Surface Charge Controls the Suborgan Biodistributions of Gold Nanoparticles
ACS Nano, May 12, 2016
Surface chemistry plays a deciding role in nanoparticle biodistribution, yet very little is known... more Surface chemistry plays a deciding role in nanoparticle biodistribution, yet very little is known about how surface chemistry influences the suborgan distributions of nanomaterials. Here, using quantitative imaging based on laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), we demonstrate that surface charge dictates the suborgan distributions of nanoparticles in the kidney, liver, and spleen of mice intravenously injected with functionalized gold nanoparticles. Images of the kidney show that positively charged nanoparticles accumulate extensively in the glomeruli, the initial stage in filtering for the nephron, suggesting that these nanoparticles may be filtered by the kidney at a different rate than the neutral or negatively charged nanoparticles. We find that positively and negatively charged nanoparticles accumulate extensively in the red pulp of the spleen. In contrast, uncharged nanoparticles accumulate in the white pulp and marginal zone of the spleen to a greater extent than the positively or negatively charged nanoparticles. Moreover, these uncharged nanoparticles are also more likely to be found associated with Kupffer cells in the liver. Positively charged nanoparticles accumulate extensively in liver hepatocytes, whereas negatively charged nanoparticles show a broader distribution in the liver. Together these observations suggest that neutral nanoparticles having 2 nm cores may interact with the immune system to a greater extent than charged nanoparticles, highlighting the value of determining the suborgan distributions of nanomaterials for delivery and imaging applications.
In situ combustion processes in which a barrier formed of a time-dependent shear-thinning liquid ... more In situ combustion processes in which a barrier formed of a time-dependent shear-thinning liquid is employed to control the vertical migration of the combustion front. The reservoir is fractured in order to form a horizontally extending fracture between the injection and production systems employed in the combustion drive. Thereafter a time-dependent shear-thin ning liquid is introduced into the fracture. This liquid un dergoes an increase in viscosity with time in order to form the barrier. The invention may be employed in conjunction with in situ combustion drives carried out in multiply completed wells or in horizontally spaced injection and production wells. 5 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures
The PRO drink was perceived as creamier and thicker, and less pleasant, sweet and refreshing (P <... more The PRO drink was perceived as creamier and thicker, and less pleasant, sweet and refreshing (P < 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest whey protein consumption after resistance exercise reduces subsequent energy intake, and this might be partially mediated by a reduced eating rate. Whilst this reduced energy intake is unlikely to impair hypertrophy, it may be of value in supporting an energy deficit for weight loss.
Surface chemistry plays a deciding role in nanoparticle biodistribution, yet very little is known... more Surface chemistry plays a deciding role in nanoparticle biodistribution, yet very little is known about how surface chemistry influences the suborgan distributions of nanomaterials. Here, using quantitative imaging based on laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), we demonstrate that surface charge dictates the suborgan distributions of nanoparticles in the kidney, liver, and spleen of mice intravenously injected with functionalized gold nanoparticles. Images of the kidney show that positively charged nanoparticles accumulate extensively in the glomeruli, the initial stage in filtering for the nephron, suggesting that these nanoparticles may be filtered by the kidney at a different rate than the neutral or negatively charged nanoparticles. We find that positively and negatively charged nanoparticles accumulate extensively in the red pulp of the spleen. In contrast, uncharged nanoparticles accumulate in the white pulp and marginal zone of the spleen to...
its thermal conductivity requiring a greater insulation 3,321,159 ~E C ~I ~~~S ~s ~~A ~~~ CRYOGEN... more its thermal conductivity requiring a greater insulation 3,321,159 ~E C ~I ~~~S ~s ~~A ~~~ CRYOGENIC weight for an optimium of cryogenic vaporization. Ob-FUEL CONTAINERS viously, the thicker insulation !walls reduces storage vol-Eiam R. Jackson, Newport News, Va., assignor to the ume, increases weight, and relatively heavy storage con-United States of America as represented by the Ad-5 tainers for the helium are necessary when the helium is ministrator of the National Aeronautics and Space stored under amibient conditions. Administration Another technique suggested is the use of corkboard or Filed May 21, 1965, Ser. No. 457,875 foamed plastic, that can support one atmosphere or more 34 Claims. (CL 244-135)
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that function in intercellular communicat... more Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that function in intercellular communication. Our previous studies indicate that exosomes released from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages contain soluble mycobacterial proteins. However, it was unclear how these secreted proteins were targeted to exosomes. In this study, we determined that exosome production by the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 requires the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport and that trafficking of mycobacterial proteins from phagocytosed bacilli to exosomes was dependent on protein ubiquitination. Moreover, soluble mycobacterial proteins, when added exogenously to RAW264.7 or human HEK293 cells, were endocytosed, ubiquitinated, and released via exosomes. This suggested that endocytosed proteins could be recycled from cells through exosomes. This hypothesis was supported using the tumor-associated protein He4, which, when endocytosed by RAW264.7 or HEK293 cells, was transpor...
Results of a preliminary study of a space transport concept are presented. The concept consists o... more Results of a preliminary study of a space transport concept are presented. The concept consists of a winged orbiter containing ascent propellants and two small turbojet-powered winged boosters, used for acceleration to supersonic speeds. The concept offers full reuse and horizontal takeoff from numerous existing airports. With current structure and rocket technology, this transport concept has lower gross weight for
Spoken language contains information at a broad range of timescales, from phonetic distinctions o... more Spoken language contains information at a broad range of timescales, from phonetic distinctions on the order of milliseconds to semantic contexts which shift over seconds to minutes. It is not well understood how the brain’s speech production systems combine features at these timescales into a coherent vocal output. We investigated the spatial and temporal representations in cerebral cortex of three phonological units with different durations: consonants, vowels, and syllables. Electrocorticography (ECoG) recordings were obtained from five participants while speaking single syllables. We developed a novel clustering and Kalman filter-based trend analysis procedure to sort electrodes into temporal response profiles. A linear discriminant classifier was used to determine how strongly each electrode’s response encoded phonological features. We found distinct time-courses of encoding phonological units depending on their duration: consonants were represented more during speech preparati...
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