Apollo space programme

NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center is working to improve space situational awareness through technical innovation, collaboration, and cooperation with U.S. Government agencies and the global space community. NASA has long-standing guidelines for assessing space objects. Specifically, Marshall has the capabilities, facilities, and expertise to address the challenges that space objects, such as new-Earth objects (NEO) or Orbital debris, pose to space assets. Marshall performs research, integrated information, matures technologies, and enhances science to bring together a diverse portfolio of products and services of interest for Space situational awareness (SSA), which can be accessed through partnerships with Marshall. Marshall's Integrated Space Situational Awareness and Asset Management (ISSAAM) three-pronged approach brings together vital information and in-depth tools working simultaneously toward examining the complex problems encountered in SSA. These technology prongs are database/analyses/visualization, detection/tracking, and mitigation/removal. Marshall has many technologies under these prongs in current use and/or development that could offer solutions to problems outside the NASA arena. Marshall provides solutions for complex issues with indepth capabilities, a broad range of experience, and unique expertise, all available in one convenient location.

Lunar boulder fall tracks indicate recent surface activity, however, to date there has been no systematic attempt to identify recent fall locations and it remains elusive that how recent the falls actually are. Our study mapped the recent boulder falls located within ±40 • latitude, identified by the presence of boulder bounce-induced ejecta along the tracks referred to as Boulder Fall Ejecta (BFE). Our comprehensive survey revealed 245 tracks with ~373 km total length, which are clearly distinguishable from classical boulder tracks, which lack such ejecta. We found 46 % of BFE tracks are located on the Mare and 54 % in Highland regions, suggesting relatively more falls in the Mare region, as there are fewer steep slopes here. We report that ~62 % of our mapped locations host multiple BFE tracks, which indicates more boulder falls within those regions. Placing the BFE tracks with their contextual region revealed the first geomorphic evidence for impact ejected/triggered boulder falls. We find that fresh craters hosting the BFE tracks are a few 100 Ka old, meaning that the BFE tracks are even more recent. We observed BFE tracks adjacent to the Lee-Lincoln scarp at the Apollo17 site and a few other locations neighboring to Apollo seismic epicenters/wrinkle ridge/lobate scarps, which we hypothesize as potential hotspots. We infer from the spatial distribution of these BFE tracks that various triggers have played a role in causing the recent falls. With these newly found BFE tracks, the Moon joins Earth and Mars, with records of recent boulder falls driven by multiple sources suggesting a sporadically active Moon. Such regions could be potential landing sites for future missions to understand the recent surface/subsurface activity on the Moon.

The infrastructure of humanity's journey into space may only be decades old, but some of it has already been lost. A new generation of "space archaeologists" are scrambling to save what's left. Space is being commercialised on a scale unseen before. Faced by powerful commercial and political forces and with scant legal protections, artefacts that tell the story of our species' journey into space are in danger of being lost-both in orbit and down here on Earth. Like Stonehenge, these are irreplaceable artefacts and sites that have a timeless significance to humanity because they represent an essential stage in the evolution of our species. They are often also expressions of national pride because of the industrial and scientific effort needed to achieve them. Sometimes they are also memorials to those who died in the course of ambitious space programmes. They also have another use. Studying these artefacts and sites helps researchers better understand how astronauts interact with new technology, adapt to new environments and develop new cultural practices. The conclusions of researchers can influence the design of future spacecraft and help future space missions succeed. Can a new generation of pioneering space archaeologists like Alice Gorman and Justin Walsh help save our space heritage for coming generations, and how might their work Home News Sport Business Innovation Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Watch Live

The infrastructure of humanity's journey into space may only be decades old, but some of it has already been lost. A new generation of "space archaeologists" are scrambling to save what's left. Space is being commercialised on a scale unseen before. Faced by powerful commercial and political forces and with scant legal protections, artefacts that tell the story of our species' journey into space are in danger of being lost-both in orbit and down here on Earth. Like Stonehenge, these are irreplaceable artefacts and sites that have a timeless significance to humanity because they represent an essential stage in the evolution of our species. They are often also expressions of national pride because of the industrial and scientific effort needed to achieve them. Sometimes they are also memorials to those who died in the course of ambitious space programmes. They also have another use. Studying these artefacts and sites helps researchers better understand how astronauts interact with new technology, adapt to new environments and develop new cultural practices. The conclusions of researchers can influence the design of future spacecraft and help future space missions succeed. Can a new generation of pioneering space archaeologists like Alice Gorman and Justin Walsh help save our space heritage for coming generations

The Apollo lunar program (1961-1975) stands as a monumental achievement in human history, typically framed as a triumph of technology and Cold War politics. Yet beneath the surface of engineering feats and political strategy lies a profound mythopoetic drama reflecting the archetypal tension and synthesis between two primordial cultural principles: the Apollonian and the Dionysian. This article employs the frameworks of Jungian analytical psychology, Nietzschean philosophy, and cultural mythology to explore the symbolic interplay embodied by John F. Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe, figures who represent these archetypes as the Mind and Heart of the mission. Through this lens, Apollo transcends its technical narrative and emerges as a sacred act of cosmic union, whose rupture signals a tragic loss of spirit amid scientific progress. Recognizing this dynamic enriches our understanding of culture, history, and human creativity, and offers vital lessons for future endeavors.

We have conducted real research in space. Virtually all that we conducted in the Krst decade and a half of the space age was government funded and basic research like the carrier vehicles we call satellites and sputniki, but direct human interaction began with Project Mercury. When the Apollo program ended with success, we got back to a focus on research again. Skylab used Apollo systems in a manner that offered spacious accommodations for researchers. Science, technology and education began to move into space. This document describes Skylab and SpaceHab's role in space-based science and technology investigations leading to the International Space Station.

This paper critically examines the historical narrative of the U.S. Moon landings (1969-1972) through Michael Cunningham's Theory of Educide, which posits that systematic rewriting of history and education constitutes a "genocide of education" to control narratives. By comparing official accounts taught in history books with inconsistencies in the post-Apollo space program, the study questions why human lunar exploration ceased despite claimed technological success. Five main points analyze discrepancies in the Apollo narrative, reasons for not returning to the Moon, and the shift to low Earth orbit missions. Applying Cunningham's theory, the paper argues that media framing and institutional control suppressed alternative interpretations, perpetuating educide. Five reasons explain the withholding of truth,

This essay explores the psychological and philosophical consequences of living in a simulated world amid ecological collapse. Drawing from Jean Baudrillard’s theory of hyperreality, James Lovelock’s Gaia Hypothesis, and Stoic philosophy, it argues that the modern world confronts not only an environmental crisis but a crisis of perception and meaning. In a society where symbolic gestures often replace real environmental action, individuals are left feeling anxious, cynical, and powerless. This state of hyperreal frustration manifests in climate anxiety, performative politics, and digital escapism. Yet amid this simulated landscape, Stoicism offers a grounded and actionable response—one that rejects illusion, accepts natural limits, and cultivates ethical resilience. By reorienting individuals toward clarity, virtue, and personal agency, Stoicism equips us to face ecological collapse not with despair, but with dignity.

: It has been just over 40 years since the fulfillment of President John F. Kennedys goal of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth. As we reflect on this technological triumph, we find numerous examples of acquisition best practices and lessons learned, many of which are manifest in our current DoD acquisition management system.From its earliest stages, the U.S. space program pioneered and implemented many innovative ideas and best practicesoften out of necessityand many of those ideas have evolved and are now common tenets of todays defense acquisition practices.

its thermal conductivity requiring a greater insulation 3,321,159 ~E C ~I ~~~S ~s ~~A ~~~ CRYOGENIC weight for an optimium of cryogenic vaporization. Ob-FUEL CONTAINERS viously, the thicker insulation !walls reduces storage vol-Eiam R. Jackson, Newport News, Va., assignor to the ume, increases weight, and relatively heavy storage con-United States of America as represented by the Ad-5 tainers for the helium are necessary when the helium is ministrator of the National Aeronautics and Space stored under amibient conditions. Administration Another technique suggested is the use of corkboard or Filed May 21, 1965, Ser. No. 457,875 foamed plastic, that can support one atmosphere or more 34 Claims. (CL 244-135)

This book is stellar in every sense of the word and should be required reading for anyone interested in the whys and hows of extra-terrestrial social science research. Its richly textured and imaginative chapters provide vital contributions that will undoubtedly shape outer space ethnography for years to come.

Space Heritage is an evolving field where sites and artefacts do not exist on Earth, but rather in space or on other celestial bodies. Most were created during the Cold War and are inaccessible and temporarily protected by their remoteness. The complexities and ambiguities of international legal structures to deal with these sites as cultural resources leave them vulnerable to impacts in the near future by many varieties of space travel. My paper will focus on the Apollo 11 Tranquility Base site on the Moon, the first manned lunar landing site, and explore its historic context and the nature of the archaeological assemblage and its relationship to sites on Earth. I will discuss the current political and legal responsibilities for preservation, the results of the Lunar Legacy Project and argue that without a framework for preservation even these inaccessible sites in space will become accessible and subject to adverse effects.

This case study critically examines the technical feasibility of the Apollo moon landings, focusing on the limitations of 1960s technology, including computing power, materials science, and spacecraft design. It explores the challenges of the Apollo missions, particularly the improbable precision required for lunar navigation, the vulnerabilities of the early space suits, and the limitations of the Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC). Through an analysis of the technology available at the time, the study investigates how these challenges might have been addressed or overcome, while considering the possibility that the missions could have been staged to achieve political and geopolitical goals during the Cold War. By evaluating the plausibility of the moon landings in the context of the available technology, this study raises questions about the authenticity of the Apollo missions and highlights the political motivations that may have influenced the space race.

Objective: Analyze NASA's efforts to "sell" both its mission and its successes from its origins in 1958 to the present. Methods. Use public opinion polling and qualitative sources to establish change over time. Results. Study suggests that NASA's public support was less important than most have previously asserted, and that the overall activities of NASA have been advanced by a small base of supporters, challenged by a small group of opponents, and sustained by a larger number of people who accept a status quo in space exploration. Conclusion. A general public lack of support for expending many dollars on spaceflight has been a fundamental reality of NASA since its beginning. It is not changing, and probably not changeable, in the predictive future. Accordingly, NASA's quest for human spaceflight's popular appeal remains an elusive goal.

The first space age offers a remarkable context to scrutinise the inverse fates of cybernetics and systems theory in the 1960–70s, the latter taking the place of the former thanks to its operational effectiveness. Both fields appeared to tackle the pilot problem head-on, either to shoot a pilot down (cybernetics in World War II) – or to send some to the moon and back (systems engineering and management in the Apollo programme). The study of three US institutions (TRW, SDC and NASA) demonstrates an intense alliance between them, with a persistent focus on the issues of automation and systems thinking. A selection of written documents produced by each entity shows with utmost clarity their high degree of involvement in a post-cybernetics systemic approach. Incidentally, those analyses also show how the differences and similarities between old space and new space reveal themselves in light of the pilot problem. Overall, the pilotʼs role reconfigured the man/machine assemblage as much as the pilot was reconfigured by that assemblage, with the critical assistance of computation.

Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the advancement of aeronautics and space science. The NASA Scientifi c and Technical Information (STI) program plays a key part in helping NASA maintain this important role. The NASA STI Program operates under the auspices of the Agency Chief Information Offi cer. It collects, organizes, provides for archiving, and disseminates NASA's STI. The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Reports Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the NASA STI Report Series, which includes the following report types: • TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of completed research or a major signifi cant phase of research that present the results of NASA programs and include extensive data or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations of signifi cant scientifi c and technical data and information deemed to be of continuing reference value. NASA counterpart of peer-reviewed formal professional papers but has less stringent limitations on manuscript length and extent of graphic presentations.

The purpose of the paper is to determine what place in relation to the cosmos is assigned to children in selected narratives of contemporary astroculture, particularly in space documentaries. Films and TV series representing this genre generally fit into the idea of edutainment, and their target audience are young viewers, often children. The author of the paper claims that the functioning of non-adult characters in these series generally boils down to three main models, which can be described as "future explorer", "future administrator of Earth's resources", and "bearer of human DNA". To prove this statement, she analyzes TV series "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey" (2014) and its sequel "Cosmos: Possible Worlds" (2020). In the second part of the article, the author points to a number of contexts that can be helpful in determining the role played by children in the pop-cultural mapping of the universe.

“There is a strange noise coming out of the speaker… I don’t know what is causing it.” He Astronaut Butch Wilmore reported to NASA a few days ago that the damaged Starliner space capsule, docked with the International Space Station (ISS), was generating a sound of unknown origin.

The nighttime lunar surface has been scanned at a variety of phases both before and after new Moon. A differential chopping technique was used which records the flux difference between adjacent resolution elements along a scan. In principle the differential scan can be integrated to provide the flux distribution, but slow drifts in the sensor null level frustrated this procedure. However, some cold limb temperatures have been calculated using the planet Jupiter for calibration. The measurements were made with a resolution element of 27 arc seconds on the 28-inch telescope at the University of Arizona. Scan positions were determined by noting features on the illuminated portion of the Moon through a bore-sighted guide telescope. Positional accuracies are within two reso¬ lution elements. The technique is particularly sensitive to the detection of nighttime anomalies, and more than 150 of these have been identified. Prior to new Moon is seen large scale thermal structure, correspondin...

Throughout their history, humans have been aware that the results of some actions, for example, throwing a dice or flipping a coin or drawing a stick out of a group with different symbols, are difficult if not impossible to predict. Many cultures have interpreted this as hidden divine knowledge (believing that God obviously knew the outcome of any such action) or even divine intention and plan (God expressing His will through these "chance" practices); people thus often used those actions as a method of divination, an approach known as cleromancy, aiming to access God's intentions. Unpredictability was thus, for a long time, believed to be simply a reflection of our limited knowledge, in contrast with God's unlimited knowledge. In that optic randomness in any real, fundamental sense does not exist. Chance is simply how unpredictable things appear to humans, while God knows their reality. Divine providence, hidden in God's mysterious ways, could be revealed in the casting of lots.

Advances in space activity are linked to reductions in launch cost. Air-breathing propulsion-assisted flight systems offer the potential for revolutionary change of the space operations paradigm. Horizontal launch of a space-access system provides mission flexibility, responsiveness, and affordability. One way to reduce launch cost is to increase the Mach number at which a launch vehicle is staged from a carrier aircraft. Without exceeding the engine and airframe design limits, the pre-compressor cooling technology allows an operational aircraft to operate at Mach numbers and altitudes beyond its basic operational limits. This is an essential, near-term technology for reducing launch cost to place small-weight payloads in low Earth orbit. The advantage of this technology is assessed with a modified McDonnell Douglas QF-4C aircraft. Payloads are unachievable or marginal with an unmodified QF-4C. However, payloads weighing around 150 pounds are plausible with this aircraft when incorporating the water injection pre-compressor cooling (WIPCC) technology.

A current problem that severely affects the performance of spacecraft is related to slosh dynamics in liquid propellant tanks under microgravity conditions. The confidence in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions are low because of the lack of benchmark against experimental data. The goal of the SPHERES Slosh Experiment (SSE) is to acquire long-duration, low-gravity liquid slosh data aboard the International Space Station. The proposed experimental platform consists of a tank, partially filled with fluid, cameras, and inertial sensors to monitor the fluid distribution in the tank. Currently the SSE has passed NASA's Critical Design Review (CDR) and Phase 0/I-II Flight Safety Review (FSR). The manufacture and qualification testing of the flight article has been completed. The Slosh payload is scheduled to be launched in December 2013 with on-orbit experiments to begin shortly thereafter.

The launch phase of a suborbital rocket is always associated with severe structural stresses and they need to be cautiously accounted for during the design level. The structural testing and the numerical analysis of six degrees of freedom and variable mass multi-stage suborbital launcher at launch are reported here. The paper describes the results of free-free modal analysis followed by static and dynamic finite element model analyses of a three-stage rocket prototype subject to launch stresses. The numerical natural frequencies are compared with an experimental modal analysis conducted with the Impact Hammer Modal Testing method. The dynamic results obtained with a finite element model are also compared with dynamic tests in order to validate the numerical model. These results are part of the ROSA-STAR national project "Technologies for Testing and Validation of the Structure, and Modified Hybrid Rocket Motor for Suborbital Launcher-STRAC".

At 12:56 p.m., on Monday 21 July 1969 (AEST), six hundred million people witnessed Neil Armstrong's historic first steps on the Moon through television pictures transmitted to Earth from the lunar module, Eagle. Three tracking stations were receiving the signals simultaneously. They were the CSIRO's Parkes Radio Telescope, the Honeysuckle Creek tracking station near Canberra, and NASA's Goldstone station in California. During the first nine minutes of the broadcast, NASA alternated between the signals being received by the three stations. When they switched to the Parkes pictures, they were of such superior quality that NASA remained with them for the rest of the 2½-hour moonwalk. The television pictures from Parkes were received under extremely trying and dangerous conditions. A violent squall struck the telescope on the day of the historic moonwalk. The telescope was buffeted by strong winds that swayed the support tower and threatened the integrity of the telescope structure. Fortunately, cool heads prevailed and as Aldrin activated the TV camera, the Moon rose into the field-of-view of the Parkes telescope. This report endeavours to explain the circumstances of the Parkes Observatory's support of the Apollo 11 mission, and how it came to be involved in the historic enterprise.

The students of the FMU/FSU College of Engineering continued their design from 1988-1989 on a first generation lunar transportation vehicle for use on the surface of the Moon between the y t. n 2010 and 2020. Attention is focused on specific dc3ign details on all components of the I.unar Articulated Remote Transportation System (Lunar ARTS). The I.unar ARTS will be a three-cart, six-wheeled articulated vehicle. Its purpose will be the transportation of a5tronauts and/or materials for excavation purposes at a short distance from the hase (37.5 km). Thc power system includes fuel cells for both the primary sytem and the backup system. The vehicle has the option of being operated in a manned or unmanned mc~le. .the unmanned mode includes stereo imaging with signal pnxessing for navigation. For manned missions the display console is a digital readout displayed on the inside of the astronaut's helmet. A nlicroprwessor is alu) on board the vehicle. Other components of the vehicle include a double wishbone/ flcxiblc hemispherical wheel suspension; chawis; a steering s p e m ; moton; seat restraints; hrat rejection :ysten1$ solar flare protection; dust protection; and meteoroid protection. A one-quarter wdc d)namic miklel has been built to study the dynamic behavior of the vehicle. The dynamic model closely capt11re.s the mechanical and electrical details the total design.

The nighttime lunar surface has been scanned at a variety of phases both before and after new Moon. A differential chopping technique was used which records the flux difference between adjacent resolution elements along a scan. In principle the differential scan can be integrated to provide the flux distribution, but slow drifts in the sensor null level frustrated this procedure. However, some cold limb temperatures have been calculated using the planet Jupiter for calibration. The measurements were made with a resolution element of 27 arc seconds on the 28-inch telescope at the University of Arizona. Scan positions were determined by noting features on the illuminated portion of the Moon through a bore-sighted guide telescope. Positional accuracies are within two reso¬ lution elements. The technique is particularly sensitive to the detection of nighttime anomalies, and more than 150 of these have been identified. Prior to new Moon is seen large scale thermal structure, correspondin...

NASA s Ares I-X vehicle launched on a suborbital test flight from the Eastern Range in Florida on October 28, 2009. NASA generated a Range Safety (RS) product data package to meet the RS trajectory data requirements defined in the Air Force Space Command Manual (AFSPCMAN) 91-710. Some products included were a nominal ascent trajectory, ascent flight envelopes, and malfunction turn data. These products are used by the Air Force s 45th Space Wing (45SW) to ensure public safety and to make flight termination decisions on launch day. Due to the criticality of the RS data, an independent validation and verification (IV&V) effort was undertaken to accompany the data generation analyses to ensure utmost data quality and correct adherence to requirements. As a result of the IV&V efforts, the RS product package was delivered with confidence that two independent organizations using separate simulation software generated data to meet the range requirements and yielded similar results. This doc...

The launch phase of a suborbital rocket is always associated with severe structural stresses and they need to be cautiously accounted for during the design level. The structural testing and the numerical analysis of six degrees of freedom and variable mass multi-stage suborbital launcher at launch are reported here. The paper describes the results of free-free modal analysis followed by static and dynamic finite element model analyses of a three-stage rocket prototype subject to launch stresses. The numerical natural frequencies are compared with an experimental modal analysis conducted with the Impact Hammer Modal Testing method. The dynamic results obtained with a finite element model are also compared with dynamic tests in order to validate the numerical model. These results are part of the ROSA-STAR national project "Technologies for Testing and Validation of the Structure, and Modified Hybrid Rocket Motor for Suborbital Launcher-STRAC".

She led the Institute for Scholarship on Engineering Education (ISEE) as part of the Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education (CAEE). Dr. Adams received her PhD in Education, Leadership and Policy Studies from the University of Washington, an MS in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Washington, and a BS in Mechanical Engineering from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Dr. Adams' research is concentrated in four interconnecting areas: crossdisciplinary thinking, acting, and being; design cognition and learning; views on the nature of engineering knowledge; and theories of change in linking engineering education research and practice.

The 50th Anniversary of the First Lunar Landing 10.1 THE FINAL GOAL OF THE RESTORATION July 16, 2019 will be the 50th Anniversary of the launch of Apollo 11, and four days later will be the anniversary of the first lunar landing. More important will be July 24 because it will celebrate the crew's safe return "before this decade is out." It is the intent of everyone involved in the restoration effort that the Apollo Mission Control Center will be available for a ceremony to commemorate this historic nationalindeed "human"-achievement. Although it isn't feasible to restore the entire Mission Control Center (Building 30), the part which is being restored includes the room that, more than any, represents the national effort to land man on the Moon and return him safely to the Earth. This is the third floor Mission Operations Control Center, known in NASA jargon as MOCR 2. If all goes to plan, the restoration will include personal and utilitarian objects which were used by the flight controllers. This attention to detail, which in the movie-making world is known as "dressing the set," should evoke powerful emotional and intellectual responses from visitors, showing that "history happened here." Because most visitors to the building will be escorted to the Visitor Viewing Room, this is being restored too when funds become available. Of course, the first things that visitors will see through the wall of glass overlooking the MOCR 2 will be the rows of consoles and the "big screen" on the wall beyond. These will all be restored to appear as they did half a century ago. Visitors will have partial views into other rooms, in particular the Simulation Control Room, but (at least initially) will see only a large picture of the Recovery Operations Control Room affixed to its window. These rooms will be restored to a lesser degree of fidelity if and when funds become available.

The nighttime lunar surface has been scanned at a variety of phases both before and after new Moon. A differential chopping technique was used which records the flux difference between adjacent resolution elements along a scan. In principle the differential scan can be integrated to provide the flux distribution, but slow drifts in the sensor null level frustrated this procedure. However, some cold limb temperatures have been calculated using the planet Jupiter for calibration. The measurements were made with a resolution element of 27 arc seconds on the 28-inch telescope at the University of Arizona. Scan positions were determined by noting features on the illuminated portion of the Moon through a bore-sighted guide telescope. Positional accuracies are within two reso¬ lution elements. The technique is particularly sensitive to the detection of nighttime anomalies, and more than 150 of these have been identified. Prior to new Moon is seen large scale thermal structure, correspondin...

The nighttime lunar surface has been scanned at a variety of phases both before and after new Moon. A differential chopping technique was used which records the flux difference between adjacent resolution elements along a scan. In LIST OF TABLES 105