Arrow of time

My primary reason for creating this document iterating my lengthy dialogue with an Artificial Intelligence based on a single query, is to demonstrate to people working, and/or interested, in any scientific field about how an AI can be used as a tool for learning.

I find it extraordinary that an Artificial Intelligence, like Copilot, would bring so many of the topics, about which I am interested, into our discourse. For my dialogue with the AI touched on many, if not most, of the concepts and conceptualizations I have both studied and written about in four of the nine books I have written and published over the past score of years.

Topics occupying my time as well as my thoughts, which the AI managed to include in our discussion, are as follows:
• Time and the Arrow of Time
• Entropy related to Time
• Consciousness and Creativity
• Consciousness and Memory
• Creativity and memory
• Time Loops and Eternal Recurrence
• Dreams and Dream States
• Creativity in dreams
• Altered States of Consciousness
• Metaphysics of Identity
• Mythic and Jungian Archetypes
• The Collective Unconscious
• Death and Rebirth
• Universal Memory
• Time Dilation
• Quantum Mechanics and String Theory
• Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum mechanics

Information entropy exchange between a particle and an observer and the arrow of time ATHANSIOS PETRIDIS, DANIEL DEETER, Drake University -The quantum mechanical transition amplitude for a free particle is calculated using the path integral formalism. This amplitude is the kernel of the Schrdinger equation. A Wick rotation of the time increment transforms the kernel into a partition function that depends on the space and time intervals of the transition, with the temperature being the inverse of the time increment. The information entropy exchange between the system and the observer during the transition is calculated from the partition function. The requirement that this be real-valued leads to uncertainty-type relations. Furthermore, the transition exhibits positive information entropy exchange for small time intervals. Coordinate-time reversal maintains the sign of the information entropy exchange, therefore, producing an arrow of time. The related statistical weight is inversely proportional to the square root of the time interval and can be interpreted based on simple statistical rules. In the way the fundamental equations of quantum mechanics can be derived from a postulate on information entropy exchange.

This article introduces a formal framework for defining the value of intelligence (mi), interpreted as the value of surprise. We express mi as the interaction between local subjectivity (fl) and collective rational alignment (ra), bounded by the relation fl + ra = 1. We propose mathematical expressions for potential surprise, realized surprise, and biased extensions, and illustrate them with examples and figures. This framework aims to provide a structured informational and mathematical grounding for understanding intelligence as the leap born from tension, crystallized in surprise, and oriented toward higher coherence.

After a review of the arrows of time, we describe the possibilities of a timeasymmetry in quantum theory. Whereas Hilbert space quantum mechanics is timesymmetric, the rigged Hilbert space formulation, which arose from Dirac's bra-ket formalism, allows the choice of asymmetric boundary conditions analogous to the retarded solutions of the Maxwell equations for the radiation arrow of time. This led to irreversibility on the microphysical level as exemplified by decaying states or resonances. Resonances are mathematically represented by Gamow kets, functionals over a space of very well-behaved (Hardy class) vectors, which have been chosen by a boundary condition (outgoing for decaying states). Gamow states have all the properties that one heuristically needs for quasistable states. For them a Golden Rule can be derived from the fundamental probabilities P(t) = Tr(Λ(t)W Gamow (t 0 )) that fulfills the time-asymmetry condition t ≥ t 0 which could not be realized in the Hilbert space.

Research suggests that the universe's matter-antimatter imbalance arose from CP violation shortly after the Big Bang, allowing slightly more matter to survive annihilation, though the underlying cause remains debated and may involve unknown physics. • Sakharov's Conditions: It seems likely that baryogenesis required baryon number violation, C and CP violation, and departure from thermal equilibrium, as proposed by Andrei Sakharov in 1967, forming a cornerstone of modern particle physics despite ongoing controversies about their sufficiency. • Twin Universe Hypothesis: Sakharov's speculative model posits a CPT-symmetric twin universe with an opposite time arrow, where antimatter dominates, restoring global symmetry; this idea, while elegant, lacks direct evidence and is viewed skeptically by many, though it inspires alternative cosmologies. • Extensions and Alternatives: Jean-Pierre Petit's Janus model builds on this by incorporating negative masses and bimetric gravity, potentially explaining dark energy and matter without ad-hoc elements, but it remains outside mainstream consensus and invites empathetic consideration of both supportive and critical viewpoints. • Symplectic Geometry Insights: Jean-Marie Souriau's work implies that time reversal (Tsymmetry) leads to energy and mass inversion, supporting negative mass concepts in twin universes, highlighting the complexity of unifying quantum mechanics and gravity.

This paper advances a novel ontological framework for the problem of time. Relativity yields a block universe without becoming, while quantum mechanics introduces indeterminacy without clear temporality. Existing accounts-thermodynamic entropy, presentism, or process metaphysicsfail to reconcile these tensions. The proposed pulse ontology interprets time as a sequence of quantum pulses: discrete disclosures of potential into actuality, grounded in field excitations, entanglement entropy, and holographic projection. This framework preserves determinism at the global level, secures becoming through sequential disclosure, and aligns phenomenological continuity with physical discreteness. While conceptually robust, the account requires further mathematical development and experimental confirmation to establish its full legitimacy within physics.

Thermodynamically, life is a self-optimizing engine whose main "objective function" is the maximization of cumulative entropy production. Organisms archive historically successful, multi-step entropy-generating routes in two complementary media: heritable genes and rewritable experience. These routes are distilled into compact, modular "blueprints" that can be stored, recombined, and projected onto novel energetic landscapes. By detecting the fractal signatures embedded in environmental energy distributions, living systems rapidly retrieve and deploy entire libraries of these blueprints in parallel, thereby producing cumulative entropy gains far beyond the Markov horizon of single-step reactions. Evolutionary sophistication is measured by (i) the depth of forward planning, (ii) the acuity of fractal pattern recognition, and (iii) the fidelity with which high-yield entropy pathways are encoded and recalled. In humans, this optimization manifest as: externalized memory (text, code, cloud) and engineered hardware freeze the most productive entropy channels into durable artifacts-steam engines, power grids, search algorithms-turning civilization itself into a planet-scale, ever-expanding entropy-maximizing network.

Inertia, long defined in physics as the resistance of mass to acceleration, is traditionally confined to the domain of mechanics. Yet the structural essence of inertia—the persistence of state against external influence—appears across multiple domains of reality. This paper proposes a unified theory of inertia encompassing three layers: physical inertia (mass–motion), cognitive inertia (habit–thought), and entropic inertia (time–entropy). By generalizing Newton’s principle into informational and thermodynamic contexts, we show that mass, memory, and entropy share a common dynamical structure: all conserve momentum-like quantities unless acted upon by an external force. We derive formal analogies, propose testable models, and argue that the arrow of time itself is an expression of entropic inertia. This framework extends classical conservation laws into cognition, society, and cosmology, suggesting inertia is a universal principle of causal stability.

The nature of time remains one of the most profound mysteries in physics. While relativity treats time as a dimension interwoven with space, and quantum mechanics frames time as an external parameter for state evolution, neither approach explains why time flows or how the present emerges from the future. We propose the Continuum Renewal Theory (CRT), a model in which the universe is composed of fundamental one-dimensional (1D) units, each directly linked to its own future counterpart. Reality advances through a universal refresh process, where all 1D units simultaneously update their states at an underlying rate the existence refresh rate (E0), potentially on the order of the Planck time (10-43 s). This framework defines time as the speed of existence itself: the continuous transformation of future potential states into present reality, archived instantly as past. CRT provides a unified mechanism for the arrow of time, quantum state collapse, and the invariance of light speed.

The sensing of thermal, mechanical and chemical interactions is a cniciril demand for developing an irreversible thermodynamical framework which as has been revealed herein is inherent in the laws of thermodynamics, fhis requirement elegantly conlorins well both with ihc assertion of Bridgman ( ) about the realm of'universe of operations' of thennodynamics and Fddington's (1931) law of Nature based on 'time's arrow' which is inherent in irreversible processes. Though the laws of thermodynamics conspicuously remain silent about the chemical interactions but it has been shown that they surface out in the course of the development of an irreversible thermodynamical framework Moreover, it gefe revealed that the thermodynamic irreversibility is all about the imbalances in chemical interactions Keywords Incversible thrermodynamics, time's arrow and irreversibility, nature of thcrmodynaniics

This theory was formulated from the simple thought, "The universe feels a bit different when viewed from this angle."

I have strived to find answers to questions such as: where time and particles are created, what the relationship between inertia and gravity is, how mysterious quantum phenomena like entanglement are connected to vibration, what dark matter and dark energy are, and why gravity is so much weaker than the other forces.

This theory is an effort to explain the time, matter, and space of our universe through the concepts of 'vibration' and the 'Vibration Field' as space. By endowing empty space with a physical substance, it reconsiders cosmology from a different perspective, elevating the space we thought of as empty into the true protagonist of our universe.

With the single concept of 'vibration,' I have endeavored to explain relativity, quantum mechanics, and the mysterious phenomena and mysteries of our universe. This small change in perspective is an attempt to explain the phenomena of our world.

This theory does not negate existing physical theories but rather presents a new shift in perspective. The theories built upon the history of science will likely offer more precise and systematic explanations and predictions.

This theory and its logic are presented at a conceptual level, and I hope you will view it with the thought, "So this is how it feels to look from a different perspective..."

The double-slit experiment has long been interpreted as evidence of wave-particle duality and quantum superposition. Here we propose a deterministic alternative rooted in Trembling Spacetime Relativity Theory (TSRT), where particles always follow localized proper-time geodesics within a causally structured but metrically fluctuating spacetime. Apparent interference fringes arise not from wavefunction superposition, but from the deterministic redirection of particle geodesics due to curvature perturbations shaped by the slit geometry.

The observed distribution of arrival positions is governed by two geometric mechanisms: (i) the slit separation, which sets the angular deflection range of redirected geodesics, and (ii) a minimal action threshold that enforces a resolution limit based on causal distinguishability. Planck’s constant emerges naturally from this causal constraint as the smallest resolvable geodesic action difference, without any quantum postulates.

TSRT provides analytical predictions for fringe spacing and intensity distribution across a wide range of particles—photons, electrons, and neutrons—by applying geometric deflection laws to causally permitted geodesics. These predictions align closely with established experimental results. In addition, the TSRT framework enables simulation of arbitrary configurations by modeling ensembles of geodesics subject to metric trembling, providing a fully geometric alternative to quantum superposition.

We develop a spinor equation of the electromagnetic field, which is equivalent to the Maxwell equation and has a similar form as the Dirac equation. The spinor is the very conjugate momentum of the vector potential in the Lagrangian mechanics. In this framework the electromagnetic field described by the spinor exhibits the SU(2) internal symmetry. The quantization and the problem of longinal and scalar photons are disscussed.

We develop a spinor equation of the electromagnetic field, which is equivalent to the Maxwell equation and has a similar form as the Dirac equation. The spinor is the very conjugate momentum of the vector potential in the Lagrangian mechanics. In this framework the electromagnetic field described by the spinor exhibits the SU(2) internal symmetry. The quantization and the problem of longinal and scalar photons are disscussed.

This paper extends the framework of Existential Realism (ER) to explore how cosmic “cracks” – exemplified by black hole horizons and similar boundary conditions – can function as creative thresholds rather than terminal endpoints. In ER’s two-tier view of time, existence is confined to the present while reality includes structures beyond the now. We argue that when a domain of existence collapses (as in a black hole or a dying universe), the event may serve as a genesis for a new domain of existence. What appears as an absolute end from one perspective becomes a beginning from another, allowing one universe’s collapse to seed another’s birth. We introduce the notion of inheritance across horizons: information or conditions from the “parent” universe migrate through the crack to shape the initial state of the “offspring” universe. This hypothesis reframes multiverse cosmology without invoking a timeless block reality or branching ensemble; instead, universes arise successively through transitions that preserve continuity of reality without co-existence in time. We examine the implications for the arrow of time in a newborn universe, compare this ER-based cosmogenesis with existing multiverse models, and consider the philosophical consequences. Boundaries like singularities and cosmic horizons emerge not as final walls but as transitional doors where existence ends in one domain and migrates into reality – potentially to manifest anew elsewhere. In shifting our perspective from finality to transformation, ER offers a consoling and coherent view of cosmic endings as chambers of birth rather than oblivion.

The nature of the future is completely different from the nature of the past. When quantum effects are significant, the future shows all the signs of quantum weirdness, including duality, uncertainty, and entanglement. With the passage of time, after the time-irreversible process of state-vector reduction has taken place, the past emerges, with the previous quantum uncertainty replaced by the classical certainty of definite particle identities and states. The present time is where this transition largely takes place, but the process does not take place uniformly: Evidence from delayed choice and related experiments shows that isolated patches of quantum indeterminacy remain, and that their transition from probability to certainty only takes place later. Thus, when quantum effects are significant, the picture of a classical Evolving Block Universe ('EBU') cedes place to one of a Crystallizing Block Universe ('CBU'), which reflects this quantum transition from indeterminacy to certainty, while nevertheless resembling the EBU on large enough scales. Keywords: Space-time, quantum uncertainty, arrow of time, block universe. 1 The Nature of Space Time: Emergent universes According to the spacetime view associated with both special and general relativity, time, in a real sense, is little more than an illusion. Given data at an arbitrary instant, we assume that everything occurring at a later or earlier time is determined, evolved according to time-reversible local physics. Consequently, nothing is, or can be, special about any particular moment. The standard spacetime diagrams used in relativity enforce such a view: no special status is accorded to the present and indeed the "now" is not usually even denoted on the diagram. Rather, all possible "presents" are simultaneously represented on an equal footing. In a few instances, cosmology takes into account

Electromagnetism and gravity, usually treated as separate forces, can both be traced back to the resonant behavior of nuclear forces. Electromagnetism emerges when nuclear resonance slipslike friction in the field-while gravity arises as the large-scale echo of spin and mass density coming together. This paper extends the Cooper Disparity Law (CDL), Asymmetrical Dark Symmetry (ADS), and the Ω Predictive Model (ΩPM), embedding them in λΔ calculus, Quantum Field Theory (QFT), and string theory. We argue this framework not only unifies the forces conceptually but also points toward falsifiable, testable science.

This document presents the formal, deductive framework of the Common-Scheme (SC) theory. It demonstrates an uninterrupted logical chain that, starting from a single physical postulate-the Principle of Maximum Dynamic Stability (PSDM)-derives the entirety of fundamental physics. We prove that the Lagrangian formalism, the gauge symmetries of the Standard Model, the foundational laws of dynamics (Dirac, Einstein), the core principles of quantum mechanics (Heisenberg), and the precise values of the fundamental constants of nature are not independent axioms but necessary mathematical theorems that emerge from this first principle. The theory is presented as a complete, causal, and self-correcting system, which calculates the constants of nature with extreme precision and provides falsifiable predictions for phenomena beyond the Standard Model. The Common-Scheme is thus established not as an interpretation of physics, but as a complete, predictive theory of reality itself.

This conceptual paper explores the nature of time and questions whether time is a fundamental quantity or simply a parameter representing change. Using raw intuition and though experiments inspired by relativistic effects, I propose that time may not be fundamental; Instead, it could emerge from the underlying process of change. This paper aims to provoke discussion and examine the philosophical and physical implications, including how we understand relativistic effect and the measurement of time.

This paper isolates two structural features of time often softened or overlooked in philosophy: the irretrievability of the past and the openness of the future. Within the framework of Existential Realism (ER), these features are not secondary implications but primary truths about the world’s temporal structure. The past persists only in traces – fossils, memories, records – which testify to what was without preserving it. The future consists only of structured potentials – genuine possibilities that have no existence until they become present. By treating loss (past) and openness (future) as twin commitments, ER develops a perspective that avoids both eternalist comforts and fatalist despair, grounding scientific realism and moral responsibility in a stance of temporal honesty.

These Sections presents an elastic-quantized cosmology model in which mass arises as a compressed state of space, formed by the local densification of the Space Elementary Quanta (SEQ) network. In this model, gravity is not a fundamental force in the traditional sense, but rather the restoring force induced by the stretching of residual space surrounding a mass-induced compression zone. The gravitational field thus emerges as a consequence of the spatial deformation created by the mass-compressed region, and can be understood as a macroscopic manifestation of the elastic response of space itself.

Furthermore, dark matter is interpreted as a quasi-compressed state of space—a weaker or less stable form of compression compared to ordinary mass. This distinction accounts for its weak interaction with electromagnetic fields and its apparent gravitational dominance in cosmic structures.

Crucially, both ordinary mass and dark matter originate from the ultra-compressed initial state of the early universe, where the primordial SEQ network was in a highly compressed configuration. As the universe expanded, localized compression patterns stabilized into mass and dark matter states.

An essential mechanism in this model is the role of the Higgs field as a chiral quantum lock, which stabilizes the spatial compression state by locking the SEQ configuration into a coherent, long-lasting structure. This locking mechanism prevents the immediate relaxation of the compressed space, thereby enabling the emergence of stable mass. The Higgs field thus acts not merely as a source of mass via coupling, but more fundamentally as a topological stabilizer of spatial structure.

This unified perspective provides a new physical picture for understanding the nature of mass, gravity, and dark matter, and suggests a potential pathway toward the integration of general relativity, quantum field theory, and cosmology under a common spatial-structural framework.

The nature of time is a profound and complex topic that involves multiple fields, including physics and philosophy. In this paper, time is defined as a discrete process related to the counting of state transitions associated with increasing entropy, where the Planck time is the smallest unit of time, and the direction of the arrow of time aligns with the direction of entropy increase. This understanding of time not only reflects the irreversibility described by the second law of thermodynamics but also explores the distinction between subjective and objective time. The concept of local time is also introduced, representing the time associated with a specific local space, and it is shown to be consistent with the concept of time in special relativity. Through discrete counting operations, the Lorentz covariance naturally emerges, explaining relativistic effects such as time dilation. Cosmic time, on the other hand, refers to the expression of time on a much larger scale, considering the overall evolution of the universe. These different levels of time concepts together form a multidimensional picture of time, offering a new perspective on the fundamental nature of time.

In this paper, we develop an Existential Realism (ER) perspective on how the three-dimensional present world (the domain of existence) might emerge from a structurally simpler, lower-dimensional informational substrate (the domain of reality). Adopting the holographic principle as a guiding metaphor, we propose that the "now" is a dynamic projection or collapse of deeper real structures into empirical presence. ER’s two-tier framework – distinguishing what exists (present, observable entities and events) from what is real (the wider causal and informational structure, including past and future) – provides the conceptual framework. We argue that becoming can be interpreted as an unfolding or decoding of real informational structure into concrete existence, governed by lawful transitions (manifestation into presence and demanifestation into reality) rather than a static block universe. This approach contrasts with earlier ER work focused on black holes and projection “cracks,” instead offering a general model of projection/becoming. The present moment is treated as a transitional edge where reality’s potentials continuously migrate into actuality and then recede into reality as traces. We conclude that this present-centered, holographic-inspired model preserves the privileged status of the now without reducing reality to only what is present, thus reconciling the flow of time with a robust underlying structure of information and causation.

Multiple Spacetime Theory (MST) reframes entropy as the scalar potential that generates causal structure, drives collapse, and sets the arrow of time. Collapse occurs when a domain’s entropy reaches a critical threshold, reproducing gravitational focusing, black hole formation, and biological death as one unified law. This updated edition introduces the Cold Life Principle, the lawful opposite of heat death, defined by outward entropy flux and sub-critical entropy states. Life, computation, and structure are shown to persist as necessary counter-poles to collapse within a finite “Cold Life Window.” MST further identifies Universal Entropic Pressure, the stress of entropy gradients on matter, unifying gravity and thermodynamics. The resulting “Hot–Cold Balloon Cosmology” interprets expansion and contraction as dual expressions of entropy pressure. Predictions include Hawking-tail spectral excess, supernova neutrino-photon bounds, analogue horizon curvature shifts, and biological entropy thresholds. Together, MST establishes entropy as the single unifying driver of collapse, coherence, and cosmology, making life itself a natural law rather than an accident.

Several features of the main concepts, and also some misinterpretations of chemical thermodynamics, are considered in the present paper. In particular, the following topics are discussed: 1. Relation between entropy and information; 2. Thermodynamic potentials.An evolutionary arrow of time of the natural systems 3.Gibbs free energy, i„G, and chemical reaction spontaneity.

How to understand the concept of Entropy?

Traditional understanding of entropy: disorder or randomness, which is a concept difficult to quantify. The multiplicative entropy proposed in this paper offers a computable and high-resolution definition of entropy within a quantized network, from a fundamentally calculable perspective.

Multiplicative entropy provides a precise way to characterize each step of state transitions in a topologically homeomorphic quantum space. In this framework, the space is composed of discrete units known as Space Elementary Quanta (SEQ), which form a dynamic quantum-elastic network. Each transformation of this network corresponds to a specific entropy value, calculated as the multiplicative product of the energy norms of all SEQ involved in that transformation. This means that every change in the spatial configuration—such as energy redistribution among SEQ—leads to a calculable increase in entropy. The total energy of the system remains constant, but the way it is distributed across SEQ changes, and this distribution becomes more uniform over time. The entropy reaches its maximum when all SEQ carry nearly equal energy, differing only by discrete Planck-scale units. This model ensures that each state transition is uniquely associated with an entropy value, making it possible to track the irreversible progression of time through the system's evolution. As energy spreads out and the distribution becomes more homogeneous, the multiplicative entropy increases step by step, reflecting the natural tendency of the system toward equilibrium. This approach not only defines entropy in a physically intuitive way but also links it directly to the microscopic dynamics of space itself, offering a foundation for understanding time's arrow in a quantum spacetime context.

This chapter introduces a novel theoretical framework for understanding the nature of time, based on the concept of discrete Space Elementary Quanta (SEQ) that constitute the fabric of spacetime. In this model, time is not an independent background parameter but emerges from the transformation or state update processes of the SEQ network. Each transformation corresponds to a unique entropy value, defined as the product of the energy norms of the participating SEQs. This multiplicative entropy encodes the progression of time, making it inherently discrete and finite due to the limited number of possible transformations in a finite universe.

The chapter emphasizes that time is operationally defined through the counting of spatial transformations, aligning with a thermodynamic perspective where entropy increase dictates the arrow of time. This approach establishes a direct link between time evolution and the second law of thermodynamics, ensuring a natural emergence of causality from the irreversible nature of entropy growth.

Furthermore, the chapter outlines how this time framework is consistent with both quantum mechanics and relativity. Local time is introduced as a measurable quantity tied to the transformation count within a specific spatial region, which corresponds to the concept of proper time in special relativity. The differences in time perception across reference frames arise from the cumulative variations in SEQ transformation rates, offering a foundational explanation for relativistic time dilation effects.

In the following sections, the paper will elaborate on the mapping between time and multiplicative entropy, exploring how entropy encodes causality and ensures a directional flow of time. Additionally, the mechanisms underlying time dilation in both special and general relativity—such as how spatial deformation affects the SEQ network’s transformation frequency—will be discussed in detail. These developments aim to provide a unified description of time that bridges thermodynamics, quantum field theory, and gravitational physics.

argued that information is indeed foundational, but it cannot be reduced to a calculable physical energy. Rather, information is ontological: it is the very architecture of created being, flowing from and sustained by the Logos of God. Whereas Khalid's model remains within the boundaries of a naturalist metaphysics, my framework situates information in a theistic ontology, where order is irreducible to physics because it reflects the eternal mind of God. The task of this paper, therefore, is threefold: first, to compare Khalid's framework with my own; second, to identify the points of convergence, particularly in his recognition that Shannon's information theory fails to account for the maintenance of order; and third, to offer a refutation of Khalid's proposal, showing that it collapses into circularity and lacks ultimate explanatory power. The true ground of informational ontology is not "Informational Energy" as an impersonal force, but the personal Logos who creates, sustains, and redeems all things.

This paper contrasts Rodney Bartlett's speculative cosmological model, which rejects the Big Bang and proposes gravitational redshift, macro-entanglement, and a novel "vector-tensorscalar geometry," with the Logos-centred Information Field (IΔF) framework advanced by S. C. Sayles. Both approaches challenge scientific orthodoxy and highlight the primacy of information in physical processes. Yet they diverge fundamentally in metaphysical foundation, epistemic coherence, and explanatory depth. Bartlett's naturalistic revisionism operates within speculative geometry and descriptive mechanism, while the IΔF thesis situates cosmic lawfulness within the Logos as ontological substrate. The analysis argues that the Logos-centred IΔF framework provides a more coherent, integrative, and testable account of reality.

This paper innovates the way we comprehend time and its relationship with space by proposing a new concept within General relativity and, to some extent, Quantum Mechanics in order to explain some of the natural aspects that still puzzle scientists that study the very nature of the Universe. Gravitation, the arrow of time, cosmic inflation and many more subjects that are crucial to modern day physics shall be debated within the most accurate theory, General relativity, but also with some concepts developed in terms of Quantum Mechanics.

In this paper, we will present a new perspective of certain dimensions that manifest physically and therefore can be studied. Theoretical ground work will be set within General Relativity since it provides the highest accuracy in cosmology, but we will also “bridge” to quantum mechanics near the end of the paper. Using the notion of “physical dimensions” we will explain some aspects that have puzzled physicists so far, including what is known as “the arrow of time”. It will be proven theoretically that there is no such thing and that time has no direction since temporal motion requires only expansion and a velocity of that expansion, time expands in all directions and influences the expansion of space, hence inflating space and forming the spacetime continuum from the earliest age of the Universe, the Big Bang, to present time. We will first take a relatively short part of the paper to introduce the reader in the necessary subjects.

Each Moment Corresponds to an Entropy Value: A Rigorous Characterization of Time's Irreversibility In modern physics, the irreversibility of time is a central issue. Traditionally, time has been viewed as a continuous parameter. However, in the discrete spacetime model, time is redefined as a series of discrete state transitions, with each moment corresponding to a specific entropy value. This characterization of time not only deepens our understanding of the nature of time but also offers a new perspective for interpreting the fundamental laws governing the evolution of the universe. This study introduces a discrete Time-Entropy Mapping Model (1)where entropy is defined through multiplicative accumulation , rigorously satisfying entropy increase ΔS>0 while maintaining logarithmic consistency with conventional entropy. (2) The model establishes a fundamental spacetime-entropy mapping that unifies global time (universe transformations), local time (local space transformations), and thermodynamic evolution, providing a new computational entropy coordinate for physical simulations. (3) Key theoretical implications include deriving the arrow of time from Space Elementary Quantum (SEQ) dynamics, explaining lightspeed invariance , and suggesting dark energy/matter as emergent SEQ ground-state phenomena. (4) A distinctive falsifiable prediction emerges: a measurable difference between positron and electron magnetic moments due to chiral SEQ coupling, testable in precision experiments. (5) The model provides three foundational constraints for computational physics simulations: thermodynamic conservation laws (energy/momentum), entropy-driven evolution (ΔS≥0), and least-action path selection.

Universal Emergence Dynamics (UED) is a coherence-based field framework that derives the classical, quantum, and cosmological formalisms from a single entropic projection principle, using a minimal and physically motivated parameter set. Rather than adding new particles, forces, or dimensions, UED reinterprets established equations-including Friedmann's (1) cosmological equation and the Schrödinger (2) equation-as domain-specific projections of a deeper entropic field S (x, τ), within which a coherence field Φ(x, τ) emerges as stable excitation. Relaxing non-essential symmetry constraints and restoring the physical role of the negative term eliminates artificial asymmetries, resolves classical singularities, and removes paradoxes such as causal one-wayness. Within this formulation, Newtonian mechanics, general relativity, quantum field theory, and Maxwell's electrodynamics appear as saturated projection regimes-fully preserved in their verified predictions yet now unified as structural limits of the same underlying process. The Friedmann singularity vanishes under cubic generalisation of the scale factor, while the apparent time asymmetry in Schrödinger's equation is reframed as an entropic boundary condition. Phenomena once regarded as "spooky action at a distance" (Einstein) emerge naturally as coherence-mediated interactions without nonlocal mystery.

This article presents a cosmological model that regards the universe as a whole system. From this perspective, each transformation of the cosmic state constitutes a fundamental measure of time, defined as "cosmic time" or "global time". At the same time, the physical process of cosmic evolution is characterized by the tendency of energy distribution to become more uniform in space — a process that corresponds to the increase of entropy. In this way, a mirror-like relationship is established between cosmic time and cosmic entropy: the direction of time’s flow is determined by the direction of entropy increase, while entropy changes are driven by the dynamic process of energy conduction and distribution.

The model further suggests that even in the vacuum, mechanisms of energy conduction remain active, allowing entropy to continuously increase. This supports the universality of the Second Law of Thermodynamics at the cosmic scale. The propagation of electromagnetic and gravitational waves through the vacuum is interpreted as energy conduction through the SEQ (Space Elementary Quanta) network, further validating the effectiveness of entropy increase in vacuum conditions.

By integrating thermodynamic time with cosmic time within a causal evolutionary framework, this model provides a new theoretical foundation for understanding the global evolution of the universe, the nature of time, and the universality of entropy.

The Entropic-Temporal Theory (ETT) proposes a unified axiomatic framework in which time, energy, and entropic connectivity emerge as co-originating and inseparable concepts. Based on microstates, submicrostates, and macrostates, ETT introduces a "mother equation" linking energy, connectivity, and entropy to the scalar intensity of time, enabling deep ontological interpretations and applications across physics, biology, and geometry. It is heuristically shown that phenomena such as the distribution of prime numbers, atomic stability, and evolution can be understood under a single entropic-temporal principle. ETT positions itself as a candidate Theory of Everything, coherently encompassing most natural and applied mathematical sciences, with the exception of Number Theory in its entirety. This limitation arises from the infinitely generic nature of integers, which prevents an unambiguous definition of microstates and macrostates, making direct application of the mother equation impossible. Nevertheless, ETT provides a unifying and heuristic framework capable of consistently and profoundly explaining and relating diverse laws and phenomena.

1. Le temps est le décompte des transformations dans l'évolution cosmique ;
2. La masse est l'état comprimé de l'espace — induisant l'étirement de l'espace externe autour des corps massiques, la force de rappel de cet étirement étant la gravité, et le champ gravitationnel étant l'état étiré de l'espace ;
3. La causalité est dirigée par les principes de l'augmentation de l'entropie, du chemin d'entropie maximale et de l'action minimale, déterminant les règles de l'évolution cosmique locale ;
4. L'essence de l'augmentation de l'entropie est l'homogénéisation de la distribution de l'énergie.

Synthèse：
Cet article présente un modèle discret de l'espace-temps où :
(1)Le temps émerge comme une séquence d'étapes discrètes d'augmentation d'entropie, l'univers évoluant à travers des transitions d'état d'un réseau de Quanta Élémentaires d'Espace (QEE;SEQ) ; l'entropie est calculée via des distributions multiplicatives d'énergie à travers le réseau QEE. {S=}. (2)Le cadre propose un mécanisme concret de dilatation temporelle : la compression ou l'étirement local des QEE module la fréquence de transformation, reliant directement les effets gravitationnels et cinématiques aux phénomènes observables de dilatation temporelle. (3)SU(3) agit comme médiateur de la compression spatiale locale à travers une modulation 3D et des transformations d'axes, maintenant une symétrie sphérique. Cette compression induit des champs gravitationnels isotropes via l'étirement de l'espace externe. L'essence de la masse est le stockage d'énergie potentielle élastique (gravitationnelle/spatiale) sous l'interaction de SU(3) correspondant à la compression de l'espace. (4)Le champ de Higgs agit comme une serrure chirale quantique, stabilisant le stockage d'énergie élastique médié par SU(3) dans l'espace localisé en imposant des contraintes de brisure de symétrie. (5)Une différence mesurable entre les moments magnétiques du positron et de l'électron renforcerait la crédibilité de l'hypothèse d'un état fondamental chiral des QEE et de la nature structurée des électrons, car leurs matrices structurelles de chiralité opposée créent des configurations de couplage distinctes avec le spin de l'état fondamental des QEE. (6) Dans ce modèle, la correspondance entre la métrique et la fréquence révèle une connexion profonde entre la géométrie spatiale et la fréquence de résonance des Quanta Spatiaux Élémentaires (SEQ). (7) Les constituants sub-planckiens de l'espace servent à la fois de gravitons, les quanta du champ gravitationnel, et de substrat des SEQ. (8) Le modèle présente également une image physique de l'interaction électromagnétique intégrant les effets de la relativité générale, en synthétisant les idées fondamentales du modèle de vortex de Maxwell et le cadre SEQ, tout en fournissant une explication microscopique à la génération des ondes électromagnétiques et à la formation des champs magnétiques. (9)Un modèle d'évolution de l'univers est proposé pour expliquer la formation de la matière et de la matière noire, les anomalies des courbes de rotation galactiques, l'état initial de faible entropie de l'univers et le mécanisme de l'expansion accélérée.

Mots-clés :Cartographie Espace-Temps-Entropie；Espace-temps discret；Flèche thermodynamique du temps；Entropie multiplicative；Quanta Élémentaires d'Espace (QEE;SEQ)；Mécanisme Masse-Gravité-SU(3); Verrou chiral de Higgs; Thermodynamique Quantique Analytique; Gravité Quantique

This paper extends the Theory of Space, proposing a 4D realm that oscillates between an observable 3D space and a fourth dimension λ = Cτ, where τ = h/E is a Planck-derived cyclic timescale. A spacetime dimension containing energy wavelength λ and quantum interval τ. Quantum eigenstates are realized sequentially at discrete intervals τ, selected probabilistically via amplitudes cᵢ, avoiding traditional superposition. This one-by-one projection resolves the measurement problem, explains the arrow of time through randomness, and links to entropy as the progressive exploration of states. It formalizes the dynamics, reconstructs coherent superpositions from time averages, and applies to phenomena like quantum computing, tunneling, chemical reactions, interference, and entanglement. The model challenges deterministic block universes, the many worlds interpretation, and favors a random polydeterministic framework, reproducing Born's rule statistically while unifying with relativity.

We consider devices with two inputs and two outputs, Alice and Bob each having access to one input and one output. To such a device we associate time-reverses by exchanging the roles of the inputs and the outputs. We find that there are devices which admit a local hidden variable representation, but for which time-reverses enable perfect signaling between Alice and Bob. That is, a perfect channel in one time direction becomes a non-channel in the other direction. Also, for PR boxes time-reverses enable signaling between Alice and Bob, but never as a perfect channel. These results undermine the representation of causal structures as partial orders or similar 'time-symmetric structures', as is often assumed in search of a theory of quantum gravity. They also provide new insights into the structure of the polytope of generalized probabilistic correlations, and contribute to the growing area of research into quantum information processing in relativistic spacetimes.

Modern physics has found itself at a crossroads. On one hand, there are theories that have achieved unparalleled success in their respective domains but are fundamentally incompatible with one another; on the other, there are "dark" entities, whose nature is entirely unknown, that must fill 95% of the universe to reconcile these theories with observations. This crisis is much deeper than a simple conflict of equations. It is the result of a fundamental misconception: for centuries, we have thought that we could reach the ultimate secrets of the universe merely by advancing our mathematics, without changing our fundamental philosophy. However, we see that this process is becoming painful. While our mathematics continues to advance, our fundamental understanding of physics is stagnating. The transition from Newton to Einstein was not just a change of equations; it was a philosophical revolution. Quantum mechanics was a challenge to the philosophy of determinism. But since then, fearing to make a new philosophical leap, we have tried to add new layers of mathematics onto the old philosophy. As a result, we have both filled the path of our mathematics with gravel and are proceeding blindly, without knowing what we will see at the end of that path. Our need for mathematical "patches" like "Dark Matter" and "Dark Energy" to explain 95% of the observed universe is precisely this. We are spending the currency (mathematical complexity) without even being aware of what we are receiving in return (a true physical understanding). Our acceptance of a fundamental paradox, such as a quantum particle suddenly changing its behavior when "observed," without providing a mechanical explanation, is a declaration of philosophical bankruptcy. This work argues that these fundamental incompatibilities and "patches" can be resolved not with a new and more complex layer of mathematics, but with a bold and new philosophical foundation. Mathematics is a way to prove physics. But first, there must be a "physics"—that is, a philosophy—that is worth proving, one that is internally consistent and intuitive. In this article, we propose a return to these roots. To Time...

This thesis aims to demonstrate that philosophical discussion regarding the results of theoretical physics corresponds to a hermeneutic circle comprising three types of interpretations. These three types correspond to the three ways of interpreting the ontological being of traditional philosophy: univocal, equivocal, and analogous. The question is then demonstrates how it is possible to move from the interpretations of the philosophy of science to the ontology of traditional philosophy, starting from the results of modern and contemporary mathematical physics. Once this result has been established, I must demonstrate that it is possible to derive this conclusion.

This paper enhances the Theory of Space, originally proposed by Mazzini, which unifies quantum mechanics and special relativity through a quantum system oscillating between three-dimensional (3D) space and an energy-dependent fourth dimension, defined as λp = cτ, where τ = h/E is Planck's periodic time. By incorporating Floquet theory, it describes the oscillatory dynamics using time-periodic Floquet states and quasi-energies, providing a rigorous mathematical framework for phenomena such as superposition, wave function collapse, entanglement, and quantum tunneling. The model eliminates the need for observer-induced collapse or many-worlds interpretations by treating wave function collapse as random 3D projections from a 4D superposition, modulated by Floquet-driven dynamics. Bell's inequality violations are resolved via 4D locality (existence outside the observable 3D), and the wave-particle duality is reconciled by coexisting oscillating quantum space and compact entities. It proposes experimental validations, including a photon tunneling experiment with sinusoidal probability variations and time resolved interference patterns, leveraging Floquet spectroscopic techniques. A hypothesis of time dilation invariance in free fall is introduced, with a proposed test using atomic clocks. The framework offers a unified, realistic, and testable description of quantum and relativistic phenomena, with implications for quantum optics, topological phases, and gravitational physics.

The paper has two aims: (1) it sets out to show that it is well motivated to seek for an account of quantum non-locality in the framework of ontic structural realism (OSR), which integrates the notions of holism and non-separability that have been employed since the 1980s to achieve such an account. However, recent research shows that OSR on its own cannot provide such an account. Against this background, the paper argues that by applying OSR to the primitive ontology theories of quantum physics, one can accomplish that task. In particular, Bohmian mechanics offers the best prospect for doing so. (2) In general, the paper seeks to bring OSR and the primitive ontology theories of quantum physics together: on the one hand, in order to be applicable to quantum mechanics, OSR has to consider what the quantum ontology of matter distributed in space-time is. On the other hand, as regards the primitive ontology theories, OSR provides the conceptual tools for these theories to answer the question of what the ontological status of the wave-function is.

Although the laws of classical physics are deterministic, thermodynamics gives rise to an arrow of time through irreversible processes. In quantum mechanics the unitary nature of the time evolution makes it intrinsically reversible, however the question of how to revert an unknown time evolution nevertheless remains. Remarkably, there have been several recent demonstrations of protocols for reverting unknown unitaries in scenarios where even the interactions with the target system are unknown. The practical use of these universal rewinding protocols is limited by their probabilistic nature, raising the fundamental question of whether time-reversal could be performed deterministically. Here we show that quantum physics indeed allows for deterministic universal time-reversal by exploiting the non-commuting nature of quantum operators, and demonstrate a recursive protocol for two-level quantum systems with an arbitrarily high probability of success. Using a photonic platform we demonstrate our protocol, reverting the discrete time evolution of a polarization state with an average state fidelity of over 95 %. Our protocol, requiring no knowledge of the quantum process to be rewound, is optimal in its running time, and brings quantum rewinding into a regime of practical relevance.

This article presents an original physico-philosophical model grounded in a new ontological interpretation of time and being. Its central thesis is that time is not a pre-existing dimension but an emergent phenomenon arising from entropic instability. From this standpoint, being is defined as the differentiation of potentialities, while nothing is revealed as both a thermodynamic and logical impossibility. The theory introduces an entropic-temporal equation that formalizes the link between entropy, time, and the ontological emergence of reality. Beyond its mathematical formulation, the model opens new paths for integrating physics, ontology, and phenomenology, offering these fields not merely novel descriptions, but deeply explanatory frameworks. Rather than providing a definitive answer, it advances a new paradigm in which the question of being becomes the driving force of scientific and philosophical inquiry.

This document presents Version V4 of the Entropic Unified Theory of Gravitation, integrating a fully consistent scalar–tensor–quantum framework.

Building on the foundations of General Relativity and Quantum Field Theory, the theory introduces a dynamic scalar field κ(x,t) associated with local entropy gradients. The resulting field equations derive from a non-minimally coupled action, leading to a modified Einstein equation and a dynamic evolution equation for κ(x,t), compatible with both cosmological acceleration and black hole thermodynamics.

This Version V4 provides a consolidated formulation incorporating:
– A rigorous variational derivation of all field equations (Einstein, scalar, and quantum sectors)
– Thermodynamic consistency including entropic flux and entropy production laws
– A reinterpretation of time as a vectorial dynamic driven by entropy gradients
– A unified action integrating gravitational and quantum contributions
– A SHA256 cryptographic hash ensuring the integrity of the version deposited

The document is intended as both a theoretical proposal and a foundational basis for future investigations in quantum gravity, entropic cosmology, and non-standard metric propulsion systems.

Previous versions (V1–V3) are also available and provide historical context and preliminary formulations.

If only the present exists, how can we make sense of causal chains that stretch across time, the irreversible processes we observe in nature, and the one-way arrow of time? This question strikes at the heart of temporal metaphysics and physics. Existential Realism (ER) is a present-centered ontological framework  that claims only present entities exist in the fullest sense, yet past and future entities are still in some sense real due to their causal connections and informational traces.  Unlike standard presentism (which would render past and future wholly unreal, raising puzzles about truth, memory, and cause),  ER draws a crucial distinction between existence and reality. Under ER, the present is the locus of existence, but the past remains ontologically real insofar as it has left enduring effects and information in the world. The future, likewise, though not yet existent, can be treated as real in the mode of anticipated possibilities that influence current plans and expectations. This nuanced ontology aims to resolve presentism’s classic problems  — for example, how past causes can still have effects, or how past-tense statements can be true if the past is utterly nonexistent.
In what follows, we will deepen the case for Existential Realism by showing how it accounts for causal relations, the linear order of time, the sense of temporal becoming, and the thermodynamic arrow of time. We will draw on insights from the philosophy of physics – including Hans Reichenbach’s  analysis of time’s direction, Huw Price’s  reflections on retrocausality and perspective, and Barry Loewer’s  work on entropy and the “Past Hypothesis” – to demonstrate that a present-centric metaphysics can be fully time-compatible. Ultimately, we argue that ER not only accommodates modern physics but preserves our intuitive and scientific understanding of time’s asymmetries and the unfolding causal story of the universe.