Artificial Intelligence in Architectural Design

The paper changes the focus of the design debate from a human-centered design methodology to a posthuman design that takes both human and nonhuman agents into account. It examines how designers might use a multispecies perspective to produce projects with distinguished intelligence and performance. To illustrate this, we describe a project of structures for plants that started on a course in an academic setting. The project methodology begins with “Thing Ethnography”, investigating the movement of a water bottle inside a house and its interaction with other objects. The correlation between water and plants was decided to be further expanded, considering how water might enhance the environmental humidity and create a cooler microclimate for indoor plants. According to their effectiveness, 3D-printed biomimetic structures were designed and manufactured as water droplet supports considering different materials, and positioned in various configurations around a plant. Humidity levels an...

Architectural intelligence merges AI, human-centered design, sustainability and digital technologies (BIM, IoT, smart materials, digital fabrication) into a new design paradigm. It harnesses data-driven automation to optimize building performance and occupant wellbeing. For context, buildings consume 30% of global final energy, so integrating intelligence into design is crucial. Digital tools are proliferating: for example, 44% of architects used BIM in 2022 (61% projected by 2025) and the smart building market is estimated to grow from ~$117B in 2024 to $548B by 2032. Meanwhile IoT connects billions of devices (16.6B by end-2023, ~18.8B by 2024) for real time sensing and control. AI's transformative potential spans compliance, energy, maintenance and autonomy. Automated code-check algorithms can dramatically accelerate compliance review. Predictive analytics and autonomous controls enable proactive maintenance and real-time energy optimization: one analysis projects AI could cut building energy use and emissions by ~8-19%. Iconic projects illustrate these trends: London's Siemens "The Crystal" leverages an integrated management system with sensors to dynamically control lighting and HVAC and Singapore's Gardens by the Bay uses solarpowered "Supertrees" that harvest photovoltaic energy for lighting and climate control. Nonetheless, ethical and creative challenges accompany this shift. AI lacks emotional and cultural judgment, so biased data or algorithms can yield context-insensitive designs. Its high computational loads also impose significant energy costs. Over-reliance on automation could erode architectural creativity and human oversight. Looking forward, architectural intelligence is likely to evolve as a collaborative framework in which architects guide generative and algorithmic tools. This synergy could embed intelligence at every design stage, fostering resilient, efficient and culturally attuned built environments.

This research presents an innovative approach that integrated gesture recognition into a Mixed Reality (MR) interface for human-machine collaboration in the quality control, fabrication, and assembly of the Unlog Tower. MR platforms enable users to interact with three-dimensional holographic instructions during the assembly and fabrication of highly custom and parametric architectural constructions without the necessity of two-dimensional drawings. Previous MR fabrication projects have primarily relied on digital menus and custom buttons within the interface for user interaction between virtual and physical environments. Despite this approach being widely adopted, it is limited in its ability to allow for direct human interaction with physical objects to modify fabrication instructions within the virtual environment. The research integrates user interactions with physical objects through real-time gesture recognition as input to modify, update, or generate new digital information. This integration facilitates reciprocal stimuli between the physical and virtual environments, wherein the digital environment is generative of the user's tactile interaction with physical objects. Thereby providing user with direct, seamless feedback during the fabrication process. Through this method, the research has developed and presents three distinct Gesture-Based Mixed Reality (GBMR) workflows: object localization, object identification, and object calibration. These workflows utilize gesture recognition to enhance the interaction between virtual and physical environments, allowing for precise localization of objects, intuitive identification processes, and accurate calibrations. The results of these methods are demonstrated through a comprehensive case study: the construction of the Unlog Tower, a 36' tall robotically fabricated timber structure.

Many in the design community have long claimed that digital mass-customization is cheaper, faster, smarter and more environmentally sustainable than the mechanical mass-production of standardized industrial products; and that the electronic transmission of information is cheaper, faster, smarter, and more environmentally sustainable than the mechanical transportation of people and goods. The global pandemic has tragically proven that a computational alternative to the modern, mechanical way of making, working, and living, now exists, and it is viable. When we had to shut down corporate offices, global megafactories, suburban shopping malls, and intercontinental airports, we did. We did because we had to; but also because today's technology already allows us to do so.

The swift incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) into creative fields has brought about significant opportunities and challenges, especially in design and the creativity of human learning. This study explores the changing dynamics between AI-generated design and human creative processes, highlighting the interaction between technological advancements and human artistic insight. As AI systems grow more adept at producing innovative and visually appealing designs, the potential for collaboration between designers and AI becomes a vital area for investigation. This study looks into how AI can enhance human abilities, emphasizing methods to utilize AI to expand creative horizons without undermining the distinct contributions of designers. The ability of AI to assist in idea generation, optimize workflows, and inspire fresh design concepts is weighed against the necessity of keeping human oversight and decision-making central to the creative process. This pilot study-based research includes both qualitative and quantitative analyses of existing case studies that feature AI-human design partnerships, interviews with professionals who utilize AI tools, and 186 survey respondents assessing perceptions of AI's role within the creative sector. The study also investigates frameworks for incorporating AI into educational environments, where it can help foster creativity and critical thinking skills among learners. The findings shed light on the elements that facilitate effective collaboration between AI and human designers, such as the significance of user-friendly interfaces, adaptable algorithms, and ethical considerations. Additionally, the study pinpointed best practices for creating a synergy that enhances both technological progress and human creativity. This research adds to the broader discussion about the future of creativity in a world influenced by AI by promoting a collaborative relationship between human and machine intelligence.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the German Architect and writer Hermann Muthesius (Fig. ) proposed to get rid of the architecture discipline entirely from the term Style and to replace it rather with the notion of Type . An attempt to divorce architecture from its pompous nineteenth century Historicism, a Style that identified itself with the imitation and at times amalgamation of various historical styles. The grandeur of the Ringstraße in Vienna can be considered one of the prime specimens of this development-including a parliament in the Greek style [2], the city hall in a Flemish Neo-gothic Style [3] and Museums in Neo-Renaissance Style . The formation of the Deutsche Werkbund [5] (Fig. ) in 1907 moved the debate further in regard to discussing the difference between Style and Type. In contrast to Style that is connotated with particular, identifiable features, positioning buildings in a specific timeframe and culture, type talks about the result of basic geometries, specific production technologies, and materialities. The time was calling for an association that does not specialize in any specific architecture (rural, urban, domestic, official, religious, or otherwise) but rather created a frame for the entirety of living (Fig. ). The Motto of the Werkbund says it all "vom Sofakissen zum Städtebau" (from the sofa upholstery to urban design), and reflects on the notion of the "Gesamtkunstwerk", the all-encompassing piece of art. The ideas circulating at this time (also with other associations such as the Wiener Werkstätte or the Art and Crafts movement in the UK) most certainly drew from Gottfried Semper's desire to reinvent the M. del Campo (B) • S. Manninger (B)

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The purpose of this article is to discuss the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the design of the Deep House project (Fig. 1), an attempt to use estrangement as a method to emancipate a house from a canonical approach to the progressive design of a one-family house project. The main argument in this text is that the results created by Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), whether in the form of GANs, CNNs, or other networks, generate results that fall into the category of Estranged objects. In this article, I would like to offer a possible definition of what architecture in this plateau of thinking represents and how it differentiates from previous attempts to use estrangement to explain the phenomena observed when working with NNs in architecture design. A potpourri of thoughts that demonstrate the intellectual tradition of exploring estrangement, especially in theater and literature, that ultimately circles back to its implications for architecture, particularly in light...

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the German Architect and writer Hermann Muthesius (Fig. ) proposed to get rid of the architecture discipline entirely from the term Style and to replace it rather with the notion of Type . An attempt to divorce architecture from its pompous nineteenth century Historicism, a Style that identified itself with the imitation and at times amalgamation of various historical styles. The grandeur of the Ringstraße in Vienna can be considered one of the prime specimens of this development-including a parliament in the Greek style [2], the city hall in a Flemish Neo-gothic Style [3] and Museums in Neo-Renaissance Style . The formation of the Deutsche Werkbund [5] (Fig. ) in 1907 moved the debate further in regard to discussing the difference between Style and Type. In contrast to Style that is connotated with particular, identifiable features, positioning buildings in a specific timeframe and culture, type talks about the result of basic geometries, specific production technologies, and materialities. The time was calling for an association that does not specialize in any specific architecture (rural, urban, domestic, official, religious, or otherwise) but rather created a frame for the entirety of living (Fig. ). The Motto of the Werkbund says it all "vom Sofakissen zum Städtebau" (from the sofa upholstery to urban design), and reflects on the notion of the "Gesamtkunstwerk", the all-encompassing piece of art. The ideas circulating at this time (also with other associations such as the Wiener Werkstätte or the Art and Crafts movement in the UK) most certainly drew from Gottfried Semper's desire to reinvent the M. del Campo (B) • S. Manninger (B)

The purpose of this article is to discuss the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the design of the Deep House project (Fig. 1), an attempt to use estrangement as a method to emancipate a house from a canonical approach to the progressive design of a one-family house project. The main argument in this text is that the results created by Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), whether in the form of GANs, CNNs, or other networks, generate results that fall into the category of Estranged objects. In this article, I would like to offer a possible definition of what architecture in this plateau of thinking represents and how it differentiates from previous attempts to use estrangement to explain the phenomena observed when working with NNs in architecture design. A potpourri of thoughts that demonstrate the intellectual tradition of exploring estrangement, especially in theater and literature, that ultimately circles back to its implications for architecture, particularly in light...

The main purpose of this study is to provide insight into the trend of AI-BIM integration, which has been studied by scholars around the world. To begin, a systematic review and bibliometric analysis was conducted to investigate English articles published between 2015 and 2022. This paper presents a systematic, scientometric, science mapping analysis through qualitative and quantitative evaluation and co-occurrence methods using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Gephi software. Conclusions indicate future research should concentrate on integrating AI and other smart systems with BIM to enhance digitalization and improve outcomes throughout the construction project life cycle. Based on the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of each scope (BIM and AI) and their status quo, this study suggests integrating the following domains with BIM to reduce complexity in the construction industry in the future: robotics, cloud systems, AIOT, digital twins, 4D printing, and block chain.

In the context of rapid advances in generative AI and Cyber-Physical Systems for different modes of architectural production, this paper provides the means of taxonomising architectural machines for conceptual design tasks in terms of their embodied features and similarities to human architectural designers. The paper identifies and qualitatively evaluates the sensorimotor systems and their features of a selection of non-drawing architectural production machines, then cross-analyses these factors against human architectural designers’ within their conceptual design tasks. The cross-evaluations are based on ‘modality’, ‘geometry’, ‘structure’, ‘material’, ‘scale’, ‘behaviour’ and ‘production outcome’ metrics. The work offers further insights into the overall capabilities of these machines through their embodiment, as well as the distance to achieving human-level, if not also human-like, architectural machines’ intellect. While the focus is set on the machines’ equivalence to conceptual architectural design tasks, the application of this study is extendible throughout the architectural discipline in its entirety.

Resumen El presente escrito trata de aclarar, definir y circunscribir el término "biodigital", que desde la bioinspiración y el bioaprendizaje saca de las entrañas de lo digital un nuevo "lenguaje" para la arquitectura y el diseño, a modo de organicismo digital: una fusión entre lo biológico y lo digital, relevante por razones que abarcan tanto aspectos prácticos como conceptuales. Nuevos entendimientos de la arquitectura y del diseño, que podría concluirse como ya consolidados a estas alturas del siglo, aunque todavía en los comienzos del tercer milenio, pero con todo lo necesario para percibirse como los más adecuados a los signos de nuestros tiempos, a nuestro Zeitgeist. Pues bien, este artículo intenta construirse a partir de la experiencia investigadora, docente y profesional de su propio autor, tras 40 años de trayectoria profesional y académica, desde que se graduó como arquitecto el año 1983. Así, estas líneas están escritas sustentadas en algunos de sus pensamientos y conclusiones, tras estos años de estudio, proyectos, obras, acciones y consecuentes discusiones académicas por todo el mundo. Por otro lado, se observará que se introducen algunas repeticiones a lo largo de este texto, para enfatizar ciertos conceptos, y sintetizarlos a modo de resumen al final de sus respectivas presentaciones, lo que permitirá al lector fijarlos mejor.

This paper proposes integrated design and building systems for provision of sustainable customized housing. It advances previous work by applying a methodology to generate these systems from vernacular precedents. The methodology is based on the use of shape grammars to derive and encode a contemporary system from the precedents. The combined set of rules can be applied to generate housing solutions tailored to specific user and site contexts. The provision of housing to shelter the population affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake illustrates the application of the methodology. A computer implementation is currently under development in C# using the BIM platform provided by Revit. The goal is to use a similar methodology to suit other housing emergencies.

Operating with an abundance mindset – rather than from a place of “scarcity” – is a new paradigm, relevant to the practices of design and construction, which expands the definition of “resources” as well as where resources, both raw and non-raw materials, can be found and “mined”.Within three scales of design and planning, the current research – developed at the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC) – examines the applications of computational technologies and life cycle assessment with the goal of setting up protocols for enhancing processes of urban mining and material reuse in future circular construction. In the material scale (i), selected projects experiment with up-cycled waste for the creation of new engineered composites for construction. In the building scale (ii), robotic technologies and computer vision are used to scan and sort the materials from existing buildings or demolition sites. Finally, in the urban scale (iii), google images, satellite data an...

Artificial intelligence invades our lives and professions at an ever-increasing pace and intensity. Architecture, engineering, construction, and operation of the real estate have been joining the trend only timidly and belatedly. The paper overviews the basic concepts, methods, general background, and results of artificial intelligence in architecture to date, discusses the achievements and prospects, and concludes the perspectives on the deployment of machine learning in the field. The record of some of the most recent "famous achievements" in the field is set straight and challenged, the flawed idea of a (truly) creative potential of the technology is debunked. Its roots equidistributed both in a farsighted vision of the next workflow of both productive and creative architectural and engineering designing, and construction and real estate management on the one hand and state-of-the-art machine learning on the other, an ambitious though realistic blueprint for R&D of AI-fostered architectural creativity, building design, planning, and operation is tabled for discussion. The attention turns to open-source patterns platforms, generative patterns processing, generative pre-design, parametric evaluation and optimization, latest achievements in machine learning building on reinforcement learning, imitation-based learning, learning a behavior policy from demonstration, and selflearning paradigms zooming in on the design-development processes instead of only on their results. Leveraging the objectivity of assessments and streamlining workflows, artificial intelligence promises to unleash true architectural creativity and leverage the productivity and efficiency of the design, planning, and operation processes.

This article presents a novel architecture design workflow that explores the intersection of Big Data, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and storytelling by scraping, encoding, and mapping data, which can then be implemented through Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies. In contrast to conventional approaches that consider AI solely as an optimization tool, this workflow embraces AI as an instrument for critical thinking and idea generation. Rather than creating new AI models, this workflow encourages architects to experiment with existing ones as part of their practice. The workflow revolves around the concept of "Canonical architecture," where data-driven techniques serve to traverse dimensions and representations, encompassing text, images, and 3D objects. The data utilized consists of information specific to the project, gathered from social media posts, including both images and text, which provide insights into user needs and site characteristics. Additionally, roughly 9,000 3D models of architectural details extracted from 38 different architectural projects were used. The primary objective is to assist architects in developing a workflow that does not suggest starting from scratch or a tabula rasa, but to work with already hyper-connected objects, be it text, images, 3D models, et cetera. These conceptualizations can then be enacted in game engines and/or experimented with in AR/ VR platforms, while keeping their connections alive. Through this process, the framework aims to develop a sensibility of working with large amounts of data without losing focus, and letting the electric grounds of the internet help us in articulating projects.

Computer graphics has evolved into a mature and powerful field that offers many opportunities to enhance different disciplines, adapting to the specific needs of each. One of these important fields is the design and analysis of Urban Environments. In this article, we try to offer a perspective of one of the sectors identified in Urban Environment studies: Urbanization. More precisely, we focus on geometric and appearance modeling, rendering, and simulation tools to help stakeholders in key decision stages of the process.

The role of computers in architectural design is constantly increasing, as may be seen in the efforts to develop generative design tools which are focused on helping create innovative results. Some of these are generated by sets of rules, constraints, theoretical models and algorithms, for which the computer is used as the implementing tool. This research introduces a new approach in hybrid interactive design tools, which are focused on the clustered and hectic urban context in the modern age, meaning that architecture is continuously developing vertically, in high-rise buildings. The main point in this research will be the abandoned gap in connecting the internal functions and external appearance. This is another main point which cannot be ignored in designing high rises, which ideally contain both internal and external perceptive aesthetics. The scope of this research will cover three aspects: Function, Perception, and Proportion. Therefore, the work flow of this design tool will be a multi-directional interrelationship between these three steps: 1) internal function and external form generation by various types of constraints, 2) internal function and external form inspection, and 3) internal function and external form modification by the users.

A generic method for floor plan analysis and interpretation is presented in this article. The method, which is mainly inspired by the way engineers draw and interpret floor plans, applies two recognition steps in a bottom-up manner. First, basic building blocks, i. e., walls, doors, and windows are detected using a statistical patch-based segmentation approach. Second, a graph is generated and structural pattern recognition techniques are applied to further locate the main entities, i. e., rooms of the building. The proposed approach is able to analyze any type of floor plan regardless of the notation used. We have evaluated our method on different publicly available datasets of real architectural floor plans with different notations. The overall detection and recognition accuracy is about 95%, which is significantly better than any other state-of-the-art method. Our approach is generic enough such that it could be easily adopted to the recognition and interpretation of any other printed machine-generated structured documents.

A generic method for floor plan analysis and interpretation is presented in this article. The method, which is mainly inspired by the way engineers draw and interpret floor plans, applies two recognition steps in a bottom-up manner. First, basic building blocks, i. e., walls, doors, and windows are detected using a statistical patch-based segmentation approach. Second, a graph is generated and structural pattern recognition techniques are applied to further locate the main entities, i. e., rooms of the building. The proposed approach is able to analyze any type of floor plan regardless of the notation used. We have evaluated our method on different publicly available datasets of real architectural floor plans with different notations. The overall detection and recognition accuracy is about 95%, which is significantly better than any other state-of-the-art method. Our approach is generic enough such that it could be easily adopted to the recognition and interpretation of any other printed machine-generated structured documents.

Operating with an abundance mindset – rather than from a place of “scarcity” – is a new paradigm, relevant to the practices of design and construction, which expands the definition of “resources” as well as where resources, both raw and non-raw materials, can be found and “mined”.Within three scales of design and planning, the current research – developed at the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC) – examines the applications of computational technologies and life cycle assessment with the goal of setting up protocols for enhancing processes of urban mining and material reuse in future circular construction. In the material scale (i), selected projects experiment with up-cycled waste for the creation of new engineered composites for construction. In the building scale (ii), robotic technologies and computer vision are used to scan and sort the materials from existing buildings or demolition sites. Finally, in the urban scale (iii), google images, satellite data an...

Operating with an abundance mindset-rather than from a place of "scarcity"-is a new paradigm, relevant to the practices of design and construction, which expands the definition of "resources" as well as where resources, both raw and non-raw materials, can be found and "mined". Within three scales of design and planning, the current research-developed at the Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC)-examines the applications of computational technologies and life cycle assessment with the goal of setting up protocols for enhancing processes of urban mining and material reuse in future circular construction. In the material scale (i), selected projects experiment with up-cycled waste for the creation of new engineered composites for construction. In the building scale (ii), robotic technologies and computer vision are used to scan and sort the materials from existing buildings or demolition sites. Finally, in the urban scale (iii), google images, satellite data and ML are used to index the existing material stock in building façades in cities.
The research calls for agents involved in design, planning and construction to shift their focus to the anthroposphere as a source of, rather than just a destination for, processed goods. The concept of “urban mining” is revisited to manage the material stock in urban systems and the use of anthropogenic resources in new production cycles.
Through a multi-scalar approach, the outcome challenges the foundation of our material practices, presenting the potential to disrupt linear patterns of design and making in the built environment.

We present a framework for the conversion of existing 3D unstructured urban models into a compact procedural representation that enables model synthesis, querying, and simplification of large urban areas. During the de-instancing phase, a dissimilarity-based clustering is performed to obtain a set of building components and component types. During the proceduralization phase, the components are arranged into a context-free grammar, which can be directly edited or interactively manipulated. We applied our approach to convert several large city models, with up to 19,000 building components spanning over 180 km squares, into procedural models of a few thousand terminals, non-terminals, and 50-100 rules.

Domes are architectural structural elements typical for ecclesiastical and secular grand buildings, like churches, mosques, palaces, capitols and city halls. The current paper targets the problem of segmentation of domes within the framework of architectural style classification of building facades. We perform segmentation of building facade domes by combining bilateral symmetry detection, graph-based segmentation approaches and image analysis and processing technics into a single method. Our algorithm achieves good segmentation results on buildings belonging to variety of architectural styles, such as Renaissanse, Neo-Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Baroque, Neoclassical and Islamic.

Prikazana studija analizira inovacije koncepcijskih i operativnih determinanti digitalnih prostornoinformacionih i prostornointeligentnih sistema i platformi na osnovu argumenata objavljenih u radu "Location intelligence dynamics and complexity: the questions of design strategy". Pored na ovaj način registrovanih i objašnjenih elemenata ćije unapređenje i preciziranje se pokazalo neophodnim, dalju analizu, uz dodatne revizije u pravcu primene, inicirala su i odre đena preklapanja dizajn/projektatski-zasnovanog diskursa i tvrdnji predstavljenih u ovom tekstu sa inovativnim programima zvanićnih zastupnika i kreatora međunarodnih obrazovnih i naućnoistraivaćkih politika u datoj oblasti. Navedeni programi su, pored prepoznavanja dizajn-orijentacije kao vodeće u sledećim fazama unapređenja, u poseban fokus postavile pitanja upotrebe digitalnih platformi novih performansi u profesionalnoj i obrazovnoj sferi, a kojima ovaj rad pruža doprinos kroz svoju perspektivu o načinima unapređenja njihovih operacija ka pouzdanom dizajnistraivačkom metodološkom aparatu. Na tom planu, unutar interdisciplinarne i krosdisciplinarne mreže profesija neophodnih za artikulaciju i rešavanje različitih prostornih zadataka i problema posredstvom digitalnih platformi i sistema, postavljeno je i pitanje adaptacije novih naučnoistraživačkih rezultata za različite obrazovne i profesionalne kontekste, uključujući i pitanje definicija i kvalifikacija novih stručnih profila za kritičku i projektno-zasnovanu nadgradnju digitalnih okruženja, njihovih parametara i funkcija. Kao teorijski okvir predložena je paradigma konvergencije prostorno-orijentisanih disciplina (sa polazištem u integraciji geoprostornih nauka i ciljem proširenja njihovog domena) i integracije prostornih istraživanja i dizajna čije perspektive iniciraju novo promišljanje teorije i projektovanja digitalnih okruženja kao inteligentnih informacionih sistema i procesa.

KLJUČNE REČI: prostornoinformacioni i prostornointeligentni sistemi; digitalna prostorna okruženja; inteligentni dizajnistraivački procesi; determinante novih dizajnistraivačkih metodoloških aparata; konvergencija prostornih disciplina

This paper aims at presenting a parametric shape grammar of traditional Suakin houses (Red Sea state, Sudan). This work systematically attempts to generate appropriate plans arrangement that allows required functional relationships between spaces to be satisfied. The topological and geometrical properties of old Suakin houses were analyzed. These properties were originated and incorporated into the traditional Suakin buildings for the past ten centuries. The shape rules, dimensional, geometric and topological patterns of houses in the corpus are used as the generative model for the language of traditional suakin style This paper concludes with a discussion of the creative and generative value of the parametric shape grammars. Moreover, it facilitates the understanding of the formal composition of Suakin old style and the revival of a contemporary Suakin building style.

The role of computers in architectural design is constantly increasing, as may be seen in the efforts to develop generative design tools which are focused on helping create innovative results. Some of these are generated by sets of rules, constraints, theoretical models and algorithms, for which the computer is used as the implementing tool. This research introduces a new approach in hybrid interactive design tools, which are focused on the clustered and hectic urban context in the modern age, meaning that architecture is continuously developing vertically, in high-rise buildings. The main point in this research will be the abandoned gap in connecting the internal functions and external appearance. This is another main point which cannot be ignored in designing high rises, which ideally contain both internal and external perceptive aesthetics. The scope of this research will cover three aspects: Function, Perception, and Proportion. Therefore, the work flow of this design tool will be a multi-directional interrelationship between these three steps: 1) internal function and external form generation by various types of constraints, 2) internal function and external form inspection, and 3) internal function and external form modification by the users.

This paper aims to develop a visual tool named Spatial Topology Retrieval (STR) for integrating a physical-based spatial allocation tool, which offers a visual interactive interface for architectural space layout in early design stage, into an online case library, which is based on rational database technology with ontology-based authoring tools of metadata of case features. STR services the case library as a tool for representing and retrieving the plane views of a design case.

In architectural design, evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithms (EMOA) have found use in numerous practical applications in which qualitative and quantitative aspects can be transformed into fitness functions to be optimized. This paper shows that they can be used in an architectural plan design process that starts from a more traditional approach. The benchmark case uses a novel construction system, called Ac.Ca. Building, with a vast architectural and technological database, arleady validated, to generate architectural plan for a residential towerbuilding with a parametric approach and EMOA. The proposed framework differs from past research because uses spatial units with high level of architectural and tecnological definition.

Regarding interior building topology as an important aspect in building design and management, several approaches to indoor point cloud structuring have been introduced recently. Apart from a high-level semantic segmentation of the formerly unstructured point clouds into stories and rooms, these methods additionally allow the extraction of attributed graphs in which nodes represent rooms (including room properties like area or height), and edges represent connections between rooms (doors or staircases) or indicate neighborhood relationships (separation by walls). In this paper, we investigate possible applications of these approaches in architectural design and building management and comment on the possible benefits for the building profession. While contemporary practice of spatial arrangement is predominantly based on the manual iteration of spatial topologies, we show that the segmentation of buildings in spaces along with the untraditional more abstract graph-based representati...

A generic method for floor plan analysis and interpretation is presented in this article. The method, which is mainly inspired by the way engineers draw and interpret floor plans, applies two recognition steps in a bottom-up manner. First, basic building blocks, i. e., walls, doors, and windows are detected using a statistical patch-based segmentation approach. Second, a graph is generated and structural pattern recognition techniques are applied to further locate the main entities, i. e., rooms of the building. The proposed approach is able to analyze any type of floor plan regardless of the notation used. We have evaluated our method on different publicly available datasets of real architectural floor plans with different notations. The overall detection and recognition accuracy is about 95%, which is significantly better than any other state-of-the-art method. Our approach is generic enough such that it could be easily adopted to the recognition and interpretation of any other printed machine-generated structured documents.

This research aims at understanding the creative process of product designers in terms of exploration and utilization of prior knowledge. A protocol study was conducted with 24 master students who majored in industrial design. For the design experiment, two different design briefs were utilized to investigate the effect of constraints on the creative process. 24 verbal protocols were firstly segmented into think flows, and then encoded. The encoding results suggested the significant effect of constraints on the utilization of precedents. For further interpretation of verbal protocols, I devised a new way of representing the cognitive process-a cognitive map. A cognitive map visualized the entire cognitive activities of participants, and provided a comprehensive view of a cognitive process. The cognitive maps suggested three phases of the creative processexploration, generation, and development. Each phase represented different cognitive activities which were related to the exploration of precedents and generation of ideas. The cognitive styles of each phase were defined, and integrated. As a result, four different cognitive styles were identified-Focused Probers, Treasure Hunters, Selectors, and Explorers. The differences among the styles were compared in terms of utilization of prior knowledge, and the results showed that non-significant differences among four cognitive styles. Finally, this paper concluded with a discussion about implications on design education and practice.

Current data storage and retrieval strategies usually use keywords and are not well suited to retrieving spatial configurations, the proportions of rooms or their interrelationships. Instead of using text-based research, a graphical inquiry and query system is proposed that can recognise formal structures on the one hand and concept sketches on the other. Using artificial intelligence methods and multimodal interaction, knowledge is stored in semantic models. From previously stored planning solutions in a BIM, semantic fingerprints are derived that describe their functional and topological characteristics. The search system likewise derives a semantic fingerprint from the spatial configuration of a concept sketch and compares it with fingerprints stored in the repository. Similar matches are then shown to the designer.

The objective of the paper is to demonstrate the application of architectural research and design methods from the fields of strategic design, digital production and design chains to facilitate the completion of demanding largescale building projects. Since we have concentrated the efforts of the past few years on various aspects of building practice while applying and testing the “Digital Chain” method to several concrete projects, we are now engaged with linking the individual phases in order to make the final step towards the reality of building practice. With this knowledge, we attempt to propose a new way of thinking in the design and building sector based on digitized planning processes.

Domes are architectural structural elements typical for ecclesiastical and secular grand buildings, like churches, mosques, palaces, capitols and city halls. The current paper targets the problem of segmentation of domes within the framework of architectural style classification of building facades. We perform segmentation of building facade domes by combining bilateral symmetry detection, graph-based segmentation approaches and image analysis and processing technics into a single method. Our algorithm achieves good segmentation results on buildings belonging to variety of architectural styles, such as Renaissanse, Neo-Renaissance, Baroque, Neo-Baroque, Neoclassical and Islamic.

Building facade classification by architectural styles allows categorization of large databases of building images into semantic categories belonging to certain historic periods, regions and cultural influences. Image databases sorted by architectural styles permit effective and fast image search for the purposes of content-based image retrieval, 3D reconstruction, 3D city-modeling, virtual tourism and indexing of cultural heritage buildings. Building facade classification is viewed as a task of classifying separate architectural structural elements, like windows, domes, towers, columns, etc, as every architectural style applies certain rules and characteristic forms for the design and construction of the structural parts mentioned. In the context of building facade architectural style classification the current paper objective is to classify the architectural style of facade windows. Typical windows belonging to Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance/Baroque European main architectural periods are classified. The approach is based on clustering and learning of local features, applying intelligence that architects use to classify windows of the mentioned architectural styles in the training stage.

This paper presents a computationally tractable view on where simple design concepts come from by proposing a paradigm for the formation of design concepts based on the emergence of patterns in the representation of designs. It is suggested that these design patterns form the basis of concepts. These design patterns once learned are then added to the repertoire of known patterns so that they do not need to be learned again. This approach uses the notion called the loosely-wired brain. The paper elaborates this idea primarily through implemented examples drawn from the genetic engineering of evolutionary systems and the qualitative representation of shapes and their multiple representations.

"Generally speaking, artificial things have an assertive order. I believe that in the 21st Century design that combines the natural and artificial is possible; like a kind of artificial forest or a space that appears very chaotic but is actually not at all so. Like the historical quarters of Tokyo or Istanbul. What seems chaotic is in fact a tranquil and calm space that is a source of inspiration for our future life. So I think of concept of weak architecture as the artificial forest of the future"

Recent Artificial Intelligence studies have achieved substantial improvements in practical tasks by using extensive amounts of data. We assume that a substantial part of the data to guide artificial design technologies resides in existing design examples. Developing ways to use this data may enable improvements in intelligent design tools, with the hope that these may provide more effective design workflows and more productive design practices. Such improvements may result in more in-depth evaluations of potentials and alternatives for design situations; hence better planning for the spatial environment.
Various approaches have been developed to use representations of architectural examples for artificially tackling architectural design tasks. This study presents a review of the historical development of these approaches, with an overall aim to investigate where and how design examples have been used for practical computational design applications.
The review encompasses traditional and recent Shape Grammar and Procedural Modeling studies, Case-Based Design, Similarity-Based Evaluation and Design, and recent studies on the architectural uses of Machine Vision, Semantic Modeling, Machine Learning, and Classification. The emphasis of the review is on the studies that aim at designing or generating new design examples, particularly for building layouts, façades, envelopes, and massing.
For a comparative evaluation of the current capabilities of the examined lineages of studies, we propose a minimum set of design capabilities, and assess each study through this framework. This reveals the overall patterns of already covered requirements.
The review shows that initial hand-operated SGs gave way to automatic generation, which in turn developed into automated SG extraction, through increasing levels of computational capabilities. Case-Based Design has been neglected; however, it can be reinvigorated through novel AI techniques. On the other hand, Similarity-Based Evaluation may complement and balance the orientation towards technical performance. Machine Learning and Computer Vision appear as potential intermediaries for connecting these threads.
There are example-based studies towards almost all aspects of artificial design; yet, these have not been tackled adequately or definitively. In particular, dynamic process control is still only a future potential. On the other hand, the examined research lineages have the potential to assume complementary roles for more capable and multifaceted design systems. As an overall result, example-based research perspectives raise important possibilities for intelligent design systems.

Summary
In its parallel pursuit of an increased competitivity for design offices and more pleasurable and easier workflows for designers, artificial design intelligence is a technical, intellectual, and political challenge. While human-machine cooperation has become commonplace through Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools, a more improved collaboration and better support appear possible only through an endeavor into a kind of artificial design intelligence, which is more sensitive to the human perception of affairs.

Considered as part of the broader Computational Design studies, the research program of this quest can be called Artificial / Autonomous / Automated Design (AD). The current available level of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for design is limited and a viable aim for current AD would be to develop design assistants that are capable of producing drafts for various design tasks. Thus, the overall aim of this thesis is the development of approaches, techniques, and tools towards artificial design assistants that offer a capability for generating drafts for sub-tasks within design processes. The main technology explored for this aim is Evolutionary Computation (EC), and the target design domain is architecture. The two connected research questions of the study concern, first, the investigation of the ways to develop an architectural design assistant, and secondly, the utilization of EC for the development of such assistants.

While developing approaches, techniques, and computational tools for such an assistant, the study also carries out a broad theoretical investigation into the main problems, challenges, and requirements towards such assistants on a rather overall level. Therefore, the research is shaped as a parallel investigation of three main threads interwoven along several levels, moving from a more general level to specific applications. The three research threads comprise, first, theoretical discussions and speculations with regard to both existing literature and the proposals and applications of the thesis; secondly, proposals for descriptive and prescriptive models, mappings, summary illustrations, task structures, decomposition schemes, and integratory frameworks; and finally, experimental applications of these proposals. This tripartite progression allows an evaluation of each proposal both conceptually and practically; thereby, enabling a progressive improvement of the understanding regarding the research question, while producing concrete outputs on the way. Besides theoretical and interpretative examinations, the thesis investigates its subject through a set of practical and speculative proposals, which function as both research instruments and the outputs of the study. The first main output of the study is the “design_proxy” approach (d_p), which is an integrated approach for draft making design assistants. It is an outcome of both theoretical examinations and experimental applications, and proposes an integration of, (1) flexible and relaxed task definitions and representations (instead of strict formalisms), (2) intuitive interfaces that make use of usual design media, (3) evaluation of solution proposals through their similarity to given examples, and (4) a dynamic evolutionary approach for solution generation. The design_proxy approach may be useful for AD researchers that aim at developing practical design assistants, as has been examined and demonstrated with the two applications, i.e., design_proxy.graphics and design_proxy.layout.

The second main output, the “Interleaved Evolutionary Algorithm” (IEA, or Interleaved EA) is a novel evolutionary algorithm proposed and used as the underlying generative mechanism of design_proxy-based design assistants. The Interleaved EA is a dynamic, adaptive, and multi-objective EA, in which one of the objectives leads the evolution until its fitness progression stagnates; in the sense that the settings and fitness values of this objective is used for most evolutionary decisions. In this way, the Interleaved EA enables the use of different settings and operators for each of the objectives within an overall task, which would be the same for all objectives in a regular multi-objective EA. This property gives the algorithm a modular structure, which offers an improvable method for the utilization of domain-specific knowledge for each sub-task, i.e., objective. The Interleaved EA can be used by Evolutionary Computation (EC) researchers and by practitioners who employ EC for their tasks. As a third main output, the “Architectural Stem Cells Framework” is a conceptual framework for architectural design assistants. It proposes a dynamic and multi-layered method for combining a set of design assistants for larger tasks in architectural design. The first component of the framework is a layer-based, parallel task decomposition approach, which aims at obtaining a dynamic parallelization of sub-tasks within a more complicated problem. The second component of the framework is a conception for the development mechanisms for building drafts, i.e., Architectural Stem Cells (ASC). An ASC can be conceived as a semantically marked geometric structure, which contains the information that specifies the possibilities and constraints for how an abstract building may develop from an undetailed stage to a fully developed building draft. ASCs are required for re-integrating the separated task layers of an architectural problem through solution-based development. The ASC Framework brings together many of the ideas of this thesis for a practical research agenda and it is presented to the AD researchers in architecture.

Finally, the “design_proxy.layout” (d_p.layout) is an architectural layout design assistant based on the design_proxy approach and the IEA. The system uses a relaxed problem definition (producing draft layouts) and a flexible layout representation that permits the overlapping of design units and boundaries. User interaction with the system is carried out through intuitive 2D graphics and the functional evaluations are performed by measuring the similarity of a proposal to existing layouts. Functioning in an integrated manner, these properties make the system a practicable and enjoying design assistant, which was demonstrated through two workshop cases. The d_p.layout is a versatile and robust layout design assistant that can be used by architects in their design processes.

This paper presents a method for the automatic generation of a spatial architectural layout from a user-specified architectural program. The proposed approach binds a multi-agent topology finding system and an evolutionary optimization process. The former generates topology satisfied layouts for further optimization, while the latter focuses on refining the layouts to achieve predefined architectural criteria. The topology finding process narrows the search space and increases the performance in subsequent optimization. Results imply that the spatial layout modeling and the multi-floor topology are handled.

Borrowing from Wittgenstein, we devised a concept of 'design games', for a better understanding of the design process. A design game is the elusive basic unit of a design process. When we characterize design process with blurry components and indefinite stages, we can model design as a complex, collaborative process, where the designers' biological states lose importance. This approach, may give rise to a better conception of design, where human-human, human-machine, machine-machine, or process to process interactions are inevitable, thus a thorough framework of collaboration might be defined. Moreover, if we start from this conception to produce a design framework, we may obtain a model for design automation studies. The loose pattern of design games, when combined with the possibility of all the agents' being non-humans, seems us to indicate the road to 'creative design automation'.

Most evolutionary computation (EC) applications in design fields either assume simplified, static, performance-oriented procedures for design or focus on well-defined sub-problems, to be able to impose problem-solving and optimization schemes on design tasks, which render known EC techniques directly applicable. However, in most design situations, well-defined and static problems are not given, but must be constructed from messy situations, and the definition of a problem takes place during the solution process. Thus, evolutionary design requires contextual and dynamic problem definition and evaluation procedures, which has not yet been realized through EC. This study sets out for a critical reappraisal of EC for design, and proposes a conceptual framework as a research tool for the exploration of dynamic evolutionary design. After a critical review of EC in design, the article discusses its claims with reference to design theory, outlines the framework, and examines dynamic evolutionary strategies and required intelligent technologies. Although tackling a practical task, or solving the problem of dynamic evolution are not aimed in this study, an experimental application based on the framework will be presented in detail, to exemplify a mapping between the rather abstract concepts of the framework and the operators of a specific evolutionary algorithm.

This study describes statue in the early phase of design, the approach taken by its conceptual development and manipulation. And on the developing digital tools provide a computational support for the process of indexing and retrieving. The digital modeling also addresses specifically architectural programming, adjacent relationship between the building element and articulation in designing. The overall in building mass development starting with reasoning of the conceptual model in early phase try to find evocative cases to help designer thinking. And finally discuss some issues and challenges of artificial intelligent. The research for representing designer's creativity and searching solution provide another way to generate a n articulating conceptual model. The integration approach of research starts with the pure case-based and rule-based reasoning system to help designer generate more understandable and creative product in the architectural design application.

This article describes a methodology for producing style based generative layouts which could be applied to magazine or web design. Many graphic designers are passionate about their design work, but mundane and routine design considerations are often left to those less experienced. This paper examines a methodology that can generatively reproduce variations to a design specification based on preset inputs which offer variety in layout without the loss of design aesthetics. An historical survey examines symbolic artefacts constructed from the conventions of a particular culture over time and illustrates how these influence the outcomes of design specifications. A research methodology is used to convert these specifications into generative designs using a set of algorithms.

This research will explore and provide an initial study into the diversity of contemporary computational design methodologies emerging in the fi eld of architecture. It will rely on modern philosophical and mathematical ideas as a resource to integrate a seemingly disparate set of design techniques into a unifi ed framework for architectural design. The explorations in this paper will demonstrate a preliminary study into various methods of operating across this framework through a series of parametric design experiments that span across multiple scales. The result indicates new techniques and skills that are becoming increasingly important for architectural design.