Anthropology of Food

Les livres 13 et 14 de Martial suivent sans doute de peu chronologiquement le Liber Spectaculorum. Si riches et fécondes soient-elles, les lectures qu'on en a faites, méta-poétiques ou intertextuelles , liées à une littérature des Saturnales ou aux origines de l'épigramme hellénistique, n'épuisent pas totalement ni le contenu de ces livres, ni le contexte auquel ils renvoient. cette « poétique des objets » invite à voir comment les thématiques, les « effets de liste », ou tout simplement le choix de ce qui devient chez l’auteur latin un « objet littéraire» contribuent à créer un condensé de monde. Ce
microcosme vient croiser l’univers présent dans le Liber Spectaculorum,
ainsi peut-être que dans la littérature encyclopédique flavienne, jusqu’à
former une image particulière de l’oikouménè.

Les quatre contributions du présent ouvrage explorent la manière dont les auteurs de la fi n du Ier et du début du IIe siècles utilisent l’écriture pour organiser et maîtriser le monde matériel. Ils soulignent que l’écriture, bien que distincte de la vie, permet de posséder et de transformer les objets en concepts littéraires ou techniques. Pline l’Ancien, Martial, Stace et Pausanias sont examinés pour leurs différentes approches : Pline inventorie la nature, Martial crée une poétique des objets, Stace loue l’actualité sous Domitien, et Pausanias offre une géographie basée sur l’observation directe. Il s’avère que ces auteurs utilisent les mots pour rendre le monde antique compréhensible et accessible, malgré la diversité de leurs méthodes et objectifs.

This study examines interpersonal relationships as a missional approach for engaging with the affluent. In the Great Commission in the book of Mathew 28:18-20, Christ commissioned His disciples to reach all nations with the gospel and make them His disciples. Without an appropriate model for ministering to this wealthy individuals, gospel ministers risk focusing only on poor and marginalised communities, thus failing to fulfil the Great Commission's inclusive call. The study used a qualitative approach to analyse primary data from Luke 19:1-10 and theological commentaries. It also employed a library-based method to examine relevant secondary sources. The study analysed interpersonal communication theories, including Uncertainty Reduction Theory, Attachment Theory, and Interpersonal Needs Theory. Using the interaction between Jesus and Zacchaeus in Luke 19:1-10 as a case study, the research demonstrated how Jesus used interpersonal relationships to minister to Zacchaeus. The findings suggest that loneliness and a desire for privacy are barriers to ministry among the wealthy. At the same time, genuine connection, empathy, and pastoral presence are essential remedies; the affluent desire to feel valued and to belong through authentic relationships, not just financial transactions. The study concludes that Zacchaeus's change of heart resulted from genuine relational ministry, emphasising that interpersonal relationships are crucial when ministering to the wealthy. This research contributes to the field of missiology by addressing the often-overlooked affluent population as a potential mission field. It also provides gospel ministers with practical models of ministry to the wealthy through authentic interpersonal relationships rather than transactional approaches.

Food Journeys is a powerful collection that draws on personal experiences, and the meaning of grief, rage, solidarity, and life. Feminist anthropologist Dolly Kikon and peace researcher Joel Rodrigues present a wide-ranging set of stories and essays accompanied by recipes. They bring together poets, activists, artists, writers, and researchers who explore how food and eating allow us to find joy and strength while navigating a violent history of militarization in Northeast India. Food Journeys takes us to the tea plantations of Assam, the lofty mountains of Sikkim, the homes of a brewer and a baker in Nagaland, a chef’s journey from Meghalaya, a trip to the paddy fields in Bangladesh, and many more sites, to reveal why people from Northeast India intimately care about what they eat and consider food an integral part of their history, politics, and community. Deliciously feminist and bold, Food Journeys is both an invitation and a challenge to recognize gender and lived experiences as critical aspects of political life.

Os fenômenos físico-químicos que ocorrem no preparo dos alimentos, o que inclui o processo de panificação, são inúmeros, podendo servir de contexto para o estudo das transformações químicas e físicas envolvidas. Neste trabalho, a panificação é o tema abordado para ensinar química, tendo a pesquisa como princípio educativo na promoção de aprendizagem. Alunos do ensino médio foram levados a estudar química na padaria/laboratório montada no colégio com recursos da FAPESB. Um grupo de estudos formado pelos professores da escola e por professores e estagiários do curso de Química da UESB desenvolveram pesquisa qualitativa sobre a proposta realizada na escola. Esperou-se com isso construir uma metodologia de ensino capaz de contribuir com a formação de cidadãos mais críticos e criativos, e que percebessem a química como uma ciência, construção humana, presente na vida cotidiana.

Since the First Age, wars, natural disasters, commercial reasons, compulsory or voluntary human beings have left the places where they lived and established new lives for themselves in the places they went. Human beings have also carried their culture wherever they go. For this reason, cultural interaction has always existed between people. Clothing, traditions, customs, food culture have interacted with different cultures through migrations and have been adopted by becoming a part of the culture in the de values, is a value that human beings keep alive in the places they go and teach other cultures. The aim of this study is to reveal the story of "Sabetay Kohen", who continues to produce b shop in Çanakkale today and his arrival in Turkey through documents and interviews. According to the findings obtained as a result of the research; it was concluded that there is no Jewish population left in Çanakkale except for few families, Sabetay Usta continues to produce alone in the pastry bakery, the locals who know the pastry bakery find Sabetay Usta's pastries delicious and the reason for this flavor is the low use of yeast. It was found that Sabetay Kohen learned how to make boyoz/ börek from his father, and that his father learned from Yako Usta, who went to Izmir from Çanakkale and contributed to the spread of boyoz in Izmir. Since there will be no person or persons to do this job if Master Sabetay, who still continue is important in the context of the protection of the gastronomic heritage integrated with Anatolia to teach the production of boyoz or börek to another person or persons, since t

The study's primary objective was to examine the impact of waitstaff on customer retention in two-star hotels in Takoradi Metropolis. The study's goals were to identify the role of the hotel waiting staff in service delivery, to determine the factors affecting customer retention, and to examine measures employed to promote customer retention in two-star hotels in Takoradi. A survey research design was used for the study. The study population was five (5) waiting staff from twelve (12) two-star hotels in Takoradi, which made up sixty (60) respondents. A random sampling technique and a questionnaire were used for data collection in the study. The study found that most waiting staff take orders, welcome customers, and lead them to their seats. The study's findings further revealed that employees are empowered by management to interact with customers and meet their needs. The study revealed that when customers are satisfied with the services provided by the waiter and have a positive experience atmosphere and short waiting time, they are more likely to return to the hotel. The study concludes that the role of hotel waiting staff in service delivery at two-star hotels has a significant impact on hotel customer retention. The study recommends that two-star hotels should organise regular training for their servers to enable them to gain knowledge in providing quality waiting service to customers. This will encourage customers to patronise the hotel, thus leading to customer retention.

Why do most Greeks not eat basil, even though it is ubiquitous in daily life and much beloved? In exploring this puzzle, we treat basil not as a flavor to be abstracted and studied in neurogastronomy laboratories, but rather as a total sensual fact, an activity embedded in many and diverse contexts. We approach basil as an inherently synesthetic experience, tied to a larger sensory regime, and bound up in daily practice, and we look for the ways the senses make a difference in Greek categorizations of the edible and the nonedible.

Over the last forty years, Japanese cuisine has had an oversized influence on fine dining in the United States. Chefs cooking at celebrated American restaurants are now freely using Japanese ingredients, condiments, culinary techniques, and concepts, and the Culinary Institute of America in Hyde Park, New York, the leading culinary school in the country, now offers a concentration in Japanese cuisine. This article examines this "Japanese turn" and argues that this contemporary culinary movement toward Japan is comparable to the Japanese influence on European and American art and architecture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and may be another important Japanese moment in American cultural history.

In the 1970s, Japanese cooks began to appear in the kitchens of nouvelle cuisine chefs in France for further training, with scores more arriving in the next decades. Paul Bocuse, Alain Chapel, Joël Robuchon, and other leading French chefs started visiting Japan to teach, cook, and sample Japanese cuisine, and ten of them eventually opened restaurants there. In the 1980s and 1990s, these chefs ' frequent visits to Japan and the steady flow of Japanese stagiaires to French restaurants in Europe and the United States encouraged a series of changes

Il contributo presenta i risultati di una ricerca archeologica condotta dall'Universit\ue0 di verona nel territorio di Gazzo Veronese, ubicato nella bassa pianura di verona. In particolare in questo lavoro, che segue un primo gi\ue0 edito sulla stessa rivista (FOLDER 2016, 370), si presentano i dati raccolti su due necropoli datate fra la fine del I sec. a.C. e la met\ue0 del II d.C. messe in luce lungo la via publica che attraversava il territorio in et\ue0 romana e che \ue8 stata riconosciuta nella Claudia Augusta

The  paper  critically  analyses  the intersections  between food, gender and identity in Andaleeb Wajid's novel More Than Just Biryani. The novel is based on the lives of three women Tahera,  Zubi  and  Ruqayyawhich  and  revolve  around  the domestic act of preparing food. Each women's distinct recipes explore  values  and  meanings  surrounding  life,  grief,  family and the cultural variability in expression of both gendered and individual identity. The paper deals with three primary aspects. It first examines how women establish their relationship among themselves and with the male in the domestic sphere through the  act  of  food  production,  consumption  and  distribution. Second, the paper analyses how the knowledge of food recipes constructs  a  transparent  hierarchy  within  the  women  of  a household where each struggles to remain at the center of the domestic  sphere.  Third,  the  paper  studies  how  one's relationship with food facilitates gender interdependence and mutual respect.

El ante colimote, tradicional pastel de Colima, México, combina herencias indígenas y europeas, reflejando la estética y valores sociales del barroco. Su elaborada preparación y decoración saturada simbolizan lujo, exclusividad y teatralidad, características del arte barroco.
Históricamente reservado a clases altas, su difusión contemporánea evidencia una posible tensión entre patrimonio cultural y acceso económico. El ante colimote no sólo es un postre, sino una manifestación viva de memoria colectiva y un puente entre el arte barroco europeo y la identidad regional contemporánea.

En el presente ensayo se aborda la emergencia de un pequeño pueblo de frontera de corta duración en el contexto del proceso expansionista encarado por el Estado argentino en el último cuarto del siglo XIX, asumiendo algunas de las principales categorías analíticas asociadas al denominado giro ontológico en arqueología. Se presenta un estudio del Pueblo Avellaneda, fundado en el valle medio del Río Negro en 1879 y abandonado en 1882, desde la teoría de ensambles para dar cuenta del carácter emergente de su especificidad histórica y de la complejidad del proceso que reunió en un espacio y tiempo muy acotado una compleja maraña de personas, ideas y cosas sumamente heterogéneas, todas estas cargadas de intencionalidad y agencia. A partir de estas ideas y de la propia historicidad del pueblo, se postula un modelo tipológico para intentar comprender la materialidad del sitio Pampa de los Molinos y generar expectativas arqueológicas que integren comprensiva y relacionalmente las distintas líneas de evidencia allí ensambladas.

Lumea Sturionilor - simpozion aniversar a fost un eveniment dedicat domnului CSI prof. univ. dr. ing. Neculai Patriche, membru corespondent al  Academiei de Științe Agricole și Silvice "Gheorghe Ionescu-Șișesti", pentru cei 45 de ani dedicați domeniului, cu ocazia iesirii la pensie.  Evenimentul a avut doua etape, prima dedicata momentului aniversar iar a doua sesiuniii stiintifice.

Ange BIZET et Annie WALTER'-L'objectif est de fixer la terminologie en français des principales espèces fruitières du Vanuatu. Archipel mélanésien, ancien condominium franco-britannique des Nouvelles-Hébrides, le Vanuatu est le seul pays indépendant depuis 1980 de l'ensemble francophone du Tacifique qu'il constitue avec les territoires

În sectorul marin românesc structura pe specii a capturilor reflectă parţial componenţa ihtiofaunei, deoarece raportul între specii pescuite este condiţionat, în principal, de doi factori: tipul uneltei de pescuit şi condiţiile sezoniere de formare şi menţinerea aglomerarilor pescuibile. Studiile privind ihtiofauna din sectorul românesc al Mării Negre, întreprinse în perioada 1950-2023, au urmărit în principal cunoaşterea evoluţiei structurii cantitative şi calitative a capturilor principalelor specii de pești de interes comercial, ce populeaza litoralul românesc, în condițiile hidroclimatice specifice perioadei analizate. Lucrarea face referiri asupra datelelor şi informaţiilor privind captura și componența acesteea.

Артыкул прысвечаны даследаванню жыцця і навуковай творчасці амаль забытага зараз этнографа-палевіка, гісторыка беларускай этнаграфічнай навукі 1920-х гг. Аляксандра Ануфрэевіча Шлюбскага. Гэта быў надзвычай пладавіты даследчык, які пакінуў фактычна за адно дзесяцігоддзе дзейнасці болей двадцаті навуковых артыкулаў, зборнік фальклорных матэрыялаў Віцебшчыны, і бібліяграфію усіх этнаграфічных даследаванняў і тэкстаў аб Беларусі на 1927 г.

We sat together in the dark, returning from a street art fair in Belize City. She began her narrative about her life and her educational journey. "When I was fourteen, I was told that I was married. I didn't know anything about it. I was just told that I was married." Her husband, age twenty-one, was a drinker who rarely worked, so life was difficult. He was abusive, but she tolerated the abuse until he began to abuse his daughters. She took her three daughters and left him. Her parents and her village counseled her to return and work things out with her husband. "I tried to work things out, but it wasn't working." She returned to finish high school in Punta Gorda in the Toledo District. She was twenty-eight with three children. "When I applied to go to school, the minister asked, 'Do you still know your numbers, your letters?'" I answered, "Yes, do you want me to recite them?" Most of the teachers at the high school were Garifuna. There were no Maya teachers in her school. "I was called names and told to quit. They said, "You are Maya. You should be washing clothes, making baskets. You shouldn't be in school. You don't belong here." Yeah, I noticed that the teachers gave preferential treatment to other students. They were allowed to turn assignments in late, but not me. The other Maya students all quit. They didn't finish. But I didn't quit, and I graduated valedictorian." (Mopan Mayan woman)

Ahmet Caferoğlu, Azerbaycan'ın Gence şehrinde doğmuş, siyasi koşullar nedeniyle Özbekistan, Ukrayna, Almanya ve Türkiye'de bulunmuş çok dilli ve çok kültürlü bir bilim insanıdır. Bu durum, onun pek çok yabancı dili öğrenmesine ve Türkoloji alanında Avrupa ile Rusya'daki çalışmaları Türkiye'ye taşıyan bir öncü olmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Özellikle bir ağız araştırmacısı ve dil tarihçisi olarak Türkiye'deki Türkoloji çalışmalarının temelini atmıştır. Farklı ülkelerde eğitim alması, onu milliyetçilik duygularından uzaklaştırmamış, aksine milli hislerini güçlendirmiş; tüm Türk halklarının sorunlarını dile getiren siyasi yazılar kaleme almasına neden olmuştur. Hiçbir zaman siyasete girmeyen Caferoğlu, Türkçü dünya görüşünü akademik çalışmalarıyla birleştirmiş, doğduğu topraklara olan bağlılığını Azerbaycan üzerine yaptığı araştırmalarla ve çıkardığı Azerbaycan Yurt Bilgisi Dergisi ile göstermiştir. Yetiştirdiği öğrenciler, yazdığı temel eserler ve uluslararası ödüllerle dünya çapında bir Türkolog olan Caferoğlu'nun çalışmaları, günümüzde hala geçerliliğini korumakta ve akademik referans olarak kullanılmaktadır. Caferoğlu'nun siyasi ve fikri yazılarında ele aldığı meseleler de bugün güncelliğini korumaktadır. Bu bağlamdaki yazılarını daha çok Türk Amacı, Türk Kültürü ve Azerbaycan Yurt Biligisi Dergisi dergilerinde yayımlamıştır. Çalışmada Caferoğlu'nun Türk halklarının sorunlarını dile getirdiği siyasi yazıları Türk Kültürü dergisinden seçilmiştir. Türk Kültürü dergisindeki yazıların seçilme nedeni ise 1960'lı yıllarda kaleme alınmasına rağmen bugün de güncelliğini koruyan, fikri yazıları olmalardır.

This paper situates the kitchen as humanity's first laboratory and a replicable model of cultural evolution. Through cooking, early humans enacted a scientific cycle independent of written institutions: experiment (trial and error), risk (hazard and survival), transformation (fire and fermentation), and reflection (ethics, metaphysics, aesthetics). Archaeological evidence and mathematical models show how culinary practice formalized probability, risk mediation, and cultural transmission long before science was codified. Salt, spices, and sugar extended this cycle into trade, geopolitics, and economics, while military rations tied cuisine to logistics and war. Today, lab-grown foods, space rations, and resonant matter synthesis continue the same cycle, demonstrating that cuisine remains both origin and horizon-a crucible where empirical knowledge, ethical choice, symbolic meaning, and artistic expression converge.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el papel que desempeña la mujer dentro de la estructura social istmeña a través de su participación en la preparación de la cocina festiva, así como las relaciones de poder que se configuran en torno a esta práctica.

The most precious of essences have
long been associated with kings and
queens. Courts have been seeped in
scent for centuries, but perhaps the
most aromatic aristocracy was to be
found in the sultan’s court of Deccan era of India
from 15-1700’s and the “Perfumed Court” of Marie
Antoinette and Louis XV1 in the late 1700’s. Both
courts regaled in the sumptuousness of scented
places and gardens, and the decadence of rare and
beautifully composed perfumes.
In the palaces of Sultan Ali Adil Shah II of
Bijapur, scent reigned supreme. Both poetry and
painting of the time spun aromatic tales full of
flowers, mythology, romance and longing.
Poetry was linked with the planting of aromatic
gardens, informing placement of flowers, plants
and trees.

Wheat is a historically significant crop in Turkey, and its landraces have been collected,
evaluated, and reported by many researchers from several regions of the
world for their diverse traits (Zencirci and Karagoz 2005). Landraces, which have
developed under various extreme conditions such as biotic and abiotic stresses, do
not only increase yield but also promote stability (Witcombe et al. 1996). With
exceptional adaptation capacity in the past, landraces are still out-yielding modern
cultivation under low-input production systems (Dwivedi et al. 2016).
The cultivation of resistant crops is based on various biotic and abiotic stress factors
with the development of prospective gene pools. Acquiring and selecting new
plant types are a dynamic long-term work of scientific teams, offering a high-yielding
variety with tolerance levels to specific environmental stresses. A wheat
landrace is not necessarily a genetically and phenotypically stable, distinct, and
uniform unit. It is related to the diversity of the geographical area and the level of
exchange between farmers and short−/long-distance seeds (Jaradat 2006).
A wheat landrace can be defined as a conventional variety of wheat which
includes stress and high yield stability with moderate crop yield level under minimal
input condition (Zeven 1998; Lodhi et al. 2020). These landraces are the outcome
of grain varieties that farmers harvest regularly, and these varieties are resistant
to the factors that affect the normal variety of wheat (Zeven 1999). In the same way,
these landraces have emerged as a diverse and heterogeneous population because of
their resisting capacity against biotic and abiotic stress conditions (Masood et al.
2005). Thus, the genes discovered in landrace varieties can be used for breeding
new resistant cultivars (Reynolds et al. 2007). In the present framework of modern

Undisputed is the importance of understanding the language for the knowledge of one culture. Only in this way the researcher or anyone interested in obtaining one of the greatest riches that we were given, which is the education, can penetrate the deepest recesses of the soul of the studied, unraveling the intimate concepts that link man with the world, as varied in time and in space. Legends, myths, traditions, history, have wandered into the air while the encouraging words of men maintain their existence. Later, when there are no speakers of his teachings, the spirit that created them is faintly impregnated in the rock, in wood, iron, gold, often so diffuse as to be passing over one box of catalogs or allegorical material, distinguished by roman numerals or other signs that convey little about its magnificence. There are, however, those who strive to capture that spirit at the cost of sacrifices, time, research and dedication, which scrutinize in the present and in the past through the loop of the noblest man: the word and writing, as demonstrated, Leon Cadogan 1 (Asuncion, 1899-1973). It was established in one of the greatest anthropologists Paraguayans. Ethnographer and linguist, devoted his life to recording, recovery and distribution of the Guarani culture. His research focused on the four ethnic groups in the Eastern Region of Paraguay: the Avá-Chiripá, the Pâi-Tavyterâ, the Aché-Guayakí and especially Mbyá-Guarani, who adopted him and gave him the name of Tupã kuxuvi veve: divine whirlwind that is flying. In his memoirs defined itself as "alien, farmer and scientist.

The entry into force of the U-LABEL regulation in the
EU ((2021/2117, scheduled for December 8, 2023), could
foster a technological gap in the viticulture of emerging
countries, where the awareness of climatic qualities and
paedological conditions of each viticultural region is also
increasing. Nowadays, wine rules for consumption might
create incentives for transparency and wine traceability,
demanding more and better information from
winegrowers. The new technological support includes the
evocation of human factors, biodiversity and protection
of a particular landscape. All these elements might be
materialized into relevant data, counting massive digital
support. The aim of my contribution is to suggest such
data is likely to be framed by law

Traducción del inglés al español por parte del Seminario permanente Crónicas y fuentes de origen indígena del siglo XVI novohispano. En el pensamiento de los pueblos precolombinos mesoamericanos, los mantenimientos eran dones otorgados por las divinidades. Fueron los dioses quienes dispusieron sobre la tierra los elementos que nutrirían a la humanidad. Por tal motivo, en época prehispánica se buscaba complacer a las deidades a través de rituales y ceremonias que propiciaran la correcta continuidad del ciclo agrícola. Así, de manera empírica, se aseguraba el éxito de las cosechas. En el libro Los Coloquios de los doce, que relata como los sabios nahuas defendieron sus creencias religiosas frente a las impugnaciones de los doce primeros frailes enviados para evangelizarlos, encontramos un párrafo que ilustra con claridad la relación de los dioses con la disponibilidad de alimentos para los hombres: Era doctrina de nuestros mayores que son los dioses por quien se vive, ellos nos merecieron, (con su sacri cio nos dieron vida). ¿En qué forma, cuándo, dónde? Cuando aún era de noche. Era su doctrina que ellos nos dan nuestro sustento, todo cuanto se bebe y se come, lo que conserva la vida, el maíz, el frijol,

This essay examines David E. Sutton’s Secrets from the Greek Kitchen (2014) to explore how culinary knowledge is produced, transmitted, and transformed in social contexts. Sutton’s ethnography of Kalymnos demonstrates that cooking expertise relies less on written recipes than on sensory apprenticeship, interpersonal negotiation, and embodied memory. Through detailed portraits of women cooks across generations, he shows that culinary practices are dynamic, shaped by gendered authority, intergenerational tension, and the introduction of new ingredients and media influences. Using Sutton’s insights, this essay interrogates key issues in the anthropology of food, including the transmission of skill, the negotiation of authenticity, and the concept of “living tradition.” Comparative engagement with scholars such as Appadurai, Bessière, Graf, Bauman, Noyes, and DeVault highlights how culinary traditions endure precisely because they are flexible, continually adapted, and deeply embedded in social, economic, and gendered relations

Este artigo procura contribuir para o estudo da recepção de Friedrich Nietzsche na obra de Gilberto Freyre, especialmente em sua interpretação da cultura e da sociedade brasileiras, a partir do cotejo entre textos de Freyre e os livros de e sobre Nietzsche preservados em sua biblioteca pessoal, mantida pela Fundação Gilberto Freyre, no bairro de Apipucos, em Recife. Compreende o entendimento do conceito de perspectivismo em Nietzsche como um processo de identificação que, por um lado, estimula Freyre a questionar teorias evolucionistas, deterministas e racialistas predominantes, mas, por outro, justifica o uso e o abuso de Nietzsche. Para tanto, o artigo considera a intermediação da interpretação de Henry L. Mencken na leitura de Nietzsche por Freyre.

Published some fifty years after Michael D. first used the Popol Vuh (PV) to study the iconography of Maya painted ceramics, The Myths of the Popol Vuh in Cosmology, Art, and Ritual invites reflection on the role this narrative has played in shaping Maya studies. Through twelve thematically grouped chapters, editors Holley Moyes, Allen J. Christenson, and Frauke Sachse bring together leading experts on Maya art, mythology, and archaeology to examine the PV's influence across an array of disciplines and its seminal importance in interpreting Maya cosmology and mythological imagery. It is an ambitious and highly successful endeavor to bring focus to the myriad ways the PV has been used to craft our understanding of the Maya-highlighting both successes and times when the sixteenth-century narrative has overdetermined our understanding of ancient material. For those unfamiliar with the PV, this colonial period K'iche'-language manuscript describes the various creations of the world that led to the present epoch, the discovery of maize, and the formation of people and cultural institutions, among other things. It then moves on to the foundation of the K'iche' lineages and instructs on ritual and the use of devotional images of deities, who depart with the first dawn. It is a complex narrative that offers differing descriptions of what are likely the same event. For example, the first dawn is described twice: once presumably with the Hero Twins' apotheosis and again when the K'iche', in their quest for heat and light, bring about the first dawn by performing the proper ritual protocols. The repetition of themes within the narrative and the homology between the lifecycle of plants, particularly maize, 164

This paper examines distinctive characteristics of Belize with regard to its historic and current economic, social, and political conditions. Demographic patterns, ethnicity, and democratization have national as well as international implications for Belize. Recent decades of civil and political strife in Central America have greatly impacted Belize, and the influx of refugees and immigrants has profoundly altered its ethnic composition. As large numbers of immigrants have come from historically non-democratic, authoritarian political cultures, their understanding of the democratic process and their commitment to democratic values are important to the future of Belizean democracy. The paper examines efforts being undertaken to socialize for and promote conditions receptive to liberal democracy.

The idea was simple. Ask the wives of the many Ambassadors /High Commissioners/Charge d’Affaires/ Counsellors living in Canberra to contribute a recipe to a new weekly feature in the Canberra Times – Embassy Recipes. The first was published on 1 July 1964 – a recipe for Mi given by Mme. Isarabhakdi, wife of the Ambassador for Thailand, Mr. Vadhana Isarabhakdi.  The last, number 51, was published on 23 June 1965 and was for Danish stuffed white cabbage contributed by Mrs N. C. Stenderup, wife of the Minister of the Royal Danish Legation.

This study investigates the brand naming strategies employed by fashion retailers in Shahpur Jat, Delhi, with a focus on consumer perceptions and market dynamics. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the research combines survey data from 84 respondents with in-depth interviews of 12 fashion entrepreneurs. The study identifies a strong preference for catchy or unique brand names (73.8%) and highlights the importance of trademark availability (70%) in the naming process. It also finds a significant portion of brands using founders' names (52.3%), reflecting a balance between personal branding and corporate identity. The findings underscore the critical role of brand name memorability and legal considerations in the competitive fashion market. Implications for practitioners include the need for creative and legally secure brand names, while policy recommendations emphasize the importance of trademark protection. For academia, the study suggests further exploration of the impact of brand names on consumer behaviour and brand evolution

Escherichia coli (E. coli), khususnya strain patogen seperti EHEC dan EPEC, merupakan salah satu ancaman utama bagi keamanan pangan massal. Program Makan Bergizi Gratis yang menyasar anak sekolah sangat rentan bila praktik higienitas, penyimpanan, dan distribusi pangan tidak terkontrol dengan baik. Infeksi E. coli dapat menimbulkan diare, kram perut, hingga komplikasi serius seperti hemolitik uremik sindrom (HUS). Kasus wabah dapat melemahkan kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap program pemerintah dan menambah beban layanan kesehatan. Pencegahan terintegrasi sangat penting, mencakup pengawasan bahan baku, standar pengolahan, serta edukasi bagi penjamah makanan. Dengan strategi pengendalian yang ketat, program makan bergizi dapat berjalan aman, mendukung kesehatan anak, serta memperkuat keberlanjutan program sosial.

Program makan bergizi gratis nasional memiliki peran strategis dalam meningkatkan kesehatan dan kualitas gizi anak bangsa. Namun, keberlangsungan program ini menghadapi ancaman serius dari kontaminasi Escherichia coli (E. coli), khususnya strain patogenik seperti EHEC dan EPEC. Infeksi E. coli dapat menimbulkan diare berat, hemolitik uremik sindrom (HUS), hingga komplikasi serius yang berdampak pada anak-anak sekolah. Risiko meningkat ketika makanan diproduksi dalam jumlah besar tanpa pengawasan ketat terhadap higienitas, rantai dingin, dan distribusi. Pengendalian ketat terhadap E. coli menjadi kunci untuk menjaga keamanan pangan, mengurangi beban kesehatan masyarakat, dan memastikan keberlanjutan program. Upaya ini memerlukan kolaborasi lintas sektor, mulai dari penyedia layanan makanan, pemerintah, laboratorium pengawasan, hingga partisipasi masyarakat.

Infeksi Escherichia coli patogenik menjadi tantangan besar bagi keberhasilan program makan bergizi gratis yang ditujukan untuk anak sekolah dan kelompok rentan. Strain E. coli seperti EHEC, EPEC, dan ETEC dapat menimbulkan diare, dehidrasi, hingga komplikasi serius seperti hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Kontaminasi biasanya berasal dari bahan pangan mentah, air, atau praktik higienitas yang buruk dalam pengolahan makanan massal. Kasus infeksi dapat menurunkan kehadiran sekolah, meningkatkan biaya kesehatan, serta mengurangi efektivitas intervensi gizi. Oleh karena itu, pengawasan ketat, edukasi higienitas, dan penerapan standar keamanan pangan mutlak diperlukan agar program makan bergizi gratis tidak terganggu oleh ancaman E. coli dan tetap memberikan manfaat maksimal bagi kesehatan masyarakat.

Escherichia coli patogenik merupakan salah satu ancaman utama dalam keamanan pangan massal, termasuk pada program makan bergizi gratis. Bakteri ini dapat menyebabkan gejala klinis mulai dari diare ringan hingga komplikasi serius seperti hemolitik uremik sindrom (HUS). Risiko meningkat ketika makanan diproduksi dalam skala besar dengan kontrol higienitas dan distribusi yang tidak optimal. Anak-anak sebagai kelompok utama penerima manfaat program makan bergizi gratis memiliki kerentanan lebih tinggi terhadap infeksi. Kasus keracunan dapat menurunkan efektivitas program, membebani sistem kesehatan, serta melemahkan kepercayaan masyarakat. Pencegahan melalui penerapan standar keamanan pangan, edukasi penjamah makanan, dan penguatan surveilans laboratorium menjadi langkah strategis untuk memastikan keberlanjutan program sosial ini.

Escherichia coli patogenik, khususnya strain seperti EHEC, EPEC, dan ETEC, merupakan ancaman tersembunyi dalam layanan pangan sekolah. Bakteri ini dapat mengontaminasi makanan melalui bahan mentah, air, maupun praktik higienitas yang buruk. Infeksi E. coli memicu diare, kram perut, hingga komplikasi serius seperti hemolitik uremik sindrom (HUS) pada anak. Kasus infeksi berulang dapat mengganggu efektivitas program makan bergizi gratis, yang dirancang untuk meningkatkan status gizi dan kesehatan generasi muda. Tanpa pengendalian yang ketat, ancaman E. coli dapat membebani sistem kesehatan, menurunkan kepercayaan publik, dan mengurangi keberlanjutan program. Oleh karena itu, pengawasan ketat, edukasi penjamah makanan, serta penerapan standar keamanan pangan menjadi kunci keberhasilan program.

Program makan bergizi gratis memiliki peran penting dalam mendukung kesehatan dan gizi anak sekolah, namun risiko kontaminasi Escherichia coli (E. coli) menimbulkan tantangan serius. Patogen ini dapat menyebabkan diare hingga komplikasi berat seperti hemolitik uremik sindrom (HUS), yang sangat berbahaya bagi anak-anak. Kontaminasi biasanya terjadi melalui pangan yang kurang matang, sayuran segar, susu, atau air yang terkontaminasi. Dalam konteks distribusi pangan massal, kontrol keamanan yang lemah dapat memperbesar potensi kejadian luar biasa. Oleh karena itu, strategi terpadu diperlukan, mencakup pengawasan higienitas, deteksi dini, serta edukasi penjamah makanan. Penguatan sistem keamanan pangan menjadi kunci keberlanjutan program ini agar manfaat gizi yang diharapkan tidak berbalik menjadi ancaman kesehatan.

Este artículo analiza la manera en que la dieta y la alimentación se transformaron en discursos sociales, médicos y publicitarios entre finales del siglo XIX y el siglo XX, pasando de un modelo culinario ligado a la tradición médico-religiosa a uno profundamente atravesado por la modernidad, la estética y la publicidad. A partir de autores como Fischler, Corbin, Goody y Vigarello, se examina cómo el placer gastronómico comenzó a oponerse a la salud, dando paso a una cultura lipofóbica que asocia la delgadez con belleza, distinción social y bienestar. Asimismo, se estudia el caso de Medellín y la influencia de recetarios, suplementos vitamínicos y prensa, donde se evidencia un tránsito desde la valoración de “carnes y fuerzas” hacia la condena de la obesidad y la exaltación de la silueta estilizada. El trabajo muestra cómo la publicidad, la medicina y la cultura de masas construyeron un evangelio dietético que disciplinó los cuerpos y reconfiguró los ideales de belleza, salud y modernidad.