Several chemometric methods were applied to evaluate multivariate data of the tissue samples with respect to the content of trace elements. The content of Pb, Al, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni and Co was determined in samples of healthy and cancerous tissue obtained from 26 patients. Determination was done at milligram/kilogram level with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) techniques. Contents of trace metals in studied tissues are not normally distributed; however, normal distribution was confirmed for log values. There is a statistically significant difference in the content of Zn, Cd, Cu and Al (p<0.01) and Ni and Co (p<0.05) when healthy tissue is compared to cancerous one. Correlation between contents of trace elements for studied tissues was positive; the highest was found between Zn and Cu. A chemometric methodology seems to be a promising tool for classifications of the tissue samples. The authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers' bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership or other equity interest and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements) or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

The study evaluates levels of metals in soils of 9 locations in Port Harcourt and its environs in Rivers State in Nigeria. Composite samples were collected by random sampling from each of the 9 test locations, 3 control samples were also collected from each of the study areas. Concentration levels of (Lead) Pb, (Copper) Cu, (Cadmium) Cd, (Zinc) Zn, (Calcium) Ca, (Nickel) Ni, (Sodium) Na, (Potassium) K, (Chromium) Cr, (Magnesium) Mg, (Manganese) Mn, and (Sulphur) S in soil were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The obtained mean levels of

A novel and greener ultrasonically assisted/modified cloud point extraction procedure for the simultaneous preconcentration of lead and cadmium in serum samples of different types of gallstone patients was developed. The chelates of the under study metals, formerly formed with 8-hydroxyquinoline, were extracted in the micelles of a nonionic surfactant prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). After the arrival of the cloud point, the critical micellar mass produced was homogenously dispersed in the aqueous phase with the help of ultrasound energy. The reliability of the developed procedure was tested by relative standard deviation (% RSD), which was found to be &lt;5%. The performance of the proposed procedure was checked by applying to certified reference material and spiking standard in real samples. All the experimental parameters were optimized. The developed procedure of Um-CPE was applied successfully for the analysis of the target heavy metals in serum...

The high urbanization in coastal areas is one of the causes of mangrove ecosystems experiencing pressure due to water pollution by anthropogenic activities, especially through heavy metals pollution. As vegetation grows in transitional areas, mangroves have a different structure and physiology from plants in the land area, so they have a high resistance to the pressure of heavy metal pollution. The measurement was carried out on the content of heavy metals Cadmium (Cd), Cuprum (Cu), and Plumbum (Pb) in Subang, West Java. Our study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of heavy metal found in the roots, leaves, and trunks of species Rhizophora apiculata Blume and Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler. Sampling was conducted in the rivers at three locations: Langensari, Blanakan, and the estuary area. The concentration of heavy metals in each organ was measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) technique was used to obtain a more detailed description of the accumulation pattern of heavy metals. The mapping was carried out using a two-dimensional plot containing 18 observation samples, nine variable combinations of heavy metal content in three organs, and the location of observations and plant species. Both plant species had a high accumulation absorption of heavy metals but with different characteristics. S. caseolaris determined the accumulation characteristics of Cu and Cd in the three observation areas with a total contribution of 60.3%. Meanwhile, R. apiculata significantly contributed to determining the characteristics of the accumulation of Cu and Pb in the entire observation area, with its contribution of 15.5%. However, the highest average accumulation of Pb was found in the R. apiculata leaves in Blanakan and the estuary area, which was 16.054 mg/kg and 12.769 mg/kg, respectively.

A total of forty seven street dust samples, collected from five different types of land use viz., industrial, urban, heavy traffic road, residential and undisturbed areas (control) of Kathmandu district (Nepal), were subjected to characterize the physico-chemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductance (EC), total alkalinity (T. Alk), total organic carbon (TOC) and particle size distribution. Four heavy metals of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in dust samples using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). It was found that all types of dust samples possessed alkaline nature along with variation in EC, T. Alk and TOC values. Results revealed that the dust of industrial areas contained high concentrations of Zn (143.3 mg/kg) and Cu (106.42 mg/kg), whereas the heavy traffic areas were mainly affected by Cd (0.90 mg/kg) and Pb (70.08 mg/kg). The average metal concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in dust of all the types of land use in Kathmandu were found to be 0.73, 68...

Essential and nonessential heavy metals like iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) were analyzed in four selected medicinal plants such as Capparis spinosa, Peganum harmala, Rhazya stricta, and Tamarix articulata by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS). These medicinal plants are extensively used as traditional medicine for treatment of various ailments by local physicians in the area from where these plants were collected. The concentration level of heavy metals in the selected plants was found in the decreasing order as Fe &gt; Zn &gt; Mn &gt; Cu &gt; Ni &gt; Cr &gt; Cd &gt; Pb. The results revealed that the selected medicinal plants accumulate these elements at different concentrations. Monitoring such medicinal plants for heavy metals concentration is of great importance for physicians, health planners, health care professionals, and policymakers in protecting the public from the adverse effects of ...

A highly accurate, rapid and simple method is proposed for the mineralization of samples of diwerent types of milk prior to Mg determination by yame atomic absorption spectrometry. Determination was carried out after rapid wet mineralization using HNO 3 }HClO 4 (4 : 1) mixture. The results were compared with those obtained by the ozcial procedure AOAC 975.03, involving dry mineralization in an oven at 550 3C.

The study was aimed at investigating the chemical fractionation, bioaccumulation and bioavailability of Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the refuse waste soils of some dumpsites across the seasons (wet and dry) in Zaria metropolis. The heavy metals in the waste soils were sequentially extracted and measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results revealed that high concentrations of metal in dry season. The non-residual fraction was found to be the most abundant pools for all the metals across the seasons (wet and dry). Also, significant amounts of Hg, Cd and Cu were mostly found in the bioavailable fractions across the sites in the seasons. Thus, these metals would readily be bioavailable to the environment. Overall, the order of mobility and bioavailability of these metals across the seasons (dry and wet) followed the pattern; Hg > Cd > Pb > Zn > Cu and Hg > Cd > Cu > Zn > Pb respectively. Tendencies of health risk for human and livestock due to the spread of the metal pollution from waste dumpsites to agricultural areas is high. Bioaccumulation of cadmium and mercury cause liver, brain and intestinal disorders, irreversible damage to nervous system and brain, protoplasmic poisoning etc.

Pollution of Environment by Toxic metals poses a serious threat to public health, as these metals can accumulate in the environment and be transferred up the Food chain, leading to Harmful Health effects in Animals and Humans. This study was conducted in order to Assess the concentration of some heavy metal levels namely, Lead, Cadmium, Zinc and Chromium in, liver, Heart and Kidney of Cattle, Sheep and Goat slaughtered at Hadejia Central Abattoir, Hadejia Local Government, Jigawa State, Nigeria fresh samples of liver, heart and kidney were collected from hadejia abbattoir, digested and analyzed using Microwave plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Results obtained were compared with Joint SON/WHO Guidelines. The concentrations of the metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) ranged from 0.00±0.00 to 0.02±0.00 mg/kg for Cd, 0.01±0.00 to 0.06±0.00 mg/kg for Cr,0.01±0.00 to 0.02±0.00 mg/kg for Pb, 1.72±0.26 to 3.54±1.23 mg/kg for Zn in the liver of cattle, goat and sheep. Similarly, the concentrations of the metals in the heart of cattle, goat and sheeps were found in the following ranges 0.00±0.00 to 0.01±0.00 mg/kg for Cd, 0.03±0.00 to 0.05±0.00 mg/kg for Cr, 0.01±0.00 to 0.02±0.00 mg/kg for Pb and 3.20±0.11 to 3.28±0.05 mg/kg for Zn. Likewise, the concentration ranges of 0.01±0.00 to 0.02±0.00 mg/kg for Cd, 0.01±0.00 to 0.04±0.00 mg/kg for Cr, 0.0±0.00 to 0.03±0.00 mg/kg for Pb and 2.35±0.70 to 2.96±0.12 mg/kg. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cr were lower than the maximum permissible limit of WHO/SON. But zinc levels in all the Analysed organs were above the permissible limit. Therefore liver, heart and kidney of cattle, goat and sheep have been contaminated with zinc. Results from ANOVA indicated no significant difference in heavy metal levels between the Analyzed organs in The Analyzed Animals at pvalue greater than 0.05.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a stable food in many countries in the world including Africa. The present of heavy metals in the environment which are toxics affect the nutritional value of the rice. The accumulation of heavy metals in the body may lead to different health problems such as cancer, diabetes, liver and kidney failure. The study was conducted to access the presence of some selected heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, As, Ni, Zn) in rice sample using atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. Five sample of rice (EX-CHINA, CP, WHEETER-4, ROBBER, and YERMALINTA) which were cultivated in Damashewa village of Kirikasamma local government area were collected. Wet digestion method was used to destroy organic matter in the sample. The result of analysis showed that the concentration of Zinc( Zn) in all the four sample of rice range from (16.50-36.02mg/kg) and that of Cadmium Cd ( 0.05-0.18mg/kg) and that of copper Cu (7.02-22.20mg/kg) which is far below the safety limit of 50-100mg/kg for zinc and 0.4mg/kg for cadmium, and copper is 73.3mg/kg set up by the FAO/WHO (2001), this could lead to anaemia, renal damage, bones disorder and cancer of the lungs. While the concentration of lead Pb (3.57-16.24mg/kg), nickel Ni (2.50-11.24mg/kg) and that of Arsenic As (0.98-4.33mg/kg) is also above the set safety limit of 0.3mg/kg for lead. Based on this research all rice sample were highly contaminated with lead, arsenic and nickel as a pollutant. Thus, the need for physical examination of the consumers and inhabitants within the study area.

In Nigerian urban and suburban areas, the practice of using dumpsites as agricultural land is widespread, due to the fact that decomposed and composted wastes improve soil fertility. The presence of heavy metals in these dumpsites poses serious health risks to humans. The purpose of this study is to compare the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, and Zn) in Amaranthus hybridus leaves grown on soil obtained from three distinct dumpsites in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria. It also looks at the possible health risks associated with eating Amaranthus hybridus. After a period of four (4) weeks after planting, plant samples were selected at random, prepared, and examined using an Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) Buck Scientific VG990 Model to detect the heavy metal. The following is a breakdown of the different heavy metal content found in the leaves of Amaranthus hybridus cultivated on the different landfill soils, Zn: Anyigba Market (0.4540 mg/kg) > Redeem (0.4286 mg/kg) > Anokwu1 (0.3520 mg/kg) > Control (0.281 mg/kg); Cu: Redeem (0.1640 mg/kg) > Anokwo1 (0.1287 mg/kg) > Anyigba Market (0.0947 mg/kg), and Control (0.0467 mg/kg); Pb: Anokwu1 (0.1820 mg/kg) > Anyigba Market (0.0960 mg/kg) > Redeem (0.0580 mg/kg) > Control (0.0267 mg/kg). Every element that was examined for samples taken from dumpsites had levels that were greater than those of the control. There are potential health hazards associated with the ingestion of Amaranthus hybridus grown on soil obtained from these dumpsites, and this is due to the fact that its hazard quotient for Zn, Cu, and Pb, as well as its hazard indices, exceed unity (1). Strict regulations prohibiting the cultivation of food crops on dump site soils, should be enforced by the government and local authorities, to prevent the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in edible plants.

Standardization of Herbal medicines is the challenging work for the pharmaceutical companies. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), are the simple and fast analytical methods. These are powerful tool for the pharmaceutical industry. The technique is used for the phytochemicals analysis of herbal medicines. The present work focused on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of herbal medicine using AAS, XRPD and FTIR methods. Herbal medicine is one of the most popular medicinal system in the world. Electrolytes, Trace elements, Toxic, Essential, Minerals, Alkaloids, Steroids and organic compounds, besides that enzymes, proteins and other Inorganic elements are naturally present in Ayurvedic medicines. Popularity of Herbal medicines is growing worldwide because of their minimal side effects. Herbal medicines required standardization, with implementation and constant review of technical standards of production and effective quality control methods. It is necessary to promote this study in the view of the importance of results of both individual and social field. Hence in present study Sarpagandha, Cardiol Vati and Medomine Vati are studied by AAS, XRPD and FTIR for the analysis of Silicon from Herbal medicines.

This study aims to determine the iron content of water wells in Dulalowo and Heledulaa, Gorontalo City. Ten well water samples were taken randomly from five different wells in each district. Water samples at each well consist of top, middle, and bottom water. Determination of iron level using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) at a wavelength of 248.33 nm. The results showed that the iron concentration of well water in Dulalowo was 0.030 (D1), 0.265 (D2), 0.224 (D3), 0.158 (D4), 0.149 ppm (D5). Meanwhile, iron levels in Heledulaa were 0.100 (H1), 0.039 (H2), 0.159 (H3), 0.198 (H4), and 0.235 ppm (H5). These results prove that the Fe content in the well water in the two districts is still fulfil the drinking water standard which is a maximum of 0.3 mg/L iron.

The present study deals with the determination of lead (Pb) in Guava Planted along Sagian Wala Bypass, Lahore. Samples of guava were collected from different sites of Sigan Wala Bypass. The samples were subjected to wet digestion procedure. The concentrations of Pb in 20 composite samples were determined by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results of this survey showed that the average concentrations detected were ranged from 6.57 to 13.10 mg/kg. Concentration of Pb in all samples was found to be higher than the permissible limit approved by FAO/WHO (0.3 mg/Kg). The high content of Pb in Guava may pose a health hazard to consumers. The results indicate that there is considerable risk of lead poisoning from consumption of the guava from these sites.