Archaeology of Identity

Rosencrantz: I don't believe in it anyway. Guildenstern: What? Rosencrantz: England. Guildenstern: Just a conspiracy of cartographers, then? 1 Stoppard is humorously expressing what seems to be an amazing ability of the human mind -the construction of a landmass to suit one's desires or expectations. Western cartographers have often achieved such effects by producing maps with little to no reference to reality. The result is a malleable geography, one that conforms, or can be made to conform, to the expectations of the Western point of view and sense of morality. What, then, is implied about the Western psyche that has a penchant to destabilize even terra firma? What is insinuated about an unexpected indigenous population "found" inhabiting newly "discovered" lands when their claims in regards to their history, culture, and home are ignored or rejected? It is my intention to examine these questions using Easter Island, and three centuries of Western contact with the island and its inhabitants, as a test case. In 1687, the English privateer Edward Davis, blown off course in the South Pacific, sighted a sandy beach silhouetted by mountains. Convinced he had found the fabled southern continent, Terra Australis Incognita, Davis dubbed it "Davis Land" and sailed on without further exploration. This first recorded sighting, mentioning only an indistinct landmass on the horizon and surmised to be part of a great southern continent, spurred further explorations in the South Pacific. Many navigators traversed those waters for the following century to find this illusive landmass; the coastline of which never once interrupted their journeys. Expeditions of navigators and whaling crews found only small islands amidst the vast expanse of water. One of the islands discovered was found on Easter Sunday, 1722, by the Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen aboard the Arena. It was a small, unimposing island which he named in honor of the holy day. Having gone on shore and met with the inhabitants of Easter Island, the Dutch were amazed by large statues, or moai, found on the island to which several of the islanders fled to when threatened. The judgment was rendered that the islanders were incapable of erecting these stone colossi. Unless, Roggeveen inferred, they were hollow and made out of clay. "Davis Land" was still considered a possibility, and clearly, to the Dutch, this island -despite its contents, human and otherwise -was a disappointment. 2 ~ 125 ~

Baleni is a mineral spring in the South African Lowveld where radiocarbon and ceramic evidence indicates a 2000-year salt-production record. Excavations have found that episodic production during this period closely mirrored that of more recent ethnographic accounts. Use-alteration of ceramics clearly indicates the important role these vessels played in the production process.

In this paper, I employ social networking and connectivity perspectives to initiate an alternative interpretation of the Central Balkans in the 7th-1st c. BC. Rather than projecting ethnic conflicts and changes onto the distant past, I argue that the major shifts witnessed in archaeological record and echoed in ancient written sources can be better approached by contemplating the social structures within the protohistoric Central Balkan populations: how they may have been built, and how they might have functioned,
fluctuated and transformed. In particular, I delve into what kind of relationalities may have existed within and beyond these Central Balkan communities, and what types of social interactions and entities they might have produced. Although the detailed analysis of these problems is not possible due to the modest scale of evidence obtained through previous research, I will attempt to establish a rough basis for further inquiry and review.

The relationship between dams, engineers, heritage and archaeologists has often been contentious, if not openly hostile. Dams can inundate or destroy hundreds, if not thousands, of sites, many of which are not excavated or even recorded. Yet, as the global population rises, millions of people live without clean water or electricity, and searching for ways to feed them is an international priority. Climate change exacerbates the extreme weather conditions which lead to droughts and flooding. Dams can provide power and water for drinking and irrigation projects, and can regulate the water in areas that have too much, or provide for those with none at all. The How to Build a Dam and Save Cultural Heritage Project is run jointly between Durham and Edinburgh Universities, and is intended to provide an interdisciplinary platform for all groups involved in the issue to begin to seek a way forward. The inaugural event - a two day workshop held at Durham University on 6-7th July 2012 - was w...

El propósito general del presente artículo es abordar desde un enfoque de la economía política
una revisión general sobre la circulación y restricción de ciertas materialidades arqueológicas
entre las poblaciones mayas de las tierras bajas del norte de Yucatán, México en el Clásico
Terminal (800-1000 d.C.). Dicha examinación documental pretende subrayar los avances de la
investigación en la zona maya mexicana basados en los análisis de materiales arqueológicos
registrados en las últimas tres décadas. Bajo los lineamientos de la economía política se destaca
que el acceso y el control a determinadas materialidades orientó una estructura social altamente
jerarquizada y especializada. En términos generales, los estudios arqueológicos acerca de
economía política y bienes de prestigio en sociedades antiguas han permitido conocer las
dinámicas sociales de los grupos de poder, las configuraciones políticas existentes y las redes
sociales de intercambio y comercio entre los habitantes de la zona norte de Yucatán y otras
regiones de Mesoamérica en el Clásico Terminal.

This book is born out of the international conference entitled “Middle and
Late Helladic Laconia. Competing principalities?”, which was held in Athens on 12-13 April 2019 and co-organized by the Netherlands Institute at Athens (NIA), the Ephorate of Antiquities of Laconia and the University of Groningen. In various ways, this conference can be seen as a follow-up of the Round Table Conference on Early Helladic Laconia,
hosted by the NIA in 2010.1 The aim of the current conference was to explore in more detail developments in Laconia during the Middle Helladic (MH) and Late Helladic (LH) periods. We wanted to discuss results from recent work carried out in the region, understand the development of individual sites, reconstruct (inter)dependency of nearby sites, and to relate events at settlements with events and developments taking place in
their surrounding territories and beyond. In this way, we wanted to explore trajectories of political and social change at individual sites and within larger areas, and also see if and how these trajectories may have differed from other regions, such as the well explored regions of the Argolid and Messenia.

The hill of Passavas, identified by many scholars with the ancient site of Las, dominates the route leading from the plain of Mavrovouni, south of Gytheion, to the Mani peninsula. About 2.5 km to the east rises the hill complex of Vardies, where an important Bronze Age settlement
and a Mycenaean cemetery are located, and 2 km to the south opens the seashore of Vathy. During technical works for the improvement of the national road leading from Gytheion to Areopolis, 13 sites around the foothills of Passavas were discovered, mostly dating from
Classical to Early Roman times, confirming the importance of the area in antiquity. On the eastern foothills of Passavas an undisturbed layer was excavated, containing a considerable quantity of pottery dated to the Middle Helladic III-Late Helladic II phases.
The pottery shows noteworthy variety, including imitations of Grey, Yellow and Red Minyan, Mainland Polychrome (?), Oatmeal Minoanising and Fine Minoanising (Lustrous Decorated) sherds, and probable Minoan imports, Micaceous Minoanising (Red Silver Micaceous) sherds, and Mycenaean wares, and points to a significant degree of experimentation in the transition from Midddle to Late Helladic, under the influence of
Crete and the island of Kythera. This paper discusses the new ceramic evidence in relation to the material from Ayios Stephanos and assesses the role of Laconia in the emergence of the Mycenaean pottery style in the light of older and recent views on this matter

Hoards have played a significant role in our narratives of the European Bronze Age, but their purpose and meaning have been the source of much debate. These debates have been positively impacted by studies that investigate the ways in which hoards are connected to specific landscape contexts. In this paper, we discuss the outcome of one such in-depth
field study of 62 Bronze Age metalwork deposition locations from the Swedish province of Halland. By systematically analysing digital sources such as museum archives, church records and historical maps, we were able to establish the locations of a number of previously unlocated finds, which were then visited in the field. Through this combined archival work and fieldwork, we distinguished several patterns that allude to a connection between metalwork deposits, object types and specific places in the landscape. These patterns shed light on the landscape context of hoards in this region and illuminate how deposition patterns changed over time; we consider some factors that may help to explain these changes. The results emphasize the importance of landscape studies for understanding the role of selective deposition in European Bronze Age societies, and more broadly, the social implications of hoards in their context.

Potosí, Bolivia, was the world's most significant silver producer for several centuries following discovery by an Indigenous prospector in 1545. Despite tremendous booms and busts, the famous Cerro Rico demanded more human energy than possibly any other early modern quasiindustrial project on earth. We know of nothing like it in China, South Asia, Europe, or Africaor for that matter, in Mexico. Potosi's infamous mita labor draft was fully institutionalized by the early 1570s and it was only fully dismantled at Bolivia's independence in 1825, exactly 200 years ago as of this writing. It has not been that long, in other words, since the mita was outlawed, and yet mita-like practices continue in rural Bolivia today, as do small-scaled mining and refining. Potosí's legacy lives, and Bolivia is still thought of as a mining country in the global imaginary, largely thanks to its Indigenous workers' persistence against long odds.

In un lavoro pubblicato nel 2004, Antonella Spanò Giammellaro offriva un quadro complessivo dell'alimentazione fenicio-punica nei diversi paesi mediterranei, utilizzando sia i dati archeologici sia le numerose fonti scritte che, soprattutto per i periodi più tardi, consentono di formulare «ipotesi ricostruttive di una storia delle produzioni e delle abitudini alimentari relativamente anche alla prima fase coloniale fenicia in Occidente 1 ». Dando quindi per acquisite tutte le informazioni di carattere generale suggerite dalle fonti e dai lavori specifici sull'argomento 2 , nella consapevolezza che lo studio delle pratiche e degli usi connessi al modo di alimentarsi, nonché della cultura materiale legata a tali pratiche, contribuisce in maniera significativa alla ricostruzione dell'assetto sociale, economico e antropologico delle comunità presenti nell'isola già a partire dall' secolo a.C., sposteremo l'attenzione sulla documentazione archeologica, osservando, sotto il profilo delle abitudini alimentari, le evidenze restituite da alcuni insediamenti della Sicilia occidentale. È chiaro che, in assenza di fonti e documentazione scritta, soprattutto per i periodi più antichi, l'esame della cultura materiale legata alla preparazione e al consumo del cibo acquista un'importanza fondamentale; ovviamente, potrebbero farsi considerazioni più approfondite se all'esame morfologico dei vasi e agli studi di carattere tecnologico, utili anche per de nire l'ambito funzionale dei vari recipienti, si associassero regolarmente i risultati di analisi paleobotaniche e archeozoologiche o quelli derivati dalla caratterizzazione chimica dei residui organici presenti all'interno dei vari manufatti. Purtroppo, però, questo tipo di studi si è a ermato solo negli ultimi decenni e l'uso di nuove tecnologie e metodologie di indagine è ancora limitato ad alcuni contesti; conseguentemente, la scarna documentazione disponibile, non permette al momento conclusioni di carattere generale fondate su risultati scienti ci certi. Tuttavia, pur nella consapevolezza che il «gusto» e le abitudini alimentari, oltre a sviluppare il senso di appartenenza delle comunità. costituiscono solitamente un modo di autorappresentazione di sé stessi, cercheremo di leggere in ligrana, anche attraverso la cultura materiale, quella trama di relazioni e quella dinamicità di rapporti che, a partire dall'età arcaica, caratterizzò la vita dei vari soggetti presenti nello stesso territorio. Riguardo, dunque, alla Sicilia occidentale e alla storia del suo popolamento in età arcaica, allo scopo di chiarire alcuni fenomeni di métissage riconoscibili anche in campo alimentare, è utile sottolineare come questa parte dell'isola, quando i Fenici vi si insediarono stabilmente, era saldamente occupata da quei Sicani ed Elimi che, soprattutto nell'entroterra e lungo le principali vallate uviali, avevano stabilito una tta rete di insediamenti, molti dei quali attivi e orenti n 1

Identity and Otherness are consubstantial to relations of power and processes of social inequality and we can, and we must, study the evidence, materiality and spatial patterns of these practices. Social Identity changes in diverse cultural encounters and during periods of major social discontinuity or reorganisation, as occur in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. It is, in fact, a dialectic of power that can reflect diverse forms of Identity negotiated at different levels from an individual inside a large family group to local, regional or supraregional communities. In fact, the result is the configuration of 'overlapping identities' that are managed at different social levels and in different socio-political contexts. In this sense, we can speak about 'entangled social identities'. We think that the most suitable way to address such subjects as Ethnicity, Identity and Otherness is through the development of interdisciplinary studies and methodologies.

"Innovations and Traditions: Ceramic Technology during the Neolithic in the Iberian Peninsula". Oral presentation at this conference

This presentation highlights key findings from the AtCoast project, which explores the role of ceramic technology in Neolithic communities on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula (ca. 6000–3000 cal BC). It shows how ceramic innovations are closely linked to changes in human groups, reflecting deep knowledge of nature and technology, and playing a crucial role in social organization and interactions with the environment. The study uses an interdisciplinary approach to examine ceramic manufacture, a fundamental technology connected to food storage, processing, and culinary practices during the emergence of agriculture and livestock farming.

On maps of the Greek Mainland in the Late Helladic III period, the central part of the Peloponnese is either not designated at all or is incorporated in the territories of the palaces. However, recent research demonstrates that both Minoan and Mycenaean states were relatively small, and that the Mycenaean elite appears to have taken only as much land as was necessary to sustain the palaces. The centre of the Peloponnese is an intermediate zone that was at once connected to and separated from the palatial territories of Messenia, Laconia and the Argolid. Interconnections between local centres and capital cities, between upland and lowland areas, inland and coastal settlements are a major issue for research. Knowledge about overland communications, routes and connectivity remains elusive, and many questions about the suburban road network are still open. Did the Mycenaean palaces exercise indirect control in zones beyond their immediate vicinity, and if so, how and to what extent? Was the control of local trade routes, including roads, and of particular bodies of water a source of regional power in Mycenaean times? Are the traces of a Cyclopean fortification wall in Mantinea and the drainage works in the plain of Arkadian Orchomenos results of influence or of imposition of a palatial elite? This paper is an attempt to observe the palatial world from the distance that a peripheral region offers and to investigate the degree of palatial influence on it. It is also an attempt to delineate the main thoroughfares that must have existed, connecting the southern and north-eastern Peloponnese. Special attention is paid to geo- graphical features and their role in demarcating routes, as well as to the settlement pattern.

presentano le loro leggi e usanze [...]. Rischiano forse di avvicinarsi maggiormente al vero quanti sostengono trattarsi non già di una popolazione immigrata, ma piuttosto autoctona, e ciò in ragione della sua evidente antichità, come pure della impossibilità di trovare qualunque altro popolo cui si possano accostare la sua lingua e i suoi costumi. Né costituisce reale ostacolo il fatto che i Greci li chiamino appunto Tirreni, con un nome cioè che deriverebbe dalle loro abitazioni in torri fortificate], oppure da un antico condottiero. I Romani, del resto, li chiamano in modo diverso; innanzitutto, poiché la regione in cui si sono insediati ha nome Etruria, li chiamano Etruschi; inoltre, per via delle loro particolari competenze nell'ambito del culto e delle pratiche divine, nelle quali sono superiori a qualunque altro popolo, li chiamano oggi con il nome corrotto di Tusci, mentre un tempo con maggiore precisione li chiamavano con il nome greco di Thùskoi" 3 Lui, essendo in disaccordo con Erodoto, esaminò criticamente le varie ipotesi formulate in precedenza per poi arrivare ad una nuova conclusione: gli Etruschi non erano un popolo immigrato ma autoctono. Le tesi sopra illustrate sembrano rispondere a un'esigenza ideologica: l'origine orientale descritta da Erodoto si manifesta come una rielaborazione di varie tradizioni che hanno come intento quello di creare un legame tra le Grecia orientale e l'Etruria. La tesi autoctonista di Dionigi di Alicarnasso sembra invece voler creare una connessione diretta tra l'Egeo orientale e Roma 4 . Quello che ci manca sono delle vere e proprie monografie dedicate completamente a questa civiltà, andate perdute in passato e di cui oggi conosciamo solamente il nome come nel caso dei Libri rerum Etruscarum di Verrio Flacco 5 . Oltre ai documenti letterari un'altra tipologia di fonti sono quelle pervenutaci dalle evidenze archeologiche ed epigrafiche. Da citare è senza alcun dubbio uno dei ritrovamenti più eccezionali ovvero il Liber linteus Zagrabiensis, unico testo conservato su lino e recante il più lungo testo scritto in lingua etrusca. Dalle fonti a noi note, si deduce che gli Etruschi non ebbero un'unica denominazione: i Greci li chiamavano Tyrrhenoí, i Romani Etrusci o Tusci, mentre gli antichi Umbri Turskus. Diversamente la pensava Dionigi di Alicarnasso, il quale attribuiva loro il nome indigeno Rasenna 6 . Queste denominazioni andavano a rispecchiare il modo in cui lo stesso territorio veniva chiamato: Tyrrhenía dai Greci, Etruria dai Romani e Tuscia dagli ultimi scrittori latini.

Historians have, over the past decade, worked to reveal a more nuanced and dynamic economic history of early Chinese states. What role can archaeology play in this renewed inquiry? How can the study of material remains deepen and expand our understanding of ancient Chinese economies? The six essays in this special issue address these questions by focusing on the Western Zhou (1045-771 BCE), the apex of China's Bronze Age, and a pivotal period for the formation of Chinese civilization, through the lens of recent archaeological discoveries and their interpretation.

This study seeks to re-evaluate the pantheon of the pre-Roman Falerii by analyzing diverse documentary sources across a broad chronological spectrum.
Archaeological, epigraphic, and literary evidence has been critically reassessed and, where feasible, cross-referenced.
The analysis underscores the inherent fragmentation of the available data. However, by encompassing a substantial period from the 8th century BC to the 1st century AD, it illustrates that the well-documented longevity of cultic site usage, particularly during the mid-Republican period, reflects a clear continuity with the pre-Roman Falerii.
A notable resurgence of interest in a distant past, likely driven by a deliberate, if somewhat contrived, effort to reconstruct Faliscan collective memory, is evident during the Augustan age. Despite this apparent Augustan-era reconstruction, it is significant that Late Antique Christian cultic sites in Civita Castellana often emerged in close proximity to, or even directly within, pre-Roman sacred spaces. This phenomenon warrants further investigation, especially considering Falerii’s historical discontinuities and its relocation to
Roman Falerii following the conquest of 241 BC.

In this paper, I articulate empirical data on contemporary political discourse about gun violence and death with theoretical considerations of the mechanisms and circumstances of indigenous social change. In so doing, I offer an agent-centred and human-scale approach to examine historical transformations through mortuary analysis. Understanding the role human agency and interaction play in the flows of history is a challenging task. Archaeology is well equipped to study history as sequences of transformative events linked together loosely by the thread of time, or as a continuous process of everyday life where time serves as a function of cultural persistence. However, concentrating on transformative events does not explain how those transformations occurred, why they took the shape they did, and ignores the underlying political discourses that necessitated and engendered change, as well as those that failed to do so. Similarly, focusing on continuous flows of mundane and habitual practice conceals the potentially fateful effect of human agency. To resolve such scalar discrepancy and to construct bottom-up narratives of how societies are organised and change over time, archaeologists often build on theory of structuration and derivative theories of practice. However, in these approaches, mechanisms behind scalar effects of the everyday are often assumed but not explored rigorously. Through reflecting on contemporary politics, I highlight a number of factors of political discourse critical for understanding their social and political consequences: (1) path dependence, the (2) situational authority and (3) knowledge of participating social actors, and (4) material conditions of communication. Building on such insights, I outline an approach centring on the politics of death and Anthony Giddens’ largely overlooked ‘combustion engine’ of social change, the circuit of reproduction. I then turn towards the case of the Bronze Age community of Kajászó, Hungary (ca. 2000-1500 BC). Archaeological investigations at the cremation cemetery recovered materialities of political discourse considering change and persistence during the terminal phase of the community. Using evidence from Kajászó, I present implications of the outlined approach for mortuary archaeology foregrounding historical contingency, political discourse, and agency of participating social actors.

Subfloor pits as root cellars ……………………………………………….. Subfloor pits as hidey holes ……………………………………………….. Subfloor pits as personal storage areas …………………………………... Subfloor pits safety deposits boxes ………………………………………... Patricia Samford's Analysis …………………………………………………….. Subfloor pits as roots cellars ……………………………………………… Subfloor pits as personal storage areas …………………………………... Subfloor pits as shrines ……………………………………………………. CHAPTER TWO: WEST AFRICAN SPIRITUAL TRADITIONS………………………. Significance of Religious Beliefs ………………………………………………… Centrality to everyday life ………………………………………………… Common themes, yet diversity …………………………………………….. Historical Accounts of Shrines ………………………………………………….. Description of shrines ……………………………………………………... Shrine-associated behavior………………………………………………… Comparisons with Modern Shrines ……………………………………………... CHAPTER THREE: GROUPS PRESENT IN THE CHESAPEAKE ……………………. Regions of Exportation and Groups Present …………………………………… Randomness vs. Group Importation ……………………………………………. Marketing strategies used by traders ……………………………………… Waves of group importation ………………………………………………..23 Wave of Igbo importation …………………………………………………. Cultural Diversity Present ………………………………………………………. CHAPTER FOUR: CREOLIZATION THEORY ………………………………………… Creation of New Societies ………………………………………………………... Groups subject to oppression ……………………………………………... Theories on the Development of African American Society …………………... Unified African culture ……………………………………………………. Carry-over perspective …………………………………………………… Igbo-centric model ………………………………………………………… Creolization Theory ……………………………………………………………… Diversity present …………………………………………………………... Creation of a new culture …………………………………………………. Evidence of Creolization in Subfloor Pits ………………………………………. CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………………. BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………………. FIGURES …………………………………………………………………………………..

Subfloor pits as root cellars ……………………………………………….. Subfloor pits as hidey holes ……………………………………………….. Subfloor pits as personal storage areas …………………………………... Subfloor pits safety deposits boxes ………………………………………... Patricia Samford's Analysis …………………………………………………….. Subfloor pits as roots cellars ……………………………………………… Subfloor pits as personal storage areas …………………………………... Subfloor pits as shrines ……………………………………………………. CHAPTER TWO: WEST AFRICAN SPIRITUAL TRADITIONS………………………. Significance of Religious Beliefs ………………………………………………… Centrality to everyday life ………………………………………………… Common themes, yet diversity …………………………………………….. Historical Accounts of Shrines ………………………………………………….. Description of shrines ……………………………………………………... Shrine-associated behavior………………………………………………… Comparisons with Modern Shrines ……………………………………………... CHAPTER THREE: GROUPS PRESENT IN THE CHESAPEAKE ……………………. Regions of Exportation and Groups Present …………………………………… Randomness vs. Group Importation ……………………………………………. Marketing strategies used by traders ……………………………………… Waves of group importation ………………………………………………..23 Wave of Igbo importation …………………………………………………. Cultural Diversity Present ………………………………………………………. CHAPTER FOUR: CREOLIZATION THEORY ………………………………………… Creation of New Societies ………………………………………………………... Groups subject to oppression ……………………………………………... Theories on the Development of African American Society …………………... Unified African culture ……………………………………………………. Carry-over perspective …………………………………………………… Igbo-centric model ………………………………………………………… Creolization Theory ……………………………………………………………… Diversity present …………………………………………………………... Creation of a new culture …………………………………………………. Evidence of Creolization in Subfloor Pits ………………………………………. CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………………. BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………………………………. FIGURES …………………………………………………………………………………..

Drawing on recent insights from historical anthropology, this essay delves into the intricate ethnic and cultural dynamics of ancient Italy, with a particular focus on the fluidity and instability of ethnic boundaries. The evidence we have indicates that concepts such as “identity” and “boundaries” rarely align with neatly defined linguistic, political, or territorial entities. Cultural distinctions are contextual, shaped by contemporary demands, and often reflect processes of domination or ideological strategies rather than objective realities. A careful analysis of historical and archaeological sources reveals that ethnic categorization falls short in capturing the complexity of populations marked by multi-layered identities and intricate interactions. While Rome presents a well-documented case, the conclusions drawn from this privileged vantage point can be reasonably extended to other people of ancient Italy. What differentiates these communities is not so much an ethno-cultural discontinuity as their belonging to distinct political entities, where diversity is expressed primarily through origin myths, localized religious systems (sacra), and sacred landscapes. Yet, differences are only part of the story. Equally significant are the interconnections, further facilitated by the fluidity of pantheons and the mobility of deities, who often accompanied humans in their migrations.

As identidades têm sido um domínio científico a provocar revisões de conceitos estabelecidos nas Ciências Humanas. As conceituações de “raça” e “cultura”, como suportes adequados às interpretações biológicas, mas também para várias concepções operatórias, foram superadas pelas novas descobertas da arqueologia da identidade, aliada da reconstrução historiográfica e do rigor etnológico acerca de diferentes coisas e relações. Este ensaio apresenta de forma comparativamente multidisciplinar conceitos, fontes, interpretações e estudos de caso, com o propósito de problematizar a importância e os usos das culturas, a significância das identidades e, sobretudo, o estado de construção da identidade étnica. A pesquisa histórica situa-se em sociedades do antigo Oriente-Próximo na Idade do Ferro, sobre as quais explora testemunhos arqueológicos, mas também pretende investigar materiais etnológicos de sociedades ocidentais originárias.

fought together against Rome in the second Samnite war, and remained loyal after Cannae. A similar pattern is identied in Apulia, although the textual evidence there is less robust (85-98, especially 89). F. draws on archaeological and numismatic material to argue that the communities who defected (namely Arpi and the neighbouring settlements of Herdonia, Salapia and Aecae) were bound together by economic and political ties stretching back to the fourth century B.C. Arpi's main rivals (Teanum Apulum and Canusium) remained loyal to Rome, echoing the pattern in Campania where rival powers adopted opposing sides, and dragged their 'satellite' settlements along with them. F. is nevertheless careful to leave room for contingent developments that deviate from this pattern. One important example is the case of Thurii and Taras, which were major rivals yet both revolted to . Practically all of the Italian states that F. takes into consideration are city-states. A slightly more peripheral place is given to the non-urban political communities of the central Apennines, where Hannibal seems to have had very limited success in eliciting defections. F. refers to central Apennine communities as 'tribes' (291-4), although there is evidence that by the late third century these communities were already complex polities which minted their own coins. F.'s treatment of the central Apennines is understandably less detailed, given the lack of written sources. Yet he rightly suspects that resentment towards Rome may have been more pervasive in the region than ancient historical writers suggest. For example, he challenges Livy's assertion that all of the Pentrian Samnites remained loyal after Cannae, by noting that the Pentrian settlement of Fagifulae defected to Hannibal (Liv. 24.20.5). This comes as a timely contribution to broader debates about the extent to which ethnic identity inuenced allegiance and political action in republican Italy, especially in areas where the city-state was absent. It is becoming increasingly clear that ethnic identity was one of several factors that shaped military and political action, as recently demonstrated by Isayev with regard to élite networks among the Hirpini in the second and early rst centuries (E. Isayev, 'Italian perspectives in the period of Gracchan land reforms and the Social War', in K. Lomas, E. Herring and A. Gardner (eds), Creating Ethnicities & Identities in the Roman World (2012)). The potential of F.'s approach to interstate relations goes beyond the Second Punic War, and opens up new interpretative possibilities for understanding Roman expansion in Italy. He makes some thought-provoking points about Rome's tumultuous relationship with the Samnites, suggesting that it may have resulted from an enduring rivalry where previous wars made subsequent wars more likely, rather than from any 'pathological' bellicosity on the part of Rome or, for that matter, the Samnites, who are often accused in ancient as well as modern historical writing of being distinctively prone to war. On a methodological level, F. makes a convincing case that aspects of Livy's narrative cannot be summarily dismissed as pro-Roman distortion, as upon closer inspection he reveals the complexity of relations among Italian communities. There is clearly some pro-Roman bias in Livy's image of Italic communities who repeatedly appeal to Rome for help. Yet, from the standpoint of realpolitik, F. convincingly argues that such an image is coherent with a highly competitive political setting such as that of Republican Italy, suggesting that it was by manipulating the local rivalries between Italian communities that the Romans justied their interference and extended their inuence. Overall, F.'s book contributes substantially to the history of the Roman Republic and appeals to a wide readership, from undergraduate students to specialists on the politics, society and culture of Republican Italy.

Van Buren's Silver "Thieves" marks a critical intervention in the history of mining in Bolivia. She presents a dialectical relation between artisanal mineral production and large-scale mining, focusing on the trajectory of independent miners, the technology they employed, and their relationship to large-scale mining. She recognizes that reductionist historicism regarding mineral exploitation in what is now southern Bolivia endures and attributes the flow of specie to the Spanish colonial imposition of forced labor on the Indigenous population and the introduction of European mining technology. Indeed, this superficial narrative omits the role played by the independent miners, or kajcheos, often working illegally. In response, Van Buren examines small-scale mineral production in Porco, Bolivia, based on ethnoarchaeological and historical research.

The spectacle of Roman gladiatorial combat captures the public imagination and elicits significant scholarly interest. Skeletal evidence associated with gladiatorial combat is rare, with most evidence deriving from written or visual sources. A single skeleton from a Roman cemetery outside of York where gladiators arguably were buried presented with unusual lesions. Investigation, including comparative work from modern zoological institutions, has demonstrated that these marks originate from large cat scavenging. Thus, we present the first physical evidence for human-animal gladiatorial combat from the Roman period seen anywhere in Europe.

EleArt is a conservation and education project whose objective is to be a catalyst for animal and cultural protection and divulgation. Its aim focuses on wildlife in connection with human history, more specifically in Elephants and San Rock Art.
The project aims to contribute to safeguard wildlife and artistic culture through advancing knowledge, preserving and informing about a living and unique legacy. By correlating the journey of the elephants and their importance in the pictorial representations of the San people, EleArt proposes to shed light on part of a pristine relationship inspiring and driving forward research, education and regeneration, and capable of boosting an animal and cultural conservation that balances human legacy and wildlife.

1: Southern Africa and the Archaeology of Impact. Introduction: The Research Question. The Settler Model and Its Problems. Middle-Range Theory: Archaeological Data and the Documentary Record. 2: The Mfecane/Difaqane Problem and the Documentary Record. The Standard Story of the Mfecane/Difaqane. Demographic Emphasis. Ecological Emphasis. Vindicationist Arguments. External Trade. Cobbing's Reanalysis. Summary. 3: Archaeological Correlates of the Settler Model. Ethnographic and Ethnohistorical Descriptions. Pre-Mfecane/Difaqane Groups of Eastern Southern Africa. Differences between Settlement Layouts, by Ethnicity. Archaeological Implications for Pre-Mfecane/Difaqane: Nguni, Sotho-Tswana, and Ju/'hoansi. Archaeological Implications for Post-Mfecane/Difaqane Communities. Summary of the Mfecane/Difaqane Archaeological Expectations. Conclusion. 4: Previous Archaeological Research. The Archaeology of the Mfecane/Difaqane Problem: Approaches to an Archaeology of Impact. The Archaeol...

The paper discusses the circular buckles found in pairs from some burials excavated in Koroinen, a 13th–14th century episcopal see site in Turku, SW Finland. Based on the comparative archaeological material from Britain and elsewhere in Europe, the buckles most probably represent hose buckles i.e., they attached the hose to the undergarment of the male dress using buckles and straps. The finds seem to represent dress accessories of men with a high ecclesiastical status, and who were buried fully clothed, unlike common people who usually got a modest, shrouded burial. Furthermore, the circular buckles found in Koroinen seem to be the first archaeological indication of the use of hose as part of the men’s clothing in medieval Finland.

The cemetery complex at Shatby, Alexandria began its existence with the foundation of the Hellenistic city in the 4th century B.C.E. It consists of dug into the bedrock burial chambers with once richly decorated walls, carved
columns and false doors, evidencing for the importance of its buried individuals, probably belonging to the elites of the Alexandrian city. Excavated at the beginning of the 20th century and since then abandoned, the site is now vitalised and opened to the public following massive interventions that cleaned the area, consolidated the walls and created a comprehensive site management plan, thanks to the Alexandrian Necropolis Project, run by the Archaeological Society of Alexandria. The APAC Labs team of the Cyprus Institute conducted a comprehensive 3D documentation of the site, in order to create a digital twin aimed at capturing the current conservation conditions at the site and create a monitoring system of its architectural features, frescoes decorations and other remains. The poster will present the 3D documentation workflow and its results.

The paper concerns three research projects promoted during the last 20 years by the University of Tuscia, aimed at the reconstruction of the ancient topography of areas inside southern Etruria, between Viterbo and the Tiber river valley; they are based on the systematic exploration of the territory and the production of archaeological maps. Two of these works, regarding the Ager Ciminius and Bomarzo-Bassano-Mugnano areas were completed and published in the series Carta Archeologica d'Italia -Contributi; the title of the series relates to the first project in the archaeological mapping of the national territory, performed in the last decades of the nineteenth century. The third research project, still in progress, regards the territory surrounding Viterbo, and between the city itself and the ancient settlement of Ferento and Acquarossa. The research projects produced archaeological maps aimed at supporting both the reconstruction of historical processes in a diachronic perspective and the activities in preservation of the archaeological heritage conducted by the Soprintendenza Archeologica per l'Etruria Meridionale. The systematic research activities allowed the collection of many new data about the ancient topography of these areas from the Proto-historic Age to the Medieval period, across the Etruscan and Roman epochs. The settlement pattern, the necropolises, the road networks, the rural and productive activities were studied and reconstructed. In general, the new data are very numerous in comparison to those previously known. Moreover, field-walking also provided the opportunity to document the condition of preservation of the archaeological evidence. In particular, in the area surrounding Viterbo, many ancient remains damaged or destroyed by new urbanisation and infrastructures are documented (also in comparison to the data documented during the surveys performed in the same territory at the beginning of 1970s). In the other two study areas, the most numerous damages are produced by mechanised agricultural works.

The Dürrnberg near Hallein is one of the most important mining centres in Iron Age Europe. The production and distribution of salt led to exorbitant wealth and far-reaching economic and cultural contacts. The highly complex economic structure of the salt metropolis reveals a social differentiation that was controlled not least by areas of activity in different sectors of primary and secondary production, i.e. in mines, crafts and agriculture. Specific, work-related identities of individuals and groups of people may have developed here, which manifest themselves in different aspects of material culture. Beyond the situation at Dürrnberg, a specific emblematic of labour is analysed across Iron Age Central Europe. In particular, the La Tène period ‘Celtic art’ and the artistic handicrafts with their strong magical-religious content and associated technicalideological ‘special knowledge’ reveal stimuli that create identity. In addition, metalworking and textile production have specific features that create identity. As a special field that only indirectly belongs to crafts in the narrower sense, medicalmagical knowledge plays a very particular role in Iron Age identity formation. In a genuinely prehistoric environment without significant written sources, contextual archaeological analysis and cultural anthropological comparison are of great value. Such an approach allows for further interpretations of the social position and self-understanding of people working as craftsmen in the Iron Age.

The paper addresses some current discussions of archaeological data from the area between the Ohrid region and
the Thermaic Gulf from the Archaic period. Building on the extant literature, this paper focuses on the warriors’

equipment found in the Late Archaic burials from the area. Furthermore, it puts forward warriorhood and its rep-
resentations and discusses similarities that would enable cross-regional comparisons. Past research often revolved

around the ethnicity of the deceased, often connecting material assemblages and style to ethnicities attested in the
historical record. A different approach is taken in this paper, focusing on the processes around the creation of social
identities and representations of status and domination. The area is not considered to be homogeneous since there
is a plethora of regional differences, and historical texts underline the complicated political landscape with many
polities often clashing with each other. Therefore, the polities are seen as the only viable reference, given historical
texts are much clearer on the subject of political entities than on the ethnicity of the people. In this sense, even
the polities are not seen as homogeneous units, as loyalties change and are being negotiated constantly. However,
certain aspects of the archaeological and historical record do point to a virulent communication and entanglement

of political, economic, and cultural life in the area. Since this paper examines the role of representations of warrior-
hood, the typological conformity of the weaponry and interment practices are taken as a starting point. Finally, a

possible research shift is proposed, from ethnicity to other social phenomena such as political structures and social

processes involving other population groups which are not burdened by a lack of an emic perspective in archaeol-
ogy. It is argued that the work done on ethnicity can be repurposed in understanding these social phenomena.

En este trabajo, tras un apartado introductorio que explica los motivos de la elección de la temática y la importancia de esta, así como la hipótesis de partida, se analizan algunas de las potencialidades y limitaciones del estudio de las relaciones de género en la Prehistoria. Por supuesto pueden existir y existen más, pero aquí se han seleccionado las que han resultado más interesantes (la ideología con respecto al género, la estructuración social en relación con el género, las vestimentas y adornos de uno y otro sexo, la división sexual del trabajo, los sistemas de matrimonio y herencia, la existencia de otros géneros además del femenino y el masculino, las diferencias sexuales en torno a la dieta y, finalmente, las diferencias de movilidad entre los sexos). Para cumplir con este objetivo, se estudian las potencialidades y limitaciones de distintas disciplinas arqueológicas o relacionadas con la Arqueología. También en este caso pueden existir más disciplinas que permitan realiza...

The house that stood at 9 Grant Street, Dunedin, New Zealand, until 2024 was the combination of a late Victorian villa built for local businessman James Hamlin Walker and a 1924 remodelling by well-known Dunedin Architect Edmund Anscombe. It displayed elements of both villa and Arts & Crafts styling in a possibly somewhat ungainly but interesting fashion, and was an example of what appears to have been a popular mid-1920s trend for updating Victorian houses to more closely resemble the Arts and Crafts inspired bungalows of the period. This report describes the house and its history.

Cosa c'entra l'archeologia con il senso d'identità, con l'integrazione e l'esclusione nella nostra società, la criminalità ambientale, la lotta all'illegalità, la politica, il senso dell'impermanenza? Può sembrare un reportage di denuncia, ma questo articolo nasce per caso, da alcune foto scattate per testimoniare la violenza di un evento poco prima che ne venissero cancellate le tracce.

The present chapter presents the analysis of several groups of glossed pottery, roughly covering the period from late Archaic to late Hellenistic times.311 The chapter contains material which can be ascribed to glossed fineware productions from various production centres. There exsist two rather different research traditions on glossed pottery within Western and Eastern scholarship. Since the present publication of the material from Sector NGS is a collaboration between Eastern and Western colleagues, it has been inevitable to accommodate both research traditions in this chapter. Thus, the interpretative text parts are presented by the individual authors, while the common catalogue is consecutively numbered and grouped according to vessel shapes. In the catalogue, each individual fragment has been marked with a prefix to state clearly its affiliation with the different glossed groups. Accordingly, the black-glossed pottery (marked Da), which is presented by J. Hjarl Petersen & S. Ha...