Application of Ultrasonics

The threat posed by birds to economic crops in the farms or at storage facilities requires the deployment of an effective bird deterrent in such locations. Many attempts have been made to develop successful bird deterrent systems with only a few achieving desired results. The ultrasonic frequency range 15-25 kHz is known to be disturbing to birds and a device operating at that range was developed. The output of the integral oscillator was fed to 4 piezo transducers, placed 90O to each other to produce a dispersion of overlapping fans of sound for full 360o coverage. The power of the first device was 7.98W and the intensity of the sound pressure at 1m was calculated to be 6.35x10-1W/m2 at 118dB. A second device was constructed which had a power of 23.98W and intensity of the emitted sound at 1m, 1.91W/m2 at 123dB. The devices were tested and the results obtained showed that the ultrasonic beam from the piezo speakers was able to drive birds away from designated areas. Further tests conducted with the unit showed a wider reach of the waves on a dull day than on a sunny day. About 5-6 of the second device is expected to cover one hectare of field. The device is solar powered, eliminating the cost of fuel, the inconvenience of regular attention and its protection from environmental perturbation. It is environmentally friendly.

This is the official training handbook of my course "Ultrasonic Level 1 training" presented online. It covers all the training outlines with the maximum information that the students need to understand the course and to be well prepared for the official UT-L1 exam.

A great number of procedures have been developed and today a wide assortment of special analytical equipment for the analysis of chemical compositions of metal and alloys, including those widely spread and industrially produced, exists [1]. However, new analytical tasks for the control of steel products, or for individual parts made from them, constantly appear, and it is sometimes difficult to choose the appropriate method and device for the analysis. Very often complications appear when it is necessary to test a finished product, which must be left in for further use. The analysis must then be performed, or the sample taken, in such a way that the object does not loose its technical assignment or demand future restoration or repair. In addition, the more important and the more expensive the object, the less damage there must be and, at the same time, the more accurate the analysis must be. As a rule, these two conditions contradict each other. The list of objects requiring strict control of their composition is long: boilers, which operate under high pressure, and supplementary equipment; tanks for keeping fuel, lubricants and flammable materials; load-lifting or transportation mechanisms, cranes, and so on [2]. These problems are accelerated to the researchers of Metal chemist and got solutions i.e. Identification of Positive Materials by XRF Techniques of Non Destructive Test and Evaluations (NDE). Often, famously it has called Positive Material Identifications (PMI). It is known that non-destructive control of the composition can be conducted by X-ray analysis and portable compact analyzers have been created for performing analyses under field conditions. Based purely on physical features, X-ray fluorescence analysis is realized in high-quality laboratories. In this present study, we would like to develop a procedure for analyzing some selective industrially used steel products using XRF Spectra i.e. PMI and the same comparatively analyzing  by Optical Emission Spectrometer (OES) and Wet Chemistry and also verify the obtained results to prove the best one for NDE.

In this study, using Harfang Code 32 device, the slag catcher pipelines in one of the South Pars phases were tested. In radiography method of these lines, no clear defect was observed in radiographic films due to the high thickness of 40 mm. However, marvelous results were obtained using advanced ultrasonic. Review and analysis of the results will result in high potential of three-dimensional ultrasonic method in identifying defects in pipelines with high thicknesses and preventing financial and life-threatening risks during the use of these refineries in the future.

Damage is an inevitable occurrence in metallic structures and when unchecked could result in a catastrophic breakdown of structural assets. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) is adopted in industries for assessment and health inspection of structural assets. Prominent among the NDE techniques is guided wave ultrasonic testing (GWUT). This method is cost-effective and possesses an enormous capability for long-range inspection of corroded structures, detection of sundries of crack and other metallic damage structures at low frequency and energy attenuation. However, the parametric features of the GWUT are affected by structural and environmental operating conditions and result in masking damage signal. Most studies focused on identifying individual damage under varying conditions while combined damage phenomena can coexist in structure and hasten its deterioration. Hence, it is an impending task to study the effect of combined damage on a structure under varying conditions and correlate it with GWUT parametric features. In this respect, this work reviewed the literature on UGWs, damage inspection, severity, temperature influence on the guided wave and parametric characteristics of the inspecting wave. The review is limited to the piezoelectric transduction unit. It was keenly observed that no significant work had been done to correlate the parametric feature of GWUT with combined damage effect under varying conditions. It is therefore proposed to investigate this impending task.

Damage is an inevitable occurrence in metallic structures and when unchecked could result in a catastrophic breakdown of structural assets. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) is adopted in industries for assessment and health inspection of structural assets. Prominent among the NDE techniques is guided wave ultrasonic testing (GWUT). This method is cost-effective and possesses an enormous capability for long-range inspection of corroded structures, detection of sundries of crack and other metallic damage structures at low frequency and energy attenuation. However, the parametric features of the GWUT are affected by structural and environmental operating conditions and result in masking damage signal. Most studies focused on identifying individual damage under varying conditions while combined damage phenomena can coexist in structure and hasten its deterioration. Hence, it is an impending task to study the effect of combined damage on a structure under varying conditions and correlate...

In this study, Ag 2 O was synthesized on polyethylene terephthalate fabrics by using an ultrasonic technique with Ag ion reduction in an aqueous solution. The effects of pH on the microstructure and antibacterial properties of the fabrics were evaluated. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of Ag 2 O on the fabrics. The fabrics were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and wettability testing. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy verified that the change of pH altered the microstructure of the materials. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the fabrics against Escherichia coli was related to the morphology of Ag 2 O particles. Thus, the surface structure of Ag 2 O particles may be a key factor of the antibacterial activity.

This study aims to demonstrate a simple and rapid "green" method for the ultrasound-assisted synthesis of t-aliphatic esters by reacting t-butanol with saturated (capric, lauric, palmitic) and unsaturated (oleic and undecylenic) acids. The spectral characterization of esters was performed by IR and NMR spectroscopies. The impact of ultrasonic irradiation on the reaction in comparison with the conventional method was analyzed based on the reaction time and the yield of the resulting esters. After spectroscopic studies, the synthesis of the corresponding esters after the ultrasound-assisted irradiation was proven. The yields of the t-butyl fatty acid esters increased between 2 and 10% in comparison with the conventional method for their synthesis. It was also established that the application of ultrasonic irradiation intensifies the esterification process significantly compared to the conventional method. The advantages of the ultrasound-assisted esterification include shortening the reaction time; the process is carried out at room temperature instead of at the conventional reaction temperature 67-70 o C. The application of ultrasonic-assisted irradiation for esterification is a suitable and promising method to reduce energy consumption, shortening the reaction time, and increasing the yield of t-butyl fatty acid esters.

In the paper, an idea of a method of signal arrival direction estimation is presented. The influence of time error measurements on the usage of the method is described. An approach to the problem of an increase in the robustness of the method is proposed. The results of experiments are presented and discussed.

The paper presents connections between the criteria which make three types of objects possible to be recognized, namely, edges, planes and corners. These criteria can be applied while a binaural sonar system is used. It is shown that the criteria are specific forms of a general equation. The form of the equation depends on a single coefficient. In the paper, the meaning of this coefficient is discussed. The constructions of the arrangement of objects are presented and are bound with values of the coefficient.

Traditionally, visually challenged individuals employ the white cane to aid their mobility outdoors, which provides very limited utility. In order to improve the safety of visually challenged users and enhance their awareness of their surroundings while navigating in outdoor environments, smart device is needed. In this paper, a smart walking cane for the visually challenged has been presented. The proposed device can detect obstacles as well as terrain changes in the user’s path. A conventional walking cane forms the mainframe of the device, upon which ultrasonic sensors are mounted at appropriate locations to detect obstacles, steps and pits in the path of the user, It can also detect fire in the surrounding environment using fire sensors. Additionally, a provision to indicate the presence of puddles and slippery surfaces in the user’s path has also been included in the device. The presence of these obstacles is notified to the user by the means of voice recordings played via earphones or through haptic feedback, provided using vibration motors placed on the hand support of the stick. The device is lightweight and is powered by a rechargeable battery. The overall design of the device ensures accuracy, energy efficiency and easy portability.
Keywords: Obstacle detection; Terrain detection; Ultrasonic sensor; Fire Sensor; visually challenged; Walking Cane

This end-of-year report discusses how this intelligent stick is built and how it will help visually impaired people in their everyday lives, and has as objective to permit visually impaired people in Cameroon to navigate freely using an Ultrasonic Smart Stick, to send SMS notifications to family members, to permit family members to tract them, to find the cane in the case of loss. As such we used the APTE (Application of Professional Method) based on the Value Analysis (VA) methodology which permitted us to do: need analysis by using a Horned Beast diagram and an Octopus diagram to define our needs and show the link between different elements of the project respectively, to do functional analysis using Function Analysis System Technic (FAST) diagrams to define our project’s functions and arrive at technological solutions, and to do structured analysis using SADT (Structured Analysis Design Technic) to show a model of our project. We used a breadboard to simulate our project and then we used a software ISIS in Proteus to show the pinout of our system and ARES, still in Proteus, to draw our Printed Circuit Board (PCB); also, we used Arduino IDE to program in C-language our two microcontroller boards Arduino Nano, and MIT App Inventor to program and generate the Android installation package
(the apk file) of the Smart Stick Finder app, which will help the person with visual impairment to both locate his cane and after finding his cane, to mute it by sending vocal commands to the Arduino Nano through its Bluetooth device. After assembling our system, we did some tests and
noticed that: the ultrasonic sensor has an absolute error of 1cm in its readings, the higher the water level the more sensitive the water sensor becomes in its readings, the motor and the buzzer vibrate and beep respectively as expected, the accuracy of GPS readings depend on the last time that the readings were taken, and the GSM module’s accuracy depends on the network. Our project permitted us to solve the problem of visual impairment using a Smart Stick and we can rightfully and joyously conclude that we had a 95% success.

In this study, using Harfang Code 32 device, the slag catcher pipelines in one of the South Pars phases were tested. In radiography method of these lines, no clear defect was observed in radiographic films due to the high thickness of 40 mm. However, marvelous results were obtained using advanced ultrasonic. Review and analysis of the results will result in high potential of three-dimensional ultrasonic method in identifying defects in pipelines with high thicknesses and preventing financial and life-threatening risks during the use of these refineries in the future.