Architecture and politics

Massive Radio Audiences during the Great Depression. Master of Arts (Journalism), July 2024, 128 pp., bibliography, 151 titles. Conservative talk radio has had a long and controversial history in the United States of America. Two early controversial radio hosts who rose to fame in the United States were the "radio priest" Charles Coughlin (1889-1979), a Roman Catholic priest who had a massive national radio audience of approximately 30 million people during the 1930s, and the Reverend Robert P. Shuler (1879-1965), the fundamentalist Evangelical pastor of the 5,000 member Trinity Methodist Church in Los Angeles California. This thesis examines Charles Coughlin and Robert P. Shuler's use of recognized propaganda techniques as defined by Harold Laswell, Walter Lippmann, Ronald H. Carpenter, Alfred McClung Lee, Elizabeth Briant Lee, and others, especially in casting themselves as favored social elites, using their insider information to warn followers that other elites meant them harm. In an era when digital communication easily magnifies demagoguery, understanding the various methods and effects of propaganda as practices by these two figures might help contemporary audiences discern whether a communicator intends to promote the general welfare of society or merely their own interests. Additionally, this thesis examines Coughlin and Shuler's relationship with populist political movements.

Traditionally, there has been an attribution of public spaces to males and private spaces of domesticity to females; moreover, mosques have been patriarchal spaces. Since the 90s, as both Islamism and feminism are on the rise, public places and topics on women’s roles have been reinterpreted. Under the power of an Islamist party, Turkey witnessed an increase in women’s role in mosque architecture in the last 20 years. Mosque projects that consider and welcome women are carried out, and women as mosque designers became visible. Unlike Islamist feminists’ debate around the world, in which the topic is on ‘women-only’, ‘gender-mixed’, and ‘women-focused/women-led’ mosques, in Turkey, the debate has been on the two genders sharing the same space. This research is an inquiry into the changing role of
women and their relation to the production of mosque spaces, focusing on Turkey. Firstly, the research focuses on creating a theoretical framework and gives information on gender politics and Islamic space. Later, it looks into women as the agents; users of mosques where they appropriate the men’s space, and designers of mosques and their roles in relation to the authority in mosque architecture. Five different case studies by different female architects or designers are chosen in which they occupy various positions in the mosque design. Field research, observations, architectural analyses, and literature review are done; also, interviews are conducted with the architects. This research aims to contribute to feminist discourse with the inclusion of Muslim women and tries to understand women’s claim and their work on equality in the religious space.

Araştırma, mimarlık pratiği içinde krizin mekânsal ve atmosferik boyutlarını inceleyerek, kaza anlatısının mekân üzerindeki etkilerini temsil aracılığıyla yeniden düşünmektedir. Araştırma kapsamında, mimarlığın çok boyutlu yapısı, çelişkili ilişkileri ve politik dili üzerinden şekillenen mekân kavramı ele alır. Bu çerçevede, kazaların yarattığı fiziksel ve atmosferik durumların, mekânın görünmeyen boyutlarındaki ilişkileri nasıl sunduğuna dair açılımlar hedeflenmektedir. Bu makale, kriz anlarında ortaya çıkan kaotik yapıların mekânsal deneyim üzerindeki etkilerini ele alan bir araştırma süreci olan doktora tez çalışmasına dayanmaktadır. Araştırma, krizli durumların bilinmeyen ve temsil edilemez olanla ilişki kurarak yeni bir kavramsal alan sunduğunu öne sürer. Kazanın, mimarlığın temsili ve mekânsal pratikler üzerindeki etkilerini sorgulayan çalışma, "tekinsiz mekân" ve "mekânsal belirsizlik" kavramlarına atıf yaparak, çarpışma anlarında yapının kazandığı dinamik ve tesadüfi ilişkileri deşifre eder. Kazanın mekânsal pratiklerdeki rolünü yeni bir bakış içinde ortaya seren araştırma, mimarlık ile görünmeyenin temsili arasında yeni tartışmalar açar. Sonuç olarak çalışma temsili süreçlerin, modern mimarlığın ürettiği imgeler üzerinde nasıl yeniden yorumlanabileceğini ve mimarlık ile kriz arasındaki ilişkileri nasıl dönüştürebileceğini tartışmaktadır. Araştırma sonuç olarak, mekânsal karşıtlıklar ve tesadüfi ilişkiler aracılığıyla yapının zamana dönüşmesini, mekânın görünmeyen boyutlarıyla kurulan fiziksel ve atmosferik diyaloglar üzerinden mimarlığın temsili ve mekân tartışmalarına yeni bir perspektif sunmaktadır.

Este artículo problematiza cómo la noción de "espacio público" no puede separarse de la materialidad urbana y arquitectónica, especialmente a partir de la Arquitectura Moderna, cuyo origen pueden remontarse alrededor del siglo XVIII europeo.  Lo que argumento es que el proyecto de la Arquitectrura Ilustrada tenía como objetivo fabricar espacios en los cuales los edificios funcionaran como "instrumentos para crear ciudadanías". En otras palabras, se trataba de construir espacios no solo habitables, sino civilizatorios, en los que la arquitectura misma operaba como agente pedagógico y normativo. En este sentido, la noción de espacio público adquirió una centralidad estratégica en los constructivos, lo cual se tradujo en una serie de operaciones urbanas que incluyeron la planificación de plazas, monumentos, paseos, parques y otras formas de escenificación de la vida colectiva. Así, el artículo pone en tensión diversas aproximaciones contemporáneas a la idea de “espacio público”, pues propone que a la par de considerar al espacio público como un lugar de expresión democrática y de sociabilidad, es necesario también reconocer el papel de la materialidad espacial que, en este caso, la arquitectura posibilita.

L'architecture est aujourd'hui un terrain de lutte privilégié des guerres culturelles à travers le monde. Des États-Unis de Donald Trump à la Hongrie de Viktor Orbán, en passant par l'Italie de Giorgia Meloni, les dirigeants populistes utilisent la forme et le style des bâtiments publics pour affirmer une vision nationaliste et conservatrice de l'identité.

The adoption of the French Hennebique system in constructing the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall (1907-1915) introduced advanced reinforced concrete to Siam, but also imposed proprietary constraints, limiting local control over design and contractor selection. Siam's Public Works Department (PWD) engineers were relegated to supervisory roles under Hennebique's patent. Meanwhile, Bangkok's soft soil led to foundation settlement, exposing flaws in the Compressol pile system, employed by Hennebique's concessionaire. To resolve this, E.G. Gollo, an Italian engineer, employed by the Siamese government, devised a caisson foundation, stabilizing the structure and reducing reliance on Hennebique’s specialists. This article examines how Gollo’s intervention marked a crucial shift in Siam’s modernization, strengthening local agency in architectural development and technological adaptation.

Neste momento de finalização de uma importante etapa da minha formação, gostaria de expressar o meu reconhecimento àqueles que considero essenciais na etapa que ora concluo. Aos meus pais, pela vida que me concederam ter e escolher, por serem responsáveis pelos valores que possuo. Especialmente, pelo apoio dado à minha formação, desde o seu início. É graças a eles que este sonho foi realizado. Aos meus irmãos, cunhada, sobrinhos e restante família, pela vossa existência e presença mas, sobretudo, pelo sentido que imprimem a essa rede tão indispensável: um porto seguro. À orientadora deste trabalho pelo carinho, pelas trocas e pelas orientações. Sobretudo, pela minha admiração e reconhecimento, pelo seu empenho em defesa da formação e da profissão em todos os espaços que ocupa. À minha profissão, tão difícil e complexa, pela paixão que desperta e pelos desafios que nos coloca no quotidiano profissional/pessoal. E finalmente, a Deus por ser uma constante na minha vida. Optei por não nominar todos os que participaram neste momento da minha vida, pois gratidão é algo que se sente. Esta dissertação elaborada no âmbito do V Curso de Mestrado em Serviço Social da Escola Superior de Altos Estudos do Instituto Superior Miguel Torga, intitulada por "Formação de 1.º ciclo em Serviço Social após adequação ao Processo de Bolonha em Portugal" tem como principal objectivo analisar a formação académica em Serviço Social no 1.º Ciclo após o Processo de Bolonha em Portugal, nomeadamente a análise dos planos de estudos das Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) com curso de Serviço Social, de natureza pública (universitário e politécnico), particular e cooperativa (universitário e politécnico) e concordatário. Os objectivos específicos desta investigação prendem-se com a identificação das posições tomadas por algumas organizações relativamente à adopção das orientações do Processo de Bolonha para a formação em Serviço Social, com o levantamento das Instituições de Ensino Superior com formação no 1.º Ciclo de Serviço Social em Portugal que efectuaram registo de adequação ao Processo de Bolonha, com a análise dos objectivos e saídas profissionais dos cursos de 1.º ciclo e com a análise dos planos de estudo na área cientifica de Serviço Social (componentes) e noutras áreas cientificas. Para atingir os objectivos partiu-se do pressuposto de que as vinte instituições que possuem o 1.º ciclo em Serviço Social iriam colaborar nesta investigação cedendo um conjunto de documentos solicitados. Tratando-se de uma pesquisa, recorreu-se a uma estratégia metodológica sobretudo de análise qualitativa (pesquisa bibliográfica e documental) e quantitativa (extensiva), na medida que se procurou abranger a totalidade dos cursos de 1.º ciclo em Serviço Social no país. Verificou-se que todo o processo de reestruturação dos cursos para adequação a Bolonha foi realizado sem directrizes comuns para a definição dos planos de estudos e neste sentido cada IES teve ampla autonomia para a adequação a Bolonha. Partindo da construção de uma matriz teórica e de um documento de referência para a formação académica em Serviço Social das organizações internacionais da profissão, verificou-se a existência de várias lacunas nos planos de estudo analisados. Neste sentido, um dos aspectos conclusivos desta investigação, prende-se com a necessidade de criação de formas de regulamentação da formação em Serviço Social, como por exemplo a criação de padrões comuns para os cursos de 1.º ciclo em Serviço Social.

Der Beitrag behandelt den Wiederaufbau Warschaus als besonders signifikantes Beispiel der Überwindung der intentionalen Zerstörung von Städten im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Der Beitrag behandelt zunächst die dreifache Zerstörung Warschaus im Zuge der deutschen Belagerung und Einnahme der Stadt, der Niederschlagung des Ghettoaufstandes und des Warschauer Aufstandes sowie der anschließenden systematischen Zerstörung der städtischen Bausubstanz. Der Artikel verweist zudem auf den Krieg gegen die Bevölkerung bzw. die systematischen Vernichtung vor allem der jüdischen Bevölkerung Warschaus. Die Planung des Wiederaufbaus Warschaus, so wird argumentiert, spiegelt die verschiedenen Phasen der Zerstörung der Stadt, aber auch die Konsolidierung eines sozialistischen Systems nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Für dieses System, an das viele polnische Architekten durchaus hohe Erwartungen knüpften, war der Wiederaufbau der bewusst und systematisch zerstören polnischen Hauptstadt ein Prestigeprojekt, an dem auch die Überlegenheit des neuen Systems – insbesondere der Planökonomie – demonstriert werden sollte. Gleichwohl lässt sich nicht von einem uniformen Wiederaufbau sprechen. Im engeren Sinne modernistische Lösungen stehen neben bzw. wurden schnell überlagert durch Architektur des sozialistischen Realismus (MDM-Viertel, Kulturpalast). Der Wiederaufbau der Altstadt entlang historischer Vorbilder folgte einer eigenen Logik. Wiewohl politische Vorgaben Architekten in hohem Maße einschränkten, lässt sich abschließend doch konstatieren, dass die für den Wiederaufbau gefunden Lösungen Warschau den Weg geebnet haben zur außerordentlich dynamischen Stadt, die Warschau heute ist.

The notion of neoliberalism, which is defined as a political and sociological ideology or a program, has influenced accelerated growth of developing countries with globalization since the 1980s. In addition to economic policies; social relations, information flows, sense of belonging and ways of thinking have also undergone radical changes with the emergence of this ideology. Neoliberalism basically argues that human welfare can be improved by maximizing freedoms in the context of market organizations and trade. With the acceptance that social and individual welfare will be increased through these concepts, the forms of production and consumption in the city have changed and spatial practices within the architecture have reshaped. Within the scope of this study, the mentioned transformation process has been examined in multi-dimensionality such as urban scale, architectural design scale and 1/1 human scale.

The current discourse of the city as image or spectacle is what the municipal authorities, developers and politicians in Berlin are trying to encourage in order to increase the incomes from tourism, office or commercial rents. This kind of urban politics are spaces for cultural consumption, megastores, festivals and spectacles of all kinds, all intended to attract new tourism, urban travelers or metropolitan explorers. The issue in this city is how best to decorate the city to attract better international attention: not the city as an opportunity to be filled with life by its inhabitants and visitants but the city as image in the service of power and profit.

This paper proposes to extract new foundations for designers to operate in an increasingly diverse and transformative urban landscape. It focuses on unpacking current design approaches in the epidermis of the border city of Tijuana: a palpable case of erosion and constant reinvention of the urban fabric challenged by temporality, legality and circumstance. Although it does not intend to predict the future image of the built environment, it does intend to expose designers, through the lens of Tijuana, to the evolving paradox of assertiveness and adaptability in environments of extreme contradictions and visual noise.

Jurgen Mayer H., founder of J. MAYER H. Architects, is recognized for his innovative and provocative architectural approach, blending aesthetics, digital technologies, and material research to challenge conventional design paradigms. His work, spanning public buildings across Europe, has gained international acclaim and is included in prestigious collections such as MoMA New York. This study, based on insights from the World Architecture Festival 2012, explores Mayer H.’s multidisciplinary practice, dissecting his design theory, philosophy, and engagement with new media. Contributions from NUS Assistant Professors Florian Schlitz and Erik G. L’Heureux examine the notions of architectural braveness, provocation, and aesthetics, while design journalist Michele Koh analyzes the impact of technology and materials research in shaping spatial experiences. Through these perspectives, the study positions Mayer H.’s work within contemporary architectural discourse, highlighting his contributions to digital fabrication, urbanism, and future design methodologies.

Ricci, President of the Opera Nazionale Balilla, proposed to move the place of Benito Mussolini's gatherings from Piazza Venezia to the slopes of Monte Mario, into the Foro Mussolini, a complex mainly dedicated to sport activities. Ricci entrusted Luigi Moretti with the design of the vast esplanade of the Arengo delle Nazioni and a huge bronze statue of the Genius of Fascism upon the hill of Monte Mario, which was to incarnate the physiognomy of Mussolini himself. For the first time, the projects produced by a group of engineers, architects-Mansutti and Miozzo, Paniconi and Pediconi, Del Debbio, and Moretti himself-and Aroldo Bellini, the sculptor chosen to create the new Colossus of Rome, are here systematically reordered, analyzed, and discussed in the historical, political, and artistic scenarios of 1930s Italy to reconstruct a forgotten chapter of the megalomaniacal plans promoted by the fascist regime to turn Rome into the capital of a new empire.

La historiografía de la arquitectura del siglo XX ha evitado sistemáticamente emplear el sintagma “arquitectura fascista” para el caso de España, a diferencia de sus homólogas “arquitectura nazi” en Alemania o “arquitectura fascista” en Italia. Se plantea una discusión acerca de si es pertinente o no esa conceptualización como tal, para lo cual se proponen 4 aproximaciones al problema: el ultra-nacionalismo, la palingenesia, el totalitarismo y el catolicismo. Los resultados demuestran que la arquitectura española entre 1931 y 1953 evidencia de forma teórica y material el proceso de fascistización antes y durante la Guerra Civil española, y, posteriormente su lenta desfascistización gracias al contacto profesional con el entorno internacional y al factor singular del nacional-catolicismo.

Introduction. Intelligent technologies for processing and generating natural language, machine learning
and deep learning have the potential to qualitatively change both teaching methods and techniques and the
education management system. Meanwhile, there is a question of whether the teaching community is ready for
the conscious and effective implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in educational programs. The purpose
of the study is to examine the degree of educators’ awareness about modern intelligent technologies, to
understand their attitude towards AI and their proficiency in these technologies.
Materials and Methods. Data collection was carried out by means of a survey. The questionnaire was
completed by 132 respondents including university professors of humanities (13%), schools teachers (15%)
and pre-school and kindergarten educators (72%). Based on the survey data, the researchers conducted a
content analysis of responses to open-ended questions and a quantitative analysis of responses to closedended questions. In addition, the chi-squared test was employed to identify the relationship between the age
category and the level of AI competence.
Results. The study demonstrates that the majority of respondents do not have a clear understanding
of the concept of artificial intelligence and do not have the competencies and experience sufficient to
effectively implement AI in the educational process, which is especially typical for respondents over 40
years of age. Artificial intelligence is perceived as something interesting, promising and useful, although
complex and requiring solutions to respond to negative cognitive and emotional impact on learners. Only
11% of respondents rate their level of competence as high, while the majority consider it average (56%),
below average (19%) or low (14%). Statistical analysis shows a significant relationship between the age of
respondents and the level of competence (χ2
=8.852; the critical value of χ2
at the significance level of p=0.05
is 7.815). The younger generation (20-40 years old) is more likely than the older generation (41-60 years
old) to assess their level of AI competence as high. The study shows that the use of AI in teaching practice
is unsystematic and often experimental in nature due to the lack of knowledge and practical skills, which
might be explained by the novelty of the AI technologies as well as the scarcity of research-based and tested
pedagogical models for their implementation.
Practical Significance. The results of the study will have practical application in training and professional
development programs for educators, as well as in improving digitalization of education. Further research
should be aimed at creating and testing methods and techniques for integrating AI into educational programs
of all levels and forms.

This paper seeks to explore the evolving role of nature as ornamentation in architecture. Historically, natural elements have been represented in construction for aesthetic and symbolic reasons, as seen in Egyptian lotus capitals or Assyrian reliefs. In the contemporary context, however, rather than being directly represented, nature appears to be employed in two other ways. One is through the emulation of natural processes or behaviors, known as biomimetic design. The other is through the integration of vegetation into buildings via built-in planters or green cladding. The ornamental aspects of both approaches emerge from the current understanding of ornament, which today is interpreted largely as a performative element integral to a building’s genesis, often blurring the line between structure and embellishment.

Within this framework, the incorporation of nature into design offers environmental benefits that help mitigate the human impact on habitats while it simultaneously serves as ornamentation, reconnecting people with nature and conveying a message of environmental responsibility. While green architecture stems from a moral imperative for sustainability, it concurrently communicates this ethos through its design.

In this light, this paper argues that the traditional representation of nature has been transformed into biomimetic design and the direct integration of vegetation, both functioning as ornamentation. The study examines the motivations behind this shift, its implications, and how it reflects a biophilic ethos and environmental concern. Although nature in contemporary architecture is extensively studied, its role as an ornament remains relatively underexplored. Thus, this paper aims to take a step toward bridging this gap in the architectural discourse.

Diagrams of Power juxtaposes and interrogates its two leading actors so as to draw from and through them a theory of architecture, which is inseparable from its recluse. In doing so it elaborates a series of complex connections between their various interlocutors and inspirations: Hegel, Heidegger, Derrida, the Kabbalah, Agamben, allegory, Marx, Deleuze, Klossowski, tragedy, capitalism, modernity.

This paper aims to analyse the methods used in the existing literature on architectural history that introduce the characteristics of Chinese architecture. The investigation sought to address the research question: How might the characteristics of Chinese architecture be methodically classified and systematically organised to encourage creativity and innovation for architecture students? Following a preliminary argument, three seminal architectural history books formed the core foundation of this study. One significant finding from the review is that no single method of categorisation can comprehensively illustrate the entire history of Chinese architecture. All systems of classification present a process and effort to balance the need for in-depth knowledge and the demand for a holistic overview. The paper proposes an ‘integrated system’ to systematise and present the subject to architecture students as a possible
answer to the question posed in this study. This paper hopes to contribute to the current and ongoing local and international debate on the pedagogy of architectural history.

This paper explores the transformative potential of spatial reappropriation through performative and artistic practices, focusing on redefining urban and domestic spaces to foster inclusivity, community, and care. Drawing on the principles of New Social Urbanism, the research highlights the centrality of embodied practices and collective actions in dismantling institutionalized norms and reclaiming marginalized spaces. Case studies such as *Post Disaster Rooftops* in Taranto, OHT's *Nomadic School*, and N55’s *Parkcycle Swarm* exemplify how participatory design and performative interventions enable new forms of inhabitation and shared social interactions. Additionally, Riccardo Benassi’s *Dancefloorensick* and micha cárdenas’ *Becoming Dragon* demonstrate how artistic practices engage the physical and virtual dimensions to challenge exclusion and redefine community. By integrating visual and performative arts with architecture and design, this paper advocates for participatory, body-centered strategies that reimagine urban spaces as dynamic ecosystems of care, sustainability, and collective belonging.

This article examines the emerging possibilities of using artificial intelligence applications in historical science. Chatbots based on large language models can serve as a useful tool in historical research for a number of auxiliary tasks: conducting initial analysis of texts and documents, creating summaries or summaries, analyzing long texts to identify key topics and ideas. Promising areas of AI applications and possible limitations are discussed.
For citation: Bystritskiy, N.I. “Application of Artificial Intelligence for the Development of Historical Knowledge: Prospects and Limitations.” Byzantinotaurica. The Journal of Byzantine and Mediterranean Studies 2 (2024). P. 303-316.

Аннотация: В статье рассматриваются появляющиеся возможности использования приложений искусственного интеллекта в исторической науке. Чат-боты на базе больших языковых моделей могут служить полезным инструментом в исторических исследованиях для ряда вспомогательных задач: проведения первоначального анализа текстов и документов, создания сводок или резюме, анализа длинных текстов для выявления ключевых тем и идей. Обсуждаются перспективные направления использования ИИ и возможные ограничения. Цитирование: Быстрицкий Н.И. Применение искусственного интеллекта для развития исторического знания: перспективы и ограничения // Byzantinotaurica. Журнал византийских и средиземноморских исследований. 2024 Т. 2 С. 303-316 .

В статье рассматривается вопрос о том, почему, несмотря на значительные успехи советских ученых в области искусственного интеллекта (ИИ), данная область в СССР не получила столь же активное развитие, какое она получила в США. В первой части статьи авторы рассматривают биографии советских ученых, чьи достижения сегодня признаются как весомый вклад в развитии ИИ: В.Н. Вапника, А.Я Червоненкиса, М.М. Бонгарда, А.А. Маркова и некоторых других. Во второй части представлен анализ институциональных условий развития советской науки, а также мотиваций советских ученых к занятию наукой. По результатам анализа авторы выдвигают три взаимодополняющие гипотезы.
Во-первых, в СССР для развития области ИИ был неблагоприятный организационный / институциональный контекст; в частности, не было единой площадки, где могли бы встречаться все те, кто занимается проблемами ИИ. Во-вторых, в СССР развивать ИИ значило работать на государство. Те ученые, кто стремился к этому, занимались применением ИИ к развитию управления экономикой и обществом, но это направление не получило широкого развития. В-третьих, в СССР (особенно на позднем этапе советской истории) имел место эскапизм, уход в чистую науку, связанный с общим разочарованием в проекте нового / советского человека и общества. В заключение авторы выделяют актуальность представленных выводов для понимания возможных траекторий развития ИИ в России и в мире в целом.

Resumen Se buscan los fundamentos metafísicos de la utopía a partir de una antropología agustiniana del deseo para, a su vez, mostrar que todo proyecto arquitectónico tiene algo de reflexión metafísica, de utópico. Una disciplina liminar como la arquitectura resulta sorprendentemente fecunda para pensar las estructuras que constituyen las más diversas expresiones del utopismo. Así, se tiende un puente de la metafísica a la utopía, y de ahí a la arquitectura en su dimensión política: la ciudad. Finalmente, se muestran algunos ejemplos de arquitecturas imaginarias del siglo XX, el más profano de todos, para mostrar que una disciplina técnica como la arquitectura también ha sido, en ocasiones, bastión del deseo y la imaginación, a la vez que un centro de reflexión crítica desde donde proyectar una vida que, en la mayoría de los casos, se impone compartida.

In this article, an investigation into local practice of heritage management is presented and discussed. Through a discourse theoretical approach, architectural value, historical value and cultural value are analyzed to understand what reasonings and understandings lie behind them. Three stakeholders are identified and proceedings of building applications in Oslo constitute the empirical data. The data is then discussed in a wider debate about the relations between humans and materials inspired by discourse theory, actor-network-theory and archaeology of the recent past. The discussions question the anthropocentric value system in Norway in an attempt to understand how a phenomenon like the Architectural Uprising movement talks about buildings, heritage and people.

Pour citer cet article : DELEBARRE Émilie et Alexandre FRAMBÉRY-IACOBONE, « Quelles crises liées à l'organisation de l'habitat en ville ? Le point de vue d'un architecte-Chronique Culture [en ligne], Revue Crises et Société, 2 (2023), disponible sur :

The exhibition Paper Architecture in Moscow, in 1984, brought together a younger generation of Russian architects who countered the dominant architectural norms and building regulations of the late-Soviet period through their use of imaginative drawings, replete with symbols, narration and allegory. These practitioners criticized the monotony and anonymity of the industrially produced city and emphasized architecture as being part of the cultural sphere rather than the construction industry. They disseminated their ideas through professional publications and exhibitions, utilizing their graphic compositions which they regarded as the final products of their work. By placing the Paper Architecture exhibition at the centre of my inquiry, I aim to follow this movement in the context of the changes in late-Soviet society on the eve of Perestroika. Similar postmodern turns have, in Western architectural culture, been associated with withdrawal from politics, departure from architectural production and return to architecture as art or representation. This chapter argues that the late Soviet model offers an alternative to this trajectory. Furthermore, emerging from the context of the Brezhnev-era’s particular consensus between the political elite and wider society, these works help us to understand the dynamics of oppositional cultural production today.

The object of the study is the Russian management of special-purpose unmanned aerial systems in the context of a special military operation. The main source of empirical data were the speeches of the speakers of the III All-Russian meeting of combat drone operators "Dronnitsa", which was held from September 6 to 8, 2024 in Novgorod the Great at the Novgorod Technological University, as well as excerpts from interviews, texts (almost the same actors, since their circle is quite limited), posted on the Internet, in telegram channels, from videos posted on various video hosting sites. The subject of the study is the features of the Russian management of special-purpose unmanned aerial systems in the context of a special military operation, highlighting who the main actors of this management are, what are its qualitative characteristics, and how effective it is at this historical moment.

מרכז תל אביב, שלהי העשור הראשון של שנות האלפיים: על גדרות הפח של אתרי הבנייה ההולכים ומתרבים צצים "שלטי פרויקטים" צבעוניים ומושכי עין המציגים דימויים חזותיים כמו־ אמיתיים של בניינים שטרם קמו. מה שבלט יותר מכול בשלטי הפרויקטים הללו לא היה שם של יזם כזה או אחר, אלא דווקא שמו של משרד מתכננים אחד – בר אוריין אדריכלים – שחזר והופיע כמעט בכל שלט חדש.

הנוכחות הבר־אוריינית לא עצרה בשלטים. בעקבותיהם החלו להופיע בקצב גובר גם בניינים חדשים או מחודשים של המשרד, שרבים מהם סימנו כיוונים אדריכליים שהצטיינו במקוריות לא צפויה. בשונה ממשרדי אדריכלים מבוססים רבים, הבניינים שתכננו בר אוריין היו כמעט תמיד בנייני מגורים, זירה שבעיני אדריכלים מקומיים נחשבה במשך שנים רבות כבעלת חשיבות פחותה, אם לא נחותה מכל בחינה שהיא. ההצלחה יוצאת הדופן של בר אוריין בהקשר זה היא תולדה של עקומת צמיחה מתונה אך עיקשת, של התקדמות מבניין לבניין לפי תנאיו המתפתחים והמשתנים של השוק ומתוך אתגור תמידי של עמדת ה"אין ברירה" שמאפיינת בדרך כלל את הבנייה למגורים בישראל.

קשה שלא להבחין בהשפעה הגורפת שהיתה לאדריכלות הזאת על הבנייה למגורים בתל אביב, וכפי שמתברר גם מחוץ לה. הבניינים של בר אוריין התקבלו כאמת המידה שעל פיה נמדדים בניינים חדשים, מעין שפה משותפת המאומצת כברירת מחדל בכל פרויקט חדש. חשיבותה של השפה הזאת טמונה בהצלחתה היחסית להכיל בתוכה קני מידה שונים ומשתנים, גדולים, מגוונים וצפופים יותר מקנה המידה ההיסטורי של מרכז העיר. מתוך הקופסה סוקר את גוף העבודות הרחב והמרשים של בר אוריין תוך בחינת אופן התגבשותו כחלק מתהליך מקומי מתמשך של העברת כובד המשקל מאדריכלות ממלכתית במימון המדינה לאדריכלות יזמית פרטית, וכתוצר משתכלל נוכח המתח שבין שימור והריסה שמלווה את הבנייה העירונית בישראל.

Organizations outlive us. Though they are often legally treated as human individuals, and though they share and mobilize much of the agency of persons, their comparative longevity makes them significant as heritage artefacts. They are distributed objects, making them difficult to conceive of as ‘whole’, but architecture has, since the advent of ‘programme’ as a central concern, been in the service of producing images of organizational structures in the form of buildings.

Organizational structures are represented by and through the architecture to which they give form. There is, however, a fair amount of content that is not represented by buildings, but that may nonetheless be able to take the form of ‘built artefacts’. Examples of such content include (but are not limited to); curricular structures, hierarchical relationships in human resources, changes in use patterns over time, and policy development and implementation. An exploration of the modelling, mapping, representation and manifestation of a selection of those artefacts that currently fall in the void between building design on the one hand, and the organizations that commission buildings on the other, forms the backdrop of this paper.

Digital and virtual representations of architecture invite us to imagine new directions for architectural practice that go beyond the design of buildings, while remaining located in the representation of space, the manifestation of aesthetically accessible objects, and the management of information.

This paper will describe attempts at developing representations of organizational structures undertaken in postgraduate programmes (MArch and DArch) at the Department of Architecture and Industrial Design at the Tshwane University of Technology. The aim is to make suggestions for expanding the influence and capacity of architectural practice, while developing intuitively accessible tools with which to grasp the forces which have historically given form to our world, and continue to do so in the present.

Two separate, but inter-linked, dilemmas have highlighted the importance of design-led thinking. First, the crumbling physical fabric of the Palace of Westminster has prompted a multi-billion rebuilding project, which will require the parliamentary studies specialism to engage with questions of design, space, and architecture. Separately, political science more generally has been challenged to utilize the insights of designthinking and design-practice: a challenge to which it is culturally and methodological ill-equipped. This article considers what a design-led approach to political science looks like in theory, and in practice, in the case study of the Restoration and Renewal of the Palace of Westminster. This represents a first attempt at how such a fusion could be beneficial for both politics as theory and politics as practice. The main conclusion is that although design-orientated political science is not a panacea for the challenges of modern democratic governance-in intellectual or practical terms-it does appear to offer significant potential in terms of theoreticallyinformed but solution focused research.

As part of the Hungarian Women Architects research programme (2022-2025), this study examines the role of Várnay Marianne in Hungarian and international architecture and aims to define a new position for her by refining the expectations regarding architectural production and oeuvre. Várnay graduated from the Budapest University of Technology in 1924, the first woman to do so. She went abroad for an internship to escape the conservative local environment. As Le Corbusier refused her application, she went to work in Prague. On her return to Hungary, she participated in numerous competitions, designed and built, but the authorship of her best-known work has been called into question in the course of this research. The fact that her archives remain hidden and that she left no known descendants makes it very difficult to study her work. Despite these shortcomings, Várnay's most important characteristic must be seen in her work as a publicist, as she made an obvious attempt to define the added value that women can offer in architecture. In a sense, she can be seen as an activist, the first in Hungary to attempt to give true substance to the concept of the "woman architect".

Introduction. The current development of mobile applications, including the introduction of chatbots
using artificial intelligence, further expands the possibilities of the teaching process, its personalization,
and the development of an individual educational trajectory. Using the chatbots ChatGPT and Midjourney
will make it possible to practice English language skills at one’s own speed, simulating communication
with a native speaker, as well as practice the formulation of clear commands for an algorithmized executor.
The aim of this paper is to describe the specifics of using chatbots in the process of studying English by
undergraduate students.
Materials and methods. The experimental study involved 186 students of the Faculty of Linguistics
of A.S. Griboyedov Moscow University (Russian Federation). The experimental group attended elective
classes, during which the students debated in English with the ChatGPT neural network and generated
images using queries in English in the Midjourney network. Methods of mathematical statistics: Pearson's
chi-squared test.
Results. The practice of using neural networks in teaching a foreign language has demonstrated that a
neural network can act as a simulator of a native speaker, as well as a kind of “command executor” obeying
simple instructions. The results confirming these statements and the effectiveness of the experimental
work are embodied in the positive dynamics of generating creative statements and texts in a foreign
language (χ2 = 9.174; p < 0.05).
Conclusion. The data obtained in this experiment make it possible to recommend the use of chatbots with
artificial intelligence tools and expand the range of exercises with their application. Using chatbots in this
capacity is little elaborated in Russian educational practice, and the scientific novelty of the obtained results
lies in suggesting a specific methodology of the option for introducing interaction with automatically
learning chatbots in the educational process.

transición a la arquitectura moderna ha sido señalado frecuentemente, y en este sentido deben recordarse también otras obras pioneras, como la Iglesia del Espíritu Santo y los pabellones del Consejo de Investigaciones Científicas en Madrid, de Fisac, u otras obras de Cabrero y Aburto. * Las cifras en números romanos que aparecen al margen remiten a las láminas correspondientes en la segunda parte del libro.

The quest to make Sweden accessible for all has a long tradition. Stemming from initiatives of charitable organisations in the early 20 th century, accessibility became a physical requirement through the Swedish building act of the 1960s. It promoted a type of physical barrier-free architecture for the welfare state. The socio-political ambitions of the 1970s propelled Sweden to become a world-leading nation in the creation of equal opportunities and social inclusion. Architectural design was expected to meet the demands of people with cognitive, physical or sensory disabilities and, on signing the UN convention on equal rights for persons with disabilities in 2007, existing legislative frameworks were complemented with additional guidelines on removing physical barriers. By focusing on the national tripartite definition of accessibility, Sweden has paid little attention to the development of the universal design concept. Instead, accessibility has been associated with the elusive concept of usability in order to promote a user-environment fit. Since 2013, the increasing shortage of housing in densely populated areas has impeded work to create an accessible and inclusive welfare state and has fostered the notion that accessibility increases building costs. This study provides an overview of the Swedish development of accessibility in order to promote participation and social inclusion by removing physical barriers in the built environment and introducing user-oriented assistive technologies.

The beginning of the history of the fire department in Tel Aviv  - הכבאים באים לתל אביב

An article by Ilan Shchori, describing the beginnings of the fire department in Tel Aviv 98 years ago. Emergency organizations are a need that tends to be deferred to the future. What prompted Tel Aviv to establish a firefighting organization, and how did it turn from an organization of volunteers trying to scrape together a budget to a body with professional mechanization and an orchestra, which represents Tel Aviv's transformation into a city and a mother
מאמר מאת אילן שחורי,  המתאר את ראשית מכבי האש בתל אביב לפני 98 שנים. ארגונים לשעת חירום הם צורך שיש נטייה לדחות אותו לעתיד. מה גרם לתל אביב להקים ארגון כיבוי אש, ואיך הוא הפך מארגון של מתנדבים המנסה לגרד תקציב לגוף עם מיכון מקצועי ותזמורת, שמייצג את הפיכתה של תל אביב לעיר ואם

En esta investigación se confrontaron cuestiones conceptuales referidas a los procesos de modernización -y su incidencia en la historia local-, con hechos concretos tales como las obras arquitectónicas (que, a su vez, conllevan un amplio marco de demandas teóricas para su comprensión).
En esta permanente interacción entre las ideas y los datos empíricos, se construyó un cuerpo de conocimientos que produjo nueva información y a la vez reflexión analítica, constituyendo así tanto un registro de esta instancia de la cultura material en Santa Fe, como de sus implicancias sociales y políticas.
La temática se centra en las relaciones entre Estado provincial y arquitectura pública, en cuanto a la posibilidad de pensar a la obra de gobierno como un objeto de representación simbólica destinado a instalar nuevas percepciones en los imaginarios sociales. A lo largo del texto, se analizan las condiciones del proyecto moderno en la coyuntura local, poniendo en evidencia las tensiones entre tradición y novedad, presencias que signaron esta experiencia renovadora de las formas arquitectónicas.

Entre 1968 y 1978, la Sociedad Constructora de Establecimientos Educacionales (SCEE) en Chile desarrolló una serie de prototipos experimentales para la construcción de escuelas y programas educativos basados en la modularidad y prefabricación. Este artículo ahonda en algunos de estos prototipos, revelando las ambiciones y desafíos asociados