Asylum Seekers and Refugees

“Thanatic Ethics: The Circulation of Bodies in Migratory Spaces” explores themes related to death in migration. After several series of webinars, four workshops, and four international conferences in Oxford, Kolkata, Hong Kong and Paris, between October 2020 and October 2024, this international, transdisciplinary project is now seeking proposals for Workshop #5, to be held at The American College of the Mediterranean (ACM) in Aix-en-Provence, titled “Art and Representations in/of Exile: Marseille and Lampedusa”. Workshop #5 focuses on exploring art as a lens for understanding the experiences of migration, death in migration, and exile, approached from both interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perspectives encompassing the social sciences, humanities, and the arts.

The experience of migration and exile is shaped not only by physical and emotional movement in space and in time, but also by the narratives, policies, and artistic expressions that define how displacement is experienced, understood, and represented. Artists, journalists, activists, researchers, and policymakers play a crucial role in documenting, interrogating, and shaping these narratives. While some of them portray a stereotypical picture of migration and exile, others offer alternative perspectives to these dominant discourses. Artistic practices are particularly fit to illustrate the tensions between displacement and belonging, loss and resilience, movement and containment. Increasingly, social scientists collaborate and build partnerships with creative practitioners to disseminate their research through artistic media and achieve a broader impact. Likewise, putting the voices of migrants and refugees at the fore of academic production and policymaking has been instrumental to produce alternative meanings and representations that challenge dehumanizing narratives. In this context, the condition of the possibility and impossibility of return becomes a central concern—not only in the lived realities of migrants but also in the ways these experiences are mediated and communicated, shaping the narrative of migration.

Workshop #5 will explore how artistic practices engage with migration and exile, with the witnessing of death in migration, and its diverse representations. Beyond discussing the role of art and artists in migration and exile, this workshop investigates how activists, scholars, researchers, and other actors engage with artistic practices in this field. For instance, this includes academic inquiries on the representation of migration and exile in mainstream media and online fora, political discourse, and policymaking. Concurrently, this workshop explores how community organizations and advocacy groups rely on art and collaborate with artists in their activism, while also creating a space to discuss how artists in exile transpose their experiences into artistic practices.

The focus on two specific sites, Lampedusa and Marseille, is deliberate. Lampedusa, as a key point of arrival and humanitarian crisis, has become symbolic of both the hope and tragedy of migration, raising questions about representation, witnessing, and accountability. Not only did this small island become a common element in the trajectory of many migrants and refugees that reached Europe’s shores, but it also produced a wealth of images that framed mainstream social and political debates on migration and exile. Meanwhile, Marseille—a city that upholds migration as a core part of its founding identity— provides numerous opportunities to observe the contradictions around migration and exile. Its population has been shaped by centuries of migration, which exponentially increased as Marseille became a pivotal point in France’s colonial empire in the Mediterranean. As a city that is either represented as an exemplary case of multiculturalism and integration, capable of welcoming migrants and refugees regardless of their origin, or a place of segregation and intractable socio-economic divisions, Marseille provides the invaluable opportunity of investigating how cultural production documents, challenges, and influences the experiences of exile and settlement.

En el artículo se analizan los casos de exclusión y de cesación de la condición de refugiados de conformidad con las recientes modificaciones introducidas por el Decreto N.º 942/2024 a la Ley General de Reconocimiento y Protección al Refugiado Nº 26.165

The 1951 Geneva Refugee Convention laid the foundations of the
modern international asylum regime and provided the most
comprehensive legal framework to protect refugees. However,
today, global migration dynamics and state security-focused
policies have made the effectiveness and relevance of the
Convention debatable. This article critically evaluates the
historical development of the Convention, its fundamental articles,
and its impact on today's asylum regimes. In the scope of the
article, the fundamental articles of the Convention, 1 and 33 will
be examined and the definition of refugee, the principle of non-
refoulement, and the obligations of the party states will be analyzed
through country examples. In addition, the sociological, legal, and
political (theoretical) dimensions of the refugee definition, which
are missing in the literature, will be addressed together and the
existing gaps will be tried to be filled. Today, the emphasis on
exclusionary migration policies and safe third-country practices
instead of international protection mechanisms limits the capacity
of the Convention to secure the individual. In this context, the
capacity of the Convention to respond to the current global
migration crises and the need for reform will be discussed. Finally,
the need for updating the Convention will be evaluated in light of
the current deficiencies and possible solutions will be presented.

This essay examines the representation of asylum and exile in two foundational Greek tragedies: Euripides’ Medea and Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus. By comparing the protagonists’ journeys through the lens of ancient and modern political thought, it explores how ancient Greek drama anticipated contemporary debates around displacement, hospitality, and moral belonging. The work also investigates the tragic dimension of the refugee condition and how it is intertwined with gender, justice, and divine authority, thus offering critical insights into the perennial relevance of ancient tragedy.

Policy recommendations \ Continue legal and psychological advisory services for the displaced and strengthen local ownership DC must combine educational efforts in the municipalities and in the education and health sectors as well as the reduction of financial and bureaucratic hurdles. Measures to support both local ombudsperson offices and victims' and migrant associations also strengthen local ownership. \ Promote start-up programmes By providing advice on the formalization of microenterprises in start-up programmes, DC can enable the beneficiaries to advance to the formal sector. In this respect, the contributors should generally expand measures to cover all particularly vulnerable parts (Colombian, Ecuadorian and Venezuelan) of the population.

The current Venezuelan migration process brings more light in the complexity of forced migrations, challenging the definitions then established and the structures of reception and humanitarian protection. This dialogue in Brazil focuses, mainly, on aspects of social inclusion. In the urban spaces of the metropolitan region of Recife, the context of forced migrations gained relevant visibility through Venezuelan migration, boosting not only its reception and protection structure for migrants and
refugees in this metropolitan region, as well as throughout the State of Pernambuco. The reception space is analyzed in this research, not only in its institutional form, as well as through an informality developed by Venezuelan migrants and refugees in their daily lives, understanding these spaces as sensitive to time, fluid and changeable (BARNES, 2009), building a direction for the establishment of a space for public policies (ARENDT, 2021). This research has been under development since 2019 with a methodological approach outlined by the literature review, by the documental analysis of the research carried out by Cáritas Brasileira Regional NE2, which follows this process this process since leaving Venezuela through the journey experiences (BENEZER; ZETTER, 2015) to the social insertion in the metropolitan region of Recife, in addition to experiences with Venezuelans during activities at the same Institution,
both in remote and in-person form. Field research was also carried out in the state of Roraima, in the years 2019 and 2021, helping to deepen the understanding of this migration in Brazil and their convergences in the urban spaces researched.
Keywords: Venezuelan migration. Protection. Reception. Visibility. Recife Metropolitan Region (Brazil).

This work sets out to inquiry about the condition of put in a home beyond its legal or political aspects. It is our interest to see this phenomenon like essentially human one. Starting of the concept of refugee internationally accepted, we will ask ourselves about the philosophical roots of that concept and the consequences that this conception has in the treatment of these people. Finally, we asked ourselves which our ethical commitment with these groups is.

The Building Futures research project provides the most comprehensive assessment of the skills, training needs, work aspirations, lived experiences, and ethical perspectives of young Syrian forced migrants as they attempt to rebuild their lives in three host countries: a neighbouring host state (Lebanon), the main entry point to Europe (Greece), and a north European destination state (the United Kingdom -UK). It is also the first to offer a parallel exploration of the attitudes of host populations towards the displaced people in their midst in the respective countries. It is run by an interdisciplinary research team with expertise spanning economics, education and training, ethics, migration studies, political philosophy, political science, and sociology, and in cooperation with partners SolidarityNow (Greece), Educart -the Center for Educational Consultation and Research (Lebanon) and the Scottish Refugee Council (UK). The research findings are derived from face-to-face interviews with 1,516 Syrian international protection beneficiaries and applicants, aged between 18 and 32. The fieldwork was conducted in Lebanon (532 interviews), Greece (500 interviews) and the UK (484 interviews) between April and October 2017, by trained researchers and with the support of our partners. This first project report mainly focusses on this part of the fieldwork, exploring experiences, skills, training needs and work aspirations of young, forcibly displaced Syrians and their implications for policy. The second part of our fieldwork sought to capture the corresponding attitudes of citizens in the three host states, Lebanon, Greece and the UK. Representative surveys of home populations in the three countries, administered between October 2017 and April 2018, provided data on citizens' aspirations and ideals, attitudes to refugees, and priorities for refugee policies. A full analysis of this part of the project is included in a final report, currently in preparation. Indeed, although this report is based on our survey with young refugees, the Building Futures project gives equal attention to the attitudes and preferences of citizens. Its overarching aim is to help overcome the perceived antagonism between the two groups, citizens and refugees, and promote consensus and cross-community understanding in a context of strained public resources and antiimmigration sentiment.

The 21st century phenomenon of “global displacement” is particularly concerning when it comes to children. Childhood is a critical period of accelerated growth and development. These processes can be negatively affected by the many stressors to which refugee and asylum-seeking children are subjected. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) is the most ratified human rights treaty in history, with 196 States Parties (SPs). The CRC provides a framework of 54 articles outlining government responsibilities to ensure the protection, promotion, and fulfillment of rights of all children within their jurisdictions. Among these are the rights of refugee and asylum-seeking children, declared under Article 22 of the CRC. Refugee and asylum-seeking children, similarly to all other children, are entitled to their rights under the CRC and do not forgo any right by virtue of moving between borders. The hosting governments, as SPs to the CRC, are the primary duty bearers to fulfill these rights for the children entering their country. This manuscript provides an overview of the health and developmental ramification of being displaced for refugee and asylum-seeking children. Then, an in-depth analysis of the provisions under Article 22 is presented and the responsibilities of SPs under this article are described. The paper provides some international examples of strengths and shortcomings relating to these responsibilities and closes with a few concluding remarks and recommendations.

Autor de la guia ACNUR , Esta guía proporciona asesoramiento y consideraciones de relevancia global para informar los acuerdos de cooperación entre Estados en materia de asilo y garantizar su coherencia con el derecho internacional de refugiados y de derechos humanos. En particular, tiene como objetivo informar el desarrollo e implementación de acuerdos de cooperación estatal en relación con el traslado de refugiados y solicitantes de asilo a un tercer país, en caso de que los Estados consideren tales acuerdos. Esta guía describe la base legal para tales acuerdos, así como su alcance y contenido, y debe leerse junto con las posiciones y guías del ACNUR ya existentes sobre temas relacionados y en las que se basa. También subraya la importancia del principio de responsabilidad compartida y la cooperación internacional como elementos esenciales para la legalidad y viabilidad práctica de estos acuerdos. Esta orientación describe además el papel potencial del ACNUR en el desarrollo, conclusión, implementación y supervisión de acuerdos de traslado conforme a su mandato de proporcionar protección internacional a los refugiados y su responsabilidad supervisora para la aplicación de instrumentos del derecho de las personas refugiadas.

Japan's current refugee protection and immigration detention practices are at a significant divergence from international human rights standards. It cannot be said that Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, "the right to escape persecution," or the principle of non-refoulement in the Refugee Convention are being fully respected.

I recognize that there are insufficient efforts to raise international awareness of this situation. As a first step in that effort, I have translated and published the following two booklets regarding Japan's current refugee protection and immigration detention practices.

This booklet is one of them.

The existing Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP), also known as the "Remain in Mexico" policy, have criminalized asylum and dehumanized asylum-seeking individuals. MPP requires asylum seekers who arrive at any U.S. port of entry across the entire southern border to wait in Mexico while their cases are processed in U.S. immigration courts. Using testimonio research, this study presents the artistic accounts of 7 Central American asylum-seeking children who are living in a "migrant camp" in Matamoros, Tamaulipas next to the Gateway International Bridge. Migrant camps are open-air tent encampments in which asylum seekers are living in unsafe and unsanitary conditions while they await their asylum interview. These hazardous conditions make them susceptible to respiratory diseases such as coronavirus . Sharing these experiences is critical to ensure that health professionals' advocacy efforts reflect asylum seekers' needs and life experiences. Given the violence inflicted by MPP and the risks associated with COVID-19, this manuscript demands the end of this policy to protect the psychological health of an already vulnerable community, asylum seeking children. Advocacy implications are also discussed.

Migration and integration, especially the reception of refugees and displaced peoples, are widely shared social and political challenges across Europe. The purpose of GLIMER is to understand how the governance and local integration of migrants and Europe's refugees is developing, and in ways that can be utilised through best practice sharing and reporting. Inspired by the success of 'welcoming cities' in southern Italy, we will work with civil society groups, local authorities, citizens and refugee groups in order to support sustainable the meaningful integration of diverse communities. We will focus on cities in both Southern and Northern Europe and a key aspect of the project will be dedicated to investigating how the local governance of new arrivals can secure successful integration across a range of indicators. This research will be carried out in close collaboration with practitioners with the aim of co-producing knowledge that can be beneficial for a range of stake...

The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 1951 in art. 1A(2)defines a refugee as a person who “owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.” A similar definition is also contained in Art. 2 of the Serbian Law on Asylum and Temporary Protection.
The stated definition of refugees has five relevant elements. To be able to acquire refugee status, he must be outside the country of his origin, i.e. outside of his habitual residence, if a stateless person is in question. Therefore, only those persons that are no longer in their own country, i.e. in the country of their habitual residence, fall within the reach of the Convention. As long as the person is in his own
state, he may not acquire refugee status as the international law does not recognise the possibility of being a refugee in one’s own country.
The second element is that the person has a well-founded fear of being persecuted, meaning that he is a victim of actual persecution or can show a good reason why he fears persecution. Fear of being persecuted is assessed in relation to the moment of deciding upon the application for acquiring refugee status, and not to the moment when the applicant left his country or when filed the application.
Persecution, which represents the central element of the definition referred to in Art. 1A(2), is not defined by the Refugee Convention. Some authors believe that the drafters of the Convention intentionally omitted its definition so that some other new forms of persecutions could be included by that term. In the broadest sense, persecution is a serious human rights violation when the victim cannot achieve protection before domestic authorities. Persecution is usually linked to the state’s acts, but it can stem from the non-state agents.
However, not any persecution in the country of origin will result in acquiring refugee status. The person will only qualify for refugee status if he fears persecution for any of the reasons set out in article 1A (2) of the Convention. Persecution must be enforced according to one or more of the following grounds: race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.
The last element of the definition of refugee is the lack of national protection of the state of origin, i.e. of habitual residence, since refugee status will not be recognised even though the persons have been exposed to serious human rights violations.

The aim of the submitted article is to present an analysis of external migration from and to the territory of former Yugoslavia after 1990 and to identify its impact on international relations. In the fi rst section the authors present the character and fundamental attributes of the migrations brought about by the breakup of Yugoslavia, and in the next section they attempt to determine material and temporal connections between the changes to the migration and integration policy of the destination countries in response to the humanitarian crisis in Yugoslavia. The authors also attempt to map the possible infl uences of the southern Slavic and Kosovo communities on international relations, primarily on the level of bilateral relations between the successor states of former Yugoslavia and countries hosting large communities of persons of southern Slavic origin. From the conducted analysis it ensues that migration after 1990 was primarily forced and was in connection with military confl...

This assignment, a brief paper, lightly describes why as a person and as a student of social work I choose to work with refugees and asylum seekers. With references to scholarly and practical resources, I shall draw on some of the key values and skills in the line of work, explain how the professional identity is getting shaped, touch base with the idea of resilience, and how my preaching and practice both align with what humanitarian social work demands.

Risk, a situation and possibility involving exposure to danger, is a widely circulated term in the press. Although there is consensus on its definition and public usage, the conceptual constructs that are associated with it differ from one media source to another, in accordance with the ideational and discursive scheme such source represents. In fact, ‘risk’ can be a key element in understanding the manifest and latent worries that shape media outlets’ attitudes and responses to emerging threats. One way of demarcating the network of thematic relationships connected with risk in a particular context is conducting corpus-assisted discourse inquiry. The present study explores the use of ‘risk’ and issues associated with it in the Morocco World News as a representative of the Moroccan press, and contrasts it with the Middle East Eye, a representative of the Middle East and North Africa region. By using collocation and concordance analyses of a specialized corpus drawn from these press sources, the study traces the domains and interests exposed to danger as perceived by the newspapers. The findings of the study reveal that among these domains and interests, productive sustainability, migration, agricultural stability, climate change, and Sahara rise to the forefront of discourse coverage related to risk in Morocco World News. The findings also highlight the intersections between Morocco World News and the regionally-generic Middle East Eye, evident specifically in social inequalities and management of conflicts. Running the present empirical analysis, the study seeks to systematize the corpus-assisted discourse ways of viewing a variety of problems accentuated by the Moroccan press, and examines how relative the press discourse is to the realities of broader contexts.

Prvi deo monografije posvećen je definisanju izbeglica i utvrđivanju izbegličkog statusa. U prvom poglavlju ovog dela autor veoma detaljno objašnjava definiciju izbeglice sadržanu u pomenutoj Konvenciji o statusu izbeglica. U drugom poglavlju prvog dela autor se bavi utvrđivanjem izbegličkog statusa. Pošto Konvencija ne sadrži eksplicitne odredbe o proceduri za utvrđivanje izbegličkog statusa, u njemu su, uglavnom, analizirana pravila „mekog prava” kreirana od strane UNHCR-a i relevantna doktrinarna shvatanja. U drugom delu monografije analizirane su odredbe Konvencije koje iz njenog domašaja isključuju neke osobe koje inače imaju sve karakteristike izbeglica (tzv. isključujuće klauzule). Nakon uvodnih napomena, autor najpre govori o isključenju osoba kojima izbeglička zaštita nije potrebna. Nakon toga pažnja se usmerava na osobe koje iz nekog razloga ne zaslužuju izbegličku zaštitu (čl. 1F Konvencije). Na kraju, sledi razmatranje posledica isključenja izbegličkog statusa i upoređenje sa izuzecima od principa non-refoulement. Treći, najobimniji deo monografije za predmet istraživanja ima pravni tretman izbeglica, tj. analizu njihovih prava i obaveze. U uvodnim napomenama tog dela autor objašnjava da krug prava koje izbeglice uživaju zavisi od stepena njihove vezanosti za državu utočišta, navodeći da postoje tri stepena te vezanosti: 1) puko fizičko prisustvo; 2) zakonito prisustvo; i 3) dozvoljeni boravak. Tom prilikom predstavljeni su i standardi za uživanje pojedinih prava koja pripadaju izbeglicama shodno njihovom statusu („standard običnog stranca”, „standard najpovlašćenijeg stranca”, „standard nacionalnog tretmana” i „standard apsolutne zaštite”). Posle ovih uvodnih i opštih napomena, sledi analiza pojedinih prava izbeglica. Pri tome, ona nisu klasifikovana na tradicionalan način (građanska, politička, ekonomska, socijalna i kulturna), niti po standardima predviđenim za njihovo uživanje, već je primenjen kriterijum vezanosti izbeglice za državu utočišta. Poslednji deo monografije posvećen je prestanku izbegličkog statusa. U okviru prvog poglavlja proučavaju se načini prestanka izbegličkog statusa usled nestanka potrebe za izbegličkom zaštitom (tzv. klauzule o prestanku). U drugom poglavlju analiziraju se poništavanje i ukidanje izbegličkog statusa, kada do njegovog prestanka dolazi i pre nastupanja uslova za primenu neke od klauzula o prestanku.

The U.S. asylum system is strained by unprecedented application volumes, lengthy adjudication timelines, and systemic vulnerabilities that invite exploitation. The existing 180-day Employment Authorization Document (EAD) eligibility framework, while intended to prevent prolonged economic hardship, has become a magnet for frivolous claims and economic migration.

This policy proposal advocates for a comprehensive reform of the asylum work authorization process, introducing integration-driven prerequisites such as GED enrollment, English proficiency programs, identity verification, and tax compliance as conditions for EAD issuance and renewal. The framework draws on international best practices from Canada, the EU, and the UK while remaining consistent with U.S. statutory and treaty obligations, including non-refoulement under the 1951 Refugee Convention.

By re-engineering the current EAD policy into an “Integration Before Authorization” model, this reform seeks to preserve humanitarian values while deterring abuse, enhancing security, and fostering long-term self-sufficiency among genuine asylum seekers.

The legal regulation of trans-Mediterranean migrations from a comparative public law perspective. The cases of Tunisia and Morocco This article examines the evolution of immigration law in Tunisia and Morocco, providing a significant viewpoint for comparative legal studies on the circulation of legal models and forms of State. Tunisia's and Morocco's immigration law, as a complex field influenced by diverse internal and external factors, will be studied in three aspects: the multiple forms of belonging and solidarity (based on markers of identity alternative to national citizenship); the pressures from the European Union on transit countries within border externalization policies; and the influence of political regime and form of State. Interdisciplinary research, incorporating political science and critical migration studies into comparative legal analysis, proves to be crucial for a comprehensive understanding of immigration law, especially in post-colonial Global South contexts.

The government of Nepal has earned a lot from remittances. Even after the peace pact between the state and the Maoists, large numbers of Nepalis are still suffering from conflict in Nepal. There are nine armed groups still waging a struggle in the southern plains for ethnic and regional autonomy, inclusive participation along with the right to self-determination, and their hidden motto is for secession from Nepal. The People's War focused on specific institutions or individuals but now the conflict is wider spread. Both the Government of Nepal and those of the countries where Nepalis are living and working should provide humane assistance to them by recognizing and protecting their basic rights. Asylum seekers should receive support not only because of the UN Conventions and National Instruments, but also on humanitarian grounds, for which the globe should be a common house, without any frontiers to all.

FEUTURE Online Paper No. 18 Migration was a critical policy area for Turkey even before Turkey became an official candidate country to the EU in 1999. Especially, with the end of the Cold War in the 1990s Turkey began to face the challenges of being a country of origin and destination, while acting as a transit country for documented and undocumented migration. Although the foundations of a migration policy were shaped in Turkey prior to the EU accession process, the EU accession process had an important catalyser effect in transforming the migration and asylum policies. This paper presents an overall analysis of the changes experienced in Turkey since 1999 on the asylum field with a projection of three possible scenarios of convergence, cooperation and conflict on Turkey-EU relationship. In that respect, this paper aims to map out the important periods that have influenced the transformation of the asylum policy in Turkey. While locating the important events and drivers at the glob...

Building upon recent debates on the (a)political qualities of refugee support, this article draws from a quantitative survey among refugee supporters in Germany (n=2000) to assess the prevalence of political motivations and practices, the existence of a distinct "political" type of refugee supporters and potential dynamics of politicization during engagement. Our data document a) a diverse field of action with widespread political and non-political motivations and practices; b) notable attitudinal differences between politically active or motivated volunteers and those that are not; and c) our findings tentatively suggest that involvement in supporting refugees brings about political implications for those involved. Essentially, however, our study documents the need for a nuanced perspective on the motivations and forms of engagement to gain a fuller understanding of this multifaceted and dynamic field of civic action.

R.A. Doro (a cura di), Diritto allo studio e educazione degli adulti nell’Italia repubblicana. Nel cinquantesimo
anniversario delle 150 ore, Viella, Roma 2024, 268 pp.
storia e problemi contemporanei / History and contemporary problems 95 / 2024, pp. 115-118 issn 1120-4206 / issn-e 1826-7203 / eum -Edizioni Università di Macerata

International concern for the human rights of Afghan women has spiked since the Taliban consolidated power in Afghanistan in fall 2021. Yet little is known about how to effectively advocate for women's human rights under this new context. We present findings from a random sample of all adult Afghan internet users' attitudes toward peace, security, gender, and human rights and find significant support for women's human rights as a national priority within Afghanistan, even when controlling for other priorities and even among many men and women aligned with the Taliban. Given that men now have much more political power in Afghan society to protect women's rights, we paid particular attention to men's attitudes toward women's human rights. Our evidence from an embedded survey experiment, building on earlier literature from other countries, demonstrates that fathers of eldest daughters are particularly likely to favor prioritizing women's rights when primed to think about the gender of their eldest children. Thus, the human rights and humanitarian community should spend more time and attention engaging with this demographic, and specifically creating marketing and advocacy strategies that encourage men to think about or act on behalf of their eldest daughters.

Lebanon is a diverse and dynamic nation of six million people that has experienced considerable disruption for the last two decades. The Syrian Civil War, which began in 2011, resulted in the displacement of 1.1 million Syrians to Lebanon. Today, Lebanon is the country with the largest per capita number of refugees in the world. In addition, the country experienced a social, economic, and political crisis in 2019 that destabilized the entire society—circumstances that were further complicated by COVID-19 pandemic. With all of the competing calamities in Lebanon, there has been limited scientific investigation into substance use and the risk of HIV infection among the country’s population. To address this gap in knowledge, a qualitative rapid situational assessment (RSA) of substance use and risk of HIV infection in and around Beirut, the nation’s capital, was conducted. The goal of this analysis is to describe the demographics and drug use patterns of this population, explore their ...

Рассматривается историческая ретроспектива формирования международной системы защиты беженцев, в основе которой лежит Конвенция 1951 г. о статусе беженцев, выделены некоторые проблемы современной ситуации, касающиеся международной защиты (вопросы трактовки понятия «беженец» и роли УВКБ ООН в современном мире). Сделан вывод, что исторические и современные реалии диктуют необходимость начала обсуждения реформы международной системы защиты беженцев. The article is devoted to consideration of the historical retrospective of the international system of refugee protection (international asylum system) based on the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. The authors also identify several problems within the contemporary situation with the international protection. Questions of the “refugee” term definition and the UNHCR role in contemporary world are distinguished. The authors come to the conclusion that historical and current realities dictate the necessity to start discussing...

Este capítulo tem o objetivo de analisar o fenômeno das migrações forçadas através da ótica da justiça climática, no sentido de expor a situação de vulnerabilidade dos deslocados climáticos dos SIDS em decorrência de falta de proteção jurídica internacional. Assim, é discutido inicialmente o enquadramento conceitual dos deslocados ambientais e climáticos, especialmente no contexto de vulnerabilidade socioambiental dos SIDS. Ademais, são mencionadas as principais disposições normativas internacionais em relação à situação dos deslocados climáticos e, finalmente, algumas das principais propostas internacionais e locais para responder à questão das migrações forçadas, em especial nos SIDS.

The implementation of the Greek Law 4538/2018 concerning the social institution of children's fostering is examined. It is based on a doctoral thesis aimed at identifying the best practices in promoting the de-institutionalization of minors to improve their mental health. A mixed-method approach was used, beginning with a quantitative survey that was sent to all Directors in Children's Homes across Greece. Four Children's Homes were found to be the exemplary child protection agencies in terms of fostering. The second phase of the quantitative research was carried out on their ongoing foster care cases. Semi-structured interviews conducted with nice (9) social workers who had undertaken these sixteen (16) children's fosters care cases. The research revealed that long-term foster care for children between the ages of four-six (4-6) is widespread and often foster care leads to adoption and contact with biological family remains rare. Overall, the research argues for the urgent need for designing a unified foster care protocol across Greece to ensure consistency and effectiveness in child protection services.

Expresso minha mais profunda gratidão aos meus professores, em especial aqueles que me ensinaram as primeiras letras no Grupo Escolar Sebastião Augusto de Azevedo e no Ginásio Ruy Barbosa, em minha cidade natal, Côcos Bahia. Sou imensamente grato à minha família pelo apoio incondicional e pela compreensão ao longo das discussões desta jornada. Estendo meus agradecimentos aos amigos, pelo incentivo e companhia, ao meu orientador, pela paciência e dedicação, e à equipe de trabalho do escritório Viana e Moura Advogados, cujo suporte e compreensão foram fundamentais para a concretização desta dissertação. 1 COMPROMISSO DO AUTOR Eu, Newton Calos Moura Viana, portador do documento de identidade 18513 OAB/DF aluno do programa acadêmico Mestrado em Direito, declaro que: O conteúdo do presente documento é um reflexo do meu trabalho pessoal e manifesto que, diante de qualquer notificação de plágio, cópia ou prejuízo à fonte original, sou responsável direto legal, financeira e administrativamente, sem afetar o Orientador do trabalho, a Universidade e as demais instituições que colaboraram neste trabalho, assumindo as consequências derivadas de tais práticas. Assinatura: Brasília, 07 de abril de 2025 Att: Direção Acadêmica Venho por meio desta, autorizar a publicação eletrônica da versão aprovada de minha dissertação com título Proteção dos direitos dos refugiados no direito constitucional brasileiro: desafios e perspectivas, no Campus Virtual e em outras mídias de divulgação eletrônica desta Instituição. Informo abaixo os dados para descrição do trabalho: Título Proteção dos direitos dos refugiados no direito constitucional brasileiro: desafios e perspectivas

Expresso minha mais profunda gratidão aos meus professores, em especial aqueles que me ensinaram as primeiras letras no Grupo Escolar Sebastião Augusto de Azevedo e no Ginásio Ruy Barbosa, em minha cidade natal, Côcos Bahia. Sou imensamente grato à minha família pelo apoio incondicional e pela compreensão ao longo das discussões desta jornada. Estendo meus agradecimentos aos amigos, pelo incentivo e companhia, ao meu orientador, pela paciência e dedicação, e à equipe de trabalho do escritório Viana e Moura Advogados, cujo suporte e compreensão foram fundamentais para a concretização desta dissertação. 1 COMPROMISSO DO AUTOR Eu, Newton Calos Moura Viana, portador do documento de identidade 18513 OAB/DF aluno do programa acadêmico Mestrado em Direito, declaro que: O conteúdo do presente documento é um reflexo do meu trabalho pessoal e manifesto que, diante de qualquer notificação de plágio, cópia ou prejuízo à fonte original, sou responsável direto legal, financeira e administrativamente, sem afetar o Orientador do trabalho, a Universidade e as demais instituições que colaboraram neste trabalho, assumindo as consequências derivadas de tais práticas. Assinatura: Brasília, 07 de abril de 2025 Att: Direção Acadêmica Venho por meio desta, autorizar a publicação eletrônica da versão aprovada de minha dissertação com título Proteção dos direitos dos refugiados no direito constitucional brasileiro: desafios e perspectivas, no Campus Virtual e em outras mídias de divulgação eletrônica desta Instituição. Informo abaixo os dados para descrição do trabalho: Título Proteção dos direitos dos refugiados no direito constitucional brasileiro: desafios e perspectivas

Expresso minha mais profunda gratidão aos meus professores, em especial aqueles que me ensinaram as primeiras letras no Grupo Escolar Sebastião Augusto de Azevedo e no Ginásio Ruy Barbosa, em minha cidade natal, Côcos Bahia. Sou imensamente grato à minha família pelo apoio incondicional e pela compreensão ao longo das discussões desta jornada. Estendo meus agradecimentos aos amigos, pelo incentivo e companhia, ao meu orientador, pela paciência e dedicação, e à equipe de trabalho do escritório Viana e Moura Advogados, cujo suporte e compreensão foram fundamentais para a concretização desta dissertação. 1 COMPROMISSO DO AUTOR Eu, Newton Calos Moura Viana, portador do documento de identidade 18513 OAB/DF aluno do programa acadêmico Mestrado em Direito, declaro que: O conteúdo do presente documento é um reflexo do meu trabalho pessoal e manifesto que, diante de qualquer notificação de plágio, cópia ou prejuízo à fonte original, sou responsável direto legal, financeira e administrativamente, sem afetar o Orientador do trabalho, a Universidade e as demais instituições que colaboraram neste trabalho, assumindo as consequências derivadas de tais práticas. Assinatura: Brasília, 07 de abril de 2025 Att: Direção Acadêmica Venho por meio desta, autorizar a publicação eletrônica da versão aprovada de minha dissertação com título Proteção dos direitos dos refugiados no direito constitucional brasileiro: desafios e perspectivas, no Campus Virtual e em outras mídias de divulgação eletrônica desta Instituição. Informo abaixo os dados para descrição do trabalho: Título Proteção dos direitos dos refugiados no direito constitucional brasileiro: desafios e perspectivas

Expresso minha mais profunda gratidão aos meus professores, em especial aqueles que me ensinaram as primeiras letras no Grupo Escolar Sebastião Augusto de Azevedo e no Ginásio Ruy Barbosa, em minha cidade natal, Côcos Bahia. Sou imensamente grato à minha família pelo apoio incondicional e pela compreensão ao longo das discussões desta jornada. Estendo meus agradecimentos aos amigos, pelo incentivo e companhia, ao meu orientador, pela paciência e dedicação, e à equipe de trabalho do escritório Viana e Moura Advogados, cujo suporte e compreensão foram fundamentais para a concretização desta dissertação. 1 COMPROMISSO DO AUTOR Eu, Newton Calos Moura Viana, portador do documento de identidade 18513 OAB/DF aluno do programa acadêmico Mestrado em Direito, declaro que: O conteúdo do presente documento é um reflexo do meu trabalho pessoal e manifesto que, diante de qualquer notificação de plágio, cópia ou prejuízo à fonte original, sou responsável direto legal, financeira e administrativamente, sem afetar o Orientador do trabalho, a Universidade e as demais instituições que colaboraram neste trabalho, assumindo as consequências derivadas de tais práticas. Assinatura: Brasília, 07 de abril de 2025 Att: Direção Acadêmica Venho por meio desta, autorizar a publicação eletrônica da versão aprovada de minha dissertação com título Proteção dos direitos dos refugiados no direito constitucional brasileiro: desafios e perspectivas, no Campus Virtual e em outras mídias de divulgação eletrônica desta Instituição. Informo abaixo os dados para descrição do trabalho: Título Proteção dos direitos dos refugiados no direito constitucional brasileiro: desafios e perspectivas

My doctoral research presents a comprehensive, policy-relevant exploration of how faith-based institutions—particularly Christian social workers and missions—can be systematically integrated into national and global disaster and emergency response frameworks. The study critically analyzes the historical, ideological, and operational foundations of Christian humanitarianism and proposes a holistic model that aligns with both international humanitarian standards and national development goals.
Key contributions include:
• Strategic frameworks for engaging faith-based actors in disaster risk reduction and emergency relief;
• Analysis of legal, regulatory, and accountability structures for non-profit and faith-based humanitarian interventions;
• Ethical considerations in integrating religious and secular approaches within public service delivery;
• Evidence-based recommendations for enhancing coordination between government, civil society, and faith sectors in times of crisis.
This research supports national policy objectives related to social protection, disaster preparedness, and inclusive governance by highlighting the underutilized potential of Christian humanitarian actors in sustainable development and emergency response systems.

Polarised positions over the issue of migration became vocal in the German public sphere as the ‘long summer of migration’ in 2015 unfolded. These positions are mirrored in both ‘solidarity cities’ with inclusive practices of migrant reception and ‘anti-solidarity cities’ with a dominance of anti-migrant sentiment and mobilisation. In this chapter, we unpack these ambivalent dynamics by analysing migration-related protests between 2014 and 2018 in two medium-sized towns in East Germany, Neuruppin and Plauen. Based on a combination of quantitative protest event data and qualitative interviews, we explain why Neuruppin has evolved as a ‘solidarity city’ with high levels of pro-migrant protest, while in Plauen, anti-migrant actors have dominated the streets. Investigating the contentious and contingent nature of migrant solidarity from a comparative perspective and focusing on medium-sized towns, this chapter complements the widespread focus on single case studies of ‘solidarity cities’ in large urban centres.

When the sky begins to weep, even the mountain packs a bag." -Somali proverb Migration is not a new wound on Africa's soil -it is an ancient river, flowing with both memory and mourning. Before passports were inked and borders invented, people moved with the seasons, following rain, cattle, and rhythm. But now, across this continent of cracked lands and cracked hearts, movement often comes not from choice but from terror. The wind is no longer gentle. It carries with it the smell of gunpowder, the echo of boots, and the silence of burnt villages. The displaced are not merely statistics; they are living psalms of lamentation -Hagar reborn, Moses retold, Jesus re-exiled. They leave behind not only home but the name of home. And yet, the soil remembers. The sky remembers. The God who once said, "I have surely seen the affliction of My people" (Exodus 3:7) -still sees. This is not merely a humanitarian crisis. It is a theological earthquake. It shakes our understanding of borders, hospitality, and who belongs.

The Indian judiciary has long occupied the forefront of upholding human rights and fundamental freedoms and, in most instances, granting protection to aliens within its reach of territory. Although India is not a signatory to all major international humanitarian law (IHL) treaties, its judiciary has evidently transposed IHL concepts and interpreted them in the light of the Indian Constitution. This paper examines the multi-polar role of the Indian judiciary in applying and interpreting humanitarian law, particularly where domestic legislation is lacking. It examines how provisions of the Constitution, namely Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty), have served as a vehicle for the introduction of IHL norms, particularly in relation to the treatment of refugees, internally displaced persons, and vulnerable groups. Through analysis of landmark judgments, this article highlights the progressive aspect of the judiciary, its efforts to strike a balance between sovereignty at the national and international levels, and its individual contribution towards global discourse on humanitarian law.

In this chapter, we look at the experiences of SOGI minorities who are claiming asylum or who have reached the end of the asylum process in relation to health, work and education. We define these three spheres broadly, including, for example, volunteering and impacts from having experienced sexual violence torture, as well as sex work. Ostensibly, LGBTIQ+ asylum claimants experience the same difficulties in applying for work and accessing health and education as most other asylum claimants. In reality, this is not always the case. Here, referring back to our theoretical underpinnings, including intersectionality, highlights some particular areas of need, in many cases relating to the discrimination they encounter on the basis of SOGI in addition to other characteristics. As with the previous chapter, we again show that SOGI minorities encounter particular problems outside the legal asylum process as well as within it.

Whereas in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-69441-8_5 we analysed pre-departure, journey and arrival experiences of SOGI claimants, we now turn our attention to the decision-making procedure. Whether they apply for asylum on arrival or later on, the initial screening is usually followed by a substantive interview. This is the essential moment when SOGI claimants have the opportunity to present their case. If the application is then refused, a judicial process is normally activated to appeal against the initial negative decision.

In order to enable LGBTQI+ people seeking asylum to be open about their sexual orientation and gender identity, feel safe during the asylum process and receive fair decisions: brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk