Assessment and treatment of offenders

Motivational interviewing (MI) is increasingly recognized as an effective approach in forensic settings,
particularly for overcoming resistance by avoiding confrontation and fostering intrinsic motivation. Research shows that
interventions incorporating MI are more effective than other approaches in preventing and reducing offending behavior,
highlighting its importance in improving intervention outcomes. Given this evidence, advocating for the integration of
MI is crucial to enhance the effectiveness of interventions. Method: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to
systematize knowledge and assess the effectiveness of interventions incorporating MI for justice-involved people who
have been sentenced to custodial or non-custodial measures. Twenty-two studies were included. The total sample size of
the studies ranged from 25 to 528 individuals convicted of various offences, including intimate partner violence, violent
crimes, sexual offences, property crimes, driving offences, and drug offences. Results: Results indicated that MI is more
effective in increasing session attendance and reducing dropout than interventions without MI. For official recidivism,
evidence favored MI with a statistically significant reduction in recidivism rates. Conclusions: These findings highlight
the importance of integrating MI into forensic settings, establishing its positive impact on numerous outcomes.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators with alcohol and/or other drug use problems (ADUPs) have
been identified as one of the main high-risk and highly resistant groups of perpetrators requiring special attention
in intervention programs for IPV perpetrators. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed to evaluate whether an
individualized motivational plan adjusted to ADUPs (IMP-ADUPs) was superior to standard motivational strategies (IMP)
in reducing ADUPs, and IPV and increasing treatment adherence in IPV perpetrators. Method: Data from a full sample
of IPV perpetrators (n = 140) and a subsample of participants with ADUPs (n = 55) were collected at pre- and postintervention and 12-month follow-up. Final outcomes included alcohol, cocaine, and cannabis use, self-reported IPV, risk
of recidivism assessed by facilitators, and official IPV recidivism. Proximal outcomes included treatment adherence (stage
of change, intervention dose, active participation, and dropout). Results: Both intent-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP)
analyses were conducted. The IMP-ADUPs condition was superior to the IMP in reducing alcohol use at post-intervention
in both the full sample and ADUPs subsample. The full sample of participants in the IMP-ADUPs condition were in a
more advanced stage of change post-intervention and showed increased active participation during the intervention
process than IMP participants. All participants were in a more advanced stage of change at post-intervention and reduced
their alcohol use and their risk of recidivism at post-intervention and 12-month follow-up. Conclusions: These results
underscore the need to develop individualized treatment approaches to address participants’ risks and needs and
promote their motivation to change.

The Predictive Ability of Self-Efficacy on Recidivism Among Adult Male Offenders by Marianne Kelly MA, Argosy University, 2013 BA, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1996 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Psychology Walden University February 2020 Abstract With crime rates high and increasing numbers of offenders receiving community-based corrections sentences, factors related to risk of recidivism should be a high priority for researchers. The impact of crime on offenders, victims, and communities is costly. Traditional punishment has done little to reduce crime, particularly among repeat offenders. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive ability of self-efficacy on recidivism, based on social cognitive theory. The research design was quantitative and nonexperimental, using regression analyses. The nonrandomized sample consisted of adult males incarcerated on felony charges at a large urban jail ...

With crime rates high and increasing numbers of offenders receiving community-based corrections sentences, factors related to risk of recidivism should be a high priority for researchers. The impact of crime on offenders, victims, and communities is costly. Traditional punishment has done little to reduce crime, particularly among repeat offenders. The purpose of this study was to examine the predictive ability of self-efficacy on recidivism, based on social cognitive theory. The research design was quantitative and nonexperimental, using regression analyses. The nonrandomized sample consisted of adult males incarcerated on felony charges at a large urban jail in the Midwest of the United States. The archival data were generated between May 2017 and the end of October 2017. Total scores on the Index of Sense of Self-Efficacy Scale was used as the independent variable data, while incidents of reincarceration were collected as dependent variable data. The findings suggest that there is a significant relationship between the two variables, in which participants' ISSES scores significantly predicted recidivism when self-efficacy was measured in total score and recidivism was measured as time. Potential for positive social change lies in the reduction in victimization, decreased financial and emotional cost of recidivism, and increased public safety through the development of interventions aimed at decreasing recidivism by increasing self-efficacy.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of huwa-san and chlorine as disinfecting agents on heavy metals during water treatment. Nile water samples were taken from water intake throughout the fustat plant, treated with different doses of huwa-san and chlorine to evaluate their effect on the levels of water contained from Al, Zn, Cr, Ni, Fe, Pb and Cu. It was found that the treatment with huwa-san more effective than chlorine in decreasing Al, Zn, Cr, Ni and Cu at the most doses. Also, it is more effective than chlorine in decreasing Fe and Pb concentrations at the doses 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 ppm while at the dose 7 ppm, the chlorine becomes more effective than huwa-san in decreasing concentration of these elements. Also, chlorine decreased Mn obviously more than huwa-san at all the doses. On the other hand, both of chlorine and huwa-san have the same effect on Zn only at the doses 2 and 3 ppm. The chlorine decreased Ni concentration more than huwa-san at the doses 2 and 3 ppm but huwa-san becomes more effective at the other doses. The results showed that the disinfection with huwa-san more effective results than chlorine at the same doses. 4 ppm of huwa-san represents the most suitable disinfection dose used during the treatment process.

Animal-assisted interventions (AAI) have developed considerably in the last half century, prompting various private and public realities dealing with AAI worldwide to work on and establish standards and best practice. However, AAI are still far from being regulated harmoniously. In this context,...

suggesting an ''allegiance effect'' in the reporting of the predictive accuracy of actuarial risk assessment systems. The authors of these two articles suggested some possible errors or misrepresentation on the part of original developers or other researchers and proposed some remedies. We examined these two articles in conjunction with all the available evidence for the Violence Risk Appraisal Guide and Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide and concluded there is no evidence of an allegiance effect.

Este informe presenta los resultados de dos investigaciones realizadas por el Instituto Nacional Penitenciario del Perú (INPE) entre septiembre de 2024 y febrero de 2025, orientadas a comprender los factores de reincidencia delictiva y evaluar el impacto de los programas de tratamiento penitenciario en la población privada de libertad (PPL) egresada de centros penitenciarios entre 2019 y 2024. A partir del análisis de datos institucionales, se identifica una tasa general de reingreso del 25% y una tasa de reincidencia específica del 12.9%, lo que contrasta con la percepción de que las cárceles funcionan como “puertas giratorias”. Los estudios se enfocan en dos intervenciones clave: la Educación Básica Alternativa (EBA) y el Programa de Cárceles Productivas gestionado en alianza con el sector privado. En ambos casos, se evidencian efectos positivos en el desarrollo personal y laboral de los participantes, aunque persisten desafíos estructurales al momento del egreso, especialmente durante el primer año en libertad. Los hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de fortalecer los servicios postpenitenciarios y adaptar las políticas de reinserción a las condiciones sociales y económicas de la población egresada, consolidando una estrategia penitenciaria centrada en la rehabilitación y la no reincidencia.

the Institute for Human-Animal Connection (IHAC) is an internationally recognized center for research, ethics formation, and clinical training, as well as a respected source of scientific and scholarly information on human-animal connections. We believe that the quest for new knowledge about humananimal connections and social-ecological systems must reflect respect for social justice, cultural diversity, and beneficial social change.

Education of the Faculty of Early Rehabilitation in Salek The search for efficiency in probationary practice has been a predominant topic that has been written and discussed since its very beginnings at the end of the 19th century. Although the term "probation" (lat. probare = kuinja) has been around for a long time in the developed countries of the world, in the Republic of Croatia, the practice of this type of alternative sanctions under the name of "custodial supervision with conditional sentence" has only recently started to emerge. Given that the effectiveness of the practice largely depends on the professionals who carry it out, the emphasis of this paper is on questioning the work of professionals who carry out protective supervision with a proposal on how to improve and improve their work with the help of the experiences of experts from developed countries.

This paper explores the intersection of criminology and normal psychology, emphasizing how typical cognitive development, moral reasoning, behavioral conditioning, and personality traits influence criminal behavior. By integrating theories from Piaget, Kohlberg, Skinner, and Bandura, the study highlights how disruptions in these psychological processes can contribute to criminal tendencies. The research underscores the role of cognitive deficits, pre-conventional moral reasoning, learned behaviors, and emotional regulation in shaping unlawful actions. Furthermore, it discusses the implications for criminal justice policies, advocating for psychological interventions like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) to improve rehabilitation and crime prevention efforts. Ultimately, this paper argues for a holistic approach to criminology that incorporates psychological insights to enhance law enforcement, policymaking, and offender rehabilitation.

Under the veil of mass incarceration many of the prisoners will be released, then later readmitted for another crime or parole/probation violations, which falls under the definition of recidivism. Criminologist have attempted to shed light on indicators that explain why some individual prisoners have higher likelihoods than others. I attempt to understand the specific context (at the county level) in which prisoners are released in one point in time and see if the context in which they are released can help explain their likelihoods of recidivating, specifically in the context of religious and civic organizations. I use data from the American Community Survey for key contextual level variables, InfoGroup for religious and civic organizational density, and National Corrections Reporting Program for individual level characteristics (and to track prisoner reentry). The results indicate that there is a relationship between religious organizational density and a decreased likelihood of recidivating.

Restorative justice presents a compelling paradigm shift in the realm of justice, emphasizing voluntary dialogue between the harmed and the harmer. This article explores the significance of restorative justice in the context of prisoner parole, highlighting its potential to foster meaningful rehabilitation and reintegration. Through an examination of its principles, methods, a case study, and international examples, this piece elucidates the role of restorative practices in promoting holistic justice.

This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of the following key people:  First and foremost, a sincere thank you to my supervisor, Dr Jacques Jordaan for his guidance and support throughout this study as well as his assistance with the statistical analysis. Thank you for the countless hours and energy you have spent in developing my potential. I am grateful for the opportunity to have benefited from your insight and academic understanding.  Prof Karel Esterhuyse for his willingness to act as my co-promoter. A special word of thank you in assisting with the statistical analysis.  s. Anneke Denobili for editing my dissertation and ensuring that no detail was overlooked. Your input was greatly appreciated.  A note of thanks to all the participants who made this research possible.  Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for their love, support, understanding and encouragement throughout this study. iv Dedicated to my son, Dominic.

RESUMEN. Este estudio teórico presenta una revisión de múltiples investigaciones empíricas y trabajos teóricos en los que se analizan tipologías de hombres violentos contra su pareja. En primer lugar, se describen las tipologías más relevantes y los aspectos que tienen en ...

Surveillance technologies have been playing an increasingly important role in crime prevention and detection, particularly with costeffective improvements in resolution and mobility. There remains mixed evidence on the effectiveness of this technology for deterrence and detection and whether use results in displacement. In this study, 899 adult police detainees were interviewed about their views and experiences of CCTV through an addendum to the Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) program. Police detainees tended to regard CCTV as effective in reducing crime, particularly violent crime, but a significant number felt it would not prevent any crime. Nonetheless, for some the presence of CCTV deterred them from committing crime, although detainees were more likely to carry out their intended behaviours regardless of CCTV. Detainees identified a range of simple strategies for avoiding surveillance cameras, such as covering their face or turning away from the cameras. The findings ha...

The judge as legislator? * Three landmark cases in civil liability concurrence ANTÓNIO BARROSO RODRIGUES ** SUMMARY: § 1. The role of Case law in shaping legal development; 1.1. Elevating the Judge's role (intra muros) and the impact of his decisions (extra muros); a) Avoiding conflicts in Case law; b) Judicial freedom in the application of the law; 1.2. The judicial role in shaping the law; § 2. The role of concurrence in the civil liability Framework: a brief overview; 2.1. The multiple meanings of concurrence and its operational terminology; a) The two key methodological steps: from formal to effective concurrence; b) The object of concurrence: deconstructing subjective rights into their constituent claims; § 3. Historical contribution: a brief note; § 4. Polarized solutions in modern law; 4.1. The first historic milestone: the landmark ruling of the Cour de Cassation on January 11, 1922 (non-cumul theory); 4.2. The second historical milestone: the landmark decision of the Reich Court on October 13, 1916 (cumulation theory); 4.3. The third milestone: the turning point in Portuguese Case law; § 5. Concluding remarks. The evolutionary trends in the concurrence of civil liability. * * This text was written as a result of our participation in the Jornadas a Sul do Direito Civil e Processual Civil, organized by the Court of Appeal of Évora, on November 3, 2023, in celebration of the Court's fiftieth anniversary. The event focused on the theme «[t]he concurrence of civil liability: current state and evolutionary trends». We extend our deepest gratitude to Judge Sandra dos Reis Luís for her excellent coordination of the event and her unwavering support. Additionally, we are greatly indebted to the esteemed Professor João P. Charters Marchante for his continuous guidance regarding the most effective methodologies for interpreting legal statements, as well as for his invaluable help in recovering the teachings of the past Masters. Of course, any shortcomings in this study are solely our responsibility.

The research team would like to thank the practitioners, offenders, SMB and panel members involved in this study. We are particularly thankful for their swift co-operation in meeting our deadlines. In addition, we wish to thank our colleagues at De Montfort University and ...

This thesis examines the utility of assessment tools and interventions with mentally disordered offenders (MDOs). A systematic review of the literature explores what can be learnt from efficacy studies of structured group work programmes, focusing upon the evidence base for "what works". It is concluded that there is evidence for the effectiveness of cognitivebehavioural interventions with MDOs but that more rigorous research needs to be conducted. The reliability and validity of the Social Problem Solving Inventory (SPSI) assessment tool is investigated and the limitations of using this tool in practical and research settings is discussed; with particular emphasis on the utility of the tool for research with MDOs. Finally, a novel group-work intervention; the Reasoning and Rehabilitation 2 (R&R2) programme, is investigated. The findings suggest that the R&R2 can be delivered successfully and is effective in reducing antisocial attitudes and beliefs. The low drop-out rate and responsive design of the programme has implications in assisting policy makers and practitioners to make decisions about management and treatment; as well as allocation of resources. The complexities of working with MDOs are highlighted throughout the thesis and the utility of the findings are discussed in relation to future research and intervention strategies.

La reforma cons,tucional de 2011 en materia de Derechos Humanos
y la promulgación de la Ley Nacional de Ejecución Penal en
2016 en México destacan la importancia de la reinserción social
en el sistema penitenciario. Sin embargo, este proceso enfrenta
diversas problemá,cas, como la sobrepoblación, la falta de recursos
y la violencia dentro de las prisiones, lo que dificulta su
efectividad.

Para abordar estas dificultades, se implementan
programas de atención psicopedagógica, que incluyen
terapia psicológica y actividades educativas y culturales. A través del
Laboratorio Digital de Atención Psicopedagógica, se refuerzan los
programas de reinserción social en un centro penitenciario en la
Ciudad de México. Se observa que la participación activa del individuo
y la colaboración entre diversos factores son clave para lograr
resultados sostenibles. Los programas de atención psicopedagógica buscan fortalecer las habilidades sociales, emocionales y laborales de los
individuos, facilitando su reintegración en la sociedad y previniendo la reincidencia delictiva.

El Laboratorio Digital de Atención Psicopedagógica de la FES Iztacala, UNAM, lleva a cabo el proyecto "Atención Psicopedagógica para Personas Privadas de su Libertad" en centros penitenciarios de la CDMX, con el objetivo de implementar estrategias efectivas de reinserción social.
Se evaluaron 7 programas educativos, laborales y de apoyo psicosocial, encontrando la necesidad de reeducar a las personas privadas de su libertad a través de actividades lúdicas, educativas, culturales y deportivas para lograr una reinserción social exitosa y prevenir la reincidencia delictiva.
Se propuso mejorar la atención integral y crear redes de apoyo para
garantizar el éxito en la reintegración de las personas a la sociedad,
fortaleciendo las actividades de reinserción dentro del centro penitenciario. Este estudio proporciona valiosa información para mejorar los programas de reinserción existentes, para que cuando la ppl se reintegre a la sociedad por medio del trabajo y la buena conducta.

THE PREDICTION OF RISK is ubiquitous in modern society . Physicians consider risk when treating patients, financiers consider risk when making investments, and psychologists consider risk when working with clients. Within the criminal justice system, predictions of risk guide discretion at all points . When police officers choose between formal citations and verbal warnings, they evaluate risk; when judges impose sentences upon defendants, they evaluate risk; and when community corrections officers monitor the conditions of pretrial defendants, parolees, and probationers, they, too, evaluate risk. Over time, research suggests, professionals within the justice community develop the ability to distinguish high-risk offenders from those who present little risk of reoffending . They do so by drawing upon their own personal experiences, using heuristics and other mental shortcuts to simplify complex calculations . But this kind of professional (or clinical) judgment is limited to the experience of the decision maker and is subject to a host of faults: unreliable evaluations, discretionary decisions based upon biases and stereotypes, and politicized administration . An alternative approach is to use statistically-derived instruments to predict actuarial risks of violence, dangerousness, reoffending, rearrest, or reconviction.

Over the recent past there have been several meta-analyses and primary studies that support the importance of the risk principle. Oftentimes these studies, particularly the metaanalyses, are limited in their ability to assess how the actual implementation of the risk principle by correctional agencies affects effectiveness in reducing recidivism. Furthermore, primary studies are typically limited to the assessment of one or two programs, which again limits the types of analyses conducted. This study, using data from two independent studies of 97 correctional programs, investigates how adherence to the risk principle by targeting offenders who are higher risk and varying length of stay and services by level of risk affects program effectiveness in reducing recidivism. Overall, this research indicates that for residential and nonresidential programs, adhering to the risk principle has a strong relationship with a program's ability to reduce recidivism.

The article examines the essential integration of gender-based violence (GBV) expertise into the Serbian probation system. It identifies the urgent need for specialized training for probation officers to address GBV effectively, highlighting the disparities and commonalities with practices across Europe. The paper explores legislative reforms in Serbia aimed at combating GBV and assesses their alignment with European standards. Through a comparative analysis, it suggests models for Serbia to enhance its probation services by incorporating successful European practices. The study underscores the challenges faced in the integration process, including legal, cultural, and institutional barriers. It concludes by recommending strategic approaches for Serbia to overcome these hurdles, emphasizing the role of specialized training, policy reforms, and international collaboration in this area to foster a robust response to GBV within the probation services framework.

El texto describe la implementación en el sistema penitenciario uruguayo del Programa Preegreso en su modalidad residencial, que está basado en el modelo de riesgo-necesidad-capacidad de respuesta (RNR). Este modelo, desarrollado por investigadores canadienses, es el que cuenta con mayor desarrollo de evidencia empírica en el tratamiento del comportamiento criminal. El Programa fue diseñado en 2021 y tiene como objetivo principal promover la adecuada reinserción social de los
participantes y reducir la probabilidad de reincidencia delictual. Se enfoca en personas de alto riesgo de reincidencia, abordando de manera intensiva y estructurada sus necesidades criminógenas. Los resultados del monitoreo institucional muestran que 96 personas participaron en el programa, de las cuales 61 fueron liberadas. De estas últimas, el 28 % reingresó a prisión antes de un año, mientras que el 24 % ha permanecido en libertad por más de un año. La evidencia internacional señala que los programas de tratamiento basados en RNR tienen una disminución de la reincidencia de entre 12 % y 50 %, lo que varía de acuerdo con distintos factores: la definición de reincidencia que reporta cada estudio, el
período que se considera para la medición de resultados, la cantidad de principios del modelo aplicados, la fidelidad de los programas en su implementación y la preparación de quienes los llevan adelante.

En el estudio de los agre so res de pareja, a nivel internacional, desde hace más de tre inta años se lleva estudiando la posibilidad de cl asi ficar a los sujetos con arreglo a subtipos dife re n - ci ables entre sí, con el objetivo de organizar la heterogeneidad a la que se ha de ...

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The purpose of this study was to determine available services for LGBTQ clients in domestic violence batterer intervention programs across North America and to ascertain which theoretical models informed these services. Method: Data collected from the North American Survey of Domestic Violence Intervention Programs were analyzed using deductive and inductive coding. Using guidelines established by the American Association for Public Opinion Research, the response rate for mailings was 20% and for e-mails was 45%. Results: Respondents indicated a range of approaches to LGBTQ clients from doing nothing specific to serving LGBTQ clients with one-on-one sessions. Conclusions: Recommendations include more LGBTQ facilitators, developing curricula that addresses homophobia, issues related to family of origin, and foster methods of outreach to the LGBTQ community to make those affected aware of treatment possibilities. Moreover, evidence suggests a disconnect between practitioners and researchers when it comes to defining and treating the problem of intimate partner violence in LGBTQ relationships. Implications: Practitioners should not only undergo cultural training and provide LGBTQ-specific curricula, but also engage how and why such social inequality exists and persists. Further implications for policy and treatment are discussed.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is the direct deliberate destruction of bodily tissue, which is not socially sanctioned, and occurs without suicidal intent. NSSI is a common behaviour among young people within Aotearoa New Zealand, and internationally. About one-third to half of secondary school students have engaged in NSSI (Wilson et al., 2016; Garisch & Wilson, 2010), and whilst the figure among adolescents who attend mental health services in New Zealand remains unknown it is likely to be considerably higher. In spite of being a common behavioural concern among mental health clients, there is little empirical research on effective treatment. In particular, there is a paucity of research into effective treatment of adolescent NSSI; a gap that requires remedy given the high prevalence of NSSI and its association with many subsequent maladaptive outcomes, including suicide. The current paper provides background information on NSSI, information on the assessment of NSSI such as what to include in an assessment interview and possible psychometric instruments, and outlines common strategies and challenges in treatment with adolescents.

Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) is the direct deliberate destruction of bodily tissue, which is not socially sanctioned, and occurs without suicidal intent. NSSI is a common behaviour among young people within Aotearoa New Zealand, and internationally. About one-third to half of secondary school students have engaged in NSSI (Wilson et al., 2016; Garisch & Wilson, 2010), and whilst the figure among adolescents who attend mental health services in New Zealand remains unknown it is likely to be considerably higher. In spite of being a common behavioural concern among mental health clients, there is little empirical research on effective treatment. In particular, there is a paucity of research into effective treatment of adolescent NSSI; a gap that requires remedy given the high prevalence of NSSI and its association with many subsequent maladaptive outcomes, including suicide. The current paper provides background information on NSSI, information on the assessment of NSSI such as what...

This study investigated the criminal histories and violence risk of a sample of 204 hate crime offenders. Record review of the offender's criminal history was rated on the HCR-20 and Cormier-Lang scales. Crime reports were rated for the severity of the bias offense on the Victim Functional Impact scale and the offender's targeting of outgroup victims-i.e., the bias intent. Findings indicated that 56% of the offenders had prior criminal convictions; HCR-20 ratings were comparable to those found in other offender groups and were correlated with

In 2002, over 600,000 individuals left state and federal prisons, four times as many as were released in 1975. However, according to a national study, within 3 years, almost 7 in 10 will have been rearrested and half will be back in prison, either for a new crime or for violating conditions of their release. Clearly, an individual's transition from prison back into a home and into a community is difficult, and avoiding crime can be the least of his or her problems. Understanding these pathways and the reasons for and the dimensions of an individual's success or failure is the focus of recent scholarly attention to the problem of "prisoner reentry," the process of leaving prison and returning to free society. However, most of the existing research on prisoners' lives after release focuses solely on recidivism and ignores the reality that recidivism is directly affected by postprison reintegration and adjustment, which, in turn, depends on four sets of factors: personal and situational characteristics, including the individual's social environment of peers, family, community, and state-level policies. Moreover, individual transitions from prison to community are, we suggest, best understood in a longitudinal framework, taking into account an individual's circumstances before incarceration, experiences during incarceration, and the period after release-both the immediate experience and long-term situational circumstances. This review summarizes what we know about the four specified dimensions and how they affect an individual's transition from prison to community. The review concludes with a call to the research community for interdisciplinary, multilevel, longitudinal studies of the processes of reintegration for former prisoners. Such research may illuminate many dimensions of social life, including the effects of recent social policies.

The last decades of the twentieth century witnessed a rapid buildup of prison populations followed by rapid increases in the numbers of individuals being released back to communities. Entering the twenty-first century, about 1,700 adults were leaving state and federal prisons each day. This article summarizes recent research on prisoner reentry and concludes that while progress has been made in increasing service delivery and improving intermediate outcomes, attaining substantial declines in recidivism may be more difficult than previously imagined.

This article reports that rehabilitation for prisoners is still not dead. It reveals that prisoner reentry programs have been implemented nationwide for the past ten years, and that current knowledge on prisoner reentry is strong enough to determine the principles of effective programs. This article also suggests that future research in this field should focus on interdisciplinary and longitudinal studies of prisoner reintegration that uses multiple outcome measures, in order to be able to understand the complete effects of current social policies. rehabilitation, prisoner reentry programs, principles of effective programs, prisoner reintegration, multiple outcome measures, social policies

The concept of procedural justice has been examined in a plethora of studies that encompass topics from citizens' trust in police to their wiliness to obey the law. However, extant research has not moved beyond "if" procedural justice matters to "why" procedural justice matters. What's more, the concept of procedural justice, though received substantial attention in policing studies, has not been explored sufficiently in the correctional context in general and in parole efficacy in particular. This study examines the why questions-the mechanism through which procedural injustice in parole can influence the reentry outcomes of released prisoners. Using longitudinal data from a mixed-gender sample of released prisoners, we test the applicability of strain mechanism on procedural injustice and disentangle the nexus of procedural injustice, negative emotions and reentry success. Additionally, we test the gendered effects of negative emotions. Findings indicate that the strain of procedural injustice on respondents is positively associated with an increase in criminal propensity, and depression mediates this relationship. Additionally, we find that the interplay of gender and negative emotions affects respondents' criminal propensity and substance use.

Approximately 1% of the male population acquires a sexual conviction over their lifetime with sexual recidivism rates of approximately 13% over 5 years. The effect of treatment on sexual recidivism is modest. The Challenge Project has adopted an integrative approach to the treatment of sexual offenders, combining both attachment and desistance theory. It assumes that all individuals with sexual convictions eventually desist from offending, and the intervention programme aims to maximise opportunities to achieve a prosocial life in the community. The aim of this thematic analysis was to explore the process of desistance in a sample of high-risk sexual offenders with persistent and pervasive psychological difficulties, who have been recently released to the community.

Participants’ experiences of their engagement in Challenge and its impact on achieving their desistance goals were captured in five key themes. As a whole, these key themes reflected the importance of high-quality relationships with professionals and support from significant others; the role of cognitive transformation and redemptive narratives in achieving key desistance goals; and managing the stigma of living with sexual convictions. These findings have potentially relevant implications for policy-making and clinical practice when working with and managing sex offenders in the community.

S ince the early 2000s, we have witnessed a resurgence in research, policy, and practice surrounding the reintegration of individuals leaving prison and returning to the community. Almost two decades after this resurgence, researchers are making great strides to sharpen the tools needed to help individuals identify their needs and risks to their successful reintegration and desistance. Findings from reviews of the "what works" literature for adult offenders, as well as from several meta-analyses of studies on institutional-and community-based interventions and treatment programs, have presented consistent evidence that cognitive-behavioral approaches that target criminogenic factors and individual needs, and that focus on individuallevel change, may be most effective at reducing recidivism (

Delivery of services and programs to individuals who are incarcerated and those who have been released recently often falls short of expectations formed during the program planning stage. When programs are partially implemented, program participants receive less than what was prescribed-fewer services and lower dosages of provided services. Partial implementation has the effect of diluting treatment effects and reducing the power of outcome evaluations under an intent-to-treat analysis. This article uses data collected from surveys of 12 reentry program directors and interviews with 863 adult male prisoners participating in these 12 individually designed, comprehensive reentry programs. The programs were implemented using federal funds obtained through Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) grants and were designed to provide a variety of services. This article describes the prelease services program directors identified as components of their local SVORI programs and compares these site-level reports with the services participants reported receiving. The analyses provide a "first-order" measure of implementation that assesses the extent to which those providing services and those receiving services agreed in terms of the prevalence of service receipt. The hypothesis is that agreement suggests that the program was at minimum delivering the services planned. We then look in more detail at the variation with respect to the delivery of 21 specific prerelease service items, individually and as part of constructed "service bundles." Results suggest considerable variability across the sites and across service items and bundle scores in both levels of service reported and the extent of agreement between program directors and participants.

Studies show that residents from urban, high-risk neighborhoods fair worse on multiple behavioral and health outcomes than their counterparts from more socially and economically advantaged neighborhoods. However, few research efforts have been devoted to examining how formerly incarcerated individuals' concerns over neighborhood environment are associated with reentry outcomes. Using longitudinal data that captured the reentry experiences of individuals released from prison, the present study quantifies how returning citizens' concerns over neighborhood environment predict their social withdrawal and mental health deterioration. Findings suggest that when respondents' post-release family bonds, financial difficulty, drug use, and past mental health histories are all taken into account, their concerns over neighborhood environment exert a significant and positive effect on social withdrawal, depression, and hostility. Returning citizens who

Violence against women is a heterogeneous phenomenon worldwide. In order to better understand this phenomenon, it is also necessary to study the offenders against women. Therefore, the present study investigates, in the light of risk factors, the individual and social characteristics (related to adolescence), the moral disengagement strategies and cognitive distortions of 120 sex offenders detained in Italian jails. We administered the semi-structured interview for data collection regarding family, social and medical histories and the manner in which the deviant act was carried out, the Moral Disengagement Scale, and the Vindictive Rape Attitude Questionnaire to investigate the presence of cognitive distortions toward women. Results show important risk factors in the genesis of moral disengagement strategies in the offenders: the use of substances and being institutionalized in their past. In addition, through a multiple regression model, we noticed how education levels represent a negative predictor of cognitive distortions towards women and the attribution of blame to a positive predictor. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI) is a widely used risk assessment instrument that comprehensively assesses risk factors and criminogenic needs among young individuals. This study explores the association between YLS/CMI scores and subsequent recidivism among 608 Portuguese young offenders aged 12 to 18 years. The results support the predictive validity of the YLS/CMI in assessing recidivism among young offenders. The study found significant connections between YLS/CMI scores and recidivism for Placement in an Education Center (PEC) measures, indicating higher scores correlated with increased reoffending likelihood. However, no significant association was found between YLS/CMI scores and recidivism in Educational Supervision (ES) measures. These results emphasize the need to consider specific measures when gauging YLS/CMI’s predictive validity.

In 2010, the Dutch Probation Service introduced a digital decision support system for case management plans, a so called fourth generation risk/needs assessment instrument. Does this system help probation officers in determining the appropriate interventions that should prevent recidivism for each individual client? And to what extent are the case management plans based on existing theories on desistance from crime? These are the central questions in the thesis of Jacqueline Bosker of the University of Applied Sciences Utrecht: ‘Linking Theory and Practice in Probation – Structured decision support for case management plans’. “Further development is still needed, but we can conclude that the use of digital decision support helps improve the quality of case management plans.” Bosker concluded in her research that this form of decision support enhances the quality of the case management plans. “In the most practical sense, it helps a probation officer not to overlook certain measures ...