Arid climate

Kurumus olan Aral Denizi Yataginda collesmeyi onlemek amaciyla agaclandirma yapilmistir. Bu calisma vejetasyon (bitkilendirme) calismasina bagli olarak yuzey topragi ve enzim aktivitelerindeki degisiklikleri arastirmak amaciyla yapildi. Agustos 2017 ’ de, vejetasyondan yoksun corak alandan (DA), 2002 (P1) ve 2013 (P2) yillarinda agaclandirilmis alanlardan ve Aral Deniz Yataginin kuzey bolumundeki dogal bitki olusumuna sahip alandan (NA) toprak numuneleri alindi. Topragin su icerigi, pH, elektrik iletkenligi, total N ve organik C seviyeleri, degistirilebilir katyon seviyeleri (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+,ve Na+), mevcut P (P2O5) seviyesi, katyon degisim kapasiteleri ve enzim aktiviteleri (fosfat asit, N-asetilglukozaminidaz ve β -glukosidaz) yuzey topragindan 10 cm derinlige kadar analiz edildi. Toprak su icerigi, total N ve organik C seviyeleri, K+ ve Mg2+ seviyeleri ve enzim aktivitelerinin P1 ve NA orneklerinde DA ’ ya gore daha yuksek oldugu goruldu.  Ayrica P1 ve NA arasinda topraktaki su ic...

Numerous studies have explored the impact of urban morphology and geometry on outdoor thermal comfort, intending to provide practical guidelines for urban designers. However, research findings have been inconsistent, in part due to differences in the climatic settings and the investigated heat-stress indicators. This study proposes a parametric-simulation framework to observe the behavior of thermal comfort according to the possible combinations of building density (BD), street aspect ratio (AR), and orientation. Conducted specifically under a hot-and-humid tropical-savanna summer condition, the study found that building density and aspect ratio were negatively correlated to the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), with R2 coefficients of 0.99 and 0.91, respectively. The UTCI was improved by a 1.0 °C per 10% increase in BD and by a 1.02 °C per unit of AR increase. The performance of street orientation was significantly influenced by wind direction, and strong inter-influences wer...

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in the global C cycle, as well as in the maintenance and improvement of the soil quality. Over time, special attention has been paid to it in the study of the SOC reserves worldwide; however, reduced attention has been given to assessing the spatial patterns of SOC stock (SOCS) in semi-desert ecosystems. In this line, there are no conclusive studies in drylands of Africa affected by aeolian processes (semi-desert conditions) mainly due to the complexity of sample collection, and this is especially significant in some soil types such as Arenosols (AR) and Calcisols (CL). This study evaluated the spatial variability of SOC and SOCS in AR and CL with woody crops in relation to land use and management (old plantations > 100 years: centenary olive grove; new plantations < 12 years: young olive grove, almond, and pistachio) in semi-desert conditions. For this purpose, 16 soil profiles (for 0–40 and 40–100 cm depth) were selected and ...

The rapid urbanization drives Phnom Penh, Cambodia experiences the increased urban heat island (UHI) effects. However, no studies on the UHI effect in Phnom Penh have been conducted to date.
Air temperature and ventilation data during 2021-2023 were used to investigate daily, seasonal, yearly variations of the UHI intensity and evaluate the impact of ventilation on the UHI intensity in Phnom Penh. Findings indicated the UHI intensity is stronger during the daytime (0.55C) than at night (0.25C) in dry season, primarily due to the increase in impervious surfaces that trap more thermal energy throughout the day. Furthermore, the UHI intensity is greater in the dry season with 0.40C than in the wet season with 0.15C, mainly due to the less moisture and the cold island effects occurred during the cooler and drier months. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing approaches to mitigate the UHI intensity in Phnom Penh.

Este artículo de revisión examina el papel crucial que desempeñan los ciclones tropicales en la gestión del agua y el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas en regiones vulnerables como Centroamérica. A menudo percibidos como eventos destructivos, los ciclones tropicales también ofrecen beneficios hidrológicos significativos, como la recarga de acuíferos y la distribución de agua en ecosistemas secos. Estos fenómenos meteorológicos generan lluvias intensas y persistentes, esenciales para la recarga hídrica en áreas con temporadas secas prolongadas. Aunque comúnmente asociados con desastres, su contribución a la dinámica hídrica y los ecosistemas ha sido subestimada. Esta revisión destaca que los ciclones tropicales pueden aportar hasta el 50% de la recarga anual de acuíferos en ciertas regiones, y en países como Honduras y Guatemala, contribuyen entre el 30% y el 70% de la precipitación anual, esencial para la agricultura y el abastecimiento de agua potable. Además, los ciclones aumentan significativamente los caudales de ríos y lagos, proporcionando un alivio crucial durante las estaciones secas. Los resultados de esta revisión subrayan la necesidad de una perspectiva equilibrada sobre los ciclones tropicales. Mientras que es crucial manejar y mitigar los riesgos asociados, también es esencial reconocer y aprovechar sus beneficios hidrológicos. Integrar este conocimiento en las estrategias de gestión del agua puede mejorar la resiliencia de las comunidades y los ecosistemas. Los ciclones tropicales no deben ser vistos exclusivamente como amenazas, sino también como importantes proveedores de agua.

Recientemente, el presidente Donald Trump firmó una orden ejecutiva para iniciar la retirada de Estados Unidos del Acuerdo de París sobre el Clima, un pacto histórico entre naciones que busca, entre otros asuntos, limitar el calentamiento global a bastante menos de 2°C. Esta retirada lleva un mensaje implícito a sus estados y territorios, lo que impacta la forma como estos gestionan y toman decisiones. Antes de que las agencias y legisladores tomen decisiones en Puerto Rico, es importante que entiendan los posibles efectos del cambio climático en la economía local. En este ensayo se discuten algunos impactos del cambio climático en Puerto Rico.

Cover crop usage has increased in the past decade because of increased environmental awareness and organic practices. A number of studies have been conducted, but primarily in California [4,, and thus do not necessarily apply to the inland Pacific Northwest, where cold winters, low rainfall, and gusty winds challenge cover crop survival.

This study reports the first observations of effective erythema radiation (EER) from an arid region of Iran. The hourly and daily measured clear-sky global solar radiation (G) and biologically important EER incident on a horizontal surface at Esfahan, Iran, during 2002-2004 are used. The EER irradiation was recorded by a spectrophotometer Brewer type MK IV mounted on the roof of the Esfahan site. The total daily broadband radiation was measured using an Eppley Pyranometer (Kipp & Zonen CM) at the same site. Using the mentioned experimental data, a linear relationship (EER = β × G + α) is established between daily integrated totals of EER and the daily totals of broadband global solar radiation (300-3000 nm). At statistically significant levels (p < 0.05 and R 2 > 0.92) a good linear correlation between the daily G and EER was found. The observed (G) data is a routine meteorological measurement at many meteorological stations and such a relationship would enable estimates of the daily EER to be made from accessible records. The seasonal variability of EER/G is also discussed. The effect of the annual cycles of solar zenith angle (SZA) and total column ozone (TCO) on the ratios (EER/G) is presented and the correction factors are determined for the inclusion of the ozone cycle. Copyright

A strong relationship relates the thermal comfort and the consumption of energy, especially in the hot arid climate where the installation of HVAC systems is unavoidable. In fact, it has been reported that the HVAC systems are responsible for consuming huge amounts of the total energy used by the buildings that can globally reach up to 40% of the total primary energy requirement. The future estimations indicate that the energy consumption is likely to continue growing in the developed economies to exceed that of the developed countries in 2020. Under these situations, it seems that the shift towards more energy efficient buildings is not an option. Because part of any successful environmental design is to understand the potentials of the site, the proposed programme (THERCOM) assists in weighing the indoor and outdoor thermal comfort in different climates in order to provide better understanding of the site environment as well as testing the thermal comfort chances of the initial co...

Ao prof. Dr. Joel Pellerin pelo aprendizado proporcionado durante a orientação deste trabalho. Ao prof. Dr. Marcelo A. T. de Oliveira, pela disponibilidade em participar como coorientador. Ao CNPq pela concessão de bolsa para realização do curso de mestrado. Às prof5. Dra. Gerusa M. Duarte e Dra. Sandra M. de A. Furtado pela primeira avaliação deste trabalho, durante o seminário de Qualificação. À coordenação do curso de pós-graduação em Geografia, pela competência administrativa. Ao prof. Luiz A. Paulino e ao geógrafo José Henrique Vilela, do Laboratório de Geoprocessamento, pelos ensinamentos e "dicas" durante a digitalização e edição dos mapas. Ao prof. Ms. João C. da R. G ré, pelo uso do Laboratório de Sedimentologia-UFSC. À p ro f. Dra. Angela Beltrame, pelo uso do Laboratório de Pedologia da UFSC. Aos prof. Dr. Luiz F. Scheibe e Ms. Maria Dolores Buss, pelos vários documentos emprestados do Laboratório de Análise Ambiental. À FATMA pelo empréstimo da "Estação Total", em especial ao geógrafo João L. Godinho pela boa vontade no levantamento topográfico dos perfis transversais. À minha equipe de trabalho, pela presença constante em todas as etapas deste trabalho, obrigado pelo apoio, boa vontade, profissionalismo e amizade. Aos colegas Gislene e Júlio César pelas inúmeras reflexões sobre ciência e sobre Geografia. Aos amigos Alexandre, Nice, Paulinha, Ruy Fernando e Jairo pela agradável convivência. Aos amigos do Departamento de Geociências da UFSM, pelo incentivo inicial em realizar este curso. Aos meus familiares, pelo apoio e compreensão durante minha ausência.

Effects of Green Manure on Soils 2.2.3 The Rates and Methods of Application of Green Manure 2.3 Types of Green Manuring 2.3.1 Main Crop 2.3.2 Companion Crop 2.3.3 Winter Cover Crop 2.3.4 Catch Crop 2.4 Choice and Justification of Green Manure Crop Type 2.5 Soil Structure 2.6 Structure of Sodic Soils 2.6.1 Main Effects of Sodicity on Plant Growth 2.6.2 Dispersion and Dispersive Factors in Sodic Soils 2.6.2.3 Effects of Clay Mineralogy on Dispersion 2.6.2.4 Effects of Electrolyte concentration of Soil Solution 2.6.3.

The efficiency of solar energy farms requires detailed analytics and information on each inverter regarding voltage, current, temperature, and power. Monitoring inverters from a solar energy farm was shown to minimize the cost of maintenance, increase production and help optimize the performance of the inverters under various conditions. Machine learning algorithms are techniques to analyze data, classify and predict variables according to historic values and combination of different variables. The 140 kWp photovoltaic plant contains 300 modules of 255 W and 294 modules of 250 W with smart monitoring devices. In total the inverters are of type SMA Tripower of 25 kW and 10 kW. The 590 kWp photovoltaic plant contains 1312 Trina solar 450 W modules. In total the four inverters are SMA Sunny Tripower type of 110-60 CORE 2 with rated power of 440 kW were analyzed and several supervised learning algorithms were applied, and the accuracy was determined. The facility enables networked data and a machine learning algorithm for fault classification and monitoring was developed, energy efficiency was calculated and solutions to increase energy production and monitoring were developed for better reliability of components according to the monitorization and optimization of inverters.

In this paper the details of a two-dimensional computational model named “EVITA” are presented. It has been developed to simulate and evaluate the thermal performance of a building section. The model is based on the finite volume approach, with a collocated arrangement of variables, and a bounded high order treatment of the convective terms. The algorithm used to solve the two-dimensional transient form of the coupled equations of Continuity, Momentum and Energy is a PISO-Iike scheme. The calculation domain is a rectangular section of a construction over which the grid is built, such that it considers any material composition for walls, roof and floor, under transient boundary conditions: ambient temperature, relative humidity, global irradiance on the envelope, long wave radiative exchange between external surfaces and sky, soil temperature and the average wind velocity. The convective motion of the air inside the section is simulated using the Boussinesq approximation. With the in...

Access to spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation is needed in many hydrological applications. However, gauges often have spatiotemporal gaps. To mitigate this, we considered three main approaches: (i) using remotely sensing and reanalysis precipitation products; (ii) machine learning-based approaches; and (iii) a gap-filling software explicitly developed for filling the gaps of daily precipitation records. This study evaluated all approaches over a sparsely gauged basin in East Africa. Among the examined precipitation products, PERSIANN-CDR outperformed other satellite products in terms of root mean squared error (7.3 mm), and correlation coefficient (0.46) while having a large bias (50%) compared to the available in situ precipitation records. PERSIANN-CDR also demonstrates the highest skill in distinguishing rainy and non-rainy days. On the other hand, Random Forest outperformed all other approaches (including PERSIANN-CDR) with the least relative bias (-2%), root mean squar...

For millennia oasis agriculture has been the backbone of rural livelihood in the desertic Sultanate of Oman. However, little is known about the functioning of these oasis systems, in particular with respect to the C turnover. The objective was to determine the effects of crop, i.e. alfalfa, wheat and bare fallow on the CO 2 evolution rate during an irrigation cycle in relation to changes in soil water content and soil temperature. The gravimetric soil water content decreased from initially 24% to approximately 16% within 7 days after irrigation. The mean CO 2 evolution rates increased significantly in the order fallow (27.4 mg C m −2 h −1) < wheat (45.5 mg C m −2 h −1) < alfalfa (97.5 mg C m −2 h −1). It can be calculated from these data that the CO 2 evolution rate of the alfalfa root system was nearly four times higher than the corresponding rate in the wheat root system. The decline in CO 2 evolution rate, especially during the first 4 days after irrigation, was significantly related to the decline in the gravimetric water content, with r = 0.70. CO 2 evolution rate and soil temperature at 5 cm depth were negatively correlated (r = −0.56, n = 261) due to increasing soil temperature with decreasing gravimetric water content.

Elevated soil salinity is often associated with Tamarix invasion; however, it's unclear whether soils are more saline because of Tamarix or other environmental factors. Surface soil salinity was investigated along a flow-regulated, arid river with dense Tamarix of varying age to determine which factors best explain soil salinity. Flooding was the most important predictor, reducing salinity by nearly 70%. Soils under Tamarix had lower salinity than adjacent areas without woody cover in non-flooded areas suggesting that evaporation in arid environments may contribute more surface salts than Tamarix or may exacerbate plant inputs. Under most conditions, higher salinities were found under Tamarix than natives. An exception to this pattern was that soils under the smallest trees were more saline for natives. Relationships between soil salinity and stem size suggest that salts increase over time under Tamarix unless they are removed by flooding. However, the most mature stands had lower salinity than expected, reflecting some additional mechanism. Soil texture and distance from the river were important, but interacted strongly with other factors. The observed relationships between surface soil salinity and Tamarix stem size, a predictor of aboveground age, suggest Tamarix plays an active role in floodplain salinization within the sampled area.

Review of riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands: strategies and references by Mark riverbanks mexique recuperation des sols usa freshwater ecology reclamation mexico berge eua rehabilitacion de tierras etude de cas etats unis estudios. Riparian Ecosystem Recovery in Arid Lands: Strategies and. Briggs, M.K. 1996, Riparian Ecosystem Recovery in Arid Lands: Strategies and. References, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, 153 pp. Chambers REFERENCES-Quivira Coalition references to and distinctions between riparian areas, floodplain wetlands. between land and water temperatures and may use dormant strategies to survive natural warm Briggs, Mark K., Riparian Ecosystem Recovery in Arid Land. ?SECTION 6 GLOSSARY AND REFERENCES-International. Archaeology: Study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of their. Riparian Ecosystem Recovery in Arid Lands: Strategies and References. Review of riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands: strategies and. Riparian ecosystem recovery in arid lands: strategies and references D.L.Propst. 1989. Distribution, status, and notes on the ecology of Gila Riparian Ecosystem Recovery in Arid Lands: Strategies and References.

The aim of this study was to evaluate a performance analysis of a 50 MWp solar plant connected to the medium voltage electrical grid installed in the Saharan environment of Nouakchott, Mauritania. This study is done in two seasons characterizing the climate of Nouakchott, then in three typical days based on the measurement data that are obtained from the site of the installation. The measurements were collected daily, to improve the performance evaluation, real-time measurements with a step of 10 seconds for solar irradiation, ambient temperature, module temperature, wind speed, and electrical parameters. The performance evaluation was done based on the IEC 61724 standard to study the comportment of the power plant during different weather conditions. The total energy produced by the plant in May 2020 dry season is 10.559 GWh. However, the total energy produced in November 2019 wet season was 8.132 GWh. Besides, the energy injected by the plant into the grid was for a clear day 263....

Data collection based on satellite TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) presents one of the good alternatives in estimating rainfall. TRMM technology can minimize manual rainfall recording errors and improve rainfall accuracy for hydrological analysis. The analysis method used in this research is divided into 3 (three) stages, namely Hydrology analysis, Statistical Analysis and Artificial Neural Network Analysis. From the results of TRMM JAXA analysis in the Temef Watershed Area of East Nusa Tenggara Province obtained TRMM JAXA satellite rainfall relationship to observation data shows rainfall patterns between the two data are interconnected but for cases with very high observation rainfall, TRMM rainfall data tends to be low. From statistical method analysis, the relationship between observation rainfall and TRMM JAXA rainfall obtained results with a &quot;Very Strong&quot; interpretation indicated by the results of 9 years calibration and 1 year validation where the selected...

Gostaria de agradecer primeiramente e principalmente à minha mãe (Cleide) e vó (Julia), por terem me dado todo e incondicional apoio e carinho, nos momentos em que elas sabiam que eram bem vindos e quando não sabiam também. Por terem me tornado quem eu sou aceitando meus defeitos e me ensinando como as coisas funcionam. Minha maior sorte é fazer parte desta família. Agradeço meu orientador, o Professor Doutor Alessandro Batezelli, pela paciência, dedicação e ensinamentos, que começaram há 4 anos. Por ter acreditado na minha capacidade e incentivado meu crescimento. Ao professor Francisco Sérgio Bernardes Ladeira, pelo auxílio em campo e disponibilidade de tempo para retirar infinitas dúvidas. Ao Instituto de Geociências da Unicamp, incluindo todos os professores, funcionários e técnicos, que permitem que tudo aconteça, começando com a limpeza dos prédios e progredindo até os ensinamentos que nos são oferecidos. Agradecimentos especiais para a Lucia e Maria Aparecida que ajudaram com os dados geoquímicos, e a Érica, pela tentativa de incluir mais informações. Às secretárias da Pós Graduação, Val e Gorete, por responderem sempre prontamente as dúvidas,além de resolveram vários problemas. Agradeço áFapesp, por ter concedido verba técnica para a realização deste trabalho e aCNPq pela bolsa oferecida. Agradecimentos para outrosmembros da minha família, como as tias Eliana e Creuza, tio Zé e primos Juliano e Giovan, pelo incentivo, risadas e divertimento nos momentos ideais de tensão e nos dias rotineiros. Às colegas de mestrado Camila, Karla, Nathalia e Diego, que me deram dicas valiosíssimas, além de conversas muito divertidas e acolhedoras. À minha família que escolhi ter aqui na Unicamp, amigos da graduação, mestrado, coração, infinito e além, Róbs (Roberta), Verônica, Tais, Vazquez, Mindinho (Raphael), Pira (Flávio), Pé (Wellington), Mika (Michele), Cibele, Aline, Mesquita (Felipe) que se tornaram mais do que essenciais e indispensáveis. Aos que já seguiram outro caminho, mas que sempre estiveram comigo (longe ou perto, indiferente) e pretendo que sempre estejam, viii

The possibility of using bulk waste of the chemical industry - phosphogypsum as a useful resource is considered. The results of scientific research and practical experience convincingly proved the technical feasibility and feasibility of using phosphogypsum in the national economy instead of traditional types of natural raw materials. A brief description of phosphogypsum, promising areas for its processing, and some statistics are presented. The article is about the use of chemical ameliorant based on phosphogypsum for effective feedingin various soil and climatic zones for cereals, vegetables, industrial and other crops, to increase the yield of cotton and the technological quality of its fiber. That the use of phosphogypsum as a chemical ameliorant improves the chemical, physical and water-physical properties of saline soils. The article describes a new technology of cotton sowing in the conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The technology of soil treatment and methods of meas...

O trabalho de pesquisa apresentado tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento térmico de cinco sistemas passivos de resfriamento (SPR), que utilizam como base uma configuração de teto-reservatório onde são aplicados os princípios de inércia térmica, resfriamento evaporativo indireto e resfriamento radiativo noturno. Para isto foi desenvolvido um trabalho experimental baseado na metodologia proposta por González (2013). A pesquisa analisa as temperaturas características, fatores decrementais e potenciais de resfriamento nas diferentes estratégias dos sistemas estudados. As correlações obtidas permitem comparar e prever o comportamento térmico dos sistemas em função das variações climáticas em Florianópolis. Os resultados preliminares permitem concluir que: os sistemas avaliados apresentam um potencial de resfriamento médio (PRM) que varia entre 119 W/m 2-dia e 255 W/m 2-dia, com valores máximos de até 319 W/m 2-dia; estas técnicas de resfriamento passivo podem reduzir a temperatura máxima interna em até 10,4 °C se comparado com a temperatura máxima externa; é possível reduzir a amplitude da temperatura interna em função da amplitude externa (fator decremental médio entre 0,34 e 0,70). Estes resultados confirmam a viabilidade de aplicação das técnicas de resfriamento passivo para o condicionamento térmico de edificações no período de verão em Florianópolis. Palavras-chave: resfriamento passivo, resfriamento evaporativo indireto, resfriamento radiativo noturno, inércia térmica, estudo experimental, clima quente e úmido, arquitetura bioclimática.

Accurate estimation of the precipitation characteristics, including the value, temporal pattern, and spatial distribution, plays a significant role in the input uncertainty reduction for rainfall-runoA models. In many basins, the improper spatial distribution of rain gauge stations or their limited historical recorded data causes many challenges, especially in heterogeneous catchments which due to the impact of the drastic geographical alterations on the rainfall distribution pattern, the cover of the ground stations cannot estimate the actual precipitation rate. This challenge can be potentially solved by adopting rainfall products as alternative or complementary data sources. In this research, three rainfall products (PERSIANN-CCS, CMORPH and ERA-Interim), were compared against rain gauge stations for calibration of a daily conceptual lumped rainfall-runoA model (CRFM) in a data-scarce and heterogeneous basin located in southwestern Iran. The results indicated that ERA-Interim has the best performance among other datasets. Better performance of this dataset compared to the in-situ data also suggests a better estimation of the basin average as well as the temporal pattern of precipitation. The KGE value was obtained as 0.8 and 0.74, respectively, for a rainfall-runoA model that utilized the ERA-Interim as input in the calibration and validation periods. The results showed that the performance of satellite-based data of CMORPH and PERSIANN-CCS is not acceptable in simulating the daily Cow. Also, the seasonal assessment showed that ERA-Interim has a better performance compared to other datasets, during fall and winter. However, in the spring, the performance of all datasets significantly reduces, and the range of BIAS variation increases. Generally, all datasets were shown to perform better in simulating the Cow in terms of the transition from dry to wet periods, rather than wet to dry periods.

Fracture network properties in geological media are described and analyzed to evaluate the hydrodynamic functioning of fractured aquifer as well as permeability and transmissivity. In this paper, a concise approach for mapping and analyzing fracture properties in the outcrops was applied. The adopted methodology aims to explore the spatial distribution and properties of fractures to estimate the aquifer permeability. A detailed geological mapping was established to define the geometry and spatial extension of the fractured aquifer. A correlation between these data and the transmissivity values is discussed to evaluate groundwater flow in fractured aquifer. The Horchane basin was explored to investigate fracture distribution and their aperture, density and frequency. The fracture mapping at 1/1 scale was done over 42 stations containing 1000 fractures. Results of this investigation show that fracturing is the only parameter responsible for

The proportion of the world's population living in urban areas is constantly increasing. Different urban shapes result different micro-climates. The way cities are planned and build is therefore important for the global energy use. The city of Mosul (north of Iraq) had witnessed a rapid urbanization during the second half of the last century, adopting the open grid iron system in planning the new residential areas which now exist beside the traditional compact system. This study present result from measurements of Max. air temperature during hot season in (156) points in the traditional paths of the old city (called zuqaqu) and (44) points in the streets of the modern neighborhoods, more over the engineering-physical characteristics of each point had been measured. Using statistical analyzing for determining the impact of each of these characters on the urban micro climate (Max. air temperature). The primary results show that sky view factor has the major impact on air temperature, and that confirm the important role of the urban designers and planners in the urban micro-climate.

In the context of urbanization of territories and the intensification of agriculture, the biological diversity of animals and plants in their habitats is degrading. The purpose of the study is to determine the edaphic factors affecting the growth of Populus diversifolia Schrenk and Populus pruinosa Schrenk, as well as anthropogenic factors affecting their conservation in the Syr-Darya valley (Kazakhstan). For identifying the range of edaphic growing conditions, the analysis of soil samples gathered in different phytocenoses with the dominance or participation of Turanga was carried out. The following results were presented: Physical and chemical analyses of soil samples for the content of humus, mobile forms of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium; pH aqueous solution; type, and degree of salinization. Among the 6 sections studied, 4 belong to alluvial-meadow tugai salt marsh soils, 1-to meadow salt marshes, and 1-to alluvial-meadow strongly salt marsh soils. Populus diversifolia has been found to prefer mild (sandy) and fewer saline conditions than Populus pruinosa. Among the negative anthropogenic impacts on the Turanga groves were: Regulation of the runoff of the Syr-Darya, felling of trees, fires, and grazing. The identified cenoflora was represented by 103 species of higher vascular plants. Among them, Chenopodiaceae (18), Asteraceae (18), and Brassicaceae (12) were leading. The indicative role of Turanga was based on its connection to the places of groundwater occurrence.

Numerous studies have explored the impact of urban morphology and geometry on outdoor thermal comfort, intending to provide practical guidelines for urban designers. However, research findings have been inconsistent, in part due to differences in the climatic settings and the investigated heat-stress indicators. This study proposes a parametric-simulation framework to observe the behavior of thermal comfort according to the possible combinations of building density (BD), street aspect ratio (AR), and orientation. Conducted specifically under a hot-and-humid tropical-savanna summer condition, the study found that building density and aspect ratio were negatively correlated to the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), with R2 coefficients of 0.99 and 0.91, respectively. The UTCI was improved by a 1.0 °C per 10% increase in BD and by a 1.02 °C per unit of AR increase. The performance of street orientation was significantly influenced by wind direction, and strong inter-influences wer...

The temporal variability of the hydrochemical characteristics of the Sal and West Manych rivers is considered. Attention is paid to the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors on the formation and transformation of the chemical composition of river waters. The materials of the study were the primary data of the state observation network of Rosgidromet (from the mode-reference data bank of the Hydrochemical Institute), and the results of previously published studies. The aim of the study was to analyze the transformation of the chemical composition and water quality of the Sal and West Manych rivers, taking into account the modern anthropogenic impact and climatic changes. During the study, a comparative analysis of two long-term periods (2001-2007 and 2011-2017) and a detailed survey of changes in the average annual concentrations of polluting components for 2010-2017 were carried out. For the Sal River, the most significant upward changes of concentrations in the chemical composition of water occurred in the content of iron compounds, sulfates, oil products and ammonium nitrogen. In the transformation of the chemical composition of water for the West Manych River, the largest increase occurred in the content of organic matter, ammonia nitrogen and oil products. In the period from 2010 to 2017, two general trends are most clearly observed: an increase in the content of iron compounds and a decrease in the concentration of copper in water. Multidirectional trends are observed for magnesium ions. The main reasons for the variability of the chemical composition of river waters are considered: the changes in water content and the influence of groundwater. It was revealed that during the study period the water quality in the Sal and West Manych rivers had not improved. The quality class remained at the level of class 4 (the degree of contamination is “dirty”). The category of critical indicators of water pollution for both rivers annually included sulfate ions, for which the highest frequency of exceeding the maximum permissible concentration with 100 % repeatability is noted. The research results can be used in planning environmental protection measures, as well as in improving the existing nature management.

4.1 Litof Arenito m 4.2 Litof Camadas Bipartidas 4.3 Litof Arenito Laminado 4.4 Litof Arenito com lamina 4.5 Litof Arenito fino com plano-paralelas, cruzadas e convolutas 4.6 Litof Lamito arenoso com camadas lenticulares de arenito 5 An 5.1 Litof Fluxos concentrados 5.2 Litof Fluxos bipartidos: concentrados e correntes de turbidez 5.3 Litof Correntes de turbidez em regime de fluxo superior 5.4 Litof Correntes de turbidez e migra 5.5 Litof Correntes de turbidez e deforma-deposicional 5

Improper farming practices, overgrazing, the conversion of rangelands to croplands in marginal areas and uncontrolled expansion of urban and rural settlement at the cost of cultivable land are among the major causes of land degradation in northwestern Jordan. The purpose of this study was to discuss the major causes of land degradation in the area. Six sites receiving different amounts of annual precipitation and with different vegetation types were selected to represent the major agricultural areas in northwestern Jordan. The major soil properties that can be linked to land degradation were studied. Desertification in northwestern Jordan is taking place through loss of soil fertility and productivity, overgrazing and water and wind erosion. Erosion by wind and water is considered the major cause of land degradation in the area. The soils contain little organic matter and their alkaline reactions reduce the availability of phosphorous and macronutrients and consequently lead to very low crop yields.

Improper farming practices, overgrazing, the conversion of rangelands to croplands in marginal areas and uncontrolled expansion of urban and rural settlement at the cost of cultivable land are among the major causes of land degradation in northwestern Jordan. The purpose of this study was to discuss the major causes of land degradation in the area. Six sites receiving different amounts of annual precipitation and with different vegetation types were selected to represent the major agricultural areas in northwestern Jordan. The major soil properties that can be linked to land degradation were studied. Desertification in northwestern Jordan is taking place through loss of soil fertility and productivity, overgrazing and water and wind erosion. Erosion by wind and water is considered the major cause of land degradation in the area. The soils contain little organic matter and their alkaline reactions reduce the availability of phosphorous and macronutrients and consequently lead to very low crop yields.

The paper presents a parameteric analytical study of roof solar chimney coupled with wind cooled cavity using spread-sheet computer program. Detailed description and sizing of such system are presented. Separation between the external leaf and solar chimney's extema•g•azingis•ptimized.Thepr•p•sedr••fs••archimneya••neisab•et•createanair••wrateupt• 1.6kg/s at a mean incident solar radiation of 850W/m 2. The maximum air velocity derived in the chimney is about 1.1m/s. At an average incident solar radiation 575W/m 2, and air velocity in the chimney of 0.9m/s, the average mass flow rate is found as 1.3 kg/s. For a wind speed of 4.0 m/s the cooled cavity can create a mass flow of 0.35 kg/s. The system may be applied to more than one storey building. It is however, useful to be incorporated with a stand-alone building or with a cluster of buildings.

The study of the magnitude of temporal and spatial patterns of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) fluxes from the cultivated land of subtropical regions of India is still an uncharted territory. The paper contributes towards the improvement of actual estimate and investigates the seasonal variation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions (N 2 O, CH 4 and CO 2). For the purpose three mono specific plantation viz. Manilkara zapota, Mangifera indica, Dendrocalumus stictus, and Mixed plantation are studied in semi arid region of central Gujarat, India to assess the extent of GHG fluxes in response to their soils and the comparative analysis presented to understand the atmospheric interchanges. The research contributes in building a framework for plantation approach for carbon sequestration by analyzing the patterns of GHGs emission under different ecosystem.

The study of the magnitude of temporal and spatial patterns of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) fluxes from the cultivated land of subtropical regions of India is still an uncharted territory. The paper contributes towards the improvement of actual estimate and investigates the seasonal variation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions (N 2 O, CH 4 and CO 2). For the purpose three mono specific plantation viz. Manilkara zapota, Mangifera indica, Dendrocalumus stictus, and Mixed plantation are studied in semi arid region of central Gujarat, India to assess the extent of GHG fluxes in response to their soils and the comparative analysis presented to understand the atmospheric interchanges. The research contributes in building a framework for plantation approach for carbon sequestration by analyzing the patterns of GHGs emission under different ecosystem.

Economically optimal operational changes and adaptations for California's water supply system are examined for a dry form of climate warming (GFDL CM2.1 A2) with year 2050 water demands and land use. Economically adaptive water management for this climate scenario is compared to a similar scenario with the historical climate. The effects of population growth and land use alone are developed for comparison. Compared with the historic hydrology, optimized operations for the dry climate warming scenario raise water scarcity and total operation costs by $490 million/year with year 2050 demands. Actual costs might be somewhat higher where non-economic objectives prevail in water management. The paper examines the economical mix of adaptation, technologies, policies, and operational changes available to keep water supply impacts to such modest levels. Results from this screening model suggest promising alternatives and likely responses and impacts. Optimized operations of ground and surface water storage change significantly with climate. Dry-warm climate change increases the seasonal storage range of surface reservoirs and aquifers. Surface reservoir peak storage usually occurs about a month earlier under dry-warm climate change. 1 Background This study employs downscaled hydrologic results from a dry-warm climate (GFDL-A2 GCM) for year 2085 in an economic-engineering optimization model of California's statewide water supply system (CALVIN,

The outdoor thermal comfort is influenced by the perception and satisfaction of the pedestrians, especially in hot and arid climates. Accordingly, the researchers look for the appropriate methods to reduce the Urban Heat Island and thus to enhance the outdoor thermal comfort level of pedestrians. However, there is limited research conducted on the outdoor thermal comfort in hot and arid climate. This work is an investigation study conducted in an urban area (Haifa Street) in Baghdad city, characterized by an arid climate with very high temperatures in summer season reaching 50℃. This study focuses on investigating possible mitigation strategies to ensure how we could improve the thermal comfort at pedestrian level for an urban area with intricate Western design (high-rise buildings, a large spacing between the buildings, asymmetrical canyon geometry, and lack of vegetation). We created four different scenarios to assess the role of vegetation elements such as trees, grass, and different shading patterns. The evaluation was performed in the hottest day in summer. For each scenario, the mean radiant temperature, specific humidity, air temperature, and wind speed distributions have been analyzed using ENVI-met software. Thermal comfort is assessed using the PET thermal index (Physiological Equivalent Temperature) and Predicted Mean Vote (PMV). The results reveal that the PET index can be reduced to 10.4 ℃, the temperature can be decreased of about 2.4℃ and PMV to 3. The study shows how the urban factors such as the aspect ratio, vegetation cover, shadings, and geometry of the canyon are crucial elements that urban planners and municipalities have to take into account, especially for new urban developments. 

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The benefit from integrating the information from multi-source was confirmed in the research of hydrologic processes in river basins. However, the use of satellite-based rainfall products in hydrologic stream flow modeling has been limited because of the perceived uncertainty associated with such data. In this study the authors presented the simulated streamflow from a SWAT model driven by merging rainfall between satellite and gauge-observed rainfall for the Lam River Basin. The results demonstrate the usefulness of merging rainfall data for stream flow modelling at a monthly time step.

This study experimentally analysed the influence of chilled water temperature setpoints on thermal comfort conditions and energy consumption of an office building. Three chilled water temperature setpoints (10°C, 12.5°C, and 14°C) were studied. The indoor environment variables (temperature and relative humidity) which are considered indicators of thermal comfort were recorded with data loggers for three consecutive days for each chilled water temperature setpoint (CWTS). Similarly, energy consumption was used as a metric to determine the system's efficiency. The predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) and predicted mean vote (PMV) indicators were computed and analysed using the Thermal Comfort/ASHRAE 55-2020 modelling tool from the centre for the built environment (CBE). Additionally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling and analysis were performed using ANSYS Fluent to study the indoor environment conditions of the office at the different chilled water temperature setpoints. A comparison between the calculated, measured, and predicted satisfaction of occupants was done. The results obtained when varying the chilled water temperature setpoints reveal that increasing the chilled water temperature setpoint (by 12%) reduces energy consumption per hour by 2% without compromising thermal comfort. The study demonstrated that the CWTS could be reset between 14 and 15°C to reduce energy consumption and maintain thermal comfort. Moreover, the CFD model can be used to compare the indoor environmental characteristics of chiller systems.

Accurate estimation of the precipitation characteristics, including the value, temporal pattern, and spatial distribution, plays a significant role in the input uncertainty reduction for rainfall-runoA models. In many basins, the improper spatial distribution of rain gauge stations or their limited historical recorded data causes many challenges, especially in heterogeneous catchments which due to the impact of the drastic geographical alterations on the rainfall distribution pattern, the cover of the ground stations cannot estimate the actual precipitation rate. This challenge can be potentially solved by adopting rainfall products as alternative or complementary data sources. In this research, three rainfall products (PERSIANN-CCS, CMORPH and ERA-Interim), were compared against rain gauge stations for calibration of a daily conceptual lumped rainfall-runoA model (CRFM) in a data-scarce and heterogeneous basin located in southwestern Iran. The results indicated that ERA-Interim has the best performance among other datasets. Better performance of this dataset compared to the in-situ data also suggests a better estimation of the basin average as well as the temporal pattern of precipitation. The KGE value was obtained as 0.8 and 0.74, respectively, for a rainfall-runoA model that utilized the ERA-Interim as input in the calibration and validation periods. The results showed that the performance of satellite-based data of CMORPH and PERSIANN-CCS is not acceptable in simulating the daily Cow. Also, the seasonal assessment showed that ERA-Interim has a better performance compared to other datasets, during fall and winter. However, in the spring, the performance of all datasets significantly reduces, and the range of BIAS variation increases. Generally, all datasets were shown to perform better in simulating the Cow in terms of the transition from dry to wet periods, rather than wet to dry periods.

The origin of the high salinity in the groundwater of a coastal wetland in an arid climate was studied in the Playa Fracasso marsh, located on the northwest coast of the extra-Andean Patagonia. Research was carried out by means of the design of a network of soil pits and short piezometers in the marsh and the surrounding landforms. Continuous fluctuations of the water table, in situ physical and chemical properties, major ions (Ca 2? , Mg 2? , Na ? , K ? , Cl-, SO 4 2-, HCO 3-) and stable isotopes (18 O and 2 H) in groundwater, as well as soil salinity, were measured. The combined analysis of the hydrodynamics, the ion ratios rCa 2? /rCland rMg 2? /rCa 2? vs. rCland the isotopic composition made it possible to recognize an area within the high marsh in which the origin of groundwater is mainly marine and another in which the contributions are of mixed origin. By means of the analysis of rClvs. d 18 O, a salinization process with no change in isotopic composition was identified. Its interpretation, together with those of the soil salinity profiles and the records of the fluctuations in electrical conductivity associated with extraordinary tides, was used to define a conceptual model of salinization which could be useful to understand other coastal wetlands under similar arid climatic conditions. It consists in a cyclical mechanism of evapotranspiration, precipitation, dissolution and transport of salts during tides.

One of the determining factors for the use of outdoor spaces is the experienced thermal comfort by people. There is a wide range of thermal indices. However, previous studies in Mendoza Metropolitan Area, Argentina, revealed that the predictive ability from six thermal comfort indices of international spread is less than 25%. This high contrast reveals the need for proposing an adaptive model to predict the thermal comfort conditions of the adapted population to this "oasis city" of arid climate. For this purpose, monitoring of microclimatic parameters and field surveys about the perception of the people on a pedestrian street were carried out in both winter and summer. Fourteen Multiple Linear Regressions were performed and the Akaike's information criterion was used to the model selection. As a result, a new model has been developed: the "Thermal comfort Index for cities of Arid Zones (IZA)". The formula considers air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, all significant, independent each other and readily available variables. We found that the IZA's predictive ability is 73%, demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed model. Designers and urban planners may use the IZA as a simple and useful tool to improve the design of outdoor spaces.

Water resources in sub-Saharan Africa are more overstressed than in many other regions of the world. Experiments on commercial farms have shown that conservation agriculture (CA) can save water and improve the soil. Nevertheless, its benefits on smallholder irrigated farms have not been adequately investigated, particularly in dry monsoon phase in the Ethiopian highlands. We investigated the effect of conservation agriculture (grass mulch cover and no-tillage) on water-saving on smallholder farms in the Ethiopian highlands. Irrigated onion and garlic were grown on local farms. Two main factors were considered: the first factor was conservation agriculture versus conventional tillage, and the second factor was irrigation scheduling using reference evapotranspiration (ETo) versus irrigation scheduling managed by farmers. Results showed that for both onion and garlic, the yield and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was over 40% greater for CA than conventional tillage (CT). The so...