Architecture of information systems

Introducción En la era de la nube, el trabajo remoto y la hiperconexión digital, las organizaciones ya no pueden depender de un perímetro de red estático para protegerse. El concepto de Zero Trust surge como un paradigma que redefine la seguridad: partir de un nivel de confianza cero y verificar cada acceso de forma continua y contextual. La Identity Defined Security Alliance (IDSA) ha colocado a la identidad en el centro de este modelo, transformando la manera en que empresas y gobiernos abordan la ciberseguridad.

As organizacoes atuam hoje em um ambiente caracterizado pela mudanca constante. Por isso, necessitam de instrumentos que permitam agilidade para adaptar suas estrategias, processos e sistemas as necessidades de cada momento. A Arquitetura Empresarial (AE) tem sido identificada por pesquisadores como a abordagem adequada para prover a agilidade organizacional, pois permite o conhecimento dos elementos organizacionais favorecendo planejar e realizar as mudancas necessarias. Entretanto, a AE ainda nao e uma realidade para a maioria das organizacoes. Os motivos sao a complexidade inerente, a falha das abordagens atuais para lidar com essa complexidade e o custo das ferramentas envolvidas. A AE e uma disciplina em desenvolvimento e requer principios, teorias e instrumentos adequados a sua natureza e acessiveis a organizacoes de qualquer porte. Nesse contexto, este estudo identifica um novo referencial teorico: a AE como Arquitetura de Informacao Organizacional (AIO). O estudo propoe, ain...

Currently, organizations operate in an environment marked by constant changes. Thus, they need instruments bringing agility to adopt their strategies, processes and systems to each moment needs. Enterprise Architecture (EA) has been identified by researchers as the approach suitable to the organizational agility as it allows the knowledge of different organizational elements leading to planning and accomplishment of the changing actions. However, AE has not comprised the most part of organizations yet. The reasons are due to its complexity, the current approach failure to deal with the complexity and the cost of the tools involved. AE is an on-going process discipline and it requires appropriate principles and specific theories and instruments for organizations of any size. In this context, this study identifies a new theoretical framework: EA as Architecture of Information for Organizations (AIO) and proposes a new approach that is based on the principles of organizational collaboration and agile methods. Its main objective is to reduce complexity and cost of AIO. The proposed solution is evaluated on a case study in an institution of the Brazilian financial system.

In the present research work we planned the Information Architecture (IA) for the Quality Management System (QMS) of a Hospital, which allowed us to develop and implement the QUALITUS computer application. This solution translated itself in significant gains for the Hospital Unit under study, accelerating the quality management process and reducing the tasks, the number of documents, the information to be filled in and information errors, amongst others.

This paper brings together two perspectives on current developments in information and communications technology (ICT) utilized for the purposes of learning, education, and training (LET). One perspective is concerned with governance and legitimacy issues regarding the process and relevance of standards development; the other, is concerned with the role of discerning relevant questions in LET and the potential scope for innovation that might develop tools to support such discernment. Discussion of information systems architecture is introduced as a means to set the context and provide a framework for bringing together an overall narrative and coherence to these two perspectives. Questions initiated by “why” are of particular interest because they typically demand an explanation in natural language to satisfy the questioner. By focusing on “why” as a key “primitive” of enquiry the authors present an approach that might inform improved processes of ICT for LET (a.k.a ITLET) standardiz...

practices should be. While the participants might not always agree with each other, we hope their insights will help IT managers navigate the virtualization landscape and make informed decisions on how best to use the technology. Next month we will present part two of this forum, discussing such topics as clouds and virtualization, using virtualization to streamline desktop delivery, and how to choose appropriate virtual-machine platforms and management tools. MACHE CREEGER (moderator) is a longtime technology industry veteran based in Silicon Valley. Along with being an ACM Queue columnist, he is the principal of Emergent Technology Associates, marketing and business development consultants to technology companies worldwide. TOM BISHOP is CTO of BMC Software. Prior to BMC, he worked at Tivoli, both before and after its initial public offering and acquisition by IBM, and at Tandem Computers. Earlier in his career Bishop spent 12 years at Bell Labs' Naperville, Illinois, facility and then worked for Unix International. He graduated from Cornell University with both bachelor's and master's degrees in computer science. SIMON CROSBY is the CTO of the Virtualization Management Division at Citrix. He was one of the founders of XenSource and was on the faculty of Cambridge University, where he earned his Ph.D. in computer science. Crosby grew up in South Africa and has master's degrees in applied probability and computer science. GUSTAV is a pseudonym required by the policies of his employer, a large financial services company where he runs distributed systems. Early in his career, Gustav wrote assem-bler code for telephone switches and did CAD/CAM work on the NASA space station Freedom. He later moved to largesystem design while working on a government contract and subsequently worked for a messaging and security startup company in Silicon Valley, taking it public in the mid-1990s. After starting his own consulting firm, he began working at his first large financial firm. Seven or eight years later, he landed at his current company. ALLEN STEWART is a principal program manager in the Windows Server Division at Microsoft. He began his career working on Unix and Windows operating systems as a system programmer and then moved to IBM, where he worked on Windows systems integration on Wall Street. After IBM, Stewart joined Microsoft, where for the first six years he worked as an architect in the newly formed Financial Services Group. He then moved into the Windows Server Division engineering organization. His primary focus is virtualization technologies: hardware virtualization, virtualization management, and application virtualization. Stewart is a Microsoft Certified Architect and is on the board of directors of the Microsoft Certified Architect Program. STEVE HERROD is the CTO of VMware, where he has worked for seven years. Prior to that, he worked for EDS and Bell Northern Research. Earlier in his career he studied with Mendel Rosenblum, the founder of VMware, at Stanford and then worked for TransMeta, a computer hardware and software emulation company. STEVE BOURNE is chair of the ACM Professions Board. He is also a past president of ACM and editor-in-chief of the ACM Queue editorial advisory board. A fellow alumnus with Simon Crosby, Bourne received his Ph.D. from Trinity College, Cambridge. Bourne held

El artículo describe la metodología utilizada para abordar el problema de la colaboración intra-e inter-organizativa mediante la descripción del caso específico del proyecto ITECBAN. En este caso, la colaboración se describe en los términos de la organización virtual y el problema se afronta bajo parámetros de flexibilidad a la hora de definir y gestionar esa organización virtual, formada por equipos de trabajo y profesionales geográfica y organizativamente dispersos. La solución planteada, la plataforma Itecsoft, se apoya en una arquitectura abierta de colaboración y una serie de componente de middleware y servicios que acaban tomando sustanciándose en un conjunto de herramientas de código libre en su mayoría provenientes de proyectos y comunidades que han surgido o se han reactivado al calor del fenómeno "dos-punto-cero". Las principales aportaciones de la solución propuesta son la resolución del problema de la identidad en el entorno distribuido y descentralizado de colaboración de ITECBAN, junto con la selección, evaluación e integración de las herramientas de colaboración dentro de esa arquitectura abierta.

Despite the great advances of technology in networking areas, space missions sometimes face difficulties to achieve a successful operational state when high reliability data links are not available between their control centres and the ground stations, causing loss of data and disconnections. The reasons are varied, from time and cost constraints to design and implementation restrictions, as well as additional limitations imposed by the Mission Control System (MCS). The objective of this paper is to share the experience gained at different stages of past spacecraft missions where CCSDS Space Link Extension services were not offered in the initial design, to present the solutions found to mitigate the data losses and to illustrate the positive impact to the overall mission following the implementation of CCSDS SLE services. Comparisons between different ground protocols, used extensively in space operations, to transport telemetry at higher data rates in real time between remote ground stations and control centres, and appropriate parameter fine-tuning that led to improved data delivery reliability are taken into consideration as well. This paper presents the operational success of the deployment of the SLE protocol to overcome the difficulties caused by the specified restrictions and limitations. The result of this analysis, or just parts of it, could be useful to space agencies in planning and designing their future missions in an optimal manner with respect to the ground network design and costs.

In today's world, server cost is a big burden for companies and using it efficiently is a difficult issue to cope with. A typical enterprise datacenter contains a lot of servers. The workloads vary widely depending on the application requirements, user activity and network conditions. Thus many servers spend much of their time idle. That means waste of precious resources such as power and cooling and ongoing maintenance. At this point, server virtualization attempts to increase resource utilization by dividing individual physical servers into multiple virtual servers each with its own operating environment and applications.

Virtualization is a technique that may be encountered in all parts of an ICT infrastructure. The benefits of virtualization for an infrastructure are recognized by a growing number of companies. In this way, virtualization creates prerequisites for the further improvement of the entire information system. Another reason is the growing awareness of environmental issues at the global level, which has become a large external sponsor of this technology. While virtualization technology has been known about for several decades, its hay day is yet to come. In the following years many jobs will be create because of it, from the user desktop and notebook computers, to the server in all businesses. This article examines the impact of virtualization in business enterprises, with emphasis on infrastructure costs and improved business functions. It points to the large savings that can occur even in medium-sized enterprises. Claims are verifiable quantitative indicators, particularly in the procu...

Este trabalho teve por objetivo fundamentar teoricamente o processo de modelagem de informações organizacionais na forma de ontologias. Utilizaram-se as contribuições da Arquitetura da Informação, enquanto disciplina científica para a construção de ontologias organizacionais. É proposto um processo de elaboração de ontologias, cuja principal vantagem é prover um conjunto de diretrizes para a construção de ontologias, com propriedades de um construto científico, incluindo completude ao artefato, no que tange às características desejáveis. Serviu-se do Método de Arquitetura da Informação Aplicada (MAIA) para a condução do processo de construção de ontologias. Um estudo de caso foi desenvolvido no domínio financeiro. O principal resultado foi o mapeamento das contribuições do CPAI em recomendações de uso para a construção de ontologias de domínio.Palavras-chave: Ontologia. Arquitetura da Informação. Gestão do Conhecimento. Tecnologia da Informação.Link: http://www.periodicos.ufpb.br/oj...

Modern organisations are increasingly moving from traditional monolithic business systems to environments where more and more tasks are outsourced to third party providers. Therefore, processes must operate in an open and dynamic environment in which the management of time plays a crucial role. Handling time, however, remains a challenging issue yet to be fully addressed. Traditional processing systems only consider business events in a single time dimension, but are unable to handle bitemporal events: events in two time dimensions. Recently, back-end systems have started to provide increased support for handling bitemporal events, but these enhanced capabilities have not been carried through to business process management systems. In this paper, we consider the possible relationships that exist between bitemporal properties of events and we show how these relationships affect a business process. In addition, we demonstrate how bitemporal events can be handled to prevent certain undesired effects on the business process.

We have discussed and reviewed in detail throughout this EA 873 course several key points which has been the analysis and design of an Enterprise Architecture (EA) framework based on understanding the current and future states from three key perspectives: strategy, business and technology. The adjustment I made to these three key perspectives has been to extrapolate, delineate and state that the Organizational Business Strategic Strategy referred to as a Business Model contains goals which are strategic and drive the basis for the development of a Tactical Strategy which contains objectives that are executable and measureable. These objectives help to drive changes in the Business Strategic Strategy and to formulate the development of a Business Process Architecture framework that drives the development of Business Process Models that are managed by a Quality Management System (QMS). These models provide governance, management, oversight, applied knowledge, and guidance by example as based on how business functional activities are conducted across the organization and within each functional business unit. The Business Process Architecture framework is the first of three frameworks that make-up the Enterprise Architecture Model with the second being Information Systems, and third being Information Technology.

In this literature review, we present the impact of virtualization in businesses by checking through the history of virtualization and how it gained its popularity across business organizations. Virtualization was defined and explained to briefly understand the meaning and the need for it. We looked at virtualization in business and the different types of virtualization with the most popular being server virtualization. This is because traditional servers are costly to deploy, occupies large spaces and troubleshooting can be complex. We explained some of the processes required for business migration into a virtualized environment and how several servers can function in one physical machine and the description of some popular servers. Finally, we explored the advantages and disadvantages of virtualization to further prove the impact of virtualization in business.

In this literature review, we present the impact of virtualization in businesses by checking through the history of virtualization and how it gained its popularity across business organizations. Virtualization was defined and explained to briefly understand the meaning and the need for it. We looked at virtualization in business and the different types of virtualization with the most popular being server virtualization. This is because traditional servers are costly to deploy, occupies large spaces and troubleshooting can be complex. We explained some of the processes required for business migration into a virtualized environment and how several servers can function in one physical machine and the description of some popular servers. Finally, we explored the advantages and disadvantages of virtualization to further prove the impact of virtualization in business.

Enterprise Architecture is the systematic approach of transforming functional activities from the methodological approach to technological approach. Enterprise Architecture (EA) is the act of dissecting, planning, arranging and carrying out big business investigation to effectively execute on business systems. EA assists organizations with organizing IT ventures and strategies to accomplish wanted business results and to keep steady over industry patterns and disturbances utilizing design standards and practices, a cycle otherwise called Enterprise Architectural Planning (EAP) (White, 2018).
The CSVLOD model of big enterprise architecture (or essentially the CSVLOD model) is a far-reaching research-based applied model clarifying the thought of big business design (EA) and its center components. It portrays central kinds of EA antiquities and their vital properties with regards to an EA practice.
TOGAFF model framework is a standardize framework Enterprise designers adjust on cross-departmental ventures in an organized way to work with key business targets. Specifically, as per the Open Group Architectural Forum, TOGAF®'s principal point is to help basic business needs by- Guaranteeing that everybody communicates in a similar language. Keeping away from lock-in to restrictive arrangements by normalizing on open strategies for a venture design. Setting aside time and cash, and using assets all the more adequately. Accomplishing obvious ROI. Also, to guarantee that the above is ordered in deliberate and repeatable manners, an adaptable interaction entitled the TOGAF. Architectural Development Method (ADM) can be continued in different stages to deal with the prerequisites of any huge scope IT modernization.

reductions on total cost of ownership and rapid return on investment on virtualization projects have moved many organizations to adopt it as a key component of their IT strategy. In this installment of Attack Trends, I'll look at this technology trend with an eye toward security and analyze past and present advances in offensive security tools and techniques.

Copyright © 2000 by the Universiteit van Amsterdam All rights reserved. No part of this article may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic of mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without ...

Virtualization allows a single system to concurrently run multiple isolated virtual machines, operating systems (OSes) or multiple instances of a single OS. It helps organizations to improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, improve the use of hardware, and to allocate resources ondemand. Nevertheless, like most technologies, it has vulnerabilities and threats. Research about security issues related to virtualization has been conducted for several years. However, there are still open challenges related to security in virtualization. This paper looks into some of the differences, issues, challenges, and risks caused by virtualization and aims to classify the various virtualization approaches, along with their goals, advantages and drawbacks from a security perspective. Such classification is expected to help in the identification of virtualization technologies that might be applied in a virtualized infrastructure. This work is intended to be an introduction to the security consid...

Most people believe that the mainframe platform currently suffers a slow but a certain death. This is however a common misconception: The mainframe is very much alive and going strong. This thesis recognizes the mainframe platform's superior qualities, and deals with one of the platform's new driving forces: Server consolidation based on the z/VM operating system and Linux. Some effort is first made to provide a basic understanding of the IBM mainframe architecture in order to establish common ground. A concise, yet theoretically and practically balanced, description of z/VM based virtualization follows. This provides amongst other things insight into how resources (processors resources in particular) can be shared.

Virtualization provides many benefits - greater efficiency in CPU utilization, greener IT with less power consumption, better management through central environment control, more availability, reduced project timelines by eliminating hardware procurement, improved disaster recovery capability, more central control of the desktop, and improved outsourcing services. With these benefits, it is no wondered that virtualization has had a meteoric rise to the 2008 Top 10 IT Projects! This white paper presents a brief look at virtualization, its benefits and weaknesses, and today's "best practices" regarding virtualization. I. INTRODUCTION Virtualization, in computing, is a term that refers to the various techniques, methods or approaches of creating a virtual (rather than actual) version of something, such as a virtual hardware platform, operating system (OS), storage device, or network resources. Virtualization addresses IT's most pressing challenge: the infrastructure s...

80-100 words) DPPK is Department of Revenue and Financial Management in Bandung Regency. DPPK is divided into five divisions, namely 1st Revenue, 2ndRevenue, Budgeting, Treasury and Accounting Section. 1st Revenue section who responsible to manage income of Bandung Regency in local tax, local retribution, local own source assets and local own source revenue and focused on managed local tax of Bandung Regency. To improve local tax services in Bandung Regency, DPPK can use information technology advances that supports business activity in 1st Revenue Section with information system strategic planning. Information system strategic planning using TOGAF ADM framework to harmonize business strategy and IT strategies based on business needs.

As computing power and storage needs increase rapidly, companies are looking for ways to reduce costs and improve overall return on investment. Although this is not market responsibility, a better understanding of this knowledge would greatly help managers of the companies that are wishing to enhance their current information technology infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to review issues of virtual server consolidation. Factors contributing to the both the positives and negatives associated with the implementation of virtual server consolidation will be evaluated in order to provide increased awareness of this emerging technology. Practical knowledge is discussed to help information technology managers explore this emerging technology for their enterprise information technology infrastructure.

With the continuously increasing amount of online resources and data such use cases as discovery, maintenance and inter-operation become more and more complex. In particular, data management is becoming one of the main issues with respect to both scientific (large scale simulations or data mining applications) as well as consumer use cases (accessing photos or email attachments on mobile devices). We believe that one of the main bottlenecks blocking development of solutions providing truly seamless developer and user experience is the concept of file and filesystem. We present Filess, vision and architecture of file-less information systems where files are not necessary, neither in the application nor operating system layers.

Visões epistemológicas da gestão do conhecimento na Ciência da Informação é uma obra resultado das indagações e reflexões no que diz respeito às teorias e epistemologia que circundam a gestão do conhecimento sob a ótica e colaboração de pesquisadores internacionais e nacionais com o objetivo de apresentar à comunidade científica uma coletânea de textos inéditos e complementares, que venham contribuir com o desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras sobre a temática.

In the current competitive worlwide market, Information Systems (IS) are today necessaries in order to support specific application domains or business areas that can give a strategic advantage to organizations. In this context, IS alignment that exists when the IS and business goals and activities are in concordance, becomes crucial. Several approaches have been proposed for building IS alignment. However, for aligning IS support to specific application domains it is necessary to deal with their specific characteristics. Reviewing the literature, IS alignment approaches addressing these specific characteristics have been proposed by extending the Strategic Alignment Model (SAM) (Henderson and Venkatraman, 1993). Nevertheless, means for building new models from the SAM constitutive elements have not been proposed yet. To cope with this lack, we propose two metamodels: the SAM static view metamodel and the SAM dynamic view metamodel. The instantiation of these metamodels enables the build up of new models addressing the alignment of IS support to specific application domains.

In July 2001, the Space Domain Task Force of the Object Management Group (OMG) issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) on Telemetric and Command Data Specification. This RFP solicited proposals that define telemetry and commanding data specifications in support of all phases of the satellite, payload, and ground segment lifecycle: system design, development, test, validation, and mission operations. In fact, telemetry and commanding data design is still often performed multiple times in multiple formats by multiple contractors during the lifecycle of the satellite, well before the satellite is ever deployed for mission operations. Standardisation of telemetry and commanding data descriptions for spacecraft health and safety monitoring, as well as payload interfaces, will reduce the cost of these implementations and decrease the development schedule, integration, and test of the satellite and its component systems. A common, adaptable specification can also be used to support multiple heterogeneous missions, facilitating interoperability among ground control systems, simulators, testing facilities, etc.

Visões epistemológicas da gestão do conhecimento na Ciência da Informação é uma obra resultado das indagações e reflexões no que diz respeito às teorias e epistemologia que circundam a gestão do conhecimento sob a ótica e colaboração de pesquisadores internacionais e nacionais com o objetivo de apresentar à comunidade científica uma coletânea de textos inéditos e complementares, que venham contribuir com o desenvolvimento de pesquisas futuras sobre a temática.

Mission Planning and Scheduling are integral parts of Mission Operations and closely related to the other aspects of the overall Monitoring and Control of space missions. Mission Planning is an activity that often requires interaction between multiple entities, where also cross-agency collaborations could potentially be facilitated. In the absence of commonly agreed international space standards for typical mission planning and scheduling exchange interfaces, the current approach is to define such interfaces on a per-mission or per-agency basis. This hinders the potential for reuse and increases the development and operations costs due to proliferation of implementations of the same functionality in different contexts. The Mission Planning and Scheduling (MPS) Working Group (WG) of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) has been formed in 2015, with the current participation from 8 space agencies. The MPS WG has the objective of specifying generic, interoperable m...

Since 2003, the Spacecraft Monitoring & Control (SM&C) Working Group of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), which sees the active participation of 10 space agencies, has been working on the definition of a service oriented architecture consisting of a set of standard end-to-end services between functions resident on-board a spacecraft or based on the ground, that are responsible for mission operations. The ambitious goal of the WG is to allow the build up of space systems (Ground Segment, but also part of the Space Segment) by using plug-in components which is made possible by the use of standardized services.

In July 2001, the Space Domain Task Force of the Object Management Group (OMG) issued a Request for Proposal (RFP) on Telemetric and Command Data Specification. This RFP solicited proposals that define telemetry and commanding data specifications in support of all phases of the satellite, payload, and ground segment lifecycle: system design, development, test, validation, and mission operations. In fact, telemetry and commanding data design is still often performed multiple times in multiple formats by multiple contractors during the lifecycle of the satellite, well before the satellite is ever deployed for mission operations. Standardisation of telemetry and commanding data descriptions for spacecraft health and safety monitoring, as well as payload interfaces, will reduce the cost of these implementations and decrease the development schedule, integration, and test of the satellite and its component systems. A common, adaptable specification can also be used to support multiple heterogeneous missions, facilitating interoperability among ground control systems, simulators, testing facilities, etc.

Abstract-The interest in virtualization has been growing rapidly in the IT industry because of inherent benefits like better resource utilization and ease of system manageability. The experimentation and use of virtualization as well as the simultaneous deployment of virtual software are increasingly getting popular and in use by educational institutions for research and teaching. This paper stresses on the potential advantages associated with virtualization and the use of virtual machines for scenarios, which cannot be easily implemented and/or studied in a traditional academic network environment, but need to be explored and experimented by students to meet the raising needs and knowledge-base demanded by the IT industry. In this context, we discuss some aspects of virtualization. With Green, or environmentally friendly, computing. If properly deployed, green hosting practices can result in hosting that is not only environmentally sustainable, but climate positive

Los Servicios Web conforman una tecnología emergente que tiene como objetivo permitir la interoperabilidad e integración de negocios a través de la Web de una forma transparente al usuario e independiente de las plataformas. Se caracterizan por brindar un modelo de computación distribuida y por hacer uso tanto de los estándares de Internet como de su infraestructura. En este artículo, presentamos un marco comparativo que sirve como herramienta para contrastar las características que ofrecen las diferentes plataformas de desarrollo de software basado en esta nueva tecnología. A modo de ejemplo, aplicamos el marco para clasificar tres de las plataformas actualmente más difundidas. PALABRAS CLAVES: Servicios Web-Plataformas de Desarrollo-Calidad del producto software. 1. INTRODUCCIÓN A partir del surgimiento de Internet, y en particular de la WWW han comenzado a nacer nuevas tendencias de mercado, junto con nuevos requerimientos tales como servicios complejos a través de la Web, comercio electrónico, capacidad de integración B2B, etc. Los Servicios Web, buscan aprovechar el modelo de programación Web y dicha estructura para permitir construir servicios a través de aplicaciones distribuidas. El principal objetivo, es el de proveer de una plataforma que permita el desarrollo de aplicaciones, las cuales puedan interoperar sin importar el lenguaje de programación en el cual fueron desarrolladas, ni el sistema operativo o el hardware en el cual estén ejecutando, permitiéndose invocar a los servicios de distintos sistemas en forma distribuida y de manera similar a la invocación de una función en un lenguaje tradicional. De esta manera, se busca desacoplar el servicio o aplicación en sí del resto de los componentes (hardware, lenguajes de programación, etc.). La idea de los Servicios Web es pasar a un auténtico entorno de computación distribuida basada en Protocolos Web. Los Servicios Web permiten la interoperabilidad entre software escritos en diferentes lenguajes de programación, desarrollados por distintos vendedores, o corriendo en diferentes sistemas operativos o plataformas [1]. La multiplicidad de características que actualmente ofrecen los diversos entornos de desarrollo y plataformas comerciales, hacen que la tarea de evaluación y selección de esta nueva tecnología no sea fácil. Con el fin de facilitar su uso y/o adopción, en este artículo describimos un marco comparativo que permite clasificar y valorar alternativas. Desde un punto de vista de desarrollo de software hemos identificado tres roles principales, que forman la base de nuestro marco comparativo [2][3][4]:

Several studies in the area of Frameworks for
Information Systems Architectures recommend carrying
out additional research on the support of Information
Systems Architectures to the organization´s businesses,
using models of reference frameworks. The subject is so
important mainly with regard to the support of the
architectural maturity model in National Organizations
for Official Statistics. However, this research has not yet
been carried out, which means that there is a gap in
relation to scientific knowledge. This project, therefore,
aims to conduct new research in order to build a new
framework to address this issue, and thus contribute to
knowledge. The design science research method was
selected for this research, as it is suitable for design, in
addition to its pragmatic and positivist character. Two
organizations producing official statistics from two
different countries (Portugal and Mozambique) were
selected for the empirical study and the validation of the
final result. The expectation is that the new framework
allows technological solutions to meet the requirements
of the organizations involved in the statistical production
process, generating compliance and alignment with its
strategic objectives and ensuring that Information
Technology takes the right actions to deliver benefits in
short time.

System virtualization is an antique art that will continue as long as applications need isolation and performance independence. Virtualization provides many benefits and greater efficiency in CPU utilization, greener IT with less power consumption, better management through central environmental control, more availability, reduced project timelines by eliminating hardware procurement, improved disaster recovery capability, more central control of the desktop, and improved outsourcing services. In this paper we will deliver new and enhanced IT services in less time and with greater agility. The goal of providing rapid near real-time response to customer requirements is in part being achieved by taking advantage of virtualization. Virtualization provides many benefits, including improved physical resource utilization, improved hardware efficiency, and reduced power and cooling expenses. However, it introduces another set of systems (virtual machines) that have to be controlled, provisioned, managed, updated, patched, and retired. This paper is organized into the following areas-An introduction to virtualization and its benefits, the Challenges of Virtualization techniques, an overview of the hardware virtualization technique, an overview of the software virtualization technique. The paper also proposes an effective and flexible distributed scheme with three phases, opposing to its predecessors. Our scheme achieves reducing the workload of a data center and continual service improvement.

The existence of a virtualization layer within the cloud affects the resources optimization and the reduction of requirements of its implementation. In this publication the focus will be the use of jail environments, provided by the FreeBSD Operating System, which present a relevant set of features that can enhance the increase of performance. A set of data collection tests that allows measuring the degree of optimization obtainable in current models of cloud computing, based on the use of hypervisors tests, are presented. These tests proved that the increase in performance and optimization of resources is possible, bringing up the need to adapt the current models of cloud computing for the use of such solutions. However, this increase in performance, leads to a loss of flexibility of the usage of independent operating systems, which is not relevant to the model of cloud computing business.